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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project



Stage 1 Environmental, Social and

Health Impact Assessment



305000-00006-0000-EN-REP-0020

18 Jun 2010



Parkview, Great West Road

Brentford Middlesex TW8 9AZ London

United Kingdom

Telephone: +44 (0) 20 8326 5000

Facsimile: +44 (0) 20 8710 0220

www.worleyparsons.com



© Copyright 2010 WorleyParsons



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



SYNOPSIS

African Minerals Limited (AML) is developing a new iron ore mine identified as the Tonkolili Iron Ore

mine in Sierra Leone on the west coast of Africa. The Project has three phases of production as

summarised below.

Phase 1 involves mining, beneficiation and export of a surface hematite deposit at a maximum rate of

8 Mtpa. Transport and export of the ore will use a combination of road, rail, stockpiling at the

refurbished port facility at Pepel and transshipment to cargo vessels moored off-shore. Phase 1 is

due to start production in early 2011 and early enabling works are either already underway or close to

starting. The focus of this Environmental, Social and Health Impact Assessment (Stage 1 ESHIA) is

the Phase 1 project.

Phase 2 involves the mining and processing of additional transition material at a rate of approximately

17Mtpa as well as continuation of the phase 1 mining to give a combined production rate of 25Mtpa.

Phase 3 comprises mining a deeper, hard-rock magnetite deposit, processing the magnetite to a

concentrate and export at a design rate of 45Mtpa. This will potentially rise to higher rates of

production depending on the confirmation of subsequent geological resource models. Phase 2 and 3

infrastructure is configured substantially differently from Phase 1 and will transition from light-rail or

road trucking progressively towards dedicated heavy-haul rail transport from the mine to a new deep

water port facility to be located at Tagrin. Phase 2 and 3 are due to commence circa 2014 and are

the subject of a forthcoming ‘Stage 2 ESHIA’ that will follow this document. The Stage 2 ESHIA

therefore primarily evaluates the environmental and social issues that could potentially manifest

during mining phases 2 and 3. The Stage 2 ESHIA will also provide an opportunity to update the

impact assessment with additional findings from an ongoing programme of studies and monitoring.

This ESHIA has been prepared for submission for approval on the understanding that elements of the

infrastructure design and ESHIA study are not yet fully developed. In recognition of this, the

proponent (AML) has committed to undertake completion of the various ESHIA studies, which are

either ongoing or soon to be undertaken and will be reported on in updates to the Environmental

Management Plan (EMP) and as part of the Stage 2 ESHIA. Comprehensive environmental and

social (E&S) management will continue, with the studies inputting to project design, construction and

development. It is recommended that rigorous risk review is applied in the interim ahead of ESHIA

Stage 2 submission in order to identify appropriate Environmental and Social (E&S) management

measures, which will be delivered through the ongoing EMP that will extend into the operational

phase.

This ESHIA includes a review of the legislation framework associated with environmental, social and

health management and assessment. The ESHIA considers the Phase 1 project, the existing physical

conditions i.e. the environmental and human baseline and the likely impacts that may arise, both

positive and negative. Where there are impacts identified that could cause adverse effects, the

ESHIA considers alternatives, mitigating measures and what the likely remaining or residual impact

will be after such intervention. Finally, the ESHIA sets out requirements for ongoing management,

assessment, monitoring and institutional relations.



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



A significant volume of physical and social data collection as well as assessment work has been

compiled into this impact assessment to comply with regulatory requirements ensure an adequate

understanding of the project is available for decision making. In some areas, it is recognised that

further work is required, including further project definition in order to be able to define more specific

impacts and mitigation measures and develop effective management strategies. However, the

ESHIA is thought to be sufficiently complete for it to meet its intended decision-making purpose.

Furthermore, an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been prepared which provides a

framework for managing the delivery of mitigation measures, further monitoring and continual

improvement in the project’s environmental and social performance. The EMP is a live document that

is part of a management system reporting on updated information as it becomes available, and

allowing feed into ongoing design work.

Where construction management plans can be prepared based on the currently available information,

these have been provided. In other instances, the management plans will need to be formulated

pending further work. All that can be presented at this time is a thematic management plan that

outlines the scope of the management intervention that will likely be necessary.

The EMP in this Stage 1 ESHIA includes a number of thematic plans, describing how mitigation will

be delivered where required and these will be updated with new survey data as it becomes available

and as infrastructure designs progress, enabling decision making to ensure minimisation of potential

adverse effects.

This is particularly important for the terrestrial and marine eco-systems that could be affected by the

project. To date it has been recognised that areas under the direct footprint of the project contain

either recognised high conservation value species or habitat that is of major significance. An

integrated approach involving additional assessment, avoidance wherever possible of critical areas,

mitigation, development of compensatory programmes and community development programmes is

required. Further study work is required and will be included in a Stage 2 ESHIA later in 2010 that

will provide more specific design and definition to these programmes.

It is also important that management plans take into account consequential impacts that will arise,

many of which will be unintended and difficult to control. This includes impacts associated with

speculative influx of migrant workers and accelerated degradation of habitat in areas that was hitherto

relatively inaccessible and sparsely populated. Management plans need to describe a clearer

understanding of how compensation, alternative livelihood schemes, regulation and sustainable

community development can be effectively implemented in order to reduce secondary impacts.

Recommendations are given for ongoing monitoring, auditing and performance evaluation of the

environmental and social elements of the project so that continued improvement, adherence to

agreed standards and effective liaison with SLEPA is maintained.

Monitoring will involve internal and external inspections as well as auditing of performance and

compliance with contract documents. Where a degree of capacity building is required to ensure that

inspection visits and audits by the competent authority (SLEPA) can be achieved then it is understood

and has been recorded (Appendix 1) that AML will make provision for this. In addition, inspection

visits and audits by independent consultants, appointed by AML, will produce monitoring reports that

SLEPA can access and comment on. Currently this has been done by the ESHIA consultants in

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STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................1

1



INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................9

1.1



Background.........................................................................................................................9



1.2



Purpose.............................................................................................................................10



1.3



The Project Proponents ....................................................................................................12



1.4



Distribution and Intended Audience..................................................................................12



1.5



Glossary............................................................................................................................13



1.6



Referenced Documents ....................................................................................................15



2



ESHIA PROCESS.............................................................................................................16

2.1



Relationship between Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 of the Tonkolili Iron Ore Project..16



2.2



ESHIA Steps .....................................................................................................................17



2.3



2.2.1



Screening .............................................................................................................17



2.2.2



Scoping ................................................................................................................17



2.2.3



Impact Assessment..............................................................................................18



Terms of Reference for ESHIA .........................................................................................19

2.3.1



Terms of Reference .............................................................................................19



2.3.2



Scope ...................................................................................................................22



2.3.3



Exclusions ............................................................................................................23



2.4



The Stakeholder Engagement Process............................................................................24



2.5



The Structure of this Report..............................................................................................25



3



PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...............................................................................................26

3.1



Project Overview...............................................................................................................26



3.2



Proposed Development ....................................................................................................26

3.2.1



Element 1 - Mining Area ......................................................................................28



3.2.2



Element 2 -Transport Corridor .............................................................................32



3.2.3



Element 3 - Port Facilities ....................................................................................42



3.2.4



Element 4 – Offshore (Marine engineering).........................................................47



Dredge Disposal..........................................................................................................................55

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TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Duration.......................................................................................................................................57

3.3



3.4

4



Supporting Infrastructure ..................................................................................................57

3.3.1



Power supply........................................................................................................57



3.3.2



Water supply ........................................................................................................59



3.3.3



Fuel Supply ..........................................................................................................60



3.3.4



Bulk material management ..................................................................................61



3.3.5



Demand on existing facilities/ resources .............................................................62



3.3.6



Solid Waste Management....................................................................................63



3.3.7



Waste Water Treatment.......................................................................................64



Project Options & Alternatives ..........................................................................................65

LEGAL, POLICY AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ..............................................67



4.1



Institutional Bodies............................................................................................................67



4.2



Relevant Sierra Leone Legislation....................................................................................68

4.2.1



Legislation Relevant to Ecological Protection......................................................68



4.3



ESHIA Legislative Requirements......................................................................................69



4.4



ESHIA requirements in the Mines and Minerals Act 2009 ...............................................70



4.5



Mine Technical Assistance Project (MTAP) .....................................................................71



4.6



MTAP Resettlement Policy Framework ............................................................................72



4.7



International Conventions to which Sierra Leone is signatory..........................................73



5



REGIONAL BASELINE.....................................................................................................75

5.1



5.2



Climate, Air & Hydrology...................................................................................................75

5.1.1



Climate .................................................................................................................75



5.1.2



Hydrology .............................................................................................................76



Geology, Hydrogeology, Soils, Land Use & Ecosystems .................................................76

5.2.1



Regional Geology ................................................................................................76



5.2.2



Hydrogeology .......................................................................................................77



5.2.3



Soils .....................................................................................................................78



5.2.4



Land Use..............................................................................................................78



5.2.5



Ecology ................................................................................................................79



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STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



5.3



5.4



Marine ...............................................................................................................................81

5.3.1



Physical Environment ..........................................................................................81



5.3.2



Water and Sediment Quality ................................................................................82



5.3.3



Coastal and Marine Habitats................................................................................82



5.3.4



Marine fauna ........................................................................................................83



5.3.5



Protected Areas ...................................................................................................85



Population & Demographics .............................................................................................86

5.4.1



6



Health Status Summary .......................................................................................87



PROJECT AREA BASELINE............................................................................................92

6.1



Baseline Study Techniques ..............................................................................................92



6.2



Mining Area.......................................................................................................................92



6.3



6.4



6.2.1



Air Quality.............................................................................................................92



6.2.2



Noise ....................................................................................................................95



6.2.3



Archeology & Cultural Heritage............................................................................96



6.2.4



Ecology & Biodiversity .........................................................................................96



6.2.5



Hydrology and Hydrogeology...............................................................................97



6.2.6



Soils & Land-use................................................................................................101



6.2.7



Geology & Geomorphology................................................................................101



6.2.8



Socio-Economic & Human Health......................................................................101



Transport Corridor...........................................................................................................102

6.3.1



Air Quality...........................................................................................................102



6.3.2



Noise ..................................................................................................................103



6.3.3



Archeology & Cultural Heritage..........................................................................104



6.3.4



Ecology & Biodiversity .......................................................................................105



6.3.5



Hydrology & Hydrogeology ................................................................................106



6.3.6



Soils & Land-use................................................................................................108



6.3.7



Geology & Geomorphology................................................................................108



6.3.8



Socio-Economic & Human Health......................................................................108



Port Facilities ..................................................................................................................108



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TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



6.5



7



6.4.1



Air Quality...........................................................................................................108



6.4.2



Noise ..................................................................................................................110



6.4.3



Archeology & Cultural Heritage..........................................................................110



6.4.4



Ecology & Biodiversity .......................................................................................111



6.4.5



Hydrology & Hydrogeology ................................................................................111



6.4.6



Soils & Land-use................................................................................................112



6.4.7



Geology & Geomorphology................................................................................114



6.4.8



Socio-Economic & Human Health......................................................................114



Offshore & Coastal..........................................................................................................115

6.5.1



Marine Physical Environment ............................................................................115



6.5.2



Coastal and Marine Habitats..............................................................................119



6.5.3



Marine and avifauna ..........................................................................................120



POTENTIAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION .........................................................................122

7.1



7.2



7.3



Impact Identification & Evaluation...................................................................................122

7.1.1



Techniques for Impact Identification & Evaluation.............................................122



7.1.2



Techniques for ESHIA Risk Assessment...........................................................127



Mining Area.....................................................................................................................129

7.2.1



Air Quality...........................................................................................................129



7.2.2



Noise ..................................................................................................................133



7.2.3



Ecology & Biodiversity .......................................................................................137



7.2.4



Hydrology & Hydrogeology ................................................................................143



7.2.5



Soils & Land Use ...............................................................................................147



7.2.6



Geology & Geomorphology................................................................................151



7.2.7



Socio-Economic .................................................................................................155



7.2.8



Human Health ....................................................................................................160



Transport Corridor...........................................................................................................168

7.3.1



Air Quality...........................................................................................................168



7.3.2



Noise ..................................................................................................................172



7.3.3



Ecology & Biodiversity .......................................................................................175



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7.4



7.5



7.6



7.7



7.3.4



Hydrology & Hydrogeology ................................................................................183



7.3.5



Soils & Land Use ...............................................................................................188



7.3.6



Geology & Geomorphology................................................................................192



7.3.7



Socio-Economic .................................................................................................194



7.3.8



Human Health ....................................................................................................199



Port Facilities ..................................................................................................................206

7.4.1



Air Quality...........................................................................................................206



7.4.2



Noise ..................................................................................................................211



7.4.3



Ecology & Biodiversity .......................................................................................214



7.4.4



Hydrology & Hydrogeology ................................................................................219



7.4.5



Soils & Land Use ...............................................................................................225



7.4.6



Geology & Geomorphology................................................................................230



7.4.7



Socio-Economic .................................................................................................232



7.4.8



Human Health ....................................................................................................237



Offshore & Coastal..........................................................................................................245

7.5.1



Port Layout.........................................................................................................245



7.5.2



Port Facilities......................................................................................................247



7.5.3



Marine Structures...............................................................................................250



Operation ........................................................................................................................253

7.6.1



Presence of Marine Structures ..........................................................................253



7.6.2



Port Operations ..................................................................................................253



7.6.3



Associated Shipping Activities ...........................................................................256



7.6.4



Associated Dredging Activities...........................................................................260



Distributed Impacts from Project.....................................................................................268

7.7.1



Bulk material management ................................................................................268



7.7.2



Demand on existing infrastructure & resources.................................................268



7.7.3



Solid waste management...................................................................................268



8



ONGOING ASSESSMENT WORKS ..............................................................................270



9



MANAGEMENT ..............................................................................................................286



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9.1



Construction vs. Operational Management Plans ..........................................................286



9.2



Soil management ............................................................................................................287



9.3



Borrow Pits......................................................................................................................288



9.4



Water management ........................................................................................................288



9.5



Swamp Areas & Riverine Vegetation..............................................................................290



9.6



Work in Proximity to Communities..................................................................................291

9.6.1



Noise emissions.................................................................................................292



9.6.2



Air Quality (Air Emissions) .................................................................................292



9.6.3



Dust & Particles Generation...............................................................................293



9.7



Work near Society Bush, Thick Forests & Protected Areas ...........................................293



9.8



Waste management........................................................................................................295



9.9



Fuel & Spillages ..............................................................................................................296

9.9.1



Refueling & Maintenance Procedures ...............................................................296



9.9.2



Spill response.....................................................................................................296



9.10



Agricultural areas .......................................................................................................298



9.11



Site Selection for Camps............................................................................................299

9.11.1 Transport Activities / Equipment Use.................................................................299

9.11.2 Camp Site Decommissioning.............................................................................300



10



STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT PROCESS & RESETTLEMENT PLANNING...........302

10.1



Stakeholder Engagement...........................................................................................302

10.1.1 Background ........................................................................................................302

10.1.2 Affected Chiefdoms............................................................................................302

10.1.3 Early Works Chiefdom Committee.....................................................................303

10.1.4 Community Sensitisation Meetings....................................................................304

10.1.5 Grievance Mechanism .......................................................................................304

10.1.6 Resource Requirements ....................................................................................305

10.1.7 Freetown Stakeholder Forum ............................................................................305



10.2



Resettlement Policy Framework ................................................................................308

10.2.1 Resettlement Planning Actions ..........................................................................308



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10.2.2 Minimising Resettlement....................................................................................308

10.2.3 Identifying Eligibility for Compensation ..............................................................309

11



AUDITING, MONITORING & CONTINUAL PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT...........313

11.1



Introduction.................................................................................................................313



11.2



Monitoring...................................................................................................................313



11.3



Incident Investigation and Reporting..........................................................................315



11.4



Non-compliance: Corrective and Preventive Actions.................................................315



11.5



Social and Environmental Management System (SEMS)..........................................316



11.6



Auditing.......................................................................................................................317



12



COMMITMENTS REGISTER .........................................................................................319



13



CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................328



14



13.1



Mine Area Impact Assessment ..................................................................................328



13.2



Transport Corridor Impact Assessment .....................................................................332



13.3



Port Impact Assessment ............................................................................................335



13.4



Offshore & Coastal Impact Assessment ....................................................................338



13.5



Distributed Impact Assessment..................................................................................342



13.6



Commitments, Management and Performance .........................................................342

REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................344



FIGURES

Figure 2-1 Tonkolili ESHIA Simplified Process Flowchart ....................................................................21

Figure 3-1 Phase 1 Mine to Port Transport Route ................................................................................27

Figure 3-2 Tonkolili Mineral Deposits....................................................................................................28

Figure 3-3 Phase 1 Mine Location ........................................................................................................29

Figure 3-4 Phase 1 Mine Detail.............................................................................................................30

Figure 3-5: Map 1 of Haul Road Alignment...........................................................................................32

Figure 3-6: Map 2 of Haul Road Alignment...........................................................................................33

Figure 3-7: Typical cross-section of the Haul Road ..............................................................................34

Figure 3-8: Road-train ...........................................................................................................................35

Figure 3-9 Lunsar Interchange..............................................................................................................37



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Figure 3-10 Rail Map.............................................................................................................................38

Figure 3-11 Schematic of Existing Pepel Port Layout...........................................................................44

Figure 3-12 Schematic diagram of material handling at Pepel .............................................................46

Figure 3-13 Example Ship-Loader Layouts for Pepel Port ...................................................................47

Figure 3-14 Example transshipment operations ...................................................................................48

Figure 3-15 Navigation Channel to Pepel Island ..................................................................................49

Figure 3-16 Proposed dredging areas - manoeuvring area and Navigation Channel ..........................50

Figure 3-17 Typical draghead (left) and suction pipe (right) from TSHD .............................................52

Figure 3-18 General layout of TSHD working at dredging site .............................................................53

Figure 3-19 Hopper wells ......................................................................................................................53

Figure 3-20 Typical overflow funnel with anti-turbidity valve ................................................................54

Figure 3-21 Bottom dumping procedures, at disposal sites..................................................................55

Figure 3-22 Proposed spoil ground.......................................................................................................57

Figure 5-1



Location of Pepel Island and Tagrin ports within the Ramsar Site ...............................86



Figure 6-1 Air Quality Monitoring Campaign Measurement Locations .................................................93

Figure 6-2 Noise Monitoring Campaign Measurement Locations.........................................................95

Figure 6-3 Water quality plot at sample location P1, February 2010..................................................116

Figure 6-4



Water quality and sediment sample locations close to Pepel .....................................117



Figure 6-5



Intertidal sediment sample locations ...........................................................................118



Figure 6-6 Mudflats located around Pepel Island. The Red shaped areas representing the location of

the Mud Flats.......................................................................................................................................119

Figure 6-7 Mangrove species distribution at Pepel Island ..................................................................120

Figure 7-1



Pepel habitat map overlaid with the early port layout .................................................245



Figure 9-1 Example of a flume pipe access........................................................................................290

Figure 11-1 The cycle of adaptive environmental monitoring .............................................................314



TABLES

Table 1-1 Prior ESHIA Deliverables......................................................................................................11

Table 2-1 Procedural Fulfilment of the ESHIA ......................................................................................20

Table 3-1 Summary of the different locations of Phase 1 .....................................................................27



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Table 3-2 Overview of Rail Specifications & Activities..........................................................................41

Table 3-3 Diesel Usage Over Construction ..........................................................................................41

Table 3-4 – Export volumes during first year of operation ....................................................................42

Table 3-5 Example TSDH vessel characteristics..................................................................................51

Table 3-6 Construction Material for Rail Refurbishment .......................................................................61

Table 6-1 Locations for Air Quality Monitoring Campaign in the Mining Area ......................................94

Table 6-2 Results of Baseline NO2 and SO2 Concentrations on Air in the Mining area .......................94

Table 6-3 Noise Monitoring Campaign in the Mining Area ...................................................................96

Table 6-4 Tonkolili River Flow Rates ....................................................................................................98

Table 6-5 Mawuru River Flow Rates.....................................................................................................98

Table 6-6 Locations for the Air Quality Monitoring Campaign along the Transport Corridor..............102

Table 6-7 Results of Baseline NO2 and SO2 Concentrations on Air in the Transport Corridor...........103

Table 6-8 Noise Monitoring Campaign in the Transport Corridor .......................................................103

Table 6-9 Locations for Air Quality Monitoring Campaign at Pepel Port ............................................109

Table 6-10 Results of Baseline Air Quality Monitoring Campaign at Pepel Port ................................109

Table 6-11: Results of Baseline Noise Monitoring Campaign at the Pepel Port Facilities .................110

Table 7-1 Valued Receptors ...............................................................................................................123

Table 7-2



Impact Significance .........................................................................................................127



Table 7-3 Mining Area - Air Quality .....................................................................................................131

Table 7-4 Mining Area - Noise Impacts...............................................................................................136

Table 7-5 Mining Area – Ecology & Biodiversity Impacts ...................................................................140

Table 7-6 Mining Area - Hydrology & Hydrogeology...........................................................................145

Table 7-7 Mining Area - Soils and Land Use .....................................................................................149

Table 7-8 – Mining Area – Geology & Geomorphology ......................................................................153

Table 7-9 Mining Area – Socio-economic Impacts .............................................................................157

Table 7-10 Mining Area – Health ........................................................................................................163

Table 7-11 Transport Corridor – Air Quality Impacts ..........................................................................170

Table 7-12 Transport Corridor – Noise Impacts..................................................................................174

Table 7-13 Transport Corridor – Ecology & Biodiversity Impacts .......................................................178



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Table 7-14 Transport Corridor - Hydrology & Hydrogeology ..............................................................186

Table 7-15 Transport Corridor - Soils & Land Use..............................................................................190

Table 7-16 Transport Corridor - Geology & Geomorphology..............................................................193

Table 7-17 Transport Corridor – Socio-Economic Impacts.................................................................196

Table 7-18 Transport Corridor – Health ..............................................................................................202

Table 7-19 Port Area – Air Quality Impacts ........................................................................................209

Table 7-20 Port Area – Noise Impacts ................................................................................................213

Table 7-21 Port Area – Ecology & Biodiversity ...................................................................................217

Table 7-22 Port Area - Hydrology & Hydrogeology.............................................................................222

Table 7-23 Port Area - Soils & Land Use............................................................................................228

Table 7-24 Port Area - Geology & Geomorphology ............................................................................231

Table 7-25 Port Area – Socio-Economic.............................................................................................234

Table 7-26 Port Area – Health ............................................................................................................240

Table 8-1 Ongoing Assessment Works Register ................................................................................277

Table 12-1 AML Commitments Register .............................................................................................320



APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Prior ESHIA Correspondence and Interim reports

Appendix 2 Environmental Aspects Register

Appendix 3 Preliminary Concepts for Solid Waste

Appendix 4 Solid Wastes Management Practice Guidelines

Appendix 5 List of Legislation Applicable to Environmental and Social Impacts from Phase 1 of the

Tonkolili Project

Appendix 6 Literature Review of Available Information and Data - Stage 1 -Prepared by the Met Office

Appendix 7 Stage 2 – Climate Assessment and Data Analysis - Prepared by the Met Office

Appendix 8 Preliminary Report on Phase 3 Vegetation Fieldwork - Prepared by SRK

Appendix 9 Tonkolili Vegetation Survey and Inventory Report - Final - Prepared by Herbarium, Royal

Botanic Gardens, Kew

Appendix 10 Report on the Vegetation Map of the Tonkolili Project Area

Appendix 11 Summary of Report, Phase 1 Study of Terrestrial Fauna at Tonkolili Mine Site, Sierra

Leone prepared by the Wildlife Conservation Society



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Appendix 12 Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili Project prepared by SRK

Appendix 13 Surface Water Monitoring Locations for the Mine Area

Appendix 14 Tonkolili Soils and Laterite Profile – Prepared by SRK

Appendix 15 Geological and Geomorphologic Baseline Study - Prepared by SRK

Appendix 16 Pepel Port Soil and Water Samples Locations

Appendix 17 Environmental Note on Malaria Control

Appendix 18 Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

Appendix 19 Minutes of Early Works Chiefdom Committee (EWCC) Meetings

Appendix 20 The Resettlement Policy Framework



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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The project has been evaluated using a rigorous impact assessment methodology comprising the

following:





A review of compliance with the Sierra Leone legislation framework;







A description of the project and review of alternatives;







Determination of the project physical and social baseline conditions at a regional and sitespecific level;







Derivation of a standardised methodology based on evaluating valued receptors and impact

index derived from assessing extent, duration and magnitude;







Assessment of the likely impacts that may arise, both positive and negative. Where impacts

are identified that could cause adverse effects, the ESHIA considers alternatives, mitigating

measures and what the likely remaining or residual impact will be after such intervention;







The environment and social impact assessment has been applied systematically to four areas

of the project: the mine, the transport corridor, the port and the off-shore and coastal zone.



The following principal issues have been determined:



Air & Noise

Air quality impacts comprising both dust and exhaust emissions arising from land clearance, mining,

stock-piles, vehicles and machinery have been identified as primary emission sources. The

implementation of standard mitigation measures involving adequate containment of loads during

haulage, dust suppression by water spraying, extractive covers at key point sources and machinery

selection should result in no major impacts.

The proximity of the proposed transport route in relation to villages and residential areas remains a

key issue. Whilst a principle of avoidance of resettlement wherever possible has been upheld, the

combination of public safety and dust and noise nuisance issues means that in some instances, even

though mitigation measures may be partially effective, it has been considered more appropriate and

responsible to pursue a resettlement solution. The maintenance of a buffer zone should be sufficient

for most residential areas, but in exceptional cases where a suitable buffer cannot be maintained and

resettlement is not feasible, additional mitigation measures (e.g. noise barriers or noise isolation) at

sensitive receptors will minimize the impacts. A buffer zone of 500m has generally been accepted for

the project, if communities lie within this zone then a review of either resettlement or mitigation is

required.

Noise sources vary, but blasting, crushing and transport noise, including aircraft, are considered to be

potentially the most significant. Assuming that occupational noise limits are maintained within



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facilities then it is predicted that appropriate environmental noise standards will be met at a distance

of 500m from the facilities.



Ecology & Biodiversity

Ecological impacts across the project have been evaluated and found to be significant primarily due to

the high level of biodiversity and conservation value of certain plant species. This is the case at a

variety of discreet habitat settings including forest and grass-lands located at the mine-site, along

riverine forests, inland valley swamp locations and in mangrove forest in the coastal areas.

Principal direct impacts will arise from the clearance of land within the footprint of the project and its

associated infrastructure. Vegetation that is not cleared or buried may be indirectly impacted by

alteration, spread of invasive species and pressure from the influx of people that will increase the

pressure on resources.

At Pepel Port, the potential release of acidity and metals from disturbed acid sulphate soils (if present)

could cause localised impacts to vegetation.

At the mine and along the transport corridor, disturbance of fauna, particularly large mammals such

as chimpanzees may further reduce natural colonisation by indigenous plant species where fauna

play a role in seed dispersal.

The impacts of habitat loss and fragmentation will affect terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

Avoidance of areas of ecological value is the primary tool that is applied to minimise impacts.

However, the impact of land clearance and burial in the primary mining and rock dump areas can

neither be avoided, nor mitigated because of the immovable location of the ore bodies and

practicalities governing design of the mine and waste rock areas. The project proponent (AML)

should therefore undertake a commitment to seed collection, replanting, habitat renewal and

protection at alternative selected conservation site(s). This offset or equivalence approach will not

alter the primary ecological loss and cannot realistically overcome the direct impact resulting from

clearance of forest and vegetation. However, in combination with avoidance of sensitive areas

outside of the mine footprint wherever possible, an off-set conservation programme can contribute to

lowering the overall residual impact to a moderate level.



Hydrology and Hydrogeology

The project will result in an increase in suspended sediments in rivers, alteration of river channels and

changes in catchment behaviour. Without mitigation this could lead to flooding as well as a variety of

water quality impacts. Changes of chemistry could occur with the water considered to have low

chemical buffering capacity. At the mine and transport corridor the potable and construction water

demand may lead to over-abstraction of local surface and groundwater sources leading to impacts on

downstream flows affecting both communities and dependent eco-systems.

At Pepel Port, groundwater is considered both a sensitive and vulnerable resource. Construction and

operational groundwater abstraction could lead to lowering of water levels in local wells and saline



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intrusion, while brownfield regeneration and the industrial port operations could lead to contamination

of a system that is important for sustaining potable water supplies as well as providing baseflow

discharging into the inter-tidal zone.

Residual, post mitigation impacts from the project will include some permanent loss of flow from

springs and streams as well as alteration of stream and river channels and local water levels.

However, more significant changes in local hydrology and hydrogeology are expected in Phase 3

which will require a significantly higher water demand.



Soils & Land Use

Soil impacts will arise during construction and operational phases as a consequence of land

clearance or sterilisation / burial, increased erosion or inundation due to the modification of drainage

patterns, compaction from vibration and loading under temporary stockpiles/structures. Chemical

contamination could occur from release of hydrocarbons and other chemicals including diesel and

lubricant oils and explosives residues. Some soil resource can be rehabilitated if progressive

reclamation techniques are applied. These impacts may constrain or modify existing land-uses in the

mine area. The residual (post-mitigation) impacts of land clearance and sterilisation / burial on soil

resources and land-use are likely to remain significant and extremely long-term or permanent in the

mine area. Other residual impacts should be minor if appropriate preventative and mitigation

measures are put in place.



Socio-Economic

Socio-economic effects are strongly dependent on project phase. During construction some villages

may require resettlement. Villages on the periphery of the project area will suffer loss of land resulting

in potential temporary disruption of land used for shelter, access to agriculture and natural resources.

However a compensation principle is being applied throughout the project to ensure affected people

are not disadvantaged or made worse off by the project. Some employment opportunities will be

created with associated economic benefits to the wider community.

During operations, however, there is again a mix of both economic benefit and social disturbance.

Benefits (lasting about 8 years) will mainly be in the form of wages, disbursement for the procurement

of supplies, social investments and payment of revenue to the government. Potential negative

impacts will mainly be due to disturbance to land owners and influx of workers and job seekers

bringing pressure on social infrastructure and natural resources and possible increases in social ills.

Mitigation measures are dependent on establishing transparent and effective social management

processes including harm minimisation, compensation and long-term community development

mechanisms. The following mitigation measures are expected to reduce the intensity of the residual

impacts from major to moderate/minor.





Preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP).







Preparation of a livelihood restoration plan.



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Implementation of a grievance mechanism.







Preparation of a Community Development Action Plan.



In some instances these community mitigation measures require co-opting the support of local

government and Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs).



Human Health

The major impacts identified in the preliminary health impact assessment were primarily associated

with community resettlement; impacts associated with worker in-migration (disease, food security,

substance abuse, home violence); increased burden of disease such as cholera and malaria due to

project activities and water storage facilities (drinking water tanks, waste and raw water storage

ponds); and degradation of surface and groundwater (sedimentation/erosion, contamination, changes

in drainage patterns). Moderate impacts were associated with increased road traffic, project noise and

reduction of locally produced food.

Mitigation measures have been proposed for those impacts with major or moderate significance

which, if implemented, are predicated to result in moderate, minor, or insignificant residual impacts.

Since human health is dependant on many factors such as good air, soil, water and food quality, and

stable socio-economic status, the assessment of potential impact on human health associated with

the Phase 1 project has been integrated with results of many of the other ESHIA disciplines (e.g., air,

noise, hydrology, hydrogeology, flora, fauna, soil, water quality, and social-economic assessment).

Implementation of mitigation measures recommended by these disciplines would therefore reduce the

potential for adverse human health impacts (HIA) and will be considered in the final HIA.

Positive impacts identified include access to improved healthcare facilities (for general public), health

benefits through local employment, improved access to the region and positive aspects of

resettlement.



Offshore & Coastal Impact Assessment

The baseline preliminary survey indicates that the coastal and marine habitat around Pepel Port is

healthy and contains a high level of biodiversity. There are a number of potential impacts that could

arise from reduction and clearance of habitat areas. However, the majority of the port infrastructure is

already in place, and most of what is required will be refurbished rather than constructed from new.

As a result there should be no significant increase in the existing port footprint, and therefore no

significant area of coastal habitat cleared. The currently proposed development footprint for Pepel

Port will result in reasonably minor losses of mangroves.

There is currently no evidence of any existing impact on the surrounding mangroves due to the

presence of residual hematite ore from the previous operations at Pepel, although there are elevated

levels of heavy metals in the near-shore soil samples.

The construction will increase ambient noise and light levels, and potentially result in disturbance of

sensitive coastal fauna such as birds. Due to the high density of wetland birds present in the project

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location, and its position inside a designated Ramsar site, increased light is a potentially significant

impact, especially if construction work takes place during bird migratory or breeding seasons.

Therefore a number of mitigation measures are proposed to minimise impact or better still avoid

sensitive habitat areas (eg high avifauna population, important nesting and feeding sites, and

migratory and nesting seasons).

A more detailed assessment of wastewater discharges is required to develop the necessary approach

to wastewater treatment and management. As a minimum, mitigation measures that are included

should include installation of temporary treatment plant to treat construction camp discharges,

ensuring treated water discharge is located away from sensitive locations and in areas of strong tidal

currents to increase dilution and removal; and compliance with World Bank discharge limits as

specified in the Stage 2 Environmental Basis of Design document. Improved environmental

performance has already been incorporated into the project design at Pepel to ensure there is

drainage away from the coast and incorporation of settling sumps for stormwater runoff.

During construction and refurbishment there is a risk of increased run-off due to earthworks, and a

risk of oil and chemical contamination from disturbance of existing contaminated land, and new

incidents of fuel, lubricant and coating spills used in construction machinery, and from potential oil

spills.

This will require management through run-off collection and treatment systems, waste management

planning, spill response plans (contingency planning and emergency response measures should be in

place). Industry best practice regarding refuelling activities, oil handling activities and machinery

maintenance is required considering the site’s sensitivity.

The refurbishment or replacement of mooring dolphins, to enable the mooring of transshipment

vessels will primarily impact the sub-tidal habitat through smothering, pile driving, and placement of

rock material. No mitigation measures are required other than further characterisation of the selected

mooring site.

The construction and refurbishment of marine structures could result in elevated turbidity within the

immediate vicinity of the port. However, given the natural conditions of the estuary particularly during

wet season conditions it is considered that the habitat is likely to be resilient to increased turbidity

levels over the relatively short duration of the construction programme at Pepel Port.

Construction/refurbishment activity also has the potential to disturb marine sediment. Further

characterisation of nearshore and intertidal marine sediments is recommended prior to construction.

Underwater construction activities, in particular pile driving, can generate high levels of underwater

noise. Marine mammal and the impact of underwater noise and ship collisions remain as a moderate

impact due to lack of information at this stage but surveys are underway.

The majority of marine traffic in the estuary is focussed around Freetown. Trans-shipment operations

are currently expected to involve Handymax trans-shipment vessels, which will transfer ore to a

loading on anchorage point outside the mouth of the estuary. The impact of the trans-shipment

operations on shipping in the estuary is not expected to be significant.



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The location of the trans-shipment anchorage is not currently confirmed however, two potential

anchorage locations proposed by CSL are circa 32.0 nautical miles and circa 44.0 nautical miles

offshore. If an anchorage is selected that could introduce invasive species from in-bound shipping

releasing ballast water at the destination location then the AML will need to ensure the 2004

International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments is

strictly followed.

Routine discharges from vessels may have effects on water quality similar to the effects created by

discharges from the port, such as changes in water pH, colour, temperature, smell, dissolved oxygen,

nutrient levels and bacterial contamination. Mitigation of these effects will need to be achieved

through ensuring the prevention of pollution from shipping (under the MARPOL treaty) which will

require regulation of the shipping contractors by the Port Authority.

Loading of the transshipment vessels at Pepel and offloading at the anchorage during transshipment

will lead to some inevitable overboard spillage of iron ore. Although it is assumed that the system will

be designed to be highly efficient, even minor spillage will create a cumulative impact over the life of

the project. The potential behaviour of the iron ore in the water should be evaluated by a laboratory

assessment of the proposed iron ore product and its constituents.

Capital dredging will be required to open the navigation channel to access Pepel port with subsequent

ongoing maintenance dredging required to keep the channel open. Dredging is designated as a

moderate impact in this report on the basis of what is currently known about dredge location and

ecology of the spoil disposal locations. More detailed assessment will be undertaken when details of

a work programme and contractor have been clarified. A dredging plan is included in the EMP and

will be modified on the basis of the outcome of a more detailed dredging impact assessment once the

requisite data is available.



Distributed Impacts

Provision of bulk materials such as earth and fill for ground conditioning will be controlled through

activity-specific management plans and protocols and contractors will be accountable for adherence

to the plans and protocols.

The project’s dependency on existing infrastructure will be limited. There will be initial reliance on

imported goods and contractor services for food, accommodation and camps with opportunities for

goods and services to create livelihood benefits for project communities. Adherence to prior and clear

project announcements is expected.

An impact is likely to arise from interim storage of wastes in particular pest, odour and litter control.

The AML will need ensure that its contractor’s implement a hierarchy of waste elimination at source,

recycling, reuse, recovery, and as a last resort – disposal. In addition provision for destroying or

treating hazardous waste is required to render it non-hazardous if possible, with provision for safe

storage where-ever and for as long as treatment/destruction is not an option..



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Commitments, Management and Performance

This ESHIA has been prepared for submission for approval on the understanding that elements of the

infrastructure design and ESHIA study are not yet fully developed. In recognition of this, AML has

committed to undertake completion of the various ESHIA studies, which are either ongoing or soon to

be undertaken and will be reported on in updates to the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and

as part of the Stage 2 ESHIA. Comprehensive environmental and social (E&S) management will

continue, with the studies inputting to project design, construction and development. It is

recommended that rigorous risk review is applied in the interim ahead of final ESHIA Stage 2

submission in order to identify appropriate Environmental and Social (E&S) management measures,

which will be delivered through the ongoing EMP that will extend into the operational phase.

A significant volume of assessment work has been achieved and the impact assessment has been

completed to a sufficient level for regulatory decision making. It is recognised that further work is

required, including further project definition in order to be able to identify more specific impacts and

mitigation measures and develop effective management strategies.

Where generic construction management plans could be generated based on the currently available

information then these are have been provided. In other instances, the management plans will need

to be formulated pending further project description and or study work and all that is presented now is

an outline of the management plan purpose.

This is particularly important for the terrestrial and marine eco-systems that could be affected by the

project. To date it has been recognised that areas under the direct footprint of the project contain

either recognised high conservation value species or habitat that is of major significance. An

integrated approach involving additional assessment, avoidance wherever possible of critical areas,

mitigation, development of compensatory programmes and community development programmes is

required. Further study work is required and will be included in a Stage 2 ESHIA later in 2010 that

will provide more specific design and definition to these programmes.

It is also important that management plans take into account consequential impacts that will be

created many of which will be unintended and difficult to control. This includes the impact associated

with speculative influx of migrant workers and accelerated degradation of habitat in areas that was

hitherto relatively inaccessible and sparsely populated. Management plans need to develop a clearer

understanding of how compensation, alternative livelihood schemes, regulation and sustainable

community development can be effectively implemented to reduce secondary impacts.

Recommendations are given for ongoing monitoring, auditing and performance evaluation of the

environmental and social elements of the project so that continued improvement, adherence to

agreed standards and effective liaison with SLEPA is maintained.

Monitoring will involve both internal and external inspections and auditing of performance and

compliance to contract documents. Where a degree of capacity building is required to ensure that

inspection visits and audits by the competent authority (SLEPA) can be achieved then it is understood

and has been recorded (Appendix 1) that AML will provide provision for this. In addition inspection

visits and audits by independent consultants, appointed by AML, will produce monitoring reports that

SLEPA can access and comment on. Currently this has been done by the ESHIA consultants and



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their baseline data collection, however independent monitoring by CEMMATS is due to commence

imminently, with reporting to SLEPA.

The monitoring strategy proposed for the project can be termed "Adaptive Environmental Monitoring".

It is adaptive in the sense that the responsible party must adapt its methods and activities to the

ongoing design and implementation and prevailing environmental conditions in a continuous process.



.



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1

1.1



INTRODUCTION

Background



African Minerals Limited (AML) has identified an extensive magnetic anomaly in the Sula Mountain

range in Sierra Leone and has confirmed the presence of a world-class iron ore deposit. The Tonkolili

Project comprises the construction of a mine, ore processing and pit-to-port infrastructure to transport

materials and product in the form of iron-ore concentrate.

The Project has three phases of production. Phase 1 involves mining, beneficiation and export of a

surface hematite deposit at a maximum rate of 8 Mtpa. Transport and export will occur using a

combination of road, rail and stockpiling at the refurbished port facility at Pepel and transshipment to

waiting off-shore cargo ships. Phase 1 is due to start production in early 2011 and early enabling

works are either already underway or close to starting. This Environmental, Social and Health Impact

Assessment (ESHIA) focuses on the Phase 1 project.

Phase 2 involves the mining and processing of transition material at a rate of approximately 17 –

25Mtpa. Phase 3 comprises mining a deeper, hard-rock magnetite deposit, processing the magnetite

to a concentrate and export at a design rate of 45Mtpa. This will potentially rise to higher rates of

production depending on the confirmation of subsequent geological resource models. Phase 2 and 3

infrastructure is configured substantially differently from Phase 1 and will transition from light-rail or

road trucking progressively towards dedicated heavy-haul rail transport from the mine to a new deep

water port facility to be located at Tagrin. Phase 2 and 3 are due to commence 2014 and will be the

subject of a ‘Stage 2 ESHIA’ in 2010 that will evaluate the Phase 2 and 3 specific impacts and also

report on additional study work for the Stage 1 ESHIA project that has been developed during the

intervening period.

This ESHIA includes a review of the legislation framework associated with environmental, social and

health management and assessment. The ESHIA considers the Phase 1 project, the existing physical

conditions; that is, the environmental and human baseline and the likely impacts that may arise, both

positive and negative. Where there are impacts identified that could cause adverse effects, the ESHIA

considers alternatives, mitigating measures and what the likely remaining or residual impact will be

after such intervention. Finally, the ESHIA sets out requirements for ongoing management,

assessment, monitoring and institutional relations.



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Box 1: Project Phases

Phase 1

Steady state production: 8mtpa

Infrastructure: Road haul base case but currently undertaking engineering studies to explore

feasibility of an extended rail route

Product: Direct Shipping Ore (DSO) He (Duricrust)

FOOS: Q1 2011 if road haul, but moves to Q3 2011 if extended rail option

Full capacity: Q4 2011



Phase 2

Steady state production: 25mtpa

Infrastructure: Extended rail route with spur to Tagrin and one terminal at Tagrin. Will also need

processing plant at Tonkolili

Product: DSO He Duricrust and non DSO He Transition (a combination of the two)

FOOS: Q4 2013

Full capacity: Q1 2014



Phase 3

Steady state production: 45mtpa

Infrastructure: New heavy haul rail and new bulk port at Tagrin

Product: Magnetite

FOOS: Beyond 2014

Full capacity: 12 month ramp up



Purpose



1.2



The ESHIA report for Phase 1 of the Tonkolili Iron Ore Project has been prepared on behalf of AML to

present to the Sierra Leone Environment Protection Agency (SLEPA) for the following purpose:





To provide an understanding of the potential environmental, social and health impacts

associated with the Phase 1 project activities;







To outline the environmental, social and health commitments required for the project and the

associated management and mitigation plans identified to address these issues;







To provide a data baseline for comparison of change.



The report provides an assessment that starts with identification of relevant legislation and

institutional bodies and a summary of the project including the primary project components as well as

the supporting infrastructure and widely distributed effects that could reasonably be assumed to

occur.

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Much of the report is concerned with obtaining a representative characterisation of the existing

baseline conditions at the project area. This section has been reported as a high level summary and

makes reference to a number of supporting studies that have been completed and included as

Appendices. Following the baseline description the ESHIA presents an overview of the potential

impacts and associated mitigation measures. The impact assessment has used a standardised, semiquantitative methodology based on identifying and ranking valued receptors. The basis for this

methodology is explained.

Within the impact assessment section, there is also analysis of what is the remaining level of impact

after mitigation measures have been implemented. The ESHIA then discusses the need for ongoing

further study programmes where clearly needed as well as future management practices that AML will

have to undertake following the completion of the assessment process.

Some of these management practices are strategic in the sense that they are either not entirely

understood at the moment or may be conditional upon factors that are outside of the control of AML.

So that there is an appropriate level of accountability over future performance and commitments, the

ESHIA describes requirements for future performance monitoring and auditing as part of the

proponent’s Environmental & Social Management System.

The report builds on a series of deliverables that have already been prepared as part of an official

regulatory process in liaison with SLEPA shown in Table 1-1 below. Copies of the transcripts for these

official documents are provided in Appendix 1:

Table 1-1 Prior ESHIA Deliverables

Element



Date



ESHIA Pre-Screening Announcement Form



13th November 2009



ESHIA Screening Form



15th March 2010



ESHIA Scoping Procedures Report



22nd March 2010



Haul Road Scoping Report



15th April 2010



Haul Road Environmental Management Plan



29th April 2010



Community Development Action Plan (CDAP) for the Haul Road



29th April 2010



Public Consultation and Stakeholder Forum, convened with SLEPA in

Freetown



17th May 2010



AML Letter of intent to provide SLEPA access and support to Multipartite

Monitoring



30th March 2010



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1.3



The Project Proponents



African Minerals Limited (AML) is a mineral exploration company registered in Sierra Leone with a

contactable office in Freetown, contact details of the project proponent have been given in the project

ESHIA screening form and remain current and valid.

AML developed from a former Sierra Leone mining company (SLDC) and maintains a portfolio of

mining projects in Sierra Leone and elsewhere in Africa. AML is currently employing more than 800

Sierra Leoneans, the majority of which are associated with the exploration activities and preproduction works that are ongoing at Tonkolili.

AML has commissioned WorleyParsons to produce a Feasibility Study for the Tonkolili project and is

in the process of preparing to apply for a mine operating licence.

The team of environmental consultants that have worked on developing this Stage 1 ESHIA include

Worley Parsons as the nominated environmental consultant, SRK, CEMMATS, Wildlife Conservation

Society (WCS), the UK Meteorology Office and Kew Gardens as well as a large number of individual

specialists and experts that have contributed to sections of the report.

The main project entities in relation to the environment and social activities of the project at this stage

in its development are listed below with a brief outline of their relationship to the project. Information

that is derived from these sources is noted by a code.



Code



Project Entity



AML



African Minerals Limited -project proponent.



WP



WorleyParsons - project engineer and ESHIA consultant



Ausenco



Process plant design engineer



GoSL



Government of Sierra Leone



SLEPA



Sierra Leone EPA



SRK



SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd - project sub-consultants



1.4



Distribution and Intended Audience



The Stage 1 ESHIA report for Tonkolili Iron Ore Project is intended to inform SLEPA, district councils,

chiefdoms, community members, government and non-government organisations and other

stakeholders about the potential environmental and social impacts associated with Phase 1 of the

Tonkolili project. The ESHIA is a legislative requirement in Sierra Leone and this Stage 1 ESHIA

report is submitted on behalf of the project proponent.



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1.5



Glossary



Definitions

Phase 1 of the Project – is Phase 1 of the Tonkolili Iron Ore Project and represents the mining of

hematite ore found as a shallow capping deposit overlying the main Tonkolili deposits. This is planned

for the initial stages of the project and entails exporting the product via Pepel Port.

Phase 2 of the Project – is Phase 2 of the Tonkolili Iron Ore Project and consist of mining and

processing of transitional material.

Phase 3 of the Project – is Phase 3 of the Tonkolili Iron Ore Project and consist of the open pit mining

operation and transportation of concentrate by rail to a newly developed port at Tagrin Point from

which it is exported to global markets.



Abbreviations

ANFO



Ammonium nitrate-fuel oil



ARI



Average Recurrence Interval



BOD



Basis of Design



EHS



World Bank Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines (2007)



EPA



Sierra Leone Environment Protection Agency



EQS



Environmental Quality Standards



EnvID



Environmental Identification ( a screening process to identify key issues)



GOSL



Government of Sierra Leone



GVWC



Guma Valley Water Company



DFS



Definitive Feasibility Study



DfID



UK Department for International Development



EHS



Environmental, Health and Safety



EITI



Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative



ESHIA



Environmental, Social and Health Impact Assessment



HIA



Health Impact Assessment



ICMM



International Council on Mining and Metals



IFC



International Finance Corporation



ILO



International Labour Organisation



IMO



International Maritime Organisation



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IUCN



International Union for Conservation of Nature



MAFF



Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and Food Security



MEP



Ministry of Energy and Power



MFMR



Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources



MLHCPE



Ministry of Lands, Housing, Country Planning and the Environment



MMR



Ministry of Mineral Resources



MoE



Ministry of the Environment



MoH



Ministry of Health



MTA



Ministry of Transport and Aviation



MTAP



Mine Technical Assistance Project



MTC



Ministry of Tourism and Culture



MWI



Ministry of Works and Infrastructure



NWRB



National Water Review Board



OP



Operational Policy



PM



Particulate Matter



SALWACO



Sierra Leone Water Company



STAT



Statutory Requirements



TQ



Technical Query



UNCTAD



United Nations Conference of Trade and Development



UNEP



United Nations Environment Program



UNESCO



United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization



US EPA



United States Environmental Protection Agency



WBG



World Bank Guidelines



WHO



World Health Organisation



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1.6



Referenced Documents



This document has been developed from a variety of sources including some which are used

repeatedly for reference through the body of this Stage 1 ESHIA report. Listed below are the

references to these sources.



Document Title

Ndomahina E.T. 2008. Republic of Sierra Leone Mineral Sector Technical Assistance Project

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Study.

SRK Consulting. June 2009, Tonkolili Iron Ore Project: Environmental and Social Initiation

Study.

Nippon Koei UK, BMT Cordah and Environmental Foundation for Africa. January 2005.

Bumbuna Hydroelectric Project Environmental Impact Assessment.

Ayibotele N. B. March 2005, National Policy Guideline and Action Plan on Water Supply and

Sanitation: Water Supply and Sanitation for Sierra Leone.

NBSAP. 2002. Convention on Biological Diversity, National Biodiversity Strategy and Action

Plan (NBSAP).

WorleyParsons. February 2010. Environmental Impact Assessment Screening Form.

The Mines and Minerals Act 2009. Government of Sierra Leone.

The Environmental Protection Act 2008. Government of Sierra Leone.



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2

2.1



ESHIA PROCESS

Relationship between Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 of the

Tonkolili Iron Ore Project



Although many aspects of Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 of the Tonkolili project are separate, the

relationship between these phases is on the whole transitional and may involve at different times

some or all of phases running concurrently.

Phase 1 mining operations will result in a product comprising Direct Shipped Ore (DSO) lump and

fines which will be mined from a surface (duri-crust) deposit. This phase represents an early, smallerscale operation that is reliant on a combination of brownfield refurbishment and mining of the

relatively easily accessible surface hematite deposits at Tonkolili. Because of these factors, the

construction stage of Phase 1 is expected to commence in 2010 and be completed within

approximately 6 months enabling a relatively rapid commencement of mining and export.

Phase 2 mining operations will be a combination of continuing the hematite duri-crust mining plus

extraction of hematite from a deeper saprolite layer. This will require some grinding and separation

probably creating a tailings waste stream. The development scenario is based on providing mine and

process plant facilities supported by a narrow gauge rail network to transfer the product to out-loading

facilities at Pepel and Tagrin Point. It is expected that Phase 2 will deliver 17 Mpta over and above

the 8 Mtpa expected from Phase 1.

Phase 3 represents a significantly larger project reliant on mining a deeper magnetite deposit and

more mineral processing, haulage and out-loading infrastructure development. Export of magnetite

concentrate is planned to commence after 2014. Phase 3 necessitates a longer construction time

than for Phase 1 and 2 and consequently there are elements of the early ‘enabling’ works of Phase 3

that are planned to commence at an earlier date. Therefore Phase 3 construction could occur whilst

the earlier phase are in construction and operation.

The Phase 1 project may create significant positive legacy factors in the form of the refurbished

former ‘Delco’ rail line and Pepel Port area when Phase 1 transitions into Phase 2. It is understood

that this has been considered in the projects lease arrangements with Government of Sierra Leone

(GoSL) and that the legacy potential for these assets may enable other mining operations to develop

in Sierra Leone. AML has also agreed to manage the port and railway, making those facilities

available to other users, including other mining companies and general freight and passenger

transport companies, at commercial rates.

It is intended that this infrastructure will in due course provide a facility servicing the West African subregion, enabling both Sierra Leone and neighbouring countries to export their goods to international

markets. The rail and port infrastructure will provide access for people in the region to a reliable and

efficient mode of transport; it will encourage the development of other businesses in the area whilst

promoting decentralisation from a densely populated Freetown. AML therefore anticipates that the

project will bring positive benefits to the local and national economies as well as improving the

standard of living for the people of Sierra Leone.

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An ESHIA that considers Phase 2 and 3 of the project will be prepared and submitted separately in

2010.



2.2

2.2.1



ESHIA Steps

Screening



The purpose of screening is to determine whether an EIA (or ESHIA) study is required. Therefore the

screening process involves a preliminary determination of the expected impact of a project on the

environment and of its relative significance.

Screening processes for the Tonkolili project have included development of an Environmental

Aspects Register and submission of a Screening Form with outline project information to SLEPA.

Environmental Aspects Register

As part of the screening process an Environmental Aspects Register was developed to gain a

preliminary understanding of the project activities and possible consequences in relation to

environmental and social aspects. The risk pathways were analysed to identify potential biophysical,

social and health impacts. This preliminary screening of environmental and social risks provided a

basis for further investigation ensuring that all the major risk pathways had been considered (See

Appendix 2 for the Environmental Aspects Register.)

Submission of Screening Form

The Screening Form for the project was submitted to the EPA in March 2010. The Screening Form

submission triggered screening of the project by SLEPA, albeit it had already been recognised at the

pre-Screening stage in November 2009 that the project was Category A. Screening also triggered the

Scoping process to obtain agreement on the terms of reference for the ESHIA study.



2.2.2



Scoping



On the basis that the project constitutes a Category A project, the next step in the ESHIA process was

agreement on the project approach, appropriate project boundary limits; the information necessary for

decision-making; and the significant effects and factors to be studied in detail. The scoping stage

clarifies the requirements of GoSL through agreed Terms of Reference for the preparation of an

ESHIA.

Accordingly a Scoping Procedure document was submitted to SLEPA in March 2010 that contained

information on the approach to the ESHIA, including scopes of work for the various specialist studies,

examples of rapid assessment surveys and information on the location and preliminary design of key

project facilities.

A Regulatory ‘Road Map’ was also produced to establish a programme of ESHIA deliverables in line

with implementation of the early components of the project.

See Appendix 1 for the Regulatory Road Map and Scoping Documents for the Tonkolili project.



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Further Scoping was completed in May 2010 when there was formal presentation with stakeholders to

describe the scope of works and methodology for the future ESHIA reports. The presentation also

included comments and feedback from interested stakeholders. A transcript of the presentation and

issues raised is included in Appendix 1.

A separate Scoping report was produced in April 2010 for the haul road component of the Phase 1

project as requested by the SLEPA. This report outlined specific environmental and social issues

related to the haul road and was produced at an early stage to reflect the early construction timeline

for this component of the project.



2.2.3



Impact Assessment



The following components have been included in this impact assessment.

Project Description & Baseline

A full project description is required to gain an understanding of the project elements and activities.

The project description presented in this ESHIA is complete to the best of our ability with the known

information about the project.

The baseline description provides an assessment of the existing environment including social, health

as well as physical aspects within the project area and in the surrounding region.

Impact Assessment

This assessment includes the projects likely effects on the existing environment including social,

health as well as physical aspects. Specific review have been completed to assess potential impacts

to air quality, noise, ecology and biodiversity, hydrology and hydrogeology, soils and land use,

geology and geomorphology, socio-economic effects, cultural heritage and human health. Impacts are

assessed by magnitude, extent and duration and their relationship to sensitive or ‘valued receptors’.

Review of Mitigation Measures

Mitigation measures aim to prevent adverse impacts from happening and to control the impacts that

do occur within an acceptable level. Opportunities for impact mitigation will occur throughout the

project cycle. The objectives of mitigation are to enhance the environmental and social benefits of the

project; avoid, minimise or remedy adverse impacts; and ensure that any residual adverse impacts

are kept within acceptable levels. The mitigation measures are discussed in the impacts section so

that the clearest analysis of what are considered to be remaining or residual impacts can be obtained.

Management Strategies

Management plans and strategies will translate recommended mitigation and monitoring measures

into specific actions that will be carried out by AML. Management plans will then form the basis for

impact management during project construction and operation.

Commitments Register

The Commitments Register presents the issues that require further management after completion of

the assessment. These issues may be residual impacts identified in the ESHIA impact assessment

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process. The register includes a description of the issue, action required to address the issue, person

responsible and date that action is required by.

Auditing, Monitoring & Continual Performance Improvement

The auditing and monitoring step provides information that will assist in impact management and to

improve understanding of cause-effect relationships and mitigation methods. Auditing is necessary to

certify that practice is in accordance with established procedures and to identify how processes or

systems can be improved. Continual improvement is central to auditing, monitoring and performance

assessment.



Terms of Reference for ESHIA



2.3

2.3.1



Terms of Reference



One of the principle functions of the scoping stage is to guide the development of appropriate terms of

reference for the ESHIA. This has been developed using a combination of consultation and

procedural techniques.

The stakeholder engagement process is broadly outlined in Section 2.4 below. Consultation

undertaken during project Scoping has enabled the development of ESHIA Terms of Reference by

engagement with stakeholders and determination of their different interests. This has taken place at

many different levels in the project as follows:





‘Phase 2b‘ survey work has involved community consultation to help define and target

specialist scientific survey work (for example botanical studies near the mine site). Local

names, use of natural resources, distribution and trends in abundance or decline have been

developed from this level of focus-group consultation;







Discussions at a community level through the Early Works Consultation Committee (EWCC)

forum about community level concerns and expectations. This has been recorded and used

to define specific issues such as proximity of project facilities. District level consultation with

affected communities near the mine site has been taking place since September 2009, with

monthly EWCC forums running from February 2010 across the entire project area;







Consultation with high level stakeholders (Ministers and GoSL Department Heads) through

2009 and into 2010 has helped align the study work according to local legislation and cultural

norms. This level of consultation has also helped clarify the expectations associated with the

level and protocol for community consultations. Ministerial consultations have helped focus

studies towards areas of concern, for example ministerial consultations have indicated

specific conservation requirements, data gaps and areas of legislation reform



SLEPA procedural guidelines associated with conducting an ESHIA for mining and on-site mineral

processing have also been used in preparing the ESHIA Terms of Reference. The following sections

have been developed (procedural guidelines are presented in Appendix 1):



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Table 2-1 Procedural Fulfilment of the ESHIA

SLEPA Procedural Requirement



ESHIA Section



ESHIA Report Content



Purpose and Physical

Characteristics of the Project



Section 3



PROJECT DESCRIPTION



Land-use Requirement of the

Proposed Project



Section 3



PROJECT DESCRIPTION



Operational Features of the

Proposed Project



Section 3



PROJECT DESCRIPTION



Alternative Sites and Processes

Considered



Section 3.4



Project Options & Alternatives



Physical Features of the Proposed

Site



Section 6



PROJECT AREA BASELINE



Legislative and Policy Framework



Section 4



Legislative and Policy

Framework (See Section 3:

‘PROJECT DESCRIPTION’);;



Impact on Human beings and the

Human-made Environment

(Construction and Operations);



Section 7



POTENTIAL IMPACTS &

MITIGATION



Impact on Land, Water Resources,

Air Quality and Climate, Flora and

Fauna



Section 7



POTENTIAL IMPACTS &

MITIGATION



Other Indirect and Secondary

Impacts



Section 7.6



Distributed Impacts from

Project



Information Gaps and

Uncertainties



Section 9



ONGOING WORKS



Significance of Impacts



Section 7.1 and

Section 8



Impact Identification &

Evaluation and RESIDUAL

IMPACTS



Mitigating Measures



Section 7



POTENTIAL IMPACTS &

MITIGATION



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Terms of Reference for the different phases of the Tonkolili project have been established together.

Screening information, stakeholder presentations and scoping materials have carefully differentiated

the two project phases while also clearly describing their inter-dependencies.

During Scoping an ESHIA flow chart was developed that provides a plan of how the ESHIA process

could be best managed. The flow-chart is presented in Figure 2-1. It was recognized that a series of

separate ESHIA covering the different phases would be necessary.

Figure 2-1 Tonkolili ESHIA Simplified Process Flowchart

SLEPA EIA Screening

Form



Scoping Documents



Early

Appraisal input

to DFS by end

of April 2010



Submitted to SLEPA in February 2010

(for Phase 1 and 2)



ESHIA

Phase 1 ESHIA



Input to FEED

by September

2010



Status



Phase 2 ESHIA



ESHIA Phase 1 (this document)

ESHIA Phase 2 (pending, in 2010

ahead of major construction)



Feedback



Stakeholder Engagement Plan



Haul Road Scoping document

submitted to SLEPA on 15th April

2010 (part of Phase 1 project)



Feedback

Public

Consultation



The Gazette and National

Newspaper

Public Hearings



Environment & Social

Management Plan (ESMP)



Construction



Operations

Community Development

Action Plan (CDAP)



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This rationale has been followed with the submission and development of the following ESHIA

components:





A series of reports that in combination represent the ESHIA for the Phase 1 Haul Road;







Stage 1 ESHIA (this document);







Stage 2 ESHIA (pending);







Specialist ESHIAs required for specific technical elements of the project (eg Dredging Impact

Assessment, Visual Impact Assessment, also pending);







Development of Risk Assessments to evaluate non-routine events such as spillages, integrity

failures, traffic and accidents;







Strategic Environmental Assessment – to evaluate potential change at national and

institutional level arising from this project (pending).



The integrity and coherence of the ESHIA program particularly with respect to determination of overall

cumulative effects whilst individual ESHIA components are being developed is achieved through the

following ongoing activities:





liaison with SLEPA throughout;







over-arching environmental and social management (auditable); and







monitoring by independent organization with reporting to SLEPA and stakeholders.



This ESHIA has been prepared for submission for approval on the understanding that elements of the

infrastructure design and ESHIA study are not yet fully developed. In recognition of this, the

proponent (AML) has committed to undertake completion of the various ESHIA studies, which are

either ongoing or soon to be undertaken and will be reported on in updates to the Environmental

Management Plan (EMP) and as part of the Stage 2 ESHIA. Comprehensive environmental and

social (E&S) management will continue, with the studies inputting to project design, construction and

development. It is recommended that rigorous risk review is applied in the interim ahead of final

ESHIA Stage 2 submission in order to identify appropriate Environmental and Social (E&S)

management measures, which will be delivered through the ongoing EMP that will extend into the

operational phase.



2.3.2



Scope



The Scope of the Stage 1 ESHIA has included the following elements:

1. Development of project information from AML and their contractors;

2. Undertaking environmental identification

environmental and social aspects register;



(EnvID)



review



and



developments



of



an



3. Site-specific studies that have been undertaken over the last 12 months using an ESHIA team

from WorleyParsons, international experts and local specialists and organizations;



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4. The scope of the survey work undertaken comprises terrestrial ecology (fauna, flora, avifauna and aquatic); marine ecology and sampling of water and sediment, air and noise

studies, surface and groundwater sampling, weather measurements, flow measurements and

well inventories, soil logging and physicochemical sampling, socio-economic baseline studies

incorporating specialist focus group including women’s groups and youth organizations and

an initial health appraisal across a small randomized population sample along with a district

level health review;

5. Repeat study work in order to evaluate seasonality;

6. The scope of the assessment work undertaken comprises biological species sample

collection and categorization, water, soil, sediment and tissue laboratory assessment and

evaluation against guideline values, numerical modelling and screening to determine air

quality, climate, marine and groundwater behaviour, processing of socio-economic

questionnaires and review of pollution sources and control measures and waste management

capacity;

7. The impact assessment has used standardized impact magnitude and valued receptors

techniques. Extent, duration and likelihood values have been standardized against

WorleyParsons risk management terms;

8. Identification of further work programs have been evaluated, critiqued and scoped based on

gap analysis by relevant specialists in the respective fields;

9. Identification of mitigation techniques, future management practices and ongoing monitoring

and performance auditing has been developed in conjunction with AML’s environmental

management office and represents a commitment from the proponent linked as a

conditionality to the ESHIA licensing process.



2.3.3



Exclusions



The Stage 1 ESHIA work has utilised over 12 months worth of survey and study work as described in

the scope above. Notwithstanding the large body of work already collected there are recognized to be

a limited number of areas that are still not well understood. Coverage of these areas in the ESHIA has

been achieved by taking a strategic view on likely impact and behaviour extrapolated from what is

currently known. The following exclusions apply to this work:





SLEPA has not provided direct comment with respect to the Terms of Reference or scope of

this Phase 1 study. Guidance on the coverage and content of this report has been taken from

comments returned by SLEPA relating to the ESHIA interim reports prepared for the Haul

Road;







There is no single feasibility study report that covers the entire Phase 1 project. Details on

project description, layout and alternatives has been derived from information obtained either

directly from AML or their nominated contractors;



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Limited to no information other than site selection has been available for the air-strip

proposed near the mine-site; a full assessment of this facility has therefore, been excluded

from the Stage 1 ESHIA;







Limited information other than basic site selection has been available for the dredge spoil

disposal sites; a full assessment of this facility has therefore, been excluded from the Stage 1

ESHIA;







Limited to no information has been available for the proposed power supply or supplies for

Phase 1; a full assessment of this facility has therefore, been excluded from the Stage 1

ESHIA;







This report has not addressed all aspects of the IFC performance standards and hence by

extension, the Equator Principles. However it is considered that a sufficient level of

assessment and ongoing environmental management is underway / pending to demonstrate

acceptable non-financial risk management and avoidance;







It has not been possible in the available time to obtain seasonal data for all of the

representative periods (wet, dry and transitional periods).



The Stakeholder Engagement Process



2.4



Consultation and disclosure about this project to the public, affected people and a wide range of other

stakeholders has been achieved through a stakeholder engagement process. This is still underway

and it can be said there will be maintenance of a forum through community committees and official

liaison throughout the life of project. Implementation of the stakeholder engagement process based

on detailed analysis and a structured approach to public consultation and disclosure in all project

phases is provided in more detail in Chapter 10.

In summary, this process is structured as follows:





Stakeholder analysis will be presented, outlining the different stakeholders involved in the

Project and their potential to influence project outcomes;







National norms followed in Sierra Leone and international requirements including the Equator

Principles (EP) and the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights (VPSHR) for

stakeholder engagement;







Different types of stakeholder engagement activities will be explained and the activities

undertaken to date will be listed and reported on;







Analysis of comments from stakeholders will be presented at the outset and then updated at

various defined stages throughout the Project lifecycle;







A plan for stakeholder engagement in subsequent phases of the Project is proposed including

the human, logistical and financial resources required for the plan.



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The Structure of this Report



2.5



The structure of this report is summarised below:





Chapter 1 is the introduction to the ESHIA report;







Chatpter 2 describes the ESHIA process, the relationship between the project phases, terms

of reference, stakeholder engagement and IFC policies;







Chapter 3 is the description of the project which consists of the following project elements:

mine; transport corridor; port and offshore. The section also describes the supporting

infrastructure required by the project;







Chapter 4 presents the institutional bodies and national legislation that applies to this project;







Chapter 5 describes the existing environmental and social conditions in the overall regional

area, including the following issues climate, air & hydrology; soils land use & ecosystems;

marine and population and demographics;







Chapter 6 describes the existing environmental and social conditions in the project area. The

mine, transport corridor and port project elements are assessed against the following

categories: air quality; noise; archaeology; ecology & biodiversity; hydrology & hydrogeology;

soil & landuse; geology & geomorphology; socio-economic and human health. The offshore &

coastal environment has also been considered;







Chapter 7 outlines the potential impacts for each of project elements and provides an

evaluation and assesssment of the signifcance of the impacts. Mitigation measures have

been identified to address these significant impacts;







Chapter 8 presents the ongoing assessment works that will be undertaken as part of the

ESHIA programme;







Chapter 9 outlines the environmental and social management plans required to address

issues identified in the ESHIA studies;







Chapter 10 contains the Public Consultation and Disclosure Plan & Resettlement Policy

Framework;







Chapter 11 presents auditing, monitoring and continual performance improvement;







Chapter 12 is the Commitments Register which outlines the future commitments required for

the long term management of the project;







Chapter 13 Conclusions and Recommendations;







Chapter 14 References.



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3



PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Project Overview



3.1



‘Base-case’ engineering options for the project have been used in this report. However, it is also

recognised that further alternatives and options are being considered leading to optimisation during

successive stages of the project. More detail on engineering design and material quantities is given in

the referenced reports. The description below represents the know project description as of May 2010

and has been selected on the basis of relevance to the determination of likely environmental and

social footprint of the project that were identified during the development of the Environmental

Aspects Register (See Appendix 2).

The review of engineering, baseline conditions and preliminary impacts has been structured into four

elements comprising the Mining Area, Transport Corridor, Port Facilities and Offshore.



Proposed Development



3.2



The locations of the principal elements of Phase 1 of the Tonkolili project are described below and in

Table 3-1:





Mining Area - hematite deposits from Phase 1 are located along the crown of the Simbili

formation. Supporting mine infrastructure, accommodation facilities and mining plant will be

located in the Mawuru and Tonkolili valleys southwest of Simbili. See Figure 3-3







Transport Corridor – a haul road is under construction from the mine site to a rail interchange

at Lunsar (approximately 120 km). Ore is then transported by narrow-gauge rail to Pepel

along the original Delco rail line which is to be refurbished;







Port Facilities – ore will be exported from Pepel port using a combination of new and

refurbished facilities for rail dumper, ore handling and stockpiling and the existing wharf

interface including refurbishment of the existing jetties;







Offshore – the base-case option assumes off shore anchorage loading of ocean going bulk

carriers (Panamax or Cape size) from transshipment vessels loaded at the primary Pepel

jetty.



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Figure 3-1 Phase 1 Mine to Port Transport Route



Table 3-1 Summary of the different locations of Phase 1

Project Element



Phase 1 Location



Mine Area



A 1-2 km2 mining area that spans the crest of Simbili and with additional

areas for accommodation and beneficiation infrastructure.



Transport Corridor



New haul road and refurbished Delco rail line



Port Area



Pepel Port, occupying the southern part of Pepel Island



Offshore



Panamax shipping from transshipment anchorage offshore of Freetown



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3.2.1



Element 1 - Mining Area



The magnetite and hematite deposits that forms the basis for the full-development Tonkolili project

occurs in a north-east to south-west trending hilly outcrop. Drilling work has confirmed the magnetite

ore body reaches commercial grades of iron enrichment beneath three hills named Simbili, Marampon

and Numbara illustrated in Figure 3-2 below. Hematite occurs as a duri-crust deposit on these

deposits extending to approximately 50m depth with a further 50m depth of transitional zone. Phase 2

mining will target this transitional material. Magnetite is encountered at approximately 100m depth

below surface. Phase 3 mining will target magnetite beneath Simbili, Marampon and Numbara and

the expected pit depths extend to approximately 700m depth (SRK, May 2010).

Figure 3-2 Tonkolili Mineral Deposits



Phase 1 of the Tonkolili project targets the overlying hematite/goethite deposit in the Simbili region,

and is intended to produce 8,000,000 tonnes (8Mtpa) of saleable product per year. Exploration has

indicated an ore reserve in the order of 800 Mt. The iron content of the hematite/goethite ore can be

increased to exportable grades through beneficiation. This requires relatively lower levels of

processing and investment in order to commercialise this phase of the project than needed for Phase

2 and 3. Crushing and sorting techniques will be required during Phase 1 near the point of extraction

with limited to no chemical or processing involved. The hematite deposit extends to approximately

50m depth in some areas, although it is characterised as having a highly variable distribution and

concentration across the deposits. Between the base of the hematite deposit (-50m) and the top of

the underlying Tonkolili deposit (-100m) there is a ‘transition zone’ of heterogeneous mineral

composition. This transition zone will be mined as part of the Phase 2 works.



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Figure 3-3 Phase 1 Mine Location



Shipping of the hematite product is planned to commence in January 2011. In order to produce the

required 8 Mtpa, some 10.4 million tonnes of run-of-mine will have to be beneficiated, and a total of

34 million tonnes of material (ore and waste) will need to be mined. The strip ratio is expected to vary

between 0.5 to 1.5 during Phase 1 mining.

Mining will be undertaken with a conventional truck and shovel operation. Ore will be hauled to a

crushing and screening plant, to be located southwest of Simbili. Waste will be initially used for

construction of access and haul roads, and for various other infrastructure projects in preparation for

the commencement of Phase 3 construction. Excess waste will be dumped in areas to the west and

northwest of Simbili, outside the final magnetite pit limits so as to avoid rehandling.



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Figure 3-4 Phase 1 Mine Detail



Phase 1 mining equipment will consist of 3 hydraulic shovels (operating weight 380t each) and 21

haul trucks (payload capacity 130-140t each). Ancillary equipment will include 2 water carts (130t

capacity), three tracked dozers (Caterpillar D10 or equivalent), and 2 graders (Caterpillar 16M or

equivalent).

Mining will be conducted on a 24 hour basis, with three crews working two 12 hour shifts.

The designed pits are 50m deep and 1.3 km2. The approximate location of the mining areas on

Simbili is shown in Figure 3-4 and it is likely that the northern zone will be mined first.

Mine Layout

The proposed Pit with the Stockpiling and Park-up area is located approximately 2.5 km eastsoutheast from the main village of the area, Farangbaia, and 3.3 and 3.7 km east-southeast from the

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AML bottom and top camps, respectively. The stockpiling and parking area is approximately 3 km

southwest of Kemadugu, 2.7 km southeast of Kegbema, 2.5 km northeast of Wandugu, 5 km

northeast of Furia, and 5.3 km from other small villages in the greater area.

An airstrip will be oriented approximately north-south in the Tonkolili River valley west of the

Farangbaia forest reserve.

The main access road extends south from the contractor's workshop area to the mine haul road and

is located approximately 800 m east of the centre of the main village, Farangbaia, 850 m east of the

bottom camp and 1.3 km from the top camp.

The mine haul road is approximately 400 m east of the centre of Wandugu and Furia.

The Contractors Workshop is approximately 600 m northeast of the centre of Farangbaia, and

approximately 1.2 km northeast from the centre of the bottom camp to the centre of the top camp.

The Crushing and Loading Facility is approximately 600 m northeast from the centre of Furia and

approximately 2 km south from the centre of Wandugu.

Material from Phase 1 will be hauled down a series of ramps to the north and through a cutting on the

western side of the ridge. Ore will continue to be transported down to the crushing pad, located to the

south of the Tonkolili River, near the village of Wandugu. Waste from this phase will be taken to a

waste dump located to the northwest of the cutting (Figure 3-4) although some of the more competent

waste will be used for additional road and pad construction, in preparation for the commencement of

the second phase and the subsequent magnetite operation.



Dewatering

Major dewatering should not be required, given the elevation and drainage of the Phase 1 pits,

however, localised dewatering may be necessary from time to time. It should be noted that the

deposit lies in a tropical region, which is subject to a large amount of rainfall during the months of May

to October. The mean annual rainfall for the region is 2,542mm.

Accommodation

Camp facilities will be constructed for the development. Capacity of camps is estimated to be 600.

Blasting

Blasting activities will begin within 3-4 weeks of the project start up and will be conducted for most of

the life of the project as the excavation first progresses along the ridge to the northwest in Phase 1,

then advances to the south in Phase 3. Blasting will occur 2 times each week during the day only, and

will generally be confined to within the top 20 meters of excavation. Each blast will affect an area of

4,000 m2. Given the nature of the rock, powder factors are likely to be low; therefore vibration from

blasting activities should also be low. Some oversize blasting may be required in lower levels of the



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excavation. Blasting is likely to utilize Ammonium nitrate-fuel oil (ANFO) as a bulk explosive and nonelectric (nonel) surface and down-hole delays. Each hole will be stemmed prior to blasting.

Site Restoration

The entire Simbili hematite mining operation is contained within the larger magnetite pit shell and

therefore, rehabilitation of the pit is not deemed necessary on the assumption that Phase 3 will

continue on from Phase 1 and 2. The haul road to the ore pad will be utilised during Phase 3 as an

access road. The waste dump for Phase 1 will be enlarged as part of the Phase 3 magnetite waste

disposal facility.



3.2.2



Element 2 -Transport Corridor



Beneficiated hematite ore will be transported using a combination of road-trains on along a specially

constructed haul road followed by haulage using a light-gauge rail track. The 122 km long haul road

built from the mine site to a railhead about 8 km North-West of Lunsar where it ties in with the existing

railway which is to be refurbished.

More detailed description of the haul road design, cross-sections, waypoints, river crossings, villages,

forests and other areas of environmental and social concern have been provided in a stand-alone

Haul Road Scoping report submitted to SLEPA in April 2010 (WorleyParsons Report ref. EN-REP0014). Relevant excerpts are provided in Appendix 1. Only a brief summary is included below.

Figure 3-5: Map 1 of Haul Road Alignment



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Figure 3-6: Map 2 of Haul Road Alignment



Between Lunsar to the Rokel River crossing the topography is slightly sloping, gently undulating and

varying in elevation between about 100 and 110 masl. Here the haul road will be situated generally on

low embankments or shallow cuts. From the Rokel River to the mine site (chainage Km 110 to Km

122), the topography becomes much steeper and there are steep valley slopes and rivers and the

underlying material is hard rock. Here, significant cut and fill volumes should be expected with most of

the cut in hard rock, probably requiring the use of explosives (subject to approvals granted from the

Government of Sierra Leone).

The first part of the schedule of works for the haul road has been initiated comprising initial

reconnaissance survey and in some areas development of a scout road. The development of further

work associated with clearance, road widening, profiling and sealing (drainage etc) are subject to

confirmation from SLEPA in response to prior submissions (Haul Road Scoping, EMP and other

reports that have been generated in April 2010).

During the initial site clearance and creation of the scout road, vegetation has been cleared using

bulldozers. Further clearance will be required for the entire length and width of the route using a

heavy flail attachment on 360 excavators or similar approved fittings for a tractor. Local labour will use

machete / sickle to cut back.

The following environmental management measures are being undertaken. All decomposable

vegetation waste will be re-introduced into neighbouring vegetated areas. Trees will be logged in a

controlled manner and under direct supervision of trained competent personnel. Logging gangs will be



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operating well ahead of road construction activities. Suitable timber will be sent to saw mill for

replacement sleepers. Waste timber will be stockpiled for disposal or re-introduced into bush. All tree

roots will be removed in entirety by mechanical means / chains and shackles. Virgin bush will be

cleared with the use of CAT D6 / D8 machinery along proposed centreline of roadway. All

construction waste is anticipated to be non-hazardous. All waste to be recycled and re-used wherever

possible, and surplus to be used as haul road earth berms. Organic top soils will be stored in

managed stockpiles and reused for profiling of berms and other waste material that can be

revegetated and for rehabilitation of other areas impacted by the project.

When completed the road will comprise a compacted but unsealed surface edged with 1m high earth

berms. The road will have two lanes, with a nominal width of 12.5 m (16.5 m with berms). Drainage

from the road will be controlled by a cross-sectional road profile that drains to the edges with gaps in

the berm edging at intervals to release flows.

Figure 3-7: Typical cross-section of the Haul Road



At about Km 94 the haul road will cross the River Rokel - the major river in the area (approximate

span 90m). There will be other smaller river crossings at km 50 (River Tabai – approximate span

40m) and at around Km 110 where the haul road will cross the Tonkolili River at several locations

(approximate spans 20m).

The ore will be hauled using road train type vehicles. The road-trains will consist of a tractor unit and

five motorised trailers with a gross payload of 400 tonnes.



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Figure 3-8: Road-train



Speed limit on the road will be set at 60 km per hour. Minimum travel time for road-trains will be

approximately 2 hours. 22 vehicles will be travelling between the mine and Lunsar Interchange.

Transshipping will operate 24 hours a day.

Route Selection

The following design principles have been utilized for the haul road:











All villages to be provided a clearance of at least 500m where practicable;

Severed access tracks between villages to be maintained with 2.4m diameter corrugated

steel pipe culverts to act as an underpass beneath the haul road. Actual requirements and

locations to be site determined;

A clearance of at least 500m is to be provided to areas of sacred bush where practicable.

Site-specific requirements and locations are subject to local variability;







100m minimum clearance from any overhead power lines will be observed. All temporary

access beneath lines to be fitted with ticker tape marker poles as notification measure.

Clearance levels to be sited and clearly marked on both sides;







500m minimum clearance to any Telecom communication towers. All temporary access

beneath lines to be fitted with ticker tape marker poles as notification measure. Clearance

levels to be sited and clearly marked on both sides;







At road intersections a modular steel bridge to carry the existing road over the haul road will

be installed. Where the existing roads are minor, a manual form of traffic control will be

required (manned boom).



Construction Materials

Crushed rock and nodular ferricrete gravel will be used as construction material for the haul road. The

material will be excavated from the quarries nearest to the construction areas. Several potential

quarry sites have been identified as being economically and technically suitable. Crushed rock

potential quarries are located at the following locations:



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Makele Quarry at Makeni is an existing quarry but will require complete renovation with new

equipment;







Potential quarry site located 1km north of km 48 on the existing road requiring investigation

and development. The rock has been identified as amphibolite from 2 small surface

exposures. The overburden may be ferruginous and suitable for sub-base or selected fill

layers;

Kerfay quarry near Lunsar appears to have had minor use in the past but will need

development. The rock is granite which is exposed at the surface.







There are numerous granite exposures ranging up to significant sized granite domes. It is possible

that these will provide rock suitable for use in the base course. Investigation and development will be

required.

Borrow pits for nodular ferricrete gravel were recorded at various locations adjacent to the existing

road and adjacent to the road running north from Farandugu. Visual observations indicated that the

material has high nodular gravel content and should have a CBR (California Bearing Ration) well in

excess of 30 and possibly up to 80. Observations in cuttings indicated extensive availability of

ferricrete. It is expected that up to 40 percent of the material excavated from cuttings of more than 3m

depth may be suitable for sub-base and wearing course construction. The haul road is to be

constructed with four layers comprising Sub Grade, Sub Base a Base layer and the Surface.

Equipment

The equipment used for the haul road construction include - excavators, graders, pumps and concrete

batching as well as small plant. Equipment is listed in full in the Haul Road Scoping report

(WorleyParsons, April 2010).

Accommodation

Three camps will be constructed in order to accommodate workers:





Rogbere Camp;







Makeni Camp; and







Camp close to Tonkolili.



Construction of the camps is required as an early Phase 1 activity and the project programme

requires completion June 2010. Design, dimensions of the camps, energy sources, water and waste

management and power demand will be controlled through specific environmental management

plans.

It is assumed that water requirements will be one bore hole per camp. Water treatment plants will be

constructed at each camp. 30,000 L a day of water will be treated, while 50,000 L will be stored at

each camp. At the moment it is assumed that black water treatment plants will be placed at each

camp. Solids will be removed periodically by honey sucker.

Lunsar Interchange



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The road-trains will offload hematite ore at Lunsar Yard. The loading yard at Lunsar will consist of 3

stacking lines for stock-piling iron ore. The capacity of the combined stockpile will be around 4 million

tones. The construction of the Yard will include building of four staging lines at Lunsar yard each

approximately 1km in length to serve as the load out yard, installation of six 1:9 40kg turnouts, the

supply and installation of one 40kg stopblock. The works will also include the construction of one

office building. Fuel will be provided at the fuel yard, which will be 100 m in length. Fuel storage for

road trains and the facilities will be required. The interchange will operate on a 24 hours per day

basis. Six trains will carry ore to the Pepel Yard each day. Each train will consist of 50 wagons. Total

payload per train will be 2500 tonnes max.

Rail transport from Lunsar will be along a narrow-gauge railway line which had previously been

between Marampa and Pepel for iron ore transport operations (Delco 1933 to 1975). The ‘Delco’ line

is to undergo refurbishment along with the port and wharfing facilities at the terminus on Pepel Island,

which AML are operating under a 99 year lease agreement with the Government of Sierra Leone

(GoSL). The lease arrangement licenses AML to reconstruct, manage and operate Pepel Port and the

Pepel – Marampa Railway.



Figure 3-9 Lunsar Interchange



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Phase 1 Rail Refurbishment

Construction activities will require a number of works to be undertaken along the existing narrow

gauge (1065mm) single track rail line alignment.

The scope of work includes the repair and construction of approximately a 72km main line, two 1km

loops and a new rail loading yard at Lunsar as well as remedial work on the existing rail infrastructure

at Pepel yard.

Figure 3-10 Rail Map



Line clearance works will be performed by local workers using hand held machetes The track will be

constructed by initially lifting the existing rails and sleepers wherever they remain in position then

relaying 40kg/m rails comprising reconditioned and new sections to be laid on reconditioned steel

sleepers spaced at 650mm centers laid on 1200m³ ballast profile. One loop lines will be constructed

at approximately 20km and a former loop at 42km reinstated and a new loading yard constructed at

Lunsar.

Construction methodology:

1.



Site Preparation



The works to be performed by the contractor involves the following:





Camp Site Establishment



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Site Vegetation Clearing - grass, shrubs, bush, trees and other vegetation along rail formation

and adjacent to drainage channels will be removed by local workers with a use of hand held

machetes. Strip top soil to nominal depth of 200mm will be removed and stockpiled as

directed by the engineer.







Earthworks and Civil - the scope of works will include treatment of the existing ballast

formation throughout its length, construction of a gravel road with level crossing supply and

installation of new storm water culverts including inlet and outlet structures. The works will

also include excavation and construction of new table drains, shaping of earthworks to

facilitate drainage. Blinding and reinforcing will be installed if required. The materials camp

will be fenced.



2.



Platelaying Works



The methodology for platelaying works will comprise:



3.







Existing track upliftment and stockpiling for later reuse - existing thermite welds will be

removed by means of disc cutter or similar throughout 53km of existing track infrastructure.

Approximately 53km of existing permanent way material will be lifted and stockpiled alongside

the formation for later reuse. 11 turnouts will be lifted and moved to stockpile in the Pepel

yard. Works will be performed by a combination of local labour and front end loaders;







Track reinstatement - the works include the supply (where necessary) and construction of

approximately 72km of “new” single line track from Pepel to Lunsar. A new 1km loop will be

constructed at approximate chainage 20 km from the Pepel yard. An existing 1km loop will be

restated at Port Loko approximately 41km from the Pepel yard. 1:9 40kg turnouts will be

installed in Pepel yard and the two loops. The works will be performed by a combination of

local labour and front end loaders;







Track welding will be carried out by on track welding machine;







Alignment & tamping - 79km of track and 21 turnouts will be tamped with a heavy duty on

track mechanical and mechanical switch tamper. Replacement of sleepers on bridges and in

Pepel yard will be performed by local labour;







Supply and installation of Proposed various track signs will be installed along the rail

alignment;







Abandoned railway material will be sorted and stockpiled on the site.

Schedule



The duration of these construction works has been estimated as 229 days to complete the planned

activities.



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4.



Operation of railway



The following table provides a brief overview of the rail specifications and activities.



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Table 3-2 Overview of Rail Specifications & Activities



5.



Criteria



Value



Axle load

Rail length

Operation time

Rail Wagon payload

No of wagons per train

Total payload per train

Number of trains per year

Number of trains per day

Total train offloading time at dump station



17 t

72km

24h/day

40-47 tons (max 50t)

50

2500 tons

2190

6

2 min/wagon = 1.5h/train



Equipment



Equipment to be used during construction works includes a diesel locomotive and track mounted plant

including an axle horse and mechanical tamper. There will also be a significant amount of plant that

will access the rail track from the adjacent road including flat bed truck, dozer and smaller plant such

as welding gear. Estimates of fuel use and construction duration are given below. Overall

approximately 1 million L of fuel are expected to be used during the rail refurbishment.



Table 3-3 Diesel Usage Over Construction

Description of Plant /

Equipment



Duration

working days



Total Hrs

construction



Loco

FEL CAT IT 14

Double axle horse (Local)

1 ton LDV

8 ton flat bed Tata/4x4

Dozer D6

On Track Mechanical Tamper

Butt Welder

Generators

Sundry fuel



137

2 104

1 155

2 100

1 050

21

220

219

1 200

210



2 192

18 937

10 399

18 900

9 450

189

1 981

1 975

19 200



Fuel

Efficiency

(L.hr-1)

30

14

133

38

50

20

20

50

8

300



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6.



Employees



The workforce is estimated to comprise 19 expats supported by 165 locals involved in construction

activities. The local workforce comprises 25 skilled or semi-skilled and 140 unskilled. All staff will be

moving along the works area as the works progress.

7.



Camp locations.



The rail camp will be located in Pepel yard, while one mobile on track (on the railway line) camp will

move as the work progresses. At this stage all sources of energy will be self generating i.e. generators

varying in size from 6Kva - 25Kva however AML is responsible for the free issue of electricity at various

locations along the route.

8.



Anticipated waste types and quantities from construction



At this stage the waste related to the construction will be limited to the following:





Packaging from material – 20 to 50kg size bags and cardboard (total estimated tonnage will be

5 tonnes over the contract period of 10 months);







Paper and cardboard form locals (total estimated tonnage will be 2 tonnes a month over a

period of 10 months).



All waste will be stockpiled in the suitable area indentified by the client, where waste can be treated.



3.2.3



Element 3 - Port Facilities



Hematite ore will be taken to Pepel Port where the material handling system will be capable of either

directly loading ore from the train or stockpiling and then reclaiming depending on the timing of ship

movements. Ore will be exported via transshipment vessels (TV) to an offshore anchorage. The iron

ore will be transferred to ocean going bulk carriers (OGV) for export.

Ultimately, the total iron ore exported will be 8 million tonnes per annum (8 Mtpa). During the first year

of operation the amount of iron ore exported will ramp up as follows.

Table 3-4 – Export volumes during first year of operation



Month



Export volume (tonnes per month)



Dec-10



100,000



Jan-11



100,000



Feb-11



150,000



Mar-11



250,000



Apr-11



400,000



May-11



400,000



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Jun-11



500,000



Jul-11



666,000



Aug-11



667,000



Pepel Port is located in the Sierra Leone Estuary about 20km from the sea and 12km upriver from

Freetown. It has not operated since 1985 but infrastructure is still present in the area including housing

and office facilities, a power plant, fuel tanks, conveyer belts and a jetty / ship loader. The area of the

Pepel Port is approximately 1725 ha.

To enable operations, the Port will need to be renovated. The objective of the Pepel Port project is to

refurbish and upgrade the existing facilities to enable a maximum loading capacity of 4000 tonnes per

hour (tph). A schematic of the existing facilities is provided in Figure 3-11. The operations will be similar

to those of the existing port and therefore there is no need to expand the port footprint and no additional

land clearance is required.

The planned refurbishment and upgrade of Pepel will include the following:





Power Generation System;







Dual Train Dumping Station;







Stacker Feed System;







Reclaim Feed System;







Shiploader;







Offshore Transshipment Anchorage



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Figure 3-11 Schematic of Existing Pepel Port Layout



The iron ore will be transferred by rail to Pepel Port and offloaded at a double dump loadout station.

Total train offloading time at the dump station will be approximately 1.5 hours. The iron ore will be

transported to a double boom stacker by conveyors. The capacity of each onshore conveyor will be

2000 tph. The stacker will form 2 stockpiles with capacity of 200000 tonnes each. Four front end

loaders will excavate the ore from the stockpiles and offload it in collecting hoppers. The ore will then be

transported to the jetty by the transfer conveyor. The capacity of the transfer conveyor will be 4000

tonnes per hour.

A schematic diagram of the process flow is presented below (Figure 3-12)

Power requirements for the port are yet to be determined. At present, it is assumed that a new power

generation facility will be established, which utilises diesel generators. It is assumed that it will be a

package plant with no seawater cooling requirement. Diesel will be transported to Pepel by road and

stored within the existing storage facilities following their renovation.



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The existing liquid waste management facilities, including wastewater and run-off will be improved and

treatment provided to meet legislative requirements. An assessment of drainage facilities and

wastewater treatment and disposal options is ongoing and will be documented within the Waste

Management Plan.

Port operations will be 24 hour.



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Figure 3-12 Schematic diagram of material handling at Pepel



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3.2.4



Element 4 – Offshore (Marine engineering)



The existing terminal comprises a 140m long jetty with two quadrant ship loaders with a maximum

outreach of 25.5m. The mooring layout comprises the berthing face of the jetty head and two mooring

dolphins set back from the berthing line.

All marine structures will need to be refurbished, including the shiploader booms, stackers/reclaimers,

stockyard conveyor and berths. The two mooring dolphins are beyond refurbishment and will be

replaced. Two additional dolphins may be required to safely moor the TVs.

The detailed design of the mooring and shiploading facility is yet to be finalised a potential layout is

shown in Figure 3-13.



Figure 3-13 Example Ship-Loader Layouts for Pepel Port



Transshipment is proposed as Pepel Port is unsuitable for cape-sized vessels due to its location

within the estuary and the depth of the access channel. Transshipment results in a significant

reduction in capital and maintenance dredging requirements.

The OGV will be anchored offshore and the ore will be transported from Pepel to the anchorage by

the TV. Self unloading Handymax vessels with a cargo lift of approximately 30000 tonnes – similar in

size to the vessels previously use by the port – are proposed to be used as TVs. Two TVs will be

required and each will be doing approximately one round trip per day between Pepel and the

transshipment anchorage once the objective export volume of 8 Mtpa is reached. The OGV is

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expected to be a Cape-size vessel with a cargo capacity of approximately 170000 tonnes. Panamax

vessels with a lower capacity may be used.

The transshipment anchorage location has not been finalized and is currently being assessed but it

will be located outside the estuary some distance offshore where there is sufficient water depth for the

OGV.

TVs will transport the iron ore to the anchored OGV. The TV will transfer the ore directly into the OGV,

using its conveyor and crane system. The rate of transfer is approximately 2000 tph. Examples of

transshipment operations and storage vessels are shown in Figure 3-14.

Figure 3-14 Example transshipment operations



The proposed dredging project involves dredging a shipping channel from the disused port facility at

Pepel Island to allow navigation from the entrance of Sierra Leone River (Figure 3-15).



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Figure 3-15 Navigation Channel to Pepel Island



Dredge Channel

Preliminary design of the berthing/manoeuvring area and navigation channel from Pepel Island to the

mouth of the Bunce River comprises the following key elements:





Turning basin depth: -7.0 m chart datum (CD)







Channel depth: -10.5 m CD







Channel width (straights): 120 m







Channel width (bends): 250 m adjacent to Tasso Island; and







Channel side slopes: 1V:5H (vertical and horizontal)



The dredging works will reinstate the channel used by Pepel port when it was previously in operation.

The initial water depths for the scope of work are derived from the UK Hydrographic Office Admiralty

charts and are a minimum of -7 m CD in the main navigational channel. The estimated dredging

areas are shown in Figure 3-16. This will be dredging of material that has infilled in the Pepel channel

since Pepel port was last used and maintenance dredging took place.

The estimated volume of dredge material is approximately 1.5 million m3. However, further

bathymetry surveys are underway to confirm the dredging requirements.



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Figure 3-16 Proposed dredging areas - manoeuvring area and Navigation Channel



Additional maintenance dredging will be required on a yearly basis to maintain the navigation

channel. The frequency and volume of maintenance dredging required is currently being assessed.

However, high deposition is expected in some areas during the rainy season such as in Kakim

channel and historical information suggests that volumes of between 0.5 - 1.0 million m3 may need to

be dredged each year to restore depths.

Dredging Methodology

As infill of a previous channel is being dredged, the material is expected to be relatively soft.

Therefore a Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger (TSHD) will be used for the dredging works.

Suction dredging such as TSHD is commonly used for dredging silty, sandy or gravely soils or soft

clayey soils. Sediment grabs indicate that much of the Pepel channel has medium coarse grain

sediments, probably due to the strong tidal currents along the channel. There are some areas where

finer sediments have been deposited. This is described in more detail in the baseline section 6.5.1.

A hopper will be used to collect the dredged material in its cargo hold to transport to the dredge spoil

disposal site.

The dredging cycle starts with the dredger sailing with an empty hopper to the proposed dredging

area using its highly accurate navigation systems.



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The TSHD shall deepen the channel by removing consecutive layers of the seabed material. In

addition to the given dimensions, an average of 2 m overwidth at each side and an over-depth

between 0 m and 0.5 m is dredged as a result of positioning tolerances.

The characteristics of a typical TSHD are presented in Table 3-5.

Table 3-5 Example TSDH vessel characteristics

Approx. Specification

Hopper capacity



11 000 m³



Deadweight



18 000 ton



Length



140 m



Breadth



25 m



Draught loaded



9m



Suction pipe diameter



1m



Pump power (trailing)



3 500 kW



Pump power (discharging)



8 000 kW



Propulsion power



2 x 6 000 kW



Speed



15 kn



TSHD Working Principles

The TSHD it is a sea-going, self-propelled dredging vessel, which includes a hopper to store the

dredge material. It is commonly used.

The dredging systems of a TSHD consist of one or two suction tubes, each driven by a powerful

centrifugal pump, called the sand pump. During the dredging, and in a process, which is quite similar

to the domestic vacuum cleaner, the lower ends of the suction tubes are trailing along on the seabed,

while the sand pumps provide the suction power to lift the materials from the seabed into the hopper.

The suction pipe has a special draghead, which is designed to maximize the dredging efficiency

during the loading phase (Figure 3-17).



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Figure 3-17 Typical draghead (left) and suction pipe (right) from TSHD



The sediment is loosened and removed from the seabed by a combination of suction provided by the

sand pump, the forward motion of the vessel and the cutting and jetting characteristics of the

draghead. The materials dredged from the seabed, will be pumped into the hopper as a

sediment/water mixture. Care will be taken to minimise the water content in the mixture.

In the hopper the sand material settles due to gravity and the water flows back to the sea through the

overflows situated in the hopper.

Figure 3-18 shows the general layout of TSHD operations.



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Figure 3-18 General layout of TSHD working at dredging site



The dredge material is stored in the hopper for transport to the offshore disposal area (Figure 3-19).

Figure 3-19 Hopper wells



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In order to increase the volume of dredge material that can be stored and minimise the number of

trips to the disposal site excess water overflows from the hopper. There is a risk of increased turbidity

due to the hoper overflow.

To minimize the potential fine plume, an overflow funnel is constructed inside the hopper. It consists

of a height adjustable funnel mounted on top of a vertical cylinder which ends under the keel of the

dredge. The excess water is discharged under the dredger (see Figure 3-20), at the highest level

possible, thus minimising the concentration of suspended solids in the overflow water.

There is also an anti-turbidity valve or “green valve”, which is a hydraulically controlled valve mounted

inside the overflow funnel(s). This valve drastically reduces the turbidity generated by the overflow

water (or dredge plume) drained through the overflow funnels. It reduces the overflow funnel, which

ensures that the water level inside the overflow funnel will be maintained and the mixture will “fall”

from a lesser height. As a result less air gets mixed into the overflow and the dredge plume will not

have a tendency to rise up, next to or behind the vessel. Without the use of this green valve the finer

particles in the overflow mixture are churned up by the vessel’s propellers and hence create those

infamous turbid clouds behind the trailer dredger.

Figure 3-20 Typical overflow funnel with anti-turbidity valve



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Dredge Disposal

As soon as the hopper is fully loaded, the suction tubes will be hoisted back onboard and the dredger

will head to the dredge disposal site.

Bottom dumping is the fastest way to unload the hopper by discharging the load through the opened

bottom doors of the hopper (Figure 3-21). Water jets inside the hopper will ensure the hopper is

completely empty and free of any dredged soil prior to closing the bottom doors. Due to the draft of

the vessel the material will fall approximately ten metres through the water column to the seabed. As

part of the EMP an assessment is required to ensure that the material remains within the disposal

site.

Figure 3-21 Bottom dumping procedures, at disposal sites



The TSHD can also discharge at sea via its own suction tube, to discharge it at a greater depth. The

depth is restricted to the length of the suction tube but will be sufficient for the proposed disposal

ground.

All dredged materials will be transported to the agreed dumpsite approximately 5 km north of Cape

Sierra Leone, which is shown in



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Figure 3-22.



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Figure 3-22 Proposed spoil ground



Duration

Dredging will take place 24 hours/day for 7 days/ week. Therefore it will take up to 7.5 weeks to

remove the estimated 1.5 M m3 of sediment.

The yearly maintenance dredging will take up to 2.5 weeks, assuming a dredge volume of 500,000 m³

of sediment and a dredging capacity of 200,000 m³/wk.

Timescales for capital dredging will be confirmed once the bathymetry survey is complete and the

final dredge volume is calculated. Maintenance dredging requirements will be dependant on infilling

and estimates will be refined following modelling of sediment transport in the estuary.



3.3

3.3.1



Supporting Infrastructure

Power supply



Power requirements for Phase 1 are localized, the overall power requirements are approximately 4.5

Mw for the project (AML Stakeholder Presentation, May 2010).

Hematite Mine



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Power supply to the mine activities will be provided by diesel powered generators with a localised

distribution system within the mine area.

Power demand will be required for the contractors’ workshop, workers’ camps and crushing and

loading facilities, among others.

Haul Road

Power supply to the haul road will be only needed during the construction phase at 3 construction

camp locations (Rogbere, Makeni and Tonkolili).

Energy sources and power demand are yet to be finalised; however, it is anticipated that the demand

for general camp activities will be covered by Diesel Generators at each camp.

Lunsar Interchange

Power will be required for both, the construction and the operation phases of the Interchange Yard.

During construction, power demand will be satisfied through the use of Diesel Generators that will

supply the construction camp and any other machinery in requirement of power. During the operation

phase, the power demands for the office building will be also provided through the use of a Diesel

Generator.

The power demand is still to be finalised for both construction and operation phases.

Rail Refurbishment

Power will be needed during construction / refurbishment at both the rail camp to be located in Pepel

yard and one mobile on track (on the railway line) camp that will move as the work progresses. At this

stage all sources of energy will be self generating i.e. generators varying in size from 6Kva - 25Kva.

AML has taken responsibility for the free issue of electricity at selected locations along the route.

The Pepel Yard Generators will work on diesel and its estimated fuel demand is 8 L.hr-1, making it a

total of 168 960 L of fuel on the basis of 1 200 days for the construction.

Pepel Port

Power supply to the port area during construction will be provided by packet generation sets with a

localised distribution system within the port area. The initial port power requirements, yet to be

estimated, will be provided by 6.6 kV power generators fed by a diesel fuel source.

Pepel Operational Phase Power Requirements:

The stacker power requirements and the power requirements for the reclaimers, which will operate on

diesel, are being determined and there is a base-case assumption that refurbishment of the existing

power house at Pepel in conjunction with generator sets will be the selected model. Diesel was

previously brought into Pepel Port and stored using a dedicated fuel jetty connected to a 6Ml fuel

farm. Confirmation of renewal of this process is still underway. An alternative is that diesel will be

supplied to Pepel from Tagrin Port when Phase 3 operations commence.



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3.3.2



Water supply



Potable and construction water supply will be required at numerous locations across the project area.

Although preference has been given to utilise groundwater resources for potable use, it is likely that

due to the accelerated nature of Phase 1 a significant component of potable water will be trucked in

from Freetown, as is the current practice at the mine exploration camp. Construction water will be

sourced from nearby groundwater resources through a drilled groundwater borehole or a network of

several boreholes.

Hematite Mine

It is likely that the Phase 1 mine water will be supplied from existing springs / streams that are

currently in use for exploration activities. Currently, potable water demand is estimated as an average

of 20 L per person per day. Construction water demand is yet to be determined.

Haul Road

Haul road construction camps will require a temporary water supply in form of groundwater wells to

be drilled at each location. The latest assumption is that there will be three camp locations along the

haul road alignment, water demand for each of them is yet to be determined.

It is assumed that water requirements will be one bore hole for camp. Water treatment plants will be

constructed at each camp. 30,000 L/day of water will be treated, while 50,000 L will be stored at each

camp.

Lunsar Interchange

At the interchange there will be an office and 2 portable toilets, the location of which is also unknown.

All these facilities will require water, which is likely to come from groundwater wells drilled in the area.

Water requirement specifications for construction and operation are still pending.

Rail Refurbishment

Water supply during the rail refurbishment will be required, as a minimum, at the rail camp in Pepel

yard, and on the mobile (on the railway line) camp. It is anticipated that each location will have a

different water requirement, largely depending on the number of personnel working at each and on

the construction water requirements, yet to be determined.

It is anticipated that drinking water (bottled) will be supplied by AML from Freetown and that

construction water requirements will be sourced from drilling wells at each of the camps.

Pepel Port

During Phase 1 of work, a water supply will be required at Pepel Island. No significant fresh surface

water bodies exist on or near Pepel Island and groundwater is the primary available resource.

Average water demand for the initial construction and operation of the proposed port and related

facilities has been estimated to be about 250 m3/d (2.9 l/s), but could reach a maximum of 300 m3/d

(3.5 l/s).

It was proposed by Scott Wilson that nine production wells are located east and west of Mayela

village. On the basis of a yield of 0.5 l/s per well, seven wells will be required to meet the demand of

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3.5 l/s, and two additional wells for stand by purposes. Spacing between wells is approximately 250 m

to prevent excessive interference. It is recommended that well depths should be no more than 25

meters in depth.

At the present moment it is known that GCS Ltd is carrying out drilling works in the South-East of

Pepel Yard under the instructions from AML. There are two wells drilled, which will be pumping

approximately 2 l/s from each well. The wells extend to 32 and 42 mbgl respectively instead of

proposed 20-25 m.



3.3.3



Fuel Supply



Hematite Mine

Fuel will be required for energy generation and for the use of the mine machinery as well as for

transport purposes.

Fuel required by the mine activities will be supplied by tankers from Freetown. Currently, there is a

fuel yard in the town of Bumbuna.

Fuel storage for the mine activities and camp demands will be managed according to a specific

environmental management plan in conjunction with the fuel operations plan that is still in

development.

Haul Road

Fuel supply to the haul road will be needed during the construction phase at all 3 construction camp

locations (Rogbere, Makeni and Tonkolili).

Fuel sources, storage facilities and demand are yet to be finalised.

Lunsar Interchange

Fuel will be required for both, the construction and the operation phases of the Interchange Yard.

During construction, fuel will be probably trucked-in from Freetown. Fuel demand during construction

is yet to be determined.

During operation, fuel will be provided at the fuel yard, which will be 100 m in length. The location and

the quantity of fuel being stored are yet to be determined. Fuel will serve the operation of the trains on

a 24 hours per day basis (6 trains/day to the Pepel Yard).

Rail Refurbishment

Equipment (machinery and generators) to be used during construction works will be working on fuel

and the estimated fuel consumption for the duration of the works is 1 045 909. On the assumption

that 1 200 days will be needed for the construction phase, the daily fuel consumption is estimated as

87.1 L/day.

The trains to be used during operation will be General electric 2300HP, there will be 3 trains with 50

wagons (6 trains/day).



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Pepel Port

Fuel supply for power generation and machinery to the port area during construction and operation is

likely to be brought into Pepel by tanker via the existing jetty as per the previous (Delco) operations

which included a 6Ml fuel farm situated at Pepel. It is assumed that a similar fuel storage system will

be established to run the on-site generators, construction and operation machinery and re-fueling

vessels.

Fuel tanks will be built at Pepel Port to supply the needs of the port activities.



3.3.4



Bulk material management



Hematite Mine

Borrow material will be sourced from a new quarry to be located south of the village of Wandugu, on

the haul road alignment. Material, quantities and daily demands are yet to be determined.

Building materials and quantities are also to be determined, although it is expected that, as a

minimum, cement, steel and camp materials will be needed. Material will be stockpiled at the plant

facility.

Haul Road

See section 3.2.2 for details.

Camp construction materials will be also needed for the three camps along the haul road.

Lunsar Interchange

Building materials expected to be needed for construction include cement, steel and camp materials.

Final material and quantities are to be determined.

Rail Refurbishment

Ballast quarries will be needed although material requirements and quarry locations are yet to be

determined.

Camp materials will be needed for the camps at Pepel Yard and for the mobile camp.

A description of material to be used during rail refurbishment is given in the table below together with

an estimate of the quantities needed and the source.

Table 3-6 Construction Material for Rail Refurbishment

MATERIAL / DESCRIPTION



UNIT



QUANTITY



SOURCE



Derail Devices



ea



2



South Africa



Stop Signs



ea



18



Sierra Leone



Advance Warning Signs



ea



18



Sierra Leone



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Track Whistle Boards



ea



96



Sierra Leone



Siding Number Boards



ea



2



Sierra Leone



Transport Miscellaneous Items



ea



137



Unknown



Rails in 12 or 18 Meter Length



km rail



63.28



United Kingdom



Type Heavy Duty Steel Sleepers



no



76050



South Africa



Type Wooden Crossing Timbers



no



1974



Sierra Leone



Timber Sleepers for Bridges



no



367



Sierra Leone



Fastenings Type Pandrol to Suit



per ea



106785



South Africa



Bridge Sleeper Fastenings



per sleeper



367



South Africa



Turnout Sleeper Fastenings



per turnout



21



South Africa



Turnout Sests 1:9 40 Kg/M



set



21



South Africa



Stop Block



no



1



South Africa



Lubricators



no



20



South Africa



Varying in Length from 2.1meter to

4.2 Meter



Existing Steel Sleepers Typically

Type 1802



Pepel Port

Large amounts of construction materials will be needed in the refurbishment of Pepel Port. This will

include cement, steel, glass, brick, timber, etc.

The source of the material and the quantities are yet to be determined.



3.3.5



Demand on existing facilities/ resources



Construction and refurbishment along the Delco Rail Line and at the Pepel Port Lease will require the

support of local goods and services as well as, to a limited extent co-sharing of infrastructure such as

access roads. The interaction with existing facilities and resources will be most apparent along the 72

km of existing rail line and the upgrade of some of the existing facilities at Pepel, such as the Dual

Train Dumping Station; the Stacker Feed System;, the Reclaim Feed System; the Shiploader Feed

System and some existing buildings (offices and housing).

The Haul Road will be built in predominantly Greenfield areas with a self-sufficient contracted work

force. Some interaction with existing footpaths / minor unpaved roads is expected and has been

addressed in the Haul Road Environmental Management plan and Community Development Action

Plan (WorleyParsons, April 2010)



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The mine site and the Lunsar Interchange will be Greenfield projects that will utilise the existing mine

exploration camp infrastructure and develop a specific community development plan at Lunsar.



3.3.6



Solid Waste Management



Solid Waste from both operational and construction activities will be dealt with in a structured and

auditable manner from the commencement of the project through design, into construction and on to

operation and monitoring and beyond. Waste minimisation will be emphasised from the outset of the

project, in addition to ensuring that the waste produced is dealt with in accordance with the principles

outlined within a defined Waste Hierarchy (reduction, reuse, recovery and recycling, see

WorleyParsons Report Preliminary Concepts for Solid Waste Appendix 3). All applicable in-country

legislation and best practice will be adhered to. Where disposal or treatment is required, this should

be undertaken in accordance with the treatment recommendations included in the section below.

Hematite Mine

Solid waste will be generated at the worker camps will be dealt in accordance with the waste

hierarchy, with a significant fraction of the waste sent to an incineration unit provided specifically for

both workers and operational municipal waste generated at the mine. Currently sewage and solid

waste including putrescible is being dumped at waste pits without pre-treatment. Pits are being

managed only by intermittent cover using surface soils. Improvement and upgrading of waste

management is a priority item currently being undertaken by AML.

Haul Road

It is anticipated that the haul road will generate negligible operational waste. The primary waste

arising from the construction will be spoil potentially in the region of 800,000m3 based on preliminary

cut and fill calculations. This waste is considered to be inert and does not require an engineered

facility for disposal; however areas should be outlined at outset for stockpiling and bunding. Where

possible the road should be designed to achieve a cut and fill balance. As a minimum, land areas

should be set aside for spoil disposal; there may be an opportunity to re-use spoil in some port

reclamation works.

Rail refurbishment

It is not anticipated that the operation of the rail facility will generate significant waste issues;

however, there is a potential for waste arising from existing material that cannot be reused (especially

scrap metal). At this stage the waste related to the construction will be limited to the following:





Packaging from material – 20 to 50kg size bags and cardboard (total estimated tonnage will

be 5 tonnes over the contract period of 10 months);







Paper and cardboard from locals (total estimated tonnage will be 2 tonnes a month over a

period of 10 months).



All waste will be stockpiled in a suitable area to be identified by AML, where waste can be treated.



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Pepel Port

Construction

At Pepel port, the project development will comprise a materials handling facility, and relevant

supporting infrastructure such as power, water, access roads, accommodation facilities, workshops,

warehouses, laboratories and administration buildings, train unloading facility, stockyard and wharf.

This will comprise a combination of existing asset refurbishment and new development.

It is anticipated that the primary component of the wastes generated from Port construction will be

metals that will have a residual scrap value either locally or could be readily exported in sufficient

quantities. There is also likely to be significant quantities of hazardous waste in the form of oils and

other industrial wastes which should be disposed of either to the main incineration unit proposed for

the Port Construction Workers Camp, or to individual workshop oil burners.

Operation

Waste will be generated by the ongoing process activities at the port. Primary waste generated from

these activities will include:

-



Waste oils;



-



Metals from refurbishment of plant;



-



Packaging, plastics and pallets;



-



Lead acid batteries; and



-



Waste electrical and electronic equipment waste.



In addition the operational staff at the Port will generate a small volume of general office and

municipal waste, which should be disposed of to the incineration unit proposed for the Port

Construction Workers Camp.

All residual waste that cannot be recycled incinerated or the ash from the incineration unit should be

sent to the landfill proposed to support the development of the Port Construction Works Camp.

For further information on Phase 1 waste management refer to Appendix 4 for Solid Wastes

Management Practice Guidelines.



3.3.7



Waste Water Treatment



Suitable Black and Grey Water disposal options will be engineered throughout the project in order to

attain compliance with the project basis of design (WorleyParsons, 2010). Waste water treatment

plants will be placed at each camp. Solids will be removed periodically by honey sucker.

WorleyParsons has produced an environmental basis of design for the overall project (namely Phase

3) that will be referred to and used as a reference for good practice. A project specific waste water

management strategy and plan for the project will be developed that will address approaches to

sewage sludge disposal, implementation of secondary and tertiary level treatment and synergies

where possible with the project solid waste management strategy.

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Project Options & Alternatives



3.4



ESHIA requires an analysis of alternatives, which should provide a systematic comparison of feasible

alternatives to the proposed project and evaluation of their potential social and environmental

impacts. Alternatives to be considered should include, as appropriate, planning alternatives, site or

route locations, location of facilities, infrastructure alternatives, technology, operations, land use

alternatives, financial alternatives, and the ‘without project’ alternative.

Alternatives design, technology and site selection of the project elements has been considered

already. A significant factor that has been taken into consideration has been the attempt to minimise

adverse or negative social or environmental impacts. The project design presented above (the base

case) mostly represents the best trade-off that can be achieved, with the available information

between minimised impacts and good engineering performance.

Consideration of other alternatives is an inherent component of project design, which is ongoing at

present. Consequently the ESHIA alternatives analysis process informs project design. This ESHIA

summarises all alternatives considered, including the ‘without project’ option.

A summary of some of the high level strategic options and alternatives that have been considered to

date or are under consideration in relation to minimising environmental and social impacts is

presented below. More detailed alternatives analysis is provided for specific project elements and

facilities in the relevant impact and mitigation sections that follow:

Mining





The location of the ore bodies is fixed and there is limited available option to consider in terms

of alternative location or mining methods or scheduling as the mine plan is based on a single

optimised mining model;







However, it is important to consider that the Phase 1, 2 and 3 mining projects are interactive

in the sense that Phase 1 mining and the mining of transition material as part of Phase 2 has

a significant effect on lowering the amount of Phase 3 overburden and hence waste rock

generation;







The overall ‘without project’ alternative would involve abandoning the mining project as well

as the infrastructure aspects of the project that are conditional upon the mining operation

proceeding. The project represents a nationally significant development opportunity with

major social, environmental and governance impacts both positive and negative. This ESHIA

presents an unbiased assessment of the project so that the GoSL with respect to its

constitutional responsibilities can make an informed decision in its capacity of considering the

national interests and sustainable development.



Transport Corridor





The road and rail alignments located within the borders of the 6km wide leased transport

corridor have undergone route selection taking into account environmental and social

constraints. The route selected has avoided protected areas such as Farangbaia Forest

Reserve, riverine forest areas and areas of conservation habitat on the basis of constraints



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analysis. During the route selection assessment, all villages have been provided with a

clearance of at least 500m and a clearance of at least 500m from sacred bush areas has

been provided;





Assessment of extension of the Delco (light) rail system from Marampa (Lunsar) to the mine

site as an alternative to the haul road / road train option. This is currently under review.



Port Area





The Pepel Port project has wherever feasible looked at alternatives associated with

brownfield regeneration rather than new build so as to minimise cost, material and resourcing

requirements. This carried significant environmental and social benefit in terms of pragmatic

use of resources and limiting impacts to areas that are already have a degree of conditioning

associated with the previous operations;







The project has considered design alternatives that wherever feasible put material handling

plant; for example, conveyors and road loops underground through tunnels to limit co-sharing

of space with public amenities. This has been driven by a combination of community and

space management and public safety factors.



Offshore





The alternative of zero dredging in the Sierra Leone estuary whilst still accommodating capesize vessels has been considered by potentially using a much longer approach trestle

spanning across the estuary. This alternative is still under study;







Other alternatives currently under consideration include potential dredging. The inbound bulk

carriers would enter from sea, transit to Freetown to pick up a pilot. Transit to and from Pepel

would be timed to maximize water depth around high tide. Based on the available data there

are shallow depths at various sections along the route. In addition to the potential dredging of

the turning basin off the berth there will be a need for dredging at Tasso Island channel and

Kakim channel. There may be a need to dredge high spots in the river section; however these

areas may be passable at given heights and times of tide. The assumption is Panamax

vessels (80,000 dwt) will be used and require an estimated 6.3 million m3 of dredge material,

based on initial assessments.



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4



LEGAL, POLICY AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK



The GoSL’s responsibility and role in protecting the nation’s natural resources and ensuring that

sustainable development (Article 21) is pursued has been enshrined in law under the National

Environmental Policy (1994).

This policy places responsibility on the Government to secure for all Sierra Leoneans a quality of

environment adequate for their health and well being and to conserve and use the environmental and

natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations.

The policy also requires that Government manages development so as to restore, maintain and

enhance the ecosystems and ecological processes essential for the functioning of the biosphere; to

preserve biological diversity and the principle of optimum sustainable yield in the use of living natural

resources and ecosystems.

The policy outlines in general terms how these aims can be implemented using a combination of

raising public awareness, encouraging community participation and strengthening environmental

protection standards, monitoring and data use.

The policy states that ESHIA can only be effective when done prior to proposed activities which may

significantly affect the environment or use of a natural resource and to provide relevant information, in

a timely manner, to persons likely to be significantly affected by a planned activity and to grant them

equal access and due process in administrative and judicial proceedings.

The policy promotes environmental management through the creation of administrative and

infrastructural support with appropriate financial backing.

Finally there is reiteration of the need to develop good international relations by adherence to

international treaties, care with regard to transboundary issues effective prevention or abatement of

transboundary environmental protection.



Institutional Bodies



4.1



In 2008 the GoSL passed the Environment Protection Agency Act No. 11 of 2008 (EPA 2008) which

established the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as the competent authority for reviewing and

processing ESHIA. The EPA Board of Directors also comprises representatives from the following

Ministries:





Ministry of the Environment;







Ministry of Local Government;







Ministry of Mineral Resources;







Ministry of Marine Resources;







Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry;



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Ministry of Tourism;







Ministry of Trade and Industry;







Ministry of Transport;







Ministry of Health; and







Petroleum Unit.



The EPA has a wide range of environmental management functions including coordination of the

activities of government agencies and other agencies on matters relating to environmental protection

and management. The EPA is also responsible for ESHIA compliance and licensing (see Section

3.1.3 for further details).

At present the EPA is not fully fledged. Predecessors to the EPA include the Department of

Environment (DOE), within the Ministry of Lands, Country Planning and the Environment (MLCPE),

and the 2005 National Environmental and Forestry Commission (NACEF), which was later referred to

as the Environment Commission (SRK Consulting, 2009).



4.2



Relevant Sierra Leone Legislation



All aspects of the Project shall be designed to meet the requirements of all current relevant Acts,

Rules and Notifications, including but not limited to those listed below:

• Environmental Protection Act, 2008;

• Mines and Minerals Act 2009;

• National Lands Act, 2006;

• Forestry Act, 1988;

• Forestry Regulations, 1989;

• The Water (Control and Supply) Act (1963);

• Public Health Act, 1990;

• Labour Act, 1990;

• Wildlife Conservation Act, 1977.

See Appendix 5 for a list of legislation applicable to environmental and social impacts from Phase 1 of

the Tonkolili project.



4.2.1



Legislation Relevant to Ecological Protection



Forests

No classified forest may be cut, burned, uprooted, damaged or destroyed, except with a written

permission from the Chief Conservator of the forest (Part VI, Section 21 Subsection 2 Forestry Act,

1988). Failure to observe this is an offence punishable with a fine.

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Classified forests, which may be either national or community forest have protection or production as

their primary purpose, and are to be managed accordingly. There is a general prohibition against

logging and other activities in classified forests, except by authorized exception from the Chief

Conservator of the forest.

Granting of licences for this is conditional upon fee payments to a reforestation fund and also on

agreement of appropriate provision for replanting and undertaking reforestation/rehabilitation of

disturbed land.

Vegetation Clearance

Vegetation clearance is also controlled under Forestry Regulation, 1989 which states that removal of

vegetation has to be carried out under licence and keep to a specific land area within a stated time.

Riverine/Mangrove Vegetation

No land between the high and low water marks, nor those above the high water mark on both sides of

the bank of any waterway, covering a distance of one hundred feet (approximately 33 m), shall be

cleared of any vegetation except permitted by a clearance licence (Part XI,Section 38).

Sacred Bush

Sacred forests/bushes are common throughout rural Sierra Leone and most villages have one or

several forests within close proximity. The values of these forests to communities are many and

varied, ranging from spiritual significance to meeting places to the practical source of trees and nontimber forest products. Increasingly, within the proposed transport corridor, sacred forests/bushes are

some of the last areas of remaining natural habitat left, prominent within wider landscape of degraded

vegetation and agriculture.

The Forestry Regulations of 1989 states under article XI, paragraph 40:

“No tree or vegetation shall be removed from areas abandoned as sacred bush except under the

authority al a clearance licence issued by the Chief Conservator of Forests.”



4.3



ESHIA Legislative Requirements



On the basis of a formal application submitted to the Sierra Leone Environmental Protection Agency,

the Tonkolili Iron Ore Project has been classified under Category A (EPA letter to AML dated

4.12.09). According to the Equator Principles a Category A project requires a full environmental

impact assessment to assess the “potential significant adverse social or environmental impacts that

are diverse, irreversible or unprecedented” (Equator Principles Website, March 2010).

It is understood that the government of Sierra Leone use this categorization system to regulate the

ESHIA process and set the terms for an ESHIA licence. As part of the licensing the project’s ESHIA

needs to follow agreed terms of reference which will be established in conjunction with the EPA.



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The national legislation relevant to the preparation of the Tonkolili ESHIA and the Stage 1 ESHIA

project includes the EPA Act 2008 and the Mines and Minerals Act 2009 (MMR 2009). The following

sections outline the ESHIA requirements in each of these Acts.



ESHIA P R O C E D U R E O U T L I N E D I N T H E E N V I R O N M E N T AL P R O T E C T I O N A C T 2008

The EPA 2008 briefly charts the procedure to obtain an ESHIA licence in Sections 23-29, with

emphasis on the responsibilities of the EPA and the EPA Board, as stated below.





An application must be made to the EPA for a licence, accompanied with a description of the

proposed project;







The EPA will decide (within 14 days) whether an ESHIA is required;







If required, the applicant should then prepare an ESHIA;







On receipt of the ESHIA, the EPA will circulate it to professional bodies or associations

including Government Ministries and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) for review;







Government Ministries and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) for review;







The EPA will also open the ESHIA for public inspection and comment and will notify the

public of this in two issues of the Gazette (consecutive issues) and two issues of a newspaper

(with an interval of at least seven days between the first and second publications);







The EPA will submit the comments on the ESHIA, together with the ESHIA, to the Board for

consideration;







If the Board approves the ESHIA, it will instruct the Executive Director of the EPA to issue an

ESHIA licence;







The EPA will issue a licence to undertake the activity/ project.



The ESHIA can only be approved by a multi-department Government Board. This Board then advises

the Executive Director of the Environment Protection Agency (EPA) on its decision on whether to

issue the licence or not (see Part IV of the Environment Protection Act, 2008 for further details).

In relation to social requirements, the EPA 2008 alludes to a requirement for social impact

assessment in the Third Schedule of the Act. It states that the ESHIA should include “social,

economic and cultural effect that the project is likely to have on people and society”.



4.4



ESHIA requirements in the Mines and Minerals Act 2009



The Mines and Minerals Act 2009 sets out procedures to obtain mining licences and was approved by

the GoSL Cabinet in November 2009. Under this Act, a mining licence cannot be obtained until the

ESHIA has been prepared, submitted, reviewed and approved first. An ESHIA licence is a form of

permit which contains additional stipulations upon the holder such as abatement or remedial

measures.



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The Bill requires an applicant to have undertaken an ESHIA in consultation with the public and be

able to “‘verify possible impacts from the ‘stakeholder’s perspectives”. The licence is required in order

to commence mining operations of the nature intended by AML and will stipulate a number of

cadastral and financial technicalities. The Bill requires an eligible ‘person’ (project proponent or

company) has to present their licence application to the Ministry of Mineral Resources (MMR)

accompanied by an environmental impact assessment (ESHIA) licence (refer to Section 106 (2) (s),

GoSL 2009).

Section 133 states the applicant needs to develop an ESHIA that ”shall contain the type of information

and analysis reflecting best international mining practice” and outlines required headings from

environmental baseline through to monitoring responsibilities and an environmental management

programme.

It should also be noted that the Mines and Minerals Bill (2009) also requires the following:





S.106-2 (i-(v)): proposals for the progressive reclamation and rehabilitation of land disturbed

by mining and for the minimisation of the effects of mining on surface water and ground water

and on adjoining or neighbouring lands;







S.106-2 (i-(vi)): a statement on the effects of the mining operations on the environment and

on the local population and proposals for mitigation, compensation and resettlement

measures; and







S.106-2 (i-(vii)): a statement on any particular risks (whether to health or otherwise) involved

in mining the mineral;







S. 59 (1g & 1h), 115 & 116: promotes preferential employment of citizens of Sierra Leon, as

well as preferential procurement of goods and services from Sierra Leone;







S. 23-18: deals with restrictions on exercise of mineral rights and compensation for

disturbance of rights and for compulsory acquisition of land.



The MMR’s expectations for these documents have not yet been confirmed. It also needs to be

confirmed whether these documents could be prepared and officially validated or approved before the

ESHIA licence is obtained.



4.5



Mine Technical Assistance Project (MTAP)



The 2009 Mining Technical Assistance Project (MTAP) for Sierra Leone is a capacity building

initiative sponsored by the World Bank. The project is part of an integrated approach to extractive

industries reforms that extends the goal of sound management and transparency along the full

spectrum of the extractive industries management chain, from the awarding of licenses and contracts

to the monitoring of operations, to the collection of taxes and sound, equitable distribution of

revenues, and finally to the implementation of sustainable development projects (Ndomahina, 2008).



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The objective of MTAP is to (i) increase efficiency and transparency of the mining sector management

by the Government; and (ii) facilitate contribution of mining sector into local economic development.

The project addresses specific mining impacts in relation to climate, geology, water resource,

groundwater, noise odour and dust, traffic, and cultural and archaeological resources. Mitigation

measures outlined include dust control measures, discharge controls on tailings and sedimentation

ponds and silencers to reduce noise.



MTAP Resettlement Policy Framework



4.6



GoSL / World Bank Mining Sector Technical Assistance Project (MTAP) Resettlement Policy

Framework (RPF) suggests the resettlement and compensation principles, organisational

arrangements and criteria to be applied to meet the needs of persons affected by the project. In

accordance with World Bank OP 4.12 (see Section 7.3.7) and the established Terms of Reference,

the RPF covers the following sections:





Introduction and Project Description;







Principles and objectives governing resettlement and compensation preparation and

Implementation;







A description of the process for preparing and approving Resettlement and compensation

Plans;







Land acquisition and likely categories of impact;







Eligibility criteria for defining various categories of project affected persons;







A legal framework reviewing the relationship between the laws of Sierra Leone and

regulations and Bank policy requirements and measures proposed to bridge any gaps

between them;







Methods of valuing affected assets;







Organizational procedures for the delivery of entitlements, including, for projects involving

private sector intermediaries, the responsibilities of the financial intermediary, the

government, and the private developer;







A description of the implementation process, linking resettlement and compensation

implementation to civil works;







A description of mechanisms for redressing grievances;







A description of the arrangements for funding resettlement and compensation, including the

preparation and review of costs estimates, the flow of funds, and contingency arrangements;







A description of mechanisms for consultations with, and participation of, displaced persons in

planning, implementation, and monitoring.



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International Conventions to which Sierra Leone is signatory



4.7



In the last decade, Sierra Leone has become party to most international treaties relevant to the

environment and social issues. Lists of the relevant treaties that have been signed by Sierra Leone

are presented below (derived from SRK Consulting, 2009). Sierra Leone is receiving assistance from

various United Nations agencies to meet the requirements of the treaties, including revision of

national legislation.

Environmental conventions





United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992;







Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1997;







Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1985;







Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 1993;







Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and

their Disposal 1989;







Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary

Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa 1991;







UN Convention to Combat Desertification 1994;







Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants 2001;







Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous

Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade 1998;







African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 2003;







Convention on Biological Diversity 1992;







Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity 2000. Convention

on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 1973;







Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention) 1971;







Memorandum of Understanding concerning Conservation Measures for Marine Turtles of the

Atlantic Coast of Africa;







Memorandum of Understanding concerning Conservation Measures for the West African

Populations of the African Elephant;







Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 1983 (Bonn

Convention) (yet be signed); and







The Convention covering the protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage Sites,

UNESCO 1972.



Marine conventions



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The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS 1982);







The Convention of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), Geneva, 1948;







International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships 1973 and 1978 Protocol

(MARPOL);







International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil (OILPOL, 1954);







Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter

1973 (London Dumping Convention) (IMO);







OSPAR Convention - Guidelines for the Management of Dredged Materials; and







HELCOM Convention - Guidelines for the Disposal of Dredged Spoils.



See Appendix 5 for additional treaties on international labour standards (ILO Conventions) and

human rights treaties.

Sierra Leone is a signatory to the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). This initiative

supports improved governance in resource-rich countries through the verification and full publication

of company payments and government revenues from extractive industries including oil, gas and

mining. Countries rich in natural resources have tended to under-perform economically, have a higher

incidence of conflict, and suffer from poor governance. Through the EITI, it is hoped that by

encouraging greater transparency some of these negative impacts can be mitigated. Benefits to

companies centre on mitigating political and reputational risks. Sierra Leone was accepted as an EITI

candidate country on 22 February 2008. Sierra Leone has until 9 March 2010 to undertake validation

however an extension has been requested (EITI website, Sierra Leone website, March 2010). In the

new Minerals and Mines Act a section on reporting, disclosure and dissemination of information

related to revenues and payments made by the mineral right holders and the Government provides

the legal basis to make implementation of the EITI compulsory. It is stated as the obligation of the

license holder and contravening this provision would be considered a prosecutable offence.



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5



REGIONAL BASELINE



5.1



Climate, Air & Hydrology



5.1.1 Climate

Sierra Leone has a tropical monsoon climate, modified by local influences such as a decrease in

temperature with altitude and variation in rainfall distribution induced by topography.

Characteristic of ‘monsoon’ climates are a wet season and a dry season each year - driven by the

annual cycle in the latitude at which the sun’s diurnal sky trajectory passes directly overhead. During

the northern hemisphere winter, dry northeasterly winds, originating over the Sahara desert, blow

across Sierra Leone. Conversely, in the northern hemisphere summer moist south-westerly winds

from the Gulf of Guinea are drawn across Sierra Leone. Hurricanes are not known to occur in this

region, any strong winds in the area would be related to squall lines.

Between March and November, a broad, east-west-aligned, rain-prone belt associated with the moist

air from the Gulf of Guinea advances northwards across Sierra Leone and then retreats southwards

again, drawn in the direction of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). However, this simplistic

explanation for Sierra Leone’s wet season fails to explain all of its features. For instance, the axis of

rain-prone belt is not co-incidental with the surface position of the ITCZ, but displaced some 300-400

km to the south. In some years there is a brief lull in the rains in the middle of the wet season while

the entire rain-belt lies to the north, despite there being a plentiful supply of moist Gulf air. The

assumed direct coupling between the ITCZ and the position of main seasonal rain belt has been

questioned, and the factors involved are complex and still not fully understood. To the north of the

main monsoon rain belt is a zone where thunderstorms and line squalls develop, and move from east

to west with the tropospheric winds.

Hayward and Oguntoyinbo (1987) provide an overview of the climatology of the different weather

elements experienced in West Africa which results from the mechanisms discussed above. Sunshine

duration is greatest in the winter period, and much reduced in the rainy season as cloudy days

predominate. There is a slight increase in sunshine from the south to the north in Sierra Leone. There

is little seasonal variation in mean air temperatures, with slightly hotter conditions in April and May.

Altitude influences temperature as well as other weather variables, with temperatures generally

decreasing with altitude. Mean wind speeds are generally low, and high impact gusts are rare. The

greatest wind speeds in the dry season occur when the ‘Harmattan’ wind blows from the east or

north-east, while in the wet season higher wind speeds are associated with storms and squalls. The

prevailing wind direction is from the south-west for most of the year, especially near to the coast and

especially during the monsoon. Annual average rainfall is greatest along the coast, and decreases

with distance inland. The Met Office makes a rough estimate of mean annual potential evaporation of

1000 mm for the Sierra Leone area, with a peak in March. This is likely to be higher for inland areas

than on the coast.



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For more information on climate and weather in the project area see Literature Review of Available

Information and Data - Stage 1 -Prepared by the Met Office in Appendix 6 and Stage 2 – Climate

Assessment and Data Analysis - Prepared by the Met Office in Appendix 7.



5.1.2 Hydrology

Sierra Leone possesses a tropical and humid climate, with clearly defined dry and rainy seasons.

Annual rainfall averages about 2 526 mm.year-1, ranging from 1 900 to more than 4 000 mm.year-1,

depending on proximity to the coast. Most of the rain falls between July and September.

The hydrology of Sierra Leone comprises a fairly dense network of rivers and streams, of which the

larger ones generally flow throughout the year. Groundwater contributes baseflow to larger rivers

during the dry season, while many of the smaller tributaries feeding these larger rivers cease to flow.

About 80 percent of the rural population obtains its water from surface water sources.

The country can be divided into twelve river basins, of which five are shared with Guinea and two with

Liberia. The most important ones, from west to east are: the Kolente (Great Scarcies), Kaba, Rokel

(also known as the Seli), Pampana (Jong), Sewa, Loa, and Mona. The river catchments in Sierra

Leone are relatively small, but because of heavy rainfall, produce large flows.

There are numerous valley swamps located in the headwaters of major rivers and their tributaries.

These flat bottomed valleys are drained by slow flowing streams and are normally swamped for more

than six months of the year. These areas are very important in rice and vegetable production. In

1999, Sierra Leone signed the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands with the only confirmed Ramsar site

being the Sierra Leone Freetown Estuary area.

Sierra Leone has two major dams, both built for hydroelectricity (Guma and Bumbuna). There is

considerable potential for the development of small-scale hydroelectric schemes that could also be

designed to accommodate irrigated agriculture.

The internal renewable surface water resource is estimated at 150 km3.year-1; seasonal variations are

very important, as only 11-17 percent of the annual discharge occurs between December and April

(dry season). Internally produced groundwater is estimated to be 50 km3.year-1 of which 40 km3.year-1

are considered to be overlap between surface water and groundwater.



5.2



Geology, Hydrogeology, Soils, Land Use & Ecosystems



5.2.1 Regional Geology

Sierra Leone is predominantly underlain by rocks of Precambrian age (older than 500 million years),

with a younger coastal strip approximately 50 km wide. This strip comprises of marine and estuarine

sediments of Tertiary and Quaternary to Recent age.

The Tertiary deposits are from the Bullom Group and occupy the higher ground, while younger

Quaternary and recent deposits occupy the low lying areas. The Bullom Group comprises interlayered

silts, sands, clays and occasional lignites. Onshore, the thickness of the Bullom Group is variable but



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is known to be greater than 60 m, possibly reaching up to 120 m. The younger Quaternary deposits

comprise alluvium deposits (generally highly organic soft sandy clay).

The Precambrian rocks can be divided into two major units, the granite-greenstone complex and the

Kasila Group.

The granite-greenstone complex consists of a series of iron and magnesium rich rocks

metamorphosed to amphibolite facies (the Kambui Group, previously known as the Sula Group)

overlying the granitic basement. The grade of metamorphism in the basement generally increases

towards the Kambui Group boundary giving rise to local occurrences of granulites, known as the

Mano-Moa Formation (Birchall, et al., 1979).

The Kasila Group comprises a series of high grade basic granulites and amphibolites that developed

into a zone of shear deformation to form the southwest margin of the basement complex. During the

development of the Kasila Group, part of it was thrusted eastwards onto the basement complex

during an event known as the Rokelide Orogeny (c. 550Ma), giving rise to low grade schists,

metasediments, banded iron formation (BIF) and lavas of the Marampa Group.

The Rokel River Trough developed very late in the Precambrian and a series of sandy and clayey

sediments (quartzites, sandstones and marls) were deposited within this trough to form the Rokel

River Group. Periodic volcanic activity during this time gave rise to basic and intermediate lavas and

ashes (the Kasewe Hills Formation).

Two periods of igneous activity occurred during the break up of Gondwanaland in the early Mesozoic.

The earliest of these, associated with the initial stages of rifting resulted in the intrusion of the

Freetown Igneous Complex, a layered complex of gabbro, norite, troctolite and anorthosite located at

the peninsular of Freetown. Numerous dolerite sills and mainly east-west trending dykes were also

intruded during this time. The second period of activity was the intrusion of kimberlite dykes and pipes

(c. 90Ma) mainly in the eastern section of the country distant from the project area (Birchall, et al.,

1979).



5.2.2 Hydrogeology

Limited investigation work have been undertaken to obtain information on the hydrogeology of Sierra

Leone. With a population largely reliant on surface water, groundwater has overall received less

attention.

According to a report published by the World Bank, the aquifers of the Bullom Series are considered

the most productive aquifers in the country (World Bank/UNDP, 1991). This is supported by the high

density occurrence of hand dug wells located within the elevated terraces of the coastal strip. Pump

tests conducted on the aquifer of the upper Bullom Series (top 40 m) at Pepel Port, found that water

from the aquifer could be pumped at a rate of 5 L.s-1 from a single 150 mm diameter well.

WorleyParsons have requested and are waiting for pump test data from GCS Ltd to assess aquifer

properties.

Sierra Leone is largely underlain by igneous and metamorphic rocks, which typically have very low

primary porosity (the porosity that results from the original formation of the rock). However, their



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secondary porosity (porosity resulting from processes post formation, e.g. faulting, dissolution) could

be high, albeit, localised.



5.2.3 Soils

Sierra Leone has a total land area of approximately 7.2 million hectares, about 5.4 million of which is

cultivable. Of this, about 4.3 million hectares are low fertile arable upland and 1.1 million hectares are

of more fertile arable swamps. With nearly 80 percent of the labor force depending upon this land for

their agricultural subsistence activities (largely slash-and-burn, with rice cultivation making up the bulk

of the subsistence activity), the overall health of these lands will depend upon how well farmers are

able to maintain the soil, water, and living resources (US AID, 20007). The combined effects of poor

farming practices — shifting cultivation, recurrent bushfires and overgrazing, increasing population,

ensuing shortening of fallow periods of land — have all been identified as contributing factors to soil

erosion resulting in land degradation.



5.2.4



Land Use



Sierra Leone has a total land area of approximately 7.2 million hectares, about 5.4 million of which is

cultivable. Of this, about 4.3 million hectares are low fertile arable upland and 1.1 million hectares are

of more fertile arable swamps. With nearly 80 percent of the labor force depending upon this land for

their agricultural subsistence activities (largely slash-and-burn, with rice cultivation making up the bulk

of the subsistence activity), the overall health of these lands will depend upon how well farmers are

able to maintain the soil, water, and living resources (US AID, 2007). The combined effects of poor

farming practices — shifting cultivation, recurrent bushfires and overgrazing, increasing population,

ensuing shortening of fallow periods of land — have all been identified as contributing factors to soil

erosion resulting in land degradation.

Along the project areas, it is apparent that cultivation of land has been practiced for a number of

generations, due to evidence of extensive land working and land scars (slow recovery of cultivated

land). The local economy of the Districts affected by the project seems to be dominated by agriculture

with a traditional focus on rice.

Agriculture is generally subsistence in nature, and, according to other literature on the project affected

areas, poverty levels among the farmers are high, with 70 percent of the population falling below the

UN defined poverty line (Coastal & Environmental Services, 2009).

A wide range of food crops are grown under the shifting cultivation system; sorghum, millet, maize,

cassava, beniseed, groundnut and beans are the associated crops grown with rice. Farmers have

very rudimentary equipment and practices.

During the dry season farming is restricted to valley flood plains (SRK 2009), while hillslopes are also

used for cultivation in the rainy season. Cassava, plantain, sweet potato, cashew nut, ground nut and

sweet corn are all commonly observed growing across the project area and fruits including pineapple,

orange, papaya, banana and mango are also grown, mainly in the immediate vicinity of villages.

Mango seems to be the most important fruit tree, since trees are found in large numbers around all



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villages along the project area. In the rainy season rice is a staple crop. Palm wine tapping is evident

everywhere and fishing is also common in rivers and streams.

At present, forest resources are subjected to increasing deforestation due to the rapidly growing

population and consequent demand for more agricultural land, urban requirement for timber and

fuelwood, mining for minerals, and recurrent bush fires. With population pressure and

commercialization today, the rate of exploitation has far outstripped the rate of regeneration by natural

means. The result is deforestation and an acute threat to biodiversity, observed everywhere along the

project areas.

According to a study completed in 2004, logging, firewood collection, and mining ranked as the top

three perceptions of the actions most responsible for land degradation (US AID, 2007).



5.2.5



Ecology



Sierra Leone is divided into four major biogeographic regions: the coastal lowlands, the interior plains,

the interior plateau and scattered mountains and hills. The coastal lowlands occupy the south-western

third of the country and do not rise above 75 m above sea level (masl). They are interrupted by

inselbergs and merge into the interior plains, which reach 200 masl in the east and cover 43 percent

of the country’s land surface. The interior plains end in an abrupt escarpment which runs from northwest to south-east and marks the start of the eastern interior plateau (at 300–600 masl), which covers

22 percent of the country. Two massifs top the plateau: the Sankan Biriwa–Tingi Hills (1,709 masl)

and Mount Bintumani (1,945 masl). The latter is the highest peak in West Africa to the west of Mount

Cameroon. Ten major rivers flow roughly parallel in a southwesterly direction across the country to

estuaries and bays on the coast.

Two major biomes characterize the country’s vegetation; the Sudan–Guinea Savanna and the

Guinea–Congo Forests. The Sudan–Guinea Savanna biome occurs in the north and includes

grassland, savanna woodland and Lophira-dominated tree-savanna. A large area of forest-savanna

mosaic stretches over parts of the north and north-east and forms a zone of transition between the

savanna and forest biomes. The Guinea–Congo Forests biome occupies much of the north-east and

south-east. The vegetation typical of this zone is moist evergreen lowland forest with Afromontane

elements at higher altitudes. Local climatic conditions and human activities have, however,

particularly modified the climax forest vegetation in various parts of the country so that large areas are

now covered by secondary regrowth.

Ecoregions

Three ecoregions, as described by the World Wildlife Fund, fall within the project area.

On the coast, where the Pepel Port is to be developed, the Guinean Mangroves, an ecoregion that

stretches from Senegal to Ivory Coast, occur. These mangroves are influenced by a large tidal range

and high inputs of freshwater. The mangroves in this ecoregion contain stands that are more than 25

m in height and extend as far as 160 km inland. As the best developed mangroves in western Africa,

this ecoregion provides important habitat for migratory birds and endangered species such as the

West African manatee and the pygmy hippopotamus. The West African mangroves are relatively



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species poor containing five tree species, compared, for example, to the East African mangroves,

which host up to nine mangrove tree species.

The Guinean forest-savanna mosaic extends through the central part of the project area, which

mainly corresponds to the transport corridor to be used for haul road and railway development. This

ecoregion of West Africa consists of a band of interlaced forest, savanna, and grassland running east

to west and dividing the tropical moist forests near the coast from the West Sudanian savanna of the

interior. Constantly occurring fires keep back the growth of trees in open country. A typical species of

this ecoregion, Lophira laceolata, is a tree that is more resistant to fire. This species is widely

distributed along the project area. The interlacing forest, savanna and grassland habitats are highly

dynamic, and the proportion of forest versus other habitat components has varied greatly over time.

Savannah vegetation covers 35 percent of Sierra Leone and includes forest savannah, mixed tree

savannah and grassland savannah. This ecoregion is known to support large mammals such as

elephant, leopards, hyenas, chimpanzees, baboons and monkeys, although their densities along the

project area are likely to be very low to non-existent.

On the eastern part of the project, on the Sula Mountains, the Guinean Montane Forest ecoregion is

present. This ecoregion consists of high altitude peaks and plateaus that spread across four countries

in the Upper Guinean region of West Africa. The broad range of elevation, coupled with the

underlying geology and anthropogenic activities, have given rise to different plant associations on

several of the mountains. Although details of the number of endemic plants are not fully compiled, 35

plant species are known to be strictly endemic, with several mountains containing their own unique

plant species. Floristic diversity results from a combination of geographic isolation, varied topography

and soils, migration, speciation, climatic factors and anthropogenic activities. Studies of the Loma

Mountains have produced considerable information about the flora, with records for 1,576 species

distributed in 757 genera and 135 families. The fauna is also diverse with close to 15 strictly endemic

vertebrate species, including species found on single mountains. A number of other rare forest

mammals may also occur marginally in the mountains of this ecoregion, including Johnson’s genet

(Genetta johnstoni, DD) and a murid rat (Praomys rostratus). The western chimpanzee (Pan

troglodytes verus, EN) also occurs in this ecoregion, with high densities reported from Mt Loma. The

largest predator in the ecoregion is the leopard (Panthera pardus, EN). Avifaunal diversity is also

high, and a number of rare species occur (Collar and Stuart 1988), including two near-endemic

species, the Sierra Leone prinia (Prinia leontica, VU) and the iris glossy-starling (Coccycolius iris).

The ecoregion is also of importance for endemic amphibians. More than 10 species are believed to

be strictly endemic (WWF database), including Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis, an endemic toad

occurring in savannas on Mount Nimba (Curry-Lindahl 1966 in WWF). In terms of reptiles, the area is

of lower importance, with less than five species of near-endemic reptile being recorded. Several new

species of insects in the family Coleoptera have been reported for both the Loma and the Nimba

Mountains (Villiers 1965 in WWF). It is very likely that all the mountains of this ecoregion contain

single-site endemic invertebrates, although the data are not compiled to prove this.Mining, slash-andburn farming, and man-made fires are the major threats of this ecoregion. Grassland wildfires are

largely human caused, but natural fires due to lightning strikes also occur (Morton 1986 in WWF).



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Current status

Although once a predominant ecosystem in Sierra Leone, the forest now covers only 5 percent of the

land area and consists of evergreen and semi deciduous vegetation. Sierra Leone is one of the most

heavily deforested countries in the region (Barrie, 2002 in Walston, Hayes and Wolstencroft, 2010). A

study of vegetation-cover showed about 5 percent of the country (c. 350,000 ha) to be covered by

closed canopy evergreen forest, occurring mostly in the south-east, 3.6 percent (c. 250,000 ha) by

secondary forest and about 52 percent (c. 3,700,000 ha) by forest regrowth and bush fallow.

Distinctive fringing vegetation and gallery forests occur along the main riverbanks, while coastal

mangroves cover some 286,600 ha (Davies and Palmer, 1989 in Walston, Hayes and Wolstencroft,

2010). It is worth noting that the whole of Sierra Leone below about 09o15’ North was covered with

largely closed canopy forest 20-40m tall with lianas and epiphytes, but little ground cover or grass

(Grubb et al., 1998 in Walston, Hayes and Wolstencroft, 2010).

Moist closed evergreen lowland forests once covered the inland plains of Sierra Leone and across the

mine site though it would have included areas of moist semi-deciduous forest as well, especially in

the medium-altitude areas such as the Tama-Tonkolili Forest Reserve (Grubb et al., 1998 in Walston,

Hayes and Wolstencroft, 2010). However, farmbush, grasslands and scrub now predominate in the

region.

Lowland and submontane forest throughout West Africa has been impacted by development,

resulting in large and potentially threatening declines in the range of many species unique to this

region. The Tonkolili region is no exception, where forest, the natural climax vegetation of most of the

region, is now largely restricted to narrow strips along river valleys and on the steepest slopes, and

sacred groves and community forests (Darbyshire and van der Burgt, 2009).



5.3



Marine



5.3.1 Physical Environment

The Sierra Leone coastline is over 500 km long and includes a number of estuaries and islands

including Banana, Turtle and Sherbro islands. Generally the nearshore profile is relatively steep.

Where the Freetown estuary is located, however it is relatively shallow and rather irregular (Anthonie,

1991).

The Sierra Leone river estuary is a sheltered marine basin receiving waters from several tributaries,

including the Rokel, Seli and Bunce rivers and the Kumrabe Creek (FAO, 1986 and Ramsar, 1999).

The flow of freshwater from these rivers strongly influences the hydrographic conditions of the estuary

as demonstrated by the range of salinity recorded. This reaches a maximum during the wet season

when there is a measurable influence of freshwater extending to the continental shelf (FAO, 1986).

The estuary is bounded to the north and south by a lowland coastal plain, indented by creeks. The

Western Area Peninsular (WAP) (Freetown mountain) rises in the south. At its entrance into the

Atlantic Ocean, the estuary widens to about 11 km and suddenly deepens at its southern shore to

form a natural harbour, the third largest in the world (Ramsar, 1999).



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During the dry season from November to April, currents inside Freetown Estuary are primarily

governed by astronomical tides. Conversely, during the rainy season estuarine circulation is strongly

controlled by the enhanced river run-off currents (Lorax, 2009). The regions tides are semi-diurnal

and tidal range is variable depending on location in the estuary; the maximum tidal range at Freetown

is 2.5m, whilst within the estuary the range is greater at 3 to 4.5m. The highest currents occur in the

entrance to the estuary due to constriction of the flow around the sand banks to the north of the

estuary entrance.

Coastal processes along the Sierra Leone coast are driven by wave energy and tidal currents. The

regional wave climate consists of two long period swells (period = 7 – 16s) and locally generated wind

waves (period < 5s) from the northwest. Wave energy is low to moderate with deep-water heights of

less than 1.2 m occurring for 72 percent of the time. However, between June and October, moderate

to high energy waves (1.5 – 4m) from the south are superimposed on the north-westerly waves

(Anthonie, 1991).



5.3.2 Water and Sediment Quality

Other than at Pepel and Freetown, the lack of industry on the shores of the estuary should mean that

the estuarine waters are free of industrial contamination. However, the deficiency of appropriate

sanitary systems in the coastal and river communities may have led to bacterial contamination and

high nutrient concentrations nearshore, although there is no evidence in the water quality data

collected so far. Strong tides and high run-off volumes result in high turbidity levels in the water

column throughout the estuary.

Basic water quality parameters have been measured over a period of approximately two months

throughout the estuary and further offshore, including the Pepel Port site. Preliminary results,

covering 21 sites and 29 profiles taken between 16 February and 12 March 2010, show that the water

column appeared to be well mixed at most sites with little or no variation in temperature, salinity, pH

or DO with depth. Turbidity generally increased with depth.

Similarly, little information is available regarding the estuary’s sediment quality. Estuarine sediment is

a series of sands, clays and gravels with occasional thin beds of argillaceous limestone, calcareous

grit and additional seems of lignite (Tucker, 1973). As for water contamination of sediment is not

expected and has not been indicated by preliminary sample results that have been collected so far

around Tagrin and in the proposed dredge channel. The only exception to this is in the inter-tidal area

at Pepel Port, where there is evidence of iron ore contamination of estuary / seabed sediments due to

previous port operations.



5.3.3 Coastal and Marine Habitats

Along the northern shelf from Sherbro Island in Sierra Leone to the southern border of Guinea, the

coastline is characterized by extensive mangrove forests, sandy beaches, mudflats and isolated

areas of rocky outcrops (Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, 2010). These habitats serve as

important shelter, feeding and nesting grounds for fish, birds and marine mammals. The northern

stretch of coast, including the Sierra Leone estuary, is influenced by the Canary current, and is the



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most productive zone, with demersal, pelagic and shellfish resources (Fisheries and Aquaculture

Department, 2010).

In addition to providing a highly valuable habitat for marine and terrestrial fauna, mangrove forest also

plays a crucial role in coastal protection and reducing erosion from run-off and coastal processes.

Locally, the mangroves have an important socio-economic role as a source of wood for

firewood/charcoal and as a medium upon which shellfish anchor which provides an important food

and nutrition source.

The mangroves of Sierra Leone occupy almost half of the country’s coastline and cover a total area of

approximately 100,000 ha (FAO, 2007). Mangrove is concentrated in four major areas, one of which

is the Sierra Leone river estuary. As is the case throughout the world, the mangrove forests in Sierra

Leone have been heavily exploited due to rapid population increase and high levels of poverty. It is

estimated that nearly 40 percent of Sierra Leone’s mangroves were cleared between 1980 and 2000.

The high demand for the land and wood coupled with the lack of community participation in the

management of mangrove resources has created a de facto open-access regime. This has resulted in

mangrove cover that consists mainly of low re-growth with few larger trees, especially in the area

around Freetown.

The Freetown shoreline consists of a rocky foreshore, from the upper inter-tidal zone to deeper

subtidal areas offshore. There is an area of rocky habitat in the deeper waters between offshore

Freetown and offshore Murraytown, close to the main shipping channel. This habitat supports a

diverse community of soft corals, hydrozoans, acsidians and sponges. There are no true coral reefs

along the coast mainly due to the intrusion of the cool waters of the Benguela and Canary currents

and the high turbidity of the estuary waters (Ukwe et al. 2006). There are a number of ship wrecks

along the western coastline of Sierra Leone, which act as artificial reef and provide important habitats

for marine species such as soft corals and sponges. There is also reef habitat in shallow areas of

exposed rock.

Seagrasses are important habitat areas that provide transition ecosytems and can be influential as

marine spawning grounds. However, potential seagrass habitats in the estuary mouth were surveyed

and none was found.



5.3.4 Marine fauna

With its high rainfall, Sierra Leone has an extensive system of rivers and swamps. A variety of

mammals, birds and reptiles are found in the water, on rocks and sandy beaches or along the riparian

zone. Rivers that periodically flood and dry have a variety of migratory bird species that nest on the

exposed rocks, sandbanks and mudflats (USAID, 2007).

The Sierra Leone River Estuary is afforded some notoriety for its avifaunal abundance and is

therefore designated as a Ramsar site, under the Convention on Wetlands of International

Importance (the Ramsar convention), to which Sierra Leone is a signatory.



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Turtles are believed to inhabit the coastal waters in and around the estuary mouth1. Five marine turtle

species nest on beaches in Sierra Leone; green turtles, olive ridley, loggerhead, leatherback and

hawksbill. The primary nesting beaches are around the Sherbro and Turtle islands (IUCN, 2010),

which are a significant distance from the project site. Beaches to the north-west of Tagrin point

provide potential turtle nesting sites. However, an initial survey suggests that human presence

already deters the turtles from using these beaches. Therefore, it is believed that the turtles may use

the estuary for foraging and the offshore area as a migration route.

Scientific reports concerning marine mammals’ population dynamics are lacking for Sierra Leone;

however, small cetaceans are sighted frequently in the waters at the mouth of the estuary near

Freetown according to local specialists and observations from marine users2. Marine Mammals

known to inhabit the coastal and estuarine waters of Sierra Leone include cetaceans (for example

Humpback whale, common dolphins and Clymene dolphin) and the sirenean (African manatee). The

threatened humpback dolphin may be present in the mouth of the estuary. However, as it inhabits the

nearshore zone where there is much human activity, it may no longer be present in this area. The

African manatee is believed to inhabit smaller waterways up river, avoiding brackish water and human

presence.

Sierra Leone has abundant fish resources and as a result supports widespread fishing activity

throughout its coastal and inland waters; contributing almost 10 percent of GDP (FAO 2008). This

activity can be broadly classified into three sub-sectors:





Highly mechanized and capitalized industrial fishery,







Developing aquaculture and inland fisheries; and







Low technology but widespread artisanal fishery, which makes up the majority of the fishing in

and around the estuary.



Recent interviews with fishermen in March 2010 operating out of Tagrin confirm that Bonga

(Ethmalosa spp) is the primary fish species for local fishermen within the waters around Tagrin and

Pepel and are available for capture there throughout the year. In addition the ‘Spanish’ (Sphyraena

barracuda) is a prized fish caught offshore in the dry season. The surveys also found that fish known

locally as kutar, snapper, shinenose, bonita fish (March – May), shovelnose, longneck and grab were

landed, with most of these other species taken west of Tagrin Point and outside of the estuary.

Sierra Leone has 23 bird species with global conservation status, including the White-necked

Picathartes, Lesser Flamingo, Damara Tern, Lesser-crested Tern, Avocet, Water Dikkop, Greater

Flamingo, Northern Shoveler Terek Sandpiper, Curvew sandpiper, Great snipe and Rose-ringed

Parakeet. The Sierra Leone river estuary is regarded as one of the four most important sites for

Palaearctic migrants birds in the country as the mud/sand foreshore, intertidal mud and muddy sand

habitats provide the appropriate feeding grounds for most waders and other waterbirds; the estuary is

not only a feeding area but also a roosting area for most waterbirds in the country. A short survey was



1 Aruna, Edward. 2001. Survey of the marine turtle species and an assessment of threats that affect their survival along the

Goderich-Sussex coastline of Sierra Leone (Dissertation submitted to the department of Biological Sciences for the award of

B.Sc, Biological Sciences)

2 A number were observed by ClassDiving and in sittings during the baseline survey in March 2010



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undertaken as part of the preliminary baseline assessment and all eight of the winter wader species

listed on the Ramsar designation being observed.



5.3.5 Protected Areas

The Sierra Leone river estuary was designated a Wetland of International Importance under the

Ramsar convention in 1999. To improve the sustainable management of the Ramsar Site (including

the livelihood promotion at the local community level), the Sierra Leone Ramsar Administrative

Authority proposed the establishment of a Marine Protected Areas as a priority for implementation

(Ramsar, 2008).

The link between functional mangrove ecosystems and associated marine/estuarine ecosystem

health and fisheries production was a primary consideration in establishment of the Sierra Leone

River Estuary Ramsar site.

Pepel Island falls within one of the core areas of the Sierra Leone River Estuary Ramsar site (see

Figure 5-1).



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Figure 5-1 Location of Pepel Island and Tagrin ports within the Ramsar Site



5.4



Population & Demographics



Sierra Leone is one of the world’s poorest countries. Decades of economic decline and about ten

years of civil war have had severe consequences on the economy. Poverty is widespread with more

than 70 percent of the population living below the poverty line. The country ranks last in the Human

Development Index. Despite some economic recovery after the end of armed conflict in 2002, the

country is still considered a fragile state as it faces the challenges of poverty, corruption and

economic mismanagement.

The Republic of Sierra Leone is composed of three provinces: the Northern Province, Southern

province and the Eastern province and one other region called the Western Area.

Sierra Leone has a population of about 6 million comprising of over 20 ethnic groups. The Temne in

the north and the Mende in the South are the largest with each group representing around 30 percent

of the total population. Creole, descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the

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Freetown area in the late-18th century, represent around 10 percent of the population. Refugees from

Liberia’s civil war also reside in the country as well as small numbers of Europeans, Lebanese,

Pakistanis and Indians. Muslim is the dominant religion in Sierra Leone followed by indigenous beliefs

systems and Christianity.

The official language of Sierra Leone is English, however regular use is limited to the literate majority,

and native languages of Mende (principal vernacular in the south) and Temne (principal vernacular in

the north) are widely spoken. The Krio language (English-base Creole) and Bengali are also spoken.

The literacy rate (defined as aged 15 and over who can read and write English, Mende, Temne, or

Arabic) is 31.4 percent.

Annual population growth rate is 2.6 percent. The life expectancy is 37 years. The infant mortality rate

is 170/1000 live births, and the under 5 mortality rate is 286/1000. In 2009 the male to female ratio

was around 0.93. About 70 percent of the population is rural and the annual rate of urbanization is

estimated to be around 2.9 percent between 2005 and 2010.



5.4.1 Health Status Summary

A desktop literature review was performed to provide a brief summary of the existing health status in

Sierra Leone, with focus on the Northern Province and project-influenced districts where possible.

The desktop study was carried out in the first quarter of 2010 and involves review of available

literature using internet sources.

In 2007, Sierra Leone ranked as the least developed country in the world (WHO 2009), with an

estimated 53 percent of people living below the international poverty line of US$1.25 per day in 2005

(UNICEF 2008). The country suffered great upheaval during the period of civil war (1991-2002) with

injury, death and displacement amongst the population. There were also consequences for many

areas of Sierra Leonean infrastructure, including the healthcare system. All levels of the system were

affected with displacement of health care professionals and destruction of basic health infrastructure

(WHO 2009).

Health Policy and Initiatives

Various health initiatives, both national, and internationally aided are in progress in Sierra Leone.

Many of these are aimed at tackling the priority health issues. The Sierra Leone National Health

Policy from the Ministry of Health and Sanitation (MoHS) (2002) cites the following as the current

national priority health problems:





Malaria;







Sexually Transmitted Infections (including HIV/AIDS);







Tuberculosis;







Unsatisfactory reproductive health including maternal and neonatal mortality;







Acute respiratory infections;







Childhood immunisable diseases;



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Nutrition-related disease;







Water, food and sanitation-borne disease;







Disability; and







Mental illness.



The WHO develops country cooperation strategies for a number of countries as a means of

intensifying its interventions within those countries. The current WHO Country Cooperation Strategy

for Sierra Leone 2008-2012 (WHO 2009) cites four strategic priorities:





Reduction of the burden of communicable and non-communicable disease with particular focus

on the prevention and control of malaria, reducing HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis and enhancing the

national vaccination programmes to prevent and control vaccine-preventable diseases;







Lowering rates of infant, child and maternal mortality and morbidity along with encouragement of

responsible and healthy sexual and reproductive health behaviour;







Improving access to and quality of health services; and







National health development through cooperation and partnerships.



Life Expectancy

As a nation, the Sierra Leonean life expectancy at birth is currently estimated by WHO at 49.4 years

(WHO 2009); however, in the past decade estimates have been as low as 37 years (WHO 2006). In

2004, the life expectancy in the Tonkolili district was estimated at 47.9 (47.3 for males and 48.6 for

females), slightly below the national estimate and below the average for the Northern Province as a

whole (49.8) (SSL 2004). Life expectancies in Port Loko and Bombali districts were slightly higher

than Tonkolili at 49.0 (males 48.1; females 50.0) and 52.5 (males 51.6; females 53.5) respectively

(SSL 2004). WHO report that the low Sierra Leonean life expectancies are due to the levels of

communicable and non-communicable disease as well as child and maternal mortality rates (WHO

2009). They cite the underlying causes as widespread poverty, limited access to safe drinking water,

poor sanitation, high levels of illiteracy (particularly amongst females), overcrowded living conditions,

poor feeding and hygiene practices and inadequate access to good quality healthcare services (WHO

2009).

Women, Children and Childbirth

At 6.3 per woman, Sierra Leone has one of the highest fertility rates in the world (WHO 2009).

However, maternal mortality rates also rank amongst the highest, with an estimated 2,100 maternal

deaths per 100,000 live births (UNICEF 2008). Contraceptive prevalence is low (5 percent) and

access to good quality care during and after childbirth is lacking, with only 43 percent of births

attended by a skilled professional (UNICEF 2008). In surveys of attitudes toward domestic violence, it

was reported that 85 percent of the population believe a husband to be justified in hitting his wife for

reasons such as burning food, arguing back, or going out without telling him (UNICEF 2008). Female

genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), a practice carried out for social reasons which affects the health

and well-being of both women and their babies, is extremely common in Sierra Leone. An estimated



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94 percent of women overall are affected, although rates in rural communities reach 97 percent

(UNICEF 2008).

In general, child health in Sierra Leone is poor. At close to 30 percent, the under-five child mortality

rate is the highest in the world with neonatal deaths representing 20 percent of the total under-five

mortality (WHO 2009). In the Northern Province of Sierra Leone, in which the project is to take place,

infant, child and under-five mortality rates are slightly below the national average (SSL 2004). Malaria,

diarrhoea and pneumonia are the three principal causes of child death, with malnutrition as a

common contributory factor. In 2007 it was estimated that 4,000 children (0-14 years) were living with

HIV in Sierra Leone (UNICEF). Child labour is prevalent; data gathered between 1999 and 2007

estimates that it affects 48 percent of children aged 5 to 14 years (UNICEF 2008). The target for

immunizations in Sierra Leone is 90 percent and some headway has been made in curbing diseases

such as measles (WHO 2009).

Malaria

Malaria is widespread and transmitted year-round in Sierra Leone (WHO 2004). During the past

decade, prevalence of malaria in the general population has at times been greater than 50 percent

(WHO 2009). It is the number one cause of infant mortality and accounts for a large proportion of

outpatient consultations (35 percent) (WHO 2004). In children under five years, malaria was

responsible for between 50-60 percent of all admissions (WHO 2009). Malaria also accounts for 70

percent of the anaemia reported in pregnant women (WHO 2009). Governmental malaria control

programmes and funding are in place, and a joint MoHS/WHO program for the control of malaria was

initiated in 2004. The malaria programs aim to achieve better case management, vector control,

prevention of malaria-in-pregnancy and health promotion but face challenges including changes in

environmental conditions and sales of counterfeit malarial drugs (WHO 2009).

HIV / AIDS

HIV / AIDS is increasing in Sierra Leone, with higher rates in urban areas (2.1 percent) than rural

areas (1.3 percent) (WHO 2009). HIV and AIDS impacts not only those infected, but can also have

knock-on effects in a society. For example, in 2007, an estimated 16,000 children (0-17) had been

orphaned as a result of AIDS, and school attendance amongst that group was almost 20 percent

lower than the general population (UNICEF 2008). Data gathered between 2000 and 2007 suggests

that the level of public understanding about the cause and prevention of AIDS is low; for example only

17 percent of young women (15-24 years old) had comprehensive knowledge of HIV (UNICEF 2008).

Of note is the fact that the prevalence of HIV and AIDS amongst those with tertiary education is three

times greater than those with no education (WHO 2009). In 2007, the Sierra Leone government

introduced the Prevention and Control of HIV and AIDS Act, 2007 covering areas including education

and information, safe practices, testing and access to healthcare, transmission, monitoring and

discrimination.

Other Communicable Disease

Other communicable disease of note in Sierra Leone currently include tuberculosis, leprosy,

neglected tropical diseases (soil transmitted helminthes, onchocerciasis [river blindness] and

lymphatic filariasis, dracunculiasis [guinea worm disease], yaws and schistosomiasis), lassa fever,

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yellow fever and diarrhoeal diseases (WHO 2009). Population movement counts amongst the risk

factors for increased transmission for a good number of these diseases (WHO 2004).

The burden of tuberculosis in Sierra Leone is increasing. Between 2004 and 2007, the number of

registered cases almost doubled, despite a poor case-detection rate of 50 percent (WHO 2009). Also

of concern is the rise in multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and prevalence of TB/HIV coinfection. A tuberculosis control program is in place in Sierra Leone; however it faces challenges

related to high default rates, low case-detection rates and the high percentage of patients without

sputum results (WHO 2009).

Onchocerciasis or ‘river blindness’ is a vector-borne disease which has a high infection intensity and

high resultant blindness rate in some parts of northern Sierra Leone. Risk factors for increased risk of

exposure to the infectious agent (Onchocerca volvulus, a filarial worm) include subsistence farming

fishing, bathing and mining (some areas) (WHO 2004).

Yaws disease was effectively eradicated prior to the war, but a recent re-emergence has created the

need for public health intervention (WHO 2009). In the past, this disease has been a problem in

remote communities of Bombali and Port Loko (WHO 2004), and there are currently plans for a yaws

survey in the endemic Bombali region. The survey will be a joint initiative between the Sierra Leone

Ministry of Health and Sanitation (MoHS) and WHO (WHO 2009). Portions of the proposed Phase 1

project are expected to operate in both the Bombali and Port Loko districts.

WHO rate the scale of infection with intestinal helminthiasis in Sierra Leone as ‘enormous’. These

worms cause reduction in vigour, illness, impaired intellectual development and reduced quality of life.

Programs are underway in Sierra Leone to map and better understand the types of soil transmitted

helminthes in the districts (WHO 2009).

Yellow fever has a WHO alert threshold of one case. In 2003 there were 4 confirmed cases in

Tonkolili (WHO 2004).

Schistosomiasis is a public health concern and emerging disease in six districts within Sierra Leone,

one of which is Tonkolili (WHO 2009).

Non-Communicable Diseases

There is a heavy burden of non-communicable disease including malnutrition, mental health issues

and substance abuse, disability and injury in Sierra Leone.

Malnutrition is common, especially amongst women and children. It has many direct health effects

and can also act as a contributory factor, increasing the severity of other diseases. In pregnant

women, maternal malnutrition leads to low birth weight, a causative factor in neonatal death (UNICEF

2008). In Sierra Leone, approximately 25 percent of children are born with a low birth weight, and up

to 30 percent of under fives suffer from moderate to severe underweight (UNICEF 2008).

Substance abuse is a significant problem in Sierra Leone, and the facilities to deal with mental health

issues are lacking (WHO 2009). Surveys suggest that a large proportion of the population use

alcohol, tobacco and drugs (e.g. cannabis, cocaine and heroine) (WHO 2009). A draft mental health

policy has been drawn up; however, the availability of resources to implement it remains a challenge.



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The major causes of disability in Sierra Leone are illness, congenital abnormalities, aging, accidents

(including traffic), and war (SSL 2004). Following the civil war, a sizable number of people live with

amputations (WHO 2009). In 2004, 2.2 percent of people in the Northern Province were classified as

disabled and 6 percent of these had war-related disabilities (SSL 2004). The prevalence of warrelated disability is lowest in the Northern Province of Sierra Leone.

Environmental Health

Environmental health and the provision of safe drinking water are important issues in Sierra Leone. At

present, overall, approximately 46 percent of households drink water from unimproved sources, a

number which rises to 68 percent in rural communities (UNICEF 2008, WHO 2009). Only 30.5 percent

of households dispose of excreta by sanitary means and wastewater is rarely treated before release

(WHO 2009). All of these factors increase the burden of water-borne and diarrheal disease and

impact general health.



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6



PROJECT AREA BASELINE

Baseline Study Techniques



6.1



Conducting baseline studies is an iterative process that builds on data already collected and leads to

more targeted and specific information. The aim is to gain an understanding of the existing conditions

in the project area to enables a good understanding of the sensitivity and function of the environment

prior to the project commencing. For consistency across this project we have standardised the

terminology for the baseline study phases as follows:





Phase 1a: Desktop review and planning for the studies to collate relevant information, review

legislation, identify specialists and prepare a base map for further work;







Phase 1b: Undertake reconnaissance-level field studies to ground-truth the base map

produced, identify habitats of potential conservation importance and to record significant

ecological features in the study area. This phase is termed the Rapid Assessment

Programme (RAP);







Phase 2a: Scoping consultations with key stakeholders and the general public to understand

key biodiversity issues related to local livelihoods and cultural significance;







Phase 2b: Specialist investigations to collect detailed baseline data on species and habitats

within the project area for all relevant seasons;







Phase 3a: detailed targeted study (content driven), and







Phase 3b: detailed in-fill study (coverage driven).



This terminology has been used in each of the following thematic disciplines: air and noise, hydrology,

soil and landscape, ecology, social and community and marine for all the relevant project areas.

All the thematic disciplines, to varying levels of detail depending on sensitivity have been applied to

produce a baseline for each of the project elements i.e. the mine area, the transport corridor, the port

area and the marine and coastal zone.



6.2



Mining Area



6.2.1 Air Quality

A desktop study was conducted that included a review of the available information for the study area

(Phase 1a) and a monitoring campaign was designed (Phase 1b) to assess the background air quality

levels in the study area. The campaign was carried out in February 2010.

Ambient air measurements were conducted with passive sampling monitoring devices (diffusion tubes

installed in the field for a period of 15 days), after which the devices were collected and sent to the



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laboratory for analysis. Diffusion tubes were obtained from Scientifics Laboratory in the UK. The

contaminants monitored were nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2).

The sampling scenario covered 13 positions for the air quality measurements divided between the

mine site, the port site and the transport corridor. The distribution of the sampling locations is shown

in Figure 6-1.

Figure 6-1 Air Quality Monitoring Campaign Measurement Locations



Results obtained from the monitoring campaign were analyzed and compared with relevant

guidelines.

Relevant international standards for environmental air quality include those published by the World

Bank Group (WBG) in the WBG Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines (known as the “EHS

Guidelines”), which are used by the WBG and the International Finance Corporation (IFC), as

described in the Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook (PPAH) (World Bank Group, IFC,

2007). Ambient air measurements were conducted during a period of 15 days; therefore, results are

not directly comparable with the periods given by legislation. When possible, the larger period (1 year)

with a more restrictive limit has been considered.

Existing air quality at the proposed mining area is expected to be very good, because the area is a

Greenfield site without existing industrial development or crowded populations. Dust is considered to

be the primary air pollutant, generated from vehicle movements on unpaved roads and off-road.



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The monitoring locations are listed in Table 6-1. The results obtained from the laboratory analysis for

NO2 and SO2 (PA1-PA4 locations) are shown in Table 6-2.

Table 6-1 Locations for Air Quality Monitoring Campaign in the Mining Area

Location



Coordinates



Remarks



PA1



29P 201325 991125



In crops that have been burnt down in the hamlet of Little Furia.



PA2



29P 201944 993103



In crops outside Wandugu village.



PA3



29P 207381 996691



At a tree behind the health centre in Kemadugu. Traffic more

frequent (approximately 5-10 cars / day).



PA4



29P 204163 997066



On a drill pad (abandoned). Possibility of drilling activities close to

the location. A small village (Kegbema) was observed at a short

distance.



Table 6-2 Results of Baseline NO2 and SO2 Concentrations on Air in the Mining area

Loc.



PA1



Exposure

time

(hours)

502.25



NO2 Analysis



SO2 Analysis



µg/m³



WHO limit

(µg/m³)



Comments



µg/m³



WHO limit

(µg/m³)



Comments



10.2



40



Encountered on

ground, dirt In

tube, and

discoloured upon

extraction



64.8



1253



Encountered

on ground



(1 year)



(24 hours)



PA2



501.00



5.3



-



14.5



-



PA3



498.25



6.4



-



6.4



-



PA4



498.67



6.2



Spider's web

found



4.8



-



Concentrations of NO2 and SO2 in the mining area were found to be below the levels set by the World

Bank Group (World Bank General Environmental Guidelines, IFC, 2007).

The results for PA1 are not considered reliable, as the tube was encountered on ground and could

have been contaminated by ashes present after the recent burning of the field. The results for PA2

may have been affected by nearby activities related to the creation of a scout road for the future haul

road development to the mine site.

Aside from these two locations, the monitored air quality is good and exhibits low pollutant

concentrations. As expected, the levels correspond to Greenfield values.



3



Target 1 for SO2 limit (WBG)



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6.2.2 Noise

A desktop study was conducted that included a review of the available information for the study area

(Phase 1a) and a monitoring campaign was designed (Phase 1b) to assess the background noise

levels in the study area. The campaign was carried out in February 2010.

The IFC – WBC (International Finance Corporation – World Bank Group) reference levels for ambient

noise expressed in LAeq for residential, institutional and educational receptors is 55 dB(A) during the

daytime (7:00 to 22:00) and 45 dB(A) during the night-time. For industrial areas, the reference level is

70 dB(A) any time of the day or night.

A noise survey was conducted with a Class I hand-held sound level meter and an ISO Tech sound

level calibrator. The sound level meter measured the parameter LAeq, defined as the constant sound

level that, in a given time period, would convey the same sound energy as the actual time-varying Aweighted sound level. Noise measurements were conducted during daytime hours.

The sampling scenario covered 20 locations for noise survey divided between the mine site, the port

site and the transport corridor. The distribution of the sampling locations is shown in Figure 6-2.

Figure 6-2 Noise Monitoring Campaign Measurement Locations



The ambient noise at the mine site might be generated by several naturally occurring sources and

rural human sources: wind through the vegetation, animal and cattle noises, traffic in rural and

populated areas, etc. The measurement locations at the Phase 1 mine site were selected based on

the following criteria: in the project area outside the populated areas; and where measurements could

be taken without interference from traffic or industrial noise.

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Results of the Noise Survey are listed in Table 6-3.

Table 6-3 Noise Monitoring Campaign in the Mining Area

Geographical

Location



LAeq

(dB(A))



Measurement Date



Meteorological Data



Remarks



Date



Hour



T (ºC)



Wind speed

(km/h)



40.0



14/02 2010



13:00



37.2



Light wind 1.6

– 2.4



Birds singing



29 P 201260

991116



44.8



14/02 2010



13:20



38



Light wind 1.6

– 2.4



Birds singing



N3



29 P 202017

993168 E



34.6



14/02 2010



14:00



35



3



-



N4



29 P 202067

993263



48.2



14/02 2010



14:25



35



Calm, almost

no wind



Wildlife

noise

intense



N5



29 P 204163

997066



31.7



14/02 2010



15:50



37



Calm, almost

no wind



Some birds

singing



ID



Coordinates



N1



29 P 201282

991031



N2



All measurements were conducted during the daytime; therefore, the results listed in the table above

are below the referenced Ambient Noise levels of 55 dB (A).

Results from measurements taken at locations N1, N2 and N4 are higher than at other locations, but

the field observations confirmed that they correspond to natural environmental noise.



6.2.3 Archeology & Cultural Heritage

The significance of sites of archaeological value (in-situ) and cultural heritage factors has been

initially screened by discussion with in-country ESHIA practitioners. The preliminary advice indicated

that it was likely there would be limited and in some areas negligible sensitivity. Development of an

understanding of the importance of marine and terrestrial archaeology, burial sites, Society Bush

areas and other important heritage factors has already been included in a number of baseline studies.

Integration of this information with a specialist assessment into a review of possible project impacts is

still underway.



6.2.4 Ecology & Biodiversity

Vegetation

The area encompassing the Simbili deposit has been surveyed using Phase 1a, 1b and 2b study

techniques during the wet and dry seasons in September and November 2009 and in February /

March 2010. The area is situated in a tropical moist broadleaf forest zone, but is also close to a

tropical grassland savannah zone and therefore displays some characteristics of each. The summit of

Simbili is host to degraded forest, but the sub-ridge to the north of the summit is largely covered by

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grass with scattered tree species typical of the natural wooded grassland habitat. All the grasslands

on Simbili are much disturbed with secondary grassland species dominant and with evidence of

recent farming. Heavily degraded forest patches are present on the western slope of Simbili, although

generally the species found there were characteristic of secondary forest. Only one species of

concern was identified among these patches, the tree species Cryptosepalum tetraphyllum (IUCN:

Vulnerable, VU). (See Appendix 8 for Preliminary Report on Phase 3 Vegetation Fieldwork - Prepared

by SRK, Appendix 9 for Tonkolili Vegetation Survey and Inventory Report - Final - Prepared by

Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Appendix 10 for Report on the Vegetation Map of the

Tonkolili Project Area).

Terrestrial Fauna

A Phase 1b rapid assessment of eight sites within the mining area was conducted in March 2010

during the dry season. The natural forest cover of the mining area is heavily fragmented and does not

appear to support viable populations of large mammals, with the exception of Western Chimpanzees

that may be present in the forest patches to the south of the Farangbaia Forest Reserve. The existing

habitats within the mining area support a range of bird species, including forest and non-forest

species of conservation concern. (see Appendix 11 for Summary of Report, Phase 1 Study of

Terrestrial Fauna at Tonkolili Mine Site, Sierra Leone prepared by the Wildlife Conservation Society)

Aquatic Ecosystems

A Phase 1b rapid assessment of two sites located in the vicinity of the southern boundary of the

exploration licence area (the Tonkolili and Matoine Rivers) was undertaken in March 2010 during the

dry season. Both sites have good in-stream habitat, however substantial clearing of riparian

vegetation had occurred along the right-hand bank at the Matoine River site and there was evidence

of in-stream artisanal gold mining. The waters at the sites surveyed generally had low conductivity

and were slightly acidic, which means the waters have little or no buffering capacity against changes

to pH from any acid inputs (For further information see Appendix 12 for Rapid Assessment of Aquatic

Environments for the Tonkolili Project prepared by SRK).



6.2.5 Hydrology and Hydrogeology

Phase 1 mining activities will focus on the hematite cap of the Simbili deposit which straddles the two

surface water catchments of the Tonkolili and Mawuru Rivers.

The Tonkolili catchment drains an area of approximately 165 km2 and flows for approximately 48 km

before it joins the larger Rokel River. The Tonkolili River flows throughout the year; minimum and

maximum flow rates measured at 5 gauging stations in the vicinity of the mine and eastern transport

corridor areas and corresponding to the dry and wet season of 2009 are given in Table 6-4 below. A

figure of the gauging stations is given in Appendix 13.

During the dry season, river flow rates represent the base flow component contributed by

groundwater.



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Table 6-4 Tonkolili River Flow Rates

Tonkolili River Flow Rate

3



-1



(m .sec )



Apr-09



Sep-09



RFT001



0.22



2.1



RFT002



0.95



3.2



RFT003



0.56



3.9



RFT004



0.95



5.57



RFT005



1.6



11.3



The Mawuru catchment drains an area of approximately 147 km2 as it flows south along the eastern

side of the Simbili deposit before joining the Pampana River. Maximum and minimum river flow

measurements at two gauging stations in the mine vicinity are given in Table 6-5 below. A figure of

the gauging stations is given in Appendix 13. The Mawuru River flows year-round suggesting the dry

season flows measured in April 2009 represents base flow contributed by groundwater discharge (see

Table 6-5).

Table 6-5 Mawuru River Flow Rates

Mawuru River Flow Rate

3



-1



(m .sec )



Apr-09



Sep-09



RFM001



0.979



3.48



RFM002



0.86



6.25*



Field measured water quality parameters indicate relatively stable chemical conditions with little

variation between the two catchments, and also between the wet and dry season. Electrical

conductivity (EC) of Tonkolili River and Mawuru River water was generally below 20 µS.cm-1 in both

the wet and dry season. pH was found to remain neutral, ranging from 6.2 to 7.1 pH units with slightly

lower pH values generally observed during the dry season.

Water quality samples were collected for laboratory analysis in the UK during the dry season, March

2010. In both rivers, the concentrations of iron ranged from 0.49 mg.L-1 to 1.02 mg.L-1 exceeding the

UK drinking water guideline value of 0.2 mg.L-1. Elevated concentrations of iron are suspected to be

associated with the banded iron formation (BIF) deposits and iron rich soils.

A TPH (C24-C40) concentration of 0.012 mg.L-1 was reported for a sample collected from the Mawuru

River. The presence of a heavy TPH fraction suggests a degree of anthropogenic contamination

most likely from a diesel, oil or grease source. However, the results from single sampling event



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carried out to date are not sufficient basis upon which to draw any conclusions at this time. Further

sampling has taken place and a regular monitoring programme is being implemented. Results of the

most recent sampling are awaited.

Numerous springs flowing from the upper slopes of the mountains flanking the Tonkolili and Mawuru

Rivers contribute base flow throughout the year. The flow rate of five of these spring fed streams which

discharge into the Tonkolili River have been monitored by SRK and AML using V-notch weirs for a period

of 12 months commencing in April 2009. Flow rates vary between locations and are likely to be heavily

controlled by the local geology and aquifer characteristics. A distinct pattern of peak and low flow periods

are observed in the spring hydrographs and generally mimic the rainfall records with stable, low flow

conditions existing between February and June/July at which time flows are between 0.1 and 4 L.s-1. Flow

rates increase in response to rainfall recharge during August and September to maximums of 8 to 24 L.s-1,

after which time, rates steadily decline.

Several spring-fed streams flow from the eastern flanks of Simbili discharging to the Mawuru River. Spring

flow and water quality has been measured at one location, since April 2009. The spring flow during the wet

season exceeded the capacity of the V-notch and readings could not be taken throughout August and

September. Measure flow rates ranged from 0.5 L.s-1 during the dry season to 7.7 L.s-1 during the wet



season; however maximum flow rates during August and September are likely to be much higher.

The EC value of spring water at both catchments ranged from <10 µS.cm-1 to1210 µS.cm-1. pH values

were between 6.0 and 7.42 while redox potential indicated consistently oxidizing conditions. The

chemical composition of water discharging from springs was found to contain slightly higher

concentrations of certain dissolved metals. Arsenic (0.057 mg.L-1) and selenium (0.236 mg.L-1) were

above their relevant UK drinking water guideline values while cadmium (0.0017 mg.L-1) and lead

(0.021 mg.L-1) existed at higher concentrations than reported for the Tonkolili River. It is likely that the

hematite cap overlying the BIF provides a source of various metal species which are leached by

groundwater and discharged through these springs, before being diluted in the main river systems.

The maintenance of surface water flows year round is important to both local inhabitants and the

natural environment (groundwater abstraction becomes more difficult during the dry season when

groundwater levels gradually decline). East and south east of Simbili within the Mawuru catchment,

no exploitation of groundwater has been observed and there is apparent total reliance on surface

water from Mawuru tributary streams/ springs or the Mawuru itself in some cases (at the peak of the

dry season) to meet village water demands.

Within the mine area the upper surface of the bedrock (Tonkolili Group) is thought to have weathered

to a depth of between 40 m and 60 m. The uppermost 10-20 m is completely weathered to a laterite

with rock becoming progressively fresher with depth. The weathered zone is thickest on the ridge

tops and thins towards the valley bottoms. The ridge tops are sometimes characterised by hardpan

(duricrust). The flanks of the hills are characterised by weathered material as well as transported

boulders and soils (colluvium). Alluvial deposits of sands, silts, clays and conglomerate have been

deposited in the Tonkolili and Mawuru valley bottoms, but it is not yet known how thick these deposits

are.

SRK (2010) proposed the following conceptual model for groundwater flow in the mine area:



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Recharge percolates through the laterite or duricrust into the weathered cap from

where the majority of the groundwater flows laterally, at the contact with fresh

rock, towards the ridge flanks and discharges through springs to the surface

water network. The component of groundwater flow from the weathered cap to

the colluvium is unknown but is considered low given the generally low

permeability of the colluvium, Similarly, it is thought that groundwater flow from

the weathered cap to the underlying BIF and amphibolite, which appears to be

generally competent, is also low.

The laterite / duricrust may act like a sponge, storing recharge and releasing it more slowly to the

underlying aquifer as well as buffering through-flow to springs. This is an important process for

groundwater-surface water interactions and would be seen on the Tonkolili and Mawuru river flow

hydrographs as a tailing effect.

Water levels in the deposit area monitoring wells are generally within the weathered cap. Monitoring

borehole GWM11 on the neighbouring Marampon deposit is artesian (flowing at 0.2-0.3 L.s-1),

possibly due to intersection of deeper fracture flow, which suggest local flow systems and high aquifer

heterogeneity that may also exist within the Simbili deposit.

In the lower valleys and in the wider study area it is likely that colluvial and alluvial sediments act as

aquifers of unproven thickness which discharge to the Tonkolili or Mawuru Rivers throughout the year.

A deeper, fractured basement aquifer may be present throughout the study area, and if present would

correspond with highly fractured, regional features (lineaments) mapped within the Precambrian

basement rock (Akiwumi, 1988). The existence of these lineaments and the nature of groundwater

flow in the basement rock are poorly understood. Fracturing in the upper strata was noted to reduce

to zero within 30-40 m of the surface in the valley that now contains the Bumbuna Hydroelectric Dam.

Water levels have been monitored at weekly intervals since May 2009 at eight community

groundwater wells which exploit the alluvial and colluvial aquifer. Depth to water ranges from 3.0 to

9.5 m below ground level (m bGL) during the dry season, rising to 1.0 to 6.5 m bGL during the wet

season. The highest wet season water levels and the lowest dry season water levels were both

measured in the lower Tonkolili catchment. The hydrograph response suggests that rainfall recharge

infiltrates quickly to the aquifer with very little delay between the onset of the wet season and the

initial rise in the water table.

Groundwater chemistry is expected to be fairly consistent across the study area, with the exception of

groundwater within the weathered cap overlying the BIF. In general very little water-rock interaction is

anticipated given the dominance of largely non-reactive basement rocks such as granites, schists,

and greenstones.

The conceptual understanding of groundwater occurrence and flow in the lower valleys and in the

wider study area is limited.



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6.2.6 Soils & Land-use

Soils data have been derived from drilling and interpretation of superficial material. At most drill sites

the top 2 m of material was cleared during preparation of the drill pad and therefore the baseline soil

dataset is incomplete. The uppermost surficial material is dependent on the underlying geology. For

the iron-ore protolith (quartz and silicate itabirites) a ferruginous hardcap or canga profile has

developed, consisting of predominantly angular to subrounded fragments of hematite and pisoliths

partially replaced by goethite and cemented by clays, reprecipitated silica and iron oxide. A simple

laterite profile has developed over footwall or hangingwall acid to intermediate rocks, typically red in

colour, comprising massive and colloform goethite-hematite, with common iron-oxide fragments

cemented by clays, reprecipitated silica and iron oxides. (See Appendix 14 Tonkolili Soils and Laterite

Profile - Prepared by SRK)

Preliminary qualitative information on land-use has been acquired during Phase 1b and Phase 2b

biodiversity studies (flora, fauna and freshwater) in the mining area. While some remaining forest

patches including Society Bush still exist in a mosaic land-use, in general human presence, slash and

burn farming techniques, road and communal ground clearance (including clearance by AML) has

driven a change in the area from forest and patches of grassland on the summits to primarily a

mixture of agriculture and fallow land.

Agriculture comprises a wide range of crops on hill slopes and monocultures of rice or peanuts on

periodically inundated land in the valley bottoms. Non-location specific bushmeat hunting grounds

also occur.



6.2.7 Geology & Geomorphology

The Tonkolili ore body is situated in the greenstone belts of the Sula Mountains. The license area is

dominated by rock units of the Sula Group, a greenstone belt that forms part of the Kambui Super

Group. The Sula Group is comprised of two primary formations, the Sonfon and Tonkolili formations.

The upper sequence of the Tonkolili Formation hosts the primary magnetite resource; however Phase

1 of the project is focused on the overlying hematite / goethite deposits. The iron content of the

hematite / goethite ore can be increased to exportable grades through beneficiation. The

geomorphology of the license area is characterised by smooth hill tops (that rise from 200 to 800 m in

elevation) and plateaus that trend in a north-easterly direction and are deeply incised by the Tonkolili

River drainage system which flows to the south east. (For further details see Appendix 15 for

Geological and Geomorphologic Baseline Study - Prepared by SRK)



6.2.8 Socio-Economic & Human Health

The socio-economic and human health baseline of these areas has been characterised using a range

of survey techniques at a coarse level and the results have been aggregated and described in a

generalised manner in the regional overview. Although further baseline description is underway, it is

assumed for the time being that the generalized description is an adequate characterization of the



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communities in the mine area and the baseline is not expected to be significantly different from the

regional overview.

The baseline data collected from the field studies conducted in March 2010 for other relevant

disciplines will also be considered for the health impact assessment. Water sampling program

conducted in February identified elevated heavy metals concentrations (greater than WHO

guidelines) for arsenic, barium, lead and selenium in samples from some wells in the mine area

(Section 6.2.5). The results for increased concentrations of arsenic, barium, lead and selenium

occurred in two samples (a groundwater well, and an artesian spring). The third groundwater sample

was identified to well contain barium, lead, and selenium exceedances. These results may be an

indication of elevated, naturally occurring metals in the area’s geology which may pose a human

health impact. Further assessment of the water chemistry in the mine pits and catchment areas is

required before the potential health impact can be defined. The chemical results of soil, vegetation,

fish tissue, and surface and groundwater samples collected during additional site visits will be studied

and potential concerns highlighted in the next phase of works (see Section 8).



6.3



Transport Corridor



6.3.1 Air Quality

A short-term air quality monitoring campaign was carried out between the 13th and the 17th of

February, 2010, as described in Section 6.2.1. The distribution of the sampling locations is shown in

Figure 6-1.

During the field visits, industrial sources of air contamination were not observed. The identified

contamination sources are the uncontrolled fires used in populated areas for cooking, waste burning

or vegetation clearance for agricultural purposes; the diesel generators (found only at major

settlements) used to supply electricity and the traffic.

Passive sampling diffusion tubes were used for the measurement of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and

nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the transport corridor area and its surroundings. The sampling locations and

the diffusion tubes analysis results are listed below in Table 6-6and Table 6-7, respectively.

Table 6-6 Locations for the Air Quality Monitoring Campaign along the Transport Corridor

Location



Coordinates



Remarks



PA5



29P 196599 990523



On the proposed haul road alignment. In crops behind the health

centre of Basaia, a medium-sized village.



PA6



29P 171639 970333



Close to the transport corridor. Bashia Village, near Makeni, in

crops on the side of the road Magburaka – Makeni, northwest of

Magburaka. Near unpaved road to hamlet Makenilol.



PA7



28P 774644 967839



On rail alignment. Close to the village of Furedugu on crops on the

road to Petifu.



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Location



Coordinates



Remarks



PA8



28P 751757965580



Transport corridor. In a burned field near a small house on the

side of the Rogbere – Port Loko road.



PA9



28P 733170 970048



Transport corridor. On tall grass growing on top of the existing

railway. The surrounding grasses had been burned.



Table 6-7 Results of Baseline NO2 and SO2 Concentrations on Air in the Transport Corridor

Loc.



Exposure

time

(hours)



NO2 Analysis

µg/m³



WHO limit

(µg/m³)



SO2 Analysis

Comments



µg/m³



WHO limit

(µg/m³)



Comments



PA5



481.92



6.1



40



6.1



1254



PA6



478.25



6.0



(1 year)



4.4



(24 hours)



PA7



-



-



Missing



-



Missing



PA8



-



-



Missing



-



Missing



PA9



-



-



Missing



-



Missing



The diffusion tubes that were still present (PA5 and PA6) were collected, the chain of custody forms

were completed and the tubes were sent to the Scientifics Laboratory for analysis. Based on the

results from the analysis, air quality was found to be good.



6.3.2 Noise

A short-term noise monitoring campaign was carried out between the 13th and the 17th of February,

2010, as described in Section 6.2.2. The distribution of the sampling locations is shown in Figure 6-2.

Portions of the study area used to measure baseline sound pressure levels along the Phase 1

transport corridor are listed in Table 6-8.

Table 6-8 Noise Monitoring Campaign in the Transport Corridor

Geographical Location

ID



LAeq

(dB(A))



Measurement Date



Coordinates



Date



29 P 198355



15/02



Hour



Meteorological Data

T (ºC)



Remarks



Wind speed

(km/h)



Some wildlife noises

N6



4



987256



33.1



2010



10:00



29.4



No wind



Proximity to a road; no

vehicles / persons

observed



Target 1 for SO2 limit (WBG)



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Geographical Location

ID



LAeq

(dB(A))



Coordinates



N7



29 P 197146

987988



Measurement Date

Date



36.7



15/02

2010



Meteorological Data



Remarks



Hour



T (ºC)



Wind speed

(km/h)



11:40



34.0



Very light

wind



Crops



2–5



Crops very close to

Basaia Village



N8



29 P 196599

990523



34.8



15/02 2010



12:30



36.3



N9



29 P 171639

970333



43.6



15/02 2010



17:30



34.2



N10



28 P 795524

975669



39.4



13/02 2010



16:15



34.1



6 – 10



Measurement could

have been affected by

wind in nearby grasses



N11



28 P 794702

975569



33.1



13/02 2010



17:00



34.1



3–5



Birds singing



N12



28 P 752490

965133



41.4



16/02 2010



10:30



31.6



Wind

average

speed 3.6

km/h



Old quarry site,

surrounded by

vegetation; wildlife

noise was intense



N13



28 P 751743

965490



24.6



16/02 2010



10:00



31.2



No wind



On an unpaved road,

clear of vegetation. No

traffic



N14



28 P 733170

970048



37.5



16/02 2010



15:00



37.6



Wind speed

approx. 3.5

km/h



Birds singing



Measurement could

Strong winds

have been affected by

7 -15

wind in nearby grasses



Results at locations N9, N10 and N12 are higher than the results at other locations. In the cases of

points N10 and N12, field observations confirmed that the measurements correspond to natural

environmental noise; however, in case of location N9, the wind speed reached 15 km/h. The noise

level measured at N9 was likely due to wind through nearby grasses. For this reason, the result for

N9 is rejected as an anomaly in the present noise baseline analysis.



6.3.3 Archeology & Cultural Heritage

The significance of sites of archaeological value (in-situ) and cultural heritage factors has been

initially screened by discussion with in-country ESHIA practitioners. The preliminary advice indicated

that it was likely there would be limited and in some areas negligible sensitivity. Development of an

understanding of the importance of marine and terrestrial archaeology, burial sites, Society Bush

areas and other important heritage factors has already been included in a number of baseline studies.

Integration of this information with a specialist assessment into a review of possible project impacts is

still underway.



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6.3.4 Ecology & Biodiversity

Vegetation

A Phase 2b assessment was undertaken on the first 20 km of the haul road route, from the mine site

to Rokel River at the end of the wet season in November 2009 and complemented by a new survey in

March 2010, during the dry season. The transport corridor further west (proposed haul road route and

existing rail line up to the Pepel Port facility) was surveyed using Phase 1b techniques in March 2010

(dry season). In the vicinity of the mine site, remnants of original forest vegetation, riverine forest,

secondary forest, river channel communities and various secondary habitats are found. West of Rokel

River, vegetation is largely characterized by a patchwork of inland valley swamps, secondary forest,

farmbush, plantations, agricultural land, wild oil palm, grassland vegetation and inselbergs.

Mangroves, freshwater ecosystems and agroforestry plantations are found in the Port Loko area.

Four habitats of conservation concern are present in the transport corridor. Riverine forest and river

channel communities that have not been already highly disturbed are classified as of high

conservation concern. Inland valley swamps and mangroves that have not been highly disturbed are

classified as being of medium conservation concern. Species of conservation concern have been

found in all these habitats of conservation concern, with the exception of mangroves. The presence of

these conservation species indicates that the vegetation in these habitats is also likely to be relatively

undisturbed and these habitats may also represent the last remaining examples of the natural climax

vegetation in the study area. Although mangroves usually do not contain species of conservation

concern and do not have high plant species richness, they are of considerable ecological value in

terms of their structure and function, and are likely to harbour a wide variety of avifaunal and other

animal assemblages.

Terrestrial Fauna

A Phase 1b assessment of 16 sites along the transport corridor was conducted during the dry season.

As with the mining area, the natural forest cover is heavily fragmented, however, the continuous

riparian forests do provide an important habitat for species that require more extensive habitat areas

(such as large mammals). A diverse range of bird species exist within the remaining forest fragments,

including species of conservation concern. The Port Loko Strict Nature Reserve, located to the north

of the transport corridor does support small populations of two globally threatened mammals (the

Western Chimpanzee and Western Pied Colobus). Western Chimpanzee Populations are also found

in a forested area near the Lunsar Interchange.

Aquatic Ecosystems

The lowland areas are characterised by springs and small streams, which, based on Phase 1b

surveys (March 2010) at two freshwater swamp areas around Pepel, are low to mid quality aquatic

habitats, due to highly disturbed riparian vegetation and limited in-stream habitat types. In contrast,

the aquatic habitats of the rivers surveyed are generally in good condition, with low turbidity, intact

riparian vegetation and a range of in-stream habitat types. In particular, high quality aquatic habitats

were identified along the Port Loko and Rokel Rivers.



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Whilst no physical sampling was conducted, the Phase 1b literature review identified four freshwater

fish species of conservation interest (one critically endangered species (Pristis microdon) and three

endemic species (Leptocypris taiaensis, Marcusenius meronai, and Prolabeo batesi) that may be

present in the aquatic environments along the transport corridor.



6.3.5 Hydrology & Hydrogeology

The transport corridor covers an approximate 200km linear section cross-cutting the country in a roughly

east-west direction. The corridor crosses approximately 14 tributary catchments of the Pampana (also

known as the Jong) and Rokel (also known as the Seli) river basins. The more significant tributaries in the

project area include the Little Scaries, Bankasoka, Mabole, Pampana and Tonkolili Rivers. The upper

courses of those rivers commencing in the Sula Mountains, and the interior plateaux region generally, are

shallow during the long dry season, while the lower courses remain fuller and deeper presumably due to

progressive influx of baseflow. The interior planes are subject to flooding during the wet season due to the

relatively subdued relief of these areas. In the costal swamp area, rivers are affected by a tidal range of 2

to 3.5 m and experience severe flooding during the wet season.

The transport corridor commences at the mine-site in the Sula Mountains and loosely follows the Tonkolili

River to its confluence with the Rokel, River. Flow in the Rokel River is controlled by the release of water

from the Bumbuna hydroelectric dam, located approximately 11 km upstream from the confluence with the

Tonkolili River. After crossing north over the Rokel River, the corridor loosely follows the drainage divide

between the Rokel River to the south and the Mabole River to the north. Between the Rokel River crossing

and Makeni, the corridor runs for approximately 30 km through an undulating topography of the interior

plains. Water quality of the Tonkolili and Rokel Rivers in this region are typically fresh with neutral to

slightly acidic pH. The Mabole River flows north east away from the transport corridor where it discharges

to the Little Scarcies River.

From Makeni to Lunsar the corridor runs for 55 km through flatter topography where the major rivers,

Mabole to the north and Rokel to the south meander through areas of low-lying swamp land. Many of the

minor rivers crossing the corridor run northwards towards either the Mabole River or the Bankasoka River.

During the dry season, most of the minor tributaries to the Mabole, Bankasoka and Rokel Rivers are dry

with some of the larger tributaries containing either stagnant pools of water or very low flow. The Tabai and

Bankasoka rivers (where crossed by the existing road) contained stagnant pools of water during February

-1

2010 characterized by low EC (19 to 22 µS.cm ) and slightly acidic pH (5.76 to 6.09 pH units).



From Lunsar to Port Loko the landscape is characterised by low topographic relief and wetland areas.

The corridor runs along the catchment boundary between the Bankasoka and Rokel Rivers. A higher

occurrence of small ephemeral streams is noted in this area. On reaching Port Loko, the route crosses

north over the Bankasoka River (Port Loko Creek) which is noted to have a high flow all year round. Water

-1

quality measurements taken at this location indicated the water to be fresh with an EC value of 22 µS.cm ,

pH of 6.64.

From Port Loko to Pepel Island, the topographic relief is minimal and streams are inter-spaced with

marshes and wetlands. This subtle change in topography and vegetation cover marks the progression into

the coastal swamp and estuarine area with islands and sand bars. The corridor continues to follow the



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north-south catchment divide between the Little Scarcies River to the north, which becomes large as it

enters tidally controlled water, and Bankasoka River (Port Loko Creek) to the south. Very few flowing rivers

were observed in close proximity to the corridor during the dry season (February 2010).



The hydrogeological conditions along the transport corridor vary as the corridor crosses several of the

major geological units present in Sierra Leone. However, the hydrogeology can be divided broadly

into two main zones:

1. Basement outcrop - a weathered profile of thin Tertiary and/or Quaternary alluvial sediments

are likely to form an upper, unconfined aquifer unit. Records indicate that the basement rock

is, on average, 20 m bGL with the depth to water recorded at around 10 m bGL. The extent of

weathering and the depth to basement will be variable across the corridor area and will be

largely controlled by topography and basement geology. The majority of the transport corridor

between the mine site and Port Loko is expected to encounter this conceptual hydrogeological

setting;



2. Coastal sediments - The coastal sediments of the Bullom Group forms a belt along the entire

length of Sierra Leone shown to reach at least 60 m thick, generally comprising layers of

clays and sands. The sand layers represent either unconfined or confined freshwater

aquifers. Groundwater flow is controlled by surface topography. Groundwater discharges

either to swamp areas, freshwater streams or directly to the sea.

Within the basement outcrop zone, water levels are likely to fluctuate significantly between wet and dry

season as rainfall infiltration provides annual recharge. Groundwater flow is expected to be controlled by a

combination of surface topography and basement elevation, but will predominantly flow towards the major

rivers draining the catchments.

Aquifer parameters are largely unknown for this region. Water quality is generally fresh with EC ranging

from 100 to 200 µS.cm-1 and pH from 5.9 to 6.8 pH units. This aquifer has been observed to be widely

exploited by local communities who use hand dug wells to access a potable groundwater supply.

Within the coastal sediments zone which occupies the remaining western section of the corridor from

Port Loko to Pepel., the sediments of the Bullom Group comprises gravels, grits, sands and clays of

lacustrine, estuarine, deltaic and marine origin. This unit forms a coastal belt along the entire length of

Sierra Leone and is likely to be encountered along the corridor at some point west of Port Loko.

The Bullom Group overlies the basement rocks of the Kasila Series and has been shown to be at least

60 m thick. The basement rocks outcrop in a few places in the estuaries of the Little Scarcies and Great

Scarcies rivers and it is probable that the sediments are comparatively shallow throughout the greater part

of this area. The sediments in the northern section of the belt consist of horizontally layered, cemented grits

and sands, and recent river sands and silts. In this section of the belt, light to dark bluish-grey clays are

overlain by brown, red or magenta, angular and poorly graded sands. The sandy layers of the Bullom

Group represent either unconfined or confined freshwater aquifers. Rainfall recharge to the unconfined

water table results in large annual fluctuations in the water levels which closely follow topography.

Groundwater flow is controlled by topography with groundwater flow from higher to lower ground where

groundwater discharges either to swamp areas, freshwater streams or directly to the sea. Aquifer

properties are not well understood, however tests conducted in the Bullom Group suggest a hydraulic



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-1



conductivity value of 5 x 10-4 m.s for the sand units. Groundwater is extremely fresh (< 100 µS.cm-1) even

in close proximity to the coast line and is generally slightly acidic with an average pH of 5.1. Groundwater

of the Bullom Group is extensively used as a potable supply to local communities and is also exploited by

the national water supply company SALWACO on the Tagrin peninsula.



6.3.6 Soils & Land-use

To date, no baseline studies to characterise the physio-chemical properties of soils have been

undertaken in the transport corridor. Limited geotechnical investigation works including auguring and

trial pitting are currently being carried out along the transport corridor and some drilling is proposed at

potential river crossings. This work will allow development of soils descriptions and the Sierra Leone

Agricultural department have been approached with regard to providing input based on their past and

ongoing work as well as potential photo-interpretation of recent project imagery.

Preliminary qualitative information on land-use has been acquired during Phase 1b biodiversity

studies (flora, fauna and freshwater) in the transport corridor. While some undisturbed habitats remain

(e.g. remnant riverine primary forest), a significant proportion of land in the transport corridor is now

used for subsistence agriculture, charcoal production and settlements. Non-location specific

harvesting of medicinal plants and bushmeat hunting also occurs.



6.3.7 Geology & Geomorphology

Limited project-specific geotechnical drilling is currently being undertaken along the rail alignment

within the transport corridor and reports will be available after presentation of this ESHIA document.



6.3.8 Socio-Economic & Human Health

The socio-economic and human health baseline of these areas have been characterised using a

range of survey techniques at a coarse level and the results have been aggregated and described in

a generalised manner in the Regional Setting chapter, Section 5.4. Although further baseline

description is underway, it is assumed for the time being that the generalised description is an

adequate characterization of the communities along the transport corridor and the baseline is not

expected to be significantly different from the regional overview. The chemical results of soil,

vegetation, fish tissue, surface water and groundwater samples collected during site visits will be

studied and potential concerns highlighted in the next phase of works (see Section 8 for more

information on the next stage of work).



6.4



Port Facilities



6.4.1 Air Quality

Pepel Port is currently not in use. The large majority of remaining plant and facilities at the time of the

review were either in an abandoned state and/or disrepair. Preliminary enabling works associated

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with preparation for the refurbishment and re-engineering of the facilities is planned to commence in

mid 2010. Potential sources of air emissions identified in this area are vehicle traffic (exhaust

emissions and dust generated on unpaved roads) and fires caused by the population for different

uses (cooking, waste burning, etc.).

During the air monitoring campaign, described in Section 6.2.1, passive sampling tubes were installed

to monitor nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2). The sampling locations at Pepel Port,

shown in Figure 6-1 are listed in Table 6-9. The pollutant concentrations of NO2 and SO2 obtained

from the laboratory analysis are listed in Table 6-10.

Table 6-9 Locations for Air Quality Monitoring Campaign at Pepel Port

Location



Coordinates



Remarks



PA10



28P 713986 948893



Pepel Port. On a column of an abandoned building facing the sea.



PA11



28P 713608 948933



Pepel Port. At the meteorological Station.



PA12



28P 714432 949659



Pepel Port. In crops by a blue inhabited house on the seafront at

the main settlement on the island.



PA13



28P 713850 950828



Pepel Port. On the roadside from the Road to Pepel in a cleared

area between the palm trees.



Table 6-10 Results of Baseline Air Quality Monitoring Campaign at Pepel Port

Loc.



PA10



Exposure

time

(hours)



458.58



NO2 Analysis



SO2 Analysis



µg.m-³



WHO

limit

(µg.m-³)



Comments



µg.m-³



WHO limit

(µg.m-³)



Comments



4.2



40



Spider found

(web removed

from tube before

dispatch)



6.5



1255



-



(1 year)



(24 hours)



PA11



458.33



3.7



-



5.9



-



PA12



457.00



5.4



Spider found

(web removed

from tube before

dispatch)



8.1



-



PA13



457.33



3.1



-



6.8



-



5



Target 1 for SO2 limit (WBG)



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The observed baseline atmosphere pollutant concentrations of NO2 and SO2 in the study area are an

order of magnitude below the limits set for NOx and SO2 by the World Bank (World Bank General

Environmental Guidelines, IFC, 2007).



6.4.2 Noise

A noise baseline survey was conducted during the initial site visits using the locations N15 to N20

shown in Figure 6-2 as measurement points for the facilities at Pepel Port. The results of the baseline

survey are listed in Table 6-11.

Table 6-11: Results of Baseline Noise Monitoring Campaign at the Pepel Port Facilities

Geographical Location



LAeq

(dB(A))



ID



Coordinates



N15



28 P 714320

951474



28.2



N16



28 P 713788

950900



36.9



N17



28 P 713515

948988



28.9



N18



28 P 713608

948933



41.8



N19



28 P 713986

948893



33.7



N20



28 P 714047

948879



30.2



Measurement Date

Date



Meteorological Data



Hour



T (ºC)



Wind speed

(km/h)



10:40



36.2



No wind



13:40



36.4



No wind



17/02

2010

17/02

2010

12:40



35.2



Isolated from

background noise by

Stockpiles



12.20



35.2



3.6



Background noise

(intense) from nearby

(600 m) workers /

people



11:40



34.7



3.8



Background noise from

birds and activity at

Pepel Port



12:00



34.7



2.5



Isolated site between

Pepel buildings and

shore



17/02

2010

17/02

2010



In a forest clearing



4.3



17/02

2010



On existing railway

among mangrove

forest at Pepel Creek



Birds singing



17/02

2010



Remarks



Results at location N18 were higher than at other locations, but the field observations confirmed that

they correspond to background noise from nearby workers / people at a distance of approximately

600 m.



6.4.3 Archeology & Cultural Heritage

The significance of sites of archaeological value (in-situ) and cultural heritage factors has been

initially screened by discussion with in-country ESHIA practitioners. The preliminary advice indicated

that it was likely there would be limited and in some areas negligible sensitivity. Development of an



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understanding of the importance of marine and terrestrial archaeology, burial sites, Society Bush

areas and other important heritage factors has already been included in a number of baseline studies.

Integration of this information with a specialist assessment into a review of possible project impacts is

still underway.



6.4.4 Ecology & Biodiversity

Vegetation

The Pepel Port area is comprised of farmbush, plantations, settlements, vegetable gardens and wild

oil palm. The wider Pepel Port land lease area and the rest of Pepel Island also hosts mangroves,

mangrove / freshwater ecotone, oil palm and Acacia mangium plantations and grassland vegetation.

The conservation significance of the mangroves is medium, while all other habitats are classified as

low significance.

Terrestrial Fauna

A Phase 1b rapid assessment of six sites around the Sierra Leone River Estuary was conducted

during the dry season. The area does not appear to have significant habitat value for terrestrial large

mammals, reptiles or amphibians, however it does represent a very important (significant) wintering

area for bird species. The significance of the area for bird species is reflected in the estuaries

designation as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention (1971) and an

Important Bird Area by BirdLife International.

Aquatic Ecosystems

During the Phase 1b rapid assessment, no freshwater aquatic environments were identified on Pepel

Island.



6.4.5 Hydrology & Hydrogeology

Groundwater is the principle source of potable water supply to the inhabitant of Pepel Island. This is

in part due to the lack of a dependable fresh surface water resource, and because Pepel Island is

underlain by one of the most productive aquifers in Sierra Leone, the coastal deposits of the Tertiary

Bullom Group. The group outcrops over the high ground in the form of elevated terraces and extends

to depths of at least 60 m (SRK geotechnical investigation, 2009), possibly up to 120 m thick

(Strasser-King, 1979). The groundwater beneath Pepel Island is expected to comprise a relatively thin

lens of fresh water and become saline with depth; a common feature associated with coastal aquifers.

It is interpreted that the lens is thickest under the elevated terraces, becoming thinner towards the

coast as groundwater elevations approach mean sea level.

Groundwater samples were collected from wells on Pepel in and near the port area during a recent

site visit (March/April 2010) to assess whether historical activities at the port may have had a

detrimental effect on groundwater quality in the area. Background samples were collected from

comparison from wells further north on the island where industrial activities are very unlikely to have



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impacted on groundwater quality. Water sampling locations are shown on the map of Pepel Island in

Appendix 16.

The tests showed that at one location only (PPGW001) sulphate was elevated relative to the UK

drinking water guideline value (250 mg.L-1) south of the old stockpile area. Although arsenic

concentrations in all soil sampling locations bar one, were above the detection limit arsenic in waters

was below the guideline concentrations of 0.01 mg.L-1 at all locations. No other potential

contaminants of concern tested above concern levels.

During recent monitoring works, field parameters (electrical conductivity, pH, redox and temperature)

were recorded at sampling locations. Electrical conductivity values ranged between 70 μS.cm-1 and

200 μS.cm-1 (an outlier of 500 μS.cm-1 was measured in May 2010 at PPGW008 a recently drilled

relatively deep water well,) representative of fresh water. A significant exception was the waters

sampled from location PPGW001, located at the edge of the swamp area. The EC value for this water

sample was above the maximum detection limit of the instrument (3900 μS.cm-1), which is indicative

of saline water. The location of this well suggests that it will be impacted by influx of saline water at

high tides. The pH of the groundwater is acidic, ranging between 4.5 and 6.57 pH units.

There are no significant freshwater rivers present on Pepel Island; however, numerous ephemeral

streams are present during the rainy seasons. Runoff from the high ground during the wet drains into

the mangrove swamps. In the swamps themselves, there are a number of creeks discharging into the

sea. Estuarine swamps lie at an elevation of less than 1 m above mean sea level (m amsl) and are

subject to tidal flooding. The island is separated from the mainland by a channel, at least 100 m in

width. One surface water sample was collected from a creek adjacent to Pepel Bridge. An electrical

conductivity reading above the maximum detection limit (3900 μS.cm-1) was recorded for this sample

which is indicative of saline water.



6.4.6 Soils & Land-use

A baseline study to characterise the chemical properties of soils within the former Pepel Port facility

was recently undertaken (March-April 2010). The study included the analyses of several surface soil

samples collected from areas within the former port facility to characterise ground conditions

associated with the site’s former use as an industrial facility and hence provide the baseline reflecting

the Brownfield character of this site. The sampling and analysis were designed to test for potential

impact of historical contaminative activities associated with operation of the port (i.e. refuelling, fuel

storage, power generation). Soil samples were also collected from outside former work areas to

obtain information on the background soil characteristic of the area. Sampling locations are shown on

the map of Pepel Island in Appendix 16.

As part of an initial screening exercise, soil concentrations were compared with suitable

WorleyParsons (UK) derived generic criteria in order to identify contaminants of potential concern to

human health. As part of the screening process, each contaminant is compared to three guideline

values which were derived considering three different land use scenarios (i.e. residential land use

with vegetable uptake and without vegetable uptake and commercial land use with hard cover).



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The assessment found that none of the contaminant soil concentrations exceeded commercial land

use guideline values. However, arsenic, benzo(a)pyrene and aliphatic compounds (C16-C35)

concentrations exceeded the derived guideline values for residential land use with or without

vegetable uptake at some locations which are discussed in more detail below.

Arsenic concentrations were above the detection limit of 0.6 mg.kg-1 at all locations with exception of

sampling location PPSS004 within the port area near the rail line but remote from any area of

significant industrial activity. The highest concentration (197 mg.kg-1) was measured at location

PPSS006, which sampled soils in an historically coal tar lined gulley adjacent to the former

powerhouse. This concentration is six times greater than the residential guideline value of 35mg.kg-1

for areas with no vegetable uptake. It is possible that arsenic occurs naturally in local soils (the result

of weathering of arsenic-rich bedrock, i.e. metamorphics). However, the occurrence of significantly

higher concentrations within former port work areas indicates that these activities have contributed to

arsenic levels in soils.

Aliphatic compounds (C16-C35) exceeded the residential guideline value (9.1 mg.kg-1) at several

locations within the former working areas. The highest concentration (1830 mg.kg-1) was measured in

the soils collected from location PPSS006 which is described above.

Benzo(a)pyrene concentration exceeded the residential guideline value at two locations (PPSS001

near the refurbished AML training room and PPSS013 adjacent to rail tracks by the former fuel

storage tanks area). Benzo(a)pyrene is a contaminant often associated with coal tar. Heavily

weathered tarry material is present at Pepel Port at a number of locations where a worker confirmed

that coal tar was used to provide a seal to protect ground from being contaminated by spills of fuels in

the vicinity of the former fuel depot.

Iron concentrations ranged between 9750 mg.kg-1 (PPSS017) and 178000 mg.kg-1 (PPSS013).

These high concentrations are not considered to pose a risk to human health, as iron is not toxic to

human health. However, elevated dissolved iron in surface waters with a low pH, can impact on

aquatic life, especially in circumstance where acidic waters mix with more alkaline waters. Under

these conditions, dissolved iron would start to precipitate out of solution to form an iron oxide orange

stained sludge which will coat the river/stream bed. This coating will kill bottom dwellers, which in turn

will have a knock on effect (e.g. reduced food source) on the larger aquatic environment.

Preliminary qualitative information on land-use has been acquired during Phase 1b biodiversity

studies (flora, fauna and freshwater) in the Pepel Port facility area. In addition to remaining

mangroves, land in the Pepel Port area is used for subsistence and commercial agriculture (oil palm

and Acacia plantations), charcoal production and settlements.

Potential sources of contamination associated with the historical operation of the port remain and

include stockpiled and dispersed hematite product from the former operations, hydrocarbons and

solvents associated with fuel farms, workshops, loco sheds and the power house and transformer

stations. Asbestos containing materials were also identified and tested and demonstrated to contain

chrysotile asbestos.



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6.4.7 Geology & Geomorphology

It is understood that limited project-specific geotechnical test pitting and auguring has been

undertaken to date at the proposed port site and interpretation and reporting will be available after

issue of this ESHIA report. Published data and recent drilling for water well installations confirm the

presence of at least approximately 40m of sedimentary sequence of clay, silt and sand and consistent

with the Bullom Group which outcrops along the entire length of the Sierra Leone coastline.



6.4.8 Socio-Economic & Human Health

The socio-economic and human health baseline of these areas have been characterised using a

range of survey techniques at a coarse level and the results have been aggregated and described in

a generalised manner in the Regional Setting chapter, Section 5.4. Although further baseline

description is underway, it is assumed for the time being that the generalised description is an

adequate characterization of the communities along the port area and the baseline is not expected to

be significantly different from the regional overview.

Data collected from the field studies conducted in March 2010 for other relevant disciplines will also

be considered for the health impact assessment. In the Pepel Port area, the pH levels measured at a

number of wells and surface water sampling locations in the project area were outside of the

generally accepted drinking water range of 6.5-8.5 (WHO 2007). WHO have not established a

drinking water guideline for pH, stating that ‘values in drinking-water are well below those at which

toxic effects may occur’; they do, however, remark that pH is an important operational water quality

parameter (WHO 2008). pH can have indirect effects on water quality and health. It is known that

heavy metals and base cations can be mobilized by increasing acidity in groundwater and soil.

The number of samples collected for the baseline study was low. Better definition of the water

chemistry, is required before potential health impacts can be fully defined. Additional testing be

carried out in the next phase of works (Section 8) will more accurately define the surface and

groundwater quality in the Pepel Port catchment area to ensure that appropriate health based

guidelines are met. Testing should include metals, routine potability and microbial parameters.

The baseline soil and marine sediment programs identified elevated heavy metal concentrations

below commercial international standards (CCME) in the Pepel Port area (Sections 6.4.6 and 6.5).

Soil samples collected from the Port area contained concentrations of arsenic, benzo[a]pyrene, and

hydrocarbons C16-C35 in concentrations greater than residential guidelines with or without vegetation

uptake. Sediment samples and intertidal sediment samples were identified to contain arsenic,

chromium and lead concentrations greater than international standards.

In addition, baseline surveys and in-country visits identified materials such as asbestos sheeting,

presumably scavenged from Pepel Port and used in local communities as building materials.

The chemical results of soil, vegetation, fish tissue, surface water and groundwater samples collected

during site visits will be studied and potential concerns highlighted in the next phase of works (see

Section 8 for more information on the next stage of work).



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6.5



Offshore & Coastal



6.5.1 Marine Physical Environment

Ocean Climate

Accurate bathymetry data for Pepel is not yet available. Although UK admiralty charts do exist, there

are discrepancies between these charts and field observations. In particular, depths around the old

navigation channel have reduced following the port’s closure and discontinued maintenance dredging

(Scott Wilson, 2009).

Located further inside the estuary, tidal variations at Pepel Island are less than in Freetown. Data

from the UKHO (Admiralty Chart no. 625) shows a mean water variation of approximately 2.9m at

spring tides and 2.2m at neap tides.

A 2D hydrodynamic model (DHI MIKE) developed for this project estimated the maximum current

speeds (tides only) in the main channel at Pepel to be 0.82 m/s (WorleyParsons, 2010a). The model

utilised charted bathymetry and predicted water levels and these values are treated with caution. The

model will be improved and a more detailed analysis will be provided in the final ESHIA report based

on calibration against observed data.

The influence of waves in the Pepel part of the estuary is expected to be very low as there is

protection from the open waters of the Atlantic by Tagrin Point and sand banks and bars in the

estuary mouth.

Water and Sediment Quality

Basic water quality parameters have been measured nearshore Pepel (site P1). Figure 6-3 shows the

preliminary results from February 2010. Further data will be available for the Stage 2 ESHIA. The

results show the variability in turbidity with the tidal cycle. The waters are highly turbid during mid-ebb

flow, as expected.



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Figure 6-3 Water quality plot at sample location P1, February 2010



Depth



400



8



300



6



200



4



100



2



0



0



40

30

20

10

0



Temp (C)



pH (unit)



Depth (m)



Turbidity (NTU)



Turbidity



EC (mS/cm)



13/02 13/02 13/02 14/02 14/02 14/02 14/02 14/02 14/02 14/02 14/02 15/02 15/02

15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00 3:00



Dry season marine baseline assessment in March 2010 was undertaken around Pepel Island and the

proposed dredge channel and spoil ground. The survey was undertaken over ten days and samples

were collected from 12 sites. Sample locations around Pepel are shown in Figure 6-4.

Water and sediment samples were collected and analysed for their physical and chemical properties.



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Figure 6-4 Water quality and sediment sample locations close to Pepel



None of the water samples taken during the March 2010 environmental survey reveal concentrations

which are above international water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. The baseline

conditions of estuarine water quality at Pepel are therefore good.

Results for total suspended solids (TSS) describe conditions during the ebbing tide as more turbid

than that of the flood. This is typical of surface run off carrying particulate matter into the estuary from

river channels on the ebbing tide. In contrast, less turbid marine waters enter the estuary on the flood.

Near Pepel measured TSS concentrations were < 5 mg/l around high water and approximately 40

mg/l at low water.

Sediment is well sorted in fast flowing sections of the estuary, ranging from good to moderate coarse

sand. Reduced current speeds behind Mayaba Island at sample location F result in finer particles

settling out of suspension resulting in a silt sediment.

Hydrocarbon analysis of sediments sampled close to Pepel display an increase in total hydrocarbon

concentration at location D. Location D is situated at the end of a trestle, which is part of the existing

port structure. A possible explanation for increased hydrocarbon concentrations at this location is that

vessels would have spent relatively long periods of time at the trestle whilst loading ore and fuel and

or oil could have been spilt at this time. The trestle is also an area of shelter for fish and artisanal

fishermen were observed fishing there during the survey. F fuel may have been accidentally spilt by

these fishermen. A further potential source of hydrocarbon contamination at location D is transport

from other locations, carried in the water column and deposited as the current slows at and around



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the protruding trestle – this is not supported by the sediment type however, which is indicative of a

fast flowing location.

Sediment nutrient concentrations are comparatively elevated at sample Location D. The trestle at this

location may be responsible for slowing the current and causing particulate matter to fall out of

suspension. The trestle also provides habitat for fish, which may also deposit organic matter to the

sediment.

Heavy metal concentrations in the sediment are elevated at Location F but not at Location D. Arsenic

and Chromium concentrations are above international sediment quality guidelines (Canadian CCME)

at Location F, but do not exceed the probable effects level.

Sediments were also collected from the intertidal and coastal zone in April 2010 as part of the soil

monitoring campaign (see Figure 6-5).

Figure 6-5 Intertidal sediment sample locations



Results from the baseline survey of heavy metal contamination in the intertidal zone at Pepel show

readings which indicate:





Arsenic is above sediment quality guidelines6 at location PPSS016. Arsenic is a toxin and

can reduce benthic invertebrate abundance, increase mortality, and induce behavioural

changes depending on its chemical form and resulting bioavailability (CCME, 2010).



In the absence of national or international standards the Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines for the Protection

of Aquatic Life (Update 2002) are used, which are based upon recognised toxicological methods.



6



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Chromium is above sediment quality guidelines in both locations. Chromium is a toxin and

can decrease diversity and abundance, increase mortality, and induce behavioural changes

in benthic organisms, among others (CCME, 2010).







Lead is above sediment quality guidelines at locations PPSS015. Adverse biological effects

of Lead in the benthos include increased mortality, decreased invertebrate abundance and

diversity, and abnormal development (CCME, 2010).



Many of the contaminants are naturally associated with iron and are likely the remnants of past ore

handling operations at the port (CCME, 2010).



6.5.2 Coastal and Marine Habitats

Pepel Port lies in an area of high ecological value associated with extensive mangrove forests within

one of the core areas of the Sierra Leone Ramsar site.

The coastal habitat of Pepel Islands consists of mangroves, mudfalts and sandflats and a small sandy

beach near the community settlement. The habitats have been mapped based on high resolution

aerial and satellite imagery. The results were ground-truthed during the marine environmental site

survey.

Figure 6-6 Mudflats located around Pepel Island. The Red shaped areas representing the

location of the Mud Flats



The Mangrove forest play an important ecological and socioeconomic role, particularly in relation to

coastal fisheries for prawns and fish, as a source of wood products, as nutrient sinks, and for

shoreline protection (Rönnbäck, 1999). The mangrove communities observed near Pepel Island were

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mostly comprised of more than one species. The mangrove cover was mostly comprised of low

regrowth (up to 5 m high) with few trees of a large size (i.e. taller than 10 m). The dominant group of

mangrove species that have been identified are the Black Mangroves (Avicennia germinans

(africana)), White Mangroves (Laguncularia racemosa), Button mangroves (Conocarpus erectus) and

Red mangroves (Rhizophora racemosa, Rhizophora mangle, Rhizophora x harrisonii).

Full mangrove mapping based on high resolution aerial surveys and field surveys is ongoing to

identify the key mangrove species in Pepel Island. The preliminary results of this mapping are

provided in Figure 6-7

Figure 6-7 Mangrove species distribution at Pepel Island



6.5.3 Marine and avifauna

The shallow waters of the mud flats in the mangroves are nursery grounds for shrimp species

(Portconsult, 1996). Molluscs are found in the estuarine and mangrove creeks and include the

mangrove oyster (Crassostrea tulipa), the brackish and estuarine intertidal cockle (Senilia senilis),

and the sub-littoral rock oyster (Crassostrea denticulate) (Chaytor & Aleem 1976). The bivalves

include Iphigenia laevigatum, Tagelus angulatus and Tellina nymphalis, and the gastropods include

Cymbrium spp., Tympanotonus fuscatus and Semifusus morio (Lorax, 2009). No specific information

is available regarding fish or shelfish species in the surroundings of Pepel Island. However, artisanal

fishery, including shelfish collection activity, appears to play an important role in the local communities

as observed during the field survey. Further survey and consultation will be included in the Stage 2

ESHIA.

A survey below the Pepel trestle during the marine environmental baseline survey found the sub-sea

structures were covered with oysters (Crassostrea spp) and fish species Silver Dollar (Metynnis spp)

was also observed.



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No specific information is available on the marine mammals or sea turtles in the surroundings of

Pepel Island. However, it is unlikely that they would inhabit areas this far up the estuary. Marine

mammal and turtle studies will continue into the next phase of work.

Pepel Island is part of the core area of Sierra Leone’s only Ramsar site and there are expected to be

wading birds on the mud/sand flats. The mangroves will provide further valuable habitat for birds.

There are no specific ornithological records available that are specific to Pepel, although several bird

counts have been conducted in the Tagrin-Pepel areas, which are described in Section 5.3.4. All of

which highlighted species richness. A detailed bird survey at Pepel is underway.



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7



POTENTIAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION

Impact Identification & Evaluation



7.1

7.1.1



Techniques for Impact Identification & Evaluation



Methodology

Baseline knowledge identifies the environmental and social parameters that may be affected by the

proposed project. The potential positive and negative changes resulting from the project are predicted

for the study area over the life of the project. These predicted changes (impacts) are then evaluated

using a significance ranking process. An outline of the impact assessment procedure is as follows:





Identification of the valued receptors;







Identification of the key project activities;







Impact evaluation; and







Significance ranking.



The impact evaluation step included identification of potential activity-receptor interactions prior to the

evaluation of impact significance (Aspects Identification).

Valued Receptors

A valued receptor (VR) is any element of the environment that is considered to be important or

valuable and merits detailed consideration in the ESHIA process. In this context the broadest

definition of ‘the environment’ is applied, such that VRs may be selected according to economic,

social, aesthetic or ethical criteria, as well as by consideration of physical, ecological and biological

characteristics. The process of selecting VRs may consider legal status, scientific or cultural value,

and public perception; and may account for the views of national or local government, international,

national or local non-governmental organisations, or the general public.

The selection of VRs is dependent on the nature of the proposed project; only those environmental

components that have the potential to be affected (positively or negatively) by the project are

selected. This depends on the types of interaction with the environment that the proposed project is

expected to have, given its component activities and area of influence. VRs may include components

affected by routine project activities as well as non-routine events.

In order to aid the impact significance rating process, each VR has been categorised as being of

either low, medium or high environmental value. This is based on various factors, including the

resilience of the receptor, its vulnerability to disturbance, its current status within the region of

influence, and its value as a resource. The categorisation may also take into consideration local,

national or international designations and legal protection status, if appropriate. The categorisation is

designed to provide a broad ranking of the VRs, as follows:



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Low - a VR that is considered important but which may not be particularly sensitive to impact,

and which is not subject to legal protection;







Medium- a VR that may be sensitive to impact or of considerable local importance;







High – a VR that is highly sensitive to impact, has national or international designations and/or

legally protected features, or is otherwise regarded as being of great importance.



Based on the environmental baseline of the study area, VRs have been identified and are listed by

category below in Table 7-1. It should be appreciated that these VRs have been chosen based upon

the data available at present. A review and ranking of appropriate VRs was undertaken and the list

below represents what was considered to be the most concise selection without becoming overaggregated or simplified. The selection of a relatively limited number of VRs was made in recognition

of the potential for a significant amount of cross-over in terms of secondary impacts between different

areas. Using limited and standardised VR has helped clarify where aspects from one domain are

capable of creating an impact in another domain.

Table 7-1 Valued Receptors

VR



Importance



Categorisation



A1



Good air quality is required for local population

health, soil, water and ecological health and

quality



High



Climate changes



A2



GHG are responsible for global climate change

and the local climate is important for the local

ecology



Medium



Noise



N1



Ambient noise might disturb near residents and

affect ecosystems



Medium



Soil



S1



Soil quality is important for sustaining

ecological services including agricultural

productivity, biodiversity, water quality and

human health.



Medium



Soil



S2



Soil structure is an important aspect in

preventing geo-hazards (mass wasting,

erosion, slumping etc)



Medium



Air Quality



Code



Groundwater



GW1



Groundwater quality. Human Health.



High



Groundwater



GW2



Groundwater quantity (resource)



High



Surface water



SW1



Surface water quality. Human Health.



High



Surface water



SW2



Surface water flow (resource)



High



Forest / River Channel / Mountain Grasslands



High



Natural / Semi-natural



E1



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VR



Code



vegetation

Farmbush / Plantations

/ Degraded Grasses



Terrestrial Fauna



Importance



Categorisation



species abundance, diversity and integrity for

the maintenance of ecological services

E2



E3



Human use, Vegetation cover - stabilising soils

Terrestrial species diversity and abundance

and integrity for the maintenance of ecological

services



Low



High



Source of bushmeat

Avifauna



Aquatic Ecosystems



E4



Aquatic species richness and abundance and

integrity for the maintenance of ecological

services



High



Subsistence fishing and food availability for

local populations

Marine and Coastal

Ecosystems



E5



Marine and Coastal

Ecosystems



E6



Marine and Coastal

Ecosystems



E7



Marine and Coastal

Ecosystems



E8



Visual Impact



V1



Marine species abundance, diversity and

integrity for the maintenance of ecological

services. Human Health.

Coastal habitats – mangrove, mud-flat, beach

Subtidal habitat.

Marine fauna

Visual and aesthetics values including lighting

and changes to structures & land forms



High



High

Moderate

High

Low



Loss of access roads (-ve)

Infrastructure Changes



Human - Local

communities (e.g.

potentially sensitive

receptors such as

infants and children,

invalids)



I1



Increased facility & infrastructure investment

(e.g. major roads, rail refurbishment, port

expansion, shipping) (+ve)



High



Protection of the health of the general

population is required.

H1



High



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VR



Importance



Categorisation



H2



Protection of the persons living in work camps

as well as in local communities is required;

however, the healthy worker effect reduces

sensitivity.



Medium



Human Development

Potential



H3



Increases in well-being not related solely to

health including social cohesion, education,

participation and good governance. Fisheries



High



Employment



H4



Broader up-skilling of local workforce. Greater

employment opportunity



Medium



H5



Marine archaeology, burial sites. Society Bush

is recognised as having an important cultural

significance. Society bush is protected on the

basis of ecological principles as well and

incorporated as such also under E1 and E3



Low



Human - Employees of

the Project (e.g. young

adult and adult

workers)



Cultural Heritage



Code



Project Environmental Aspects

The Project description provided in Chapter 3 of this document has been summarised into key

environmental aspects that will occur throughout the life of the project. An environmental aspect is an

element of the project's activities that can interact with the environment. The key environmental

aspects associated with the Project activities are presented in Appendix 2 Environmental Aspect

Register.

Impact Evaluation

An environmental impact can be considered as a change to the environment due to project activity.

Such change can be positive or negative. Environmental impacts may occur where an environmental

aspect (project activity) is denoted, and may be direct or indirect. The evaluation has been conducted

using the following basic criteria for defining an impact:



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Magnitude: this is an indication of the proportion of the VR that will experience the impact in

relation to the total resource within the project area. Impacts associated with project changes

that are widely distributed by nature are considered separately;







Spatial extent: the geographical area over which the impact is experienced (for some VRs this

can be equivalent to magnitude of impact); and







Duration: the length of time over which the impact will be experienced. An impact may be

present only while a project activity is active, or it could persist long after the project activity has

ceased, in which case the duration may be regarded as the time the VR needs to recover from

the effect.



Each potential impact is evaluated by applying descriptors to each of the above criteria, based on

qualitative or, to the extent possible, quantitative evaluation, as follows.













The magnitude of impact is allocated one of the following categories:

Very Low (1)



A very small proportion of the VR is affected;



Low (2)



A small proportion of the VR is affected;



Moderate (3)



A moderate proportion of the VR is affected;



High (4)



A large proportion of the VR is affected;



Very High (5)



A very large proportion or all of the VR is affected.



The spatial extent of impact is allocated one of the following categories:

Very Low (1)



Local impact in the immediate area of the activity;



Low (2)



Local impact in the study area;



Moderate (3)



Regional scale impact;



High (4)



National scale impact;



Very High (5)



Transboundary scale impact.



Duration of impact is described by one of the following categories:

Very Low (1)



less than one year;



Low (2)



one to five years;



Moderate (3)



five to ten years;



High (4)



greater than ten years;



Very High (5)



irreversible.



Where there is any uncertainty, a higher figure is assigned to an impact criterion, so as to reduce the

chance of underestimating an impact (i.e., the precautionary principle is applied), thereby minimising

risk (Crowfoot et al. 1990).



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Each potential impact is then allocated a ‘basic impact index’ obtained by averaging the numerical

values assigned respectively for magnitude, spatial extent and duration of impact. The average is

rounded up to a whole number where necessary; thus the basic impact index is a number between 1

and 5. Potential positive effects are noted as such but are not subject to further numerical

interpretation.

Assessment of Impact Significance

The final impact significance is the result of the combination of the basic impact index and the VR

categorisation, as shown in Table 7-2. Impact significance is described as either insignificant, minor,

moderate, major or catastrophic. These categories have been standardised with an overall Risk

Matrix categorisation that has been developed in the project’s feasibility study.

Table 7-2



Impact Significance



VR Category



Basic Impact Index

Very Low



Low



Moderate



High



Very High



1



2



3



4



5



Low



Insignificant



Insignificant



Minor



Moderate



Moderate



Medium



Insignificant



Minor



Moderate



Major



Major



Minor



Moderate



Major



Major



Catastrophic



High



Those impacts rated as moderate, major or catastrophic are considered to require additional

mitigation to that contained in the project’s base case design in order to eliminate the impact or,

where this is not possible, to reduce its significance to minor or insignificant.

Summary impact evaluation and significance assessment tables have been provided for each of the

discipline areas in the following sections.



7.1.2



Techniques for ESHIA Risk Assessment



Where it is recognised that a potential impact may occur on an infrequent basis, i.e. a non-routine

unexpected event, then the magnitude of the impact will need to be evaluated through risk

assessment and the results incorporated back into the impact assessment. For example, non-routine

unexpected events might include:





Accidental spillage







Failure of impounding facilities (eg. Bunding, containment, etc)







Geo-mechanical failure







Traffic incidents







Human error



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The risk assessment takes into account the consequence of the hazard and multiples it by the

likelihood of that consequence occurring to give a risk value. The risk assessment of identified nonroutine, unexpected events will be undertaken in the next phase of the Tonkolili Project.

Impact assessments are still pending however from this assessment to date, at a qualitative level no

specific process, chemical reagent, material or activity that would result in a catastrophic

consequence due to an accidental or non-routine event occurring has been identified.



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Mining Area



7.2

7.2.1



Air Quality



Construction

The most significant impacts on air quality may arise from dust emission generated during vegetation

clearance and earth movements (e.g., creation of new access routes, extraction of borrow material at

the mine, and surface grading and leveling for buildings and facilities construction). Pollutants emitted

by these activities are mainly coarse particles that do not result in human health effects.

Nevertheless, vegetation may be affected by particle deposition on leaves. Additionally, elevated

sedimentation in streams could occur with ensuing effects on aquatic organisms. This impact can be

mitigated by spraying the affected land surfaces with water under dry conditions.

Additionally, diesel generators used for power supply, vehicles and machinery exhaust gases will

contain several air pollutants (SO2, CO, NO2 and fine particles: PM10 and PM2.5). The use of efficient

machinery (vehicles, motors and pumps) and the use of a good practices policy will avoid

unnecessary fuel consumption (e.g., limit journeys, switch-off machinery when not in use, and reduce

diesel generators use to a minimum); and therefore, will minimise the potential impacts on air quality.

Other potential sources of air pollutants are uncontrolled fires used for cooking or heating and the

associated risk of the fire propagating. This impact could be controlled by instructing and supervising

construction contractors.

Operations

Activities undertaken in the mining area that may impact air quality are as follows:





Excavation works: Operations that involve blasting, drilling, movement of soil or exposure of

erodible surfaces will generate some volumes of fugitive dust. The majority of the particles

generated during these activities will exceed 10µm in size and will not be easily respired;

therefore, the emitted particles are not expected to generate impacts on human health. These

activities may impact air quality at the project boundaries, disturbing the nearest populations

and potentially reducing the photosynthesis capacity of vegetation by deposition on leaves.

The application of the proposed mitigation measures (see below) will reduce the negative

effects on air quality;







Material processing: The Crushing and Loading facility will be located southwest of Simbili.

The material processing emissions will be dependant on the mitigation measures to be

applied; properties of the material being disturbed (e.g. particles size or moisture content);

and meteorological conditions (wind speed and direction). Efficient mitigation measures at the

point sources (filters) and at the storage areas (water, chemical foam, partial enclosure for

screen or crushers and full enclosure) may reduce the potential effects;







Power supply generation: Generators and engines will produce exhaust emissions, the

amount of which will depend on the volume of fuel consumed and its sulphur content. The

expected pollutants are SO2, NOx, CO and PM10. Since the power requirements are not



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excessive and the project might use power from external suppliers, the impact's extension

and magnitude are not expected to be high. Diesel generators should be designed to comply

with the air quality standards for compliance with occupational health conditions and

boundary sampling locations;





Stockpiles: Total dust emissions from stockpiles result from various activities within the

storage cycle: loading of aggregate onto the storage pile, wind erosion of the pile and loading

of aggregate for continuing the process stream. Fines are easily released to the atmosphere

upon exposure to air currents; however, moisture can aggregate and bond fines to the

surfaces of larger particles and greatly reduce the potential of dust emission. Total particulate

emissions can be reduced from aggregate storage operations up to 90 percent (USEPA,

AP42 methodology, ref 13.2.4-1).



Potential Mitigation Measures

Generic recommendations for reducing impacts from construction and operational phase activities are

listed below:

Reduction of air quality impacts from dust emissions:





Suppress dust during dry periods by spraying water onto potential sources for airborne

particles (e.g., unpaved roads, stockpiles, earth being moved);







Cover truck loads to avoid dust emissions during transportation;







Keep vehicle movements to a minimum and use paved areas, where possible;







Minimise discharge heights from trucks (not to exceed 1 m) for fine particles and consider the

use of dust suppression spray systems;







Design stockpiles based on the wind pattern and consider installing windscreens;







Considering the installation of filters in the design of the Crushing and Loading Facility.



Reduction of air quality impacts from engine emissions:





Review machinery permits and ensure appropriate maintenance;







Limit unnecessary journeys and adopt a policy of switching off machinery and equipment

when not in use;







Consider a choice of machinery, equipment, vehicles and materials that are fuel-efficient as

part of the purchasing procedure.



Reduction of impacts from controlled and uncontrolled fires (airborne emissions):





Avoid uncontrolled fires;







Open fires will be prohibited. To limit air emissions, avoid accidents and reduce fire risk

during the construction phase;



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Table 7-3 Mining Area - Air Quality

Aspect



VR



Impacts



VR

Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Significance



1



Basic

Impact

Index

2



Moderate



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation

Minor



Land clearance



A1



Dust emissions. Particles

deposition on vegetation.

Visibility reduction.



High



2



1



Drilling, blasting and

mining activities



A1



Dust emissions. Particles

deposition on vegetation.

Visibility reduction. Health

effects.

Dust emissions. Particles

deposition on vegetation.

Visibility reduction. Health

effects.

Dust emissions (coarse and

fine particles). Particles

deposition on vegetation.

Visibility reduction. Health

effects.

Exhaust emissions (SO2, CO,

NO2, PM10 and PM2.5). Health

effects.



High



3



2



2



3



Major



Minor



Material processing



A1



High



3



2



2



3



Major



Moderate



Stockpiles



A1



High



3



2



2



3



Major



Moderate



Power supply



A1



High



3



2



4



3



Major



Moderate



Power supply



A2



Greenhouse gases emissions



Medium



1



5



4



4



Moderate



Moderate



Land clearance



A2



Local climate change due to

vegetation removal



Medium



4



1



3



3



Moderate



Minor



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Reason for

Change

Efficiency of

dust

suppression

measures

Efficiency of

dust

suppression

measures

Efficiency of

dust

suppression

measures

Moderate

Efficiency of

dust

suppression

measures

Mitigation

measures

should

ensure AQ

guidelines

compliance



Hard to

mitigate

Assumed

that

vegetation

will be

restored or



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TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT

naturally

recovered

Vehicles and machinery



A1



Exhaust emission. Dust

emissions in unpaved roads.

Particles deposition on

vegetation. Visibility reduction.

Health effects.



High



2



2



2



2



Moderate



Minor



Vehicles and machinery



A2



Greenhouse gases emissions



Medium



1



5



3



3



Moderate



Moderate



Uncontrolled fires



A1



Exhaust emissions (SO2, CO,

NO2 , PM10 and PM2.5).

Health effects. Risk of fire

propagation.



Medium



2



2



2



2



Minor



Insignificant



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Efficiency of

the proposed

measures to

minimize

pollutant

emissions

Hard to

mitigate

Mitigation

measures

should avoid

uncontrolled

fires



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7.2.2



Noise



Construction

Sources of noise emissions associated with the construction phase may include noise from

machinery engines, vehicles used for transport, loading and unloading of rock and materials, chutes

and power generation. Potential impacts are not limited to the project boundaries and will propagate

beyond. Mitigation measures described in this section should be applied near the populated areas

located close to the potential noise sources. Of special interest are villages close to the roads where

traffic will be high (Farangbaia, Wandugu and Furia).

Operations

The Phase 1 Mining Area spans the crest of Simbili and includes an area that extends 4 km southeast

to southwest, as shown in the project description from which the following information can be drawn:

Potential impacts on the bottom and top camps were analysed in the same manner as for villages on

the basis that residential use is projected for both camps. It is noted that the bottom camp will also be

used for laundry, kitchen, offices and vehicle parking.

For the purposes of this ESHIA, the following qualitative analysis describes the likely impacts:

Mining Activities

Mining activities will result in an increase in sound levels due to the operation of machinery.

The equipment to be used will consist of 3 hydraulic shovels (operating weight 380 t) and 21 haul

trucks (payload capacity 130-140 t). Blasting will occur twice per week and will generally be confined

to within the top 20 m of the excavation.

Ancillary equipment will include 2 water carts (130 t capacity), three track dozers (Caterpillar D10 or

equivalent), and 2 graders (Caterpillar 16 M or equivalent).

Machinery movements and motors will generate noise, but the potential impacts on ambient noise will

be limited to within 500 m of the sources. Assuming that occupational health limits are maintained for

noise power limits at the facility boundaries (85 dB(A)) then it is predicted that appropriate

environmental noise standards will be met at a distance of 500m from the facilities.

The noise from a blasting explosion in a canyon between mountains can be propagated over large

distances from the source, but as the blasting noise frequencies are low (2 to 25 Hz) the equivalent

dB(A) will be much lower than the ambient noise values. Audible frequencies are above 20 Hz. If AML

maintain blasting operation standards then the noise power and sound pressure at receptors should

be limited to within acceptable environmental noise standards within a distance of 500m from the

facilities.

If the expected safety measures are in place, the generated sound pressure levels dB(A) should not

generate impacts at the nearest receptors located several kilometres from the site.



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Noise impacts generated from blasting will be dependent on the following:

-



Blasting conditions (e.g., amount of explosive, hole size and depth and rock type);



-



Noise propagation conditions defined by the terrain.



Contractors Workshop

No specific information was available regarding the equipment that will be used in the workshop;

however, the close proximity of this facility to the camps and to Farangbaia village will necessitate

further layout planning to avoid noise impacts. Depending on the outcome of the lay-out planning

further mitigation measures such as attenuation screens may be required.

The nearest residential areas are located approximately 600 m from the facility, so it is not expected

that the populations will be significantly affected. Assuming that occupational health limits are

maintained for noise power limits at the facility boundaries (85 dB(A)) then it is predicted that

appropriate environmental noise standards will be met at a distance of 500m from the facilities.

Crushing and Loading Facility

No specific information was available regarding the acoustical emission of the equipment that will

produce noise in the facility; however, the proximity to Furia and the cumulative effect expected from

truck traffic indicate that mitigation measures should be applied or the village should be resettled.

The Aircraft Stand

Due to the proximity of the Aircraft Stand to villages and the camps, possible noise impacts, though

limited, must be studied. The air strip is only expected to be used for transporting mine workers and

hence aircraft movements will be scheduled according to staff mobilisation, as opposed to freight

movement.

The Aircraft Stand will likely be used for urgent shipments and light-aircraft, and a noise buffer around

the Stand and into the Farangbaia village should be considered. Aircraft noise is expected to be

directed primarily in concert with the take-off direction, and to a lesser extent in the landing direction.

Aircraft take-off routes should avoid populated or sensitive areas within 2 to 6 km, depending on the

aircraft to be used and the take-off routes. A more detailed assessment should be conducted before

the airstrip operations begin when the types and schedule of aircraft are known.

Roads

Both of the camps and the villages, Farangbaia, Wandugu and Furia, are located near unpaved roads

on which the volume of vehicle and truck traffic will be high. Due to the high noise levels expected

from these roads, noise at the camp accommodation buildings might exceed the Environmental,

Health, and Safety (EHS) IFC Guidelines for residential areas (45 dB(A) at night and 55 dB(A) during

the day). The camp design shall avoid locating the accommodation buildings and medical centres

near the road.

Potential Mitigation Measures

Noise emissions may occur during each stage of the mine cycle, in particular during construction and

operational activities.

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Generic recommendations for reducing impacts from activities to be conducted during the

construction phase of the project are listed below:





Use machinery and generators with ‘quiet’, ‘muffled’ or ‘silenced’ settings, when available;







Consider choices of machinery and equipment that guarantee low noise emissions;







As long as hoppers and dumper boxes are more than 500m from residential areas there is no

need for any special mitigation measure. If this machinery is within 500m then it is

recommended that elastic coatings are used;







Limit unnecessary journeys and adopt a policy of switching off machinery and equipment

when not in use;







Optimise internal-traffic routing to reduce the need to reverse vehicles (avoiding noise from

the reversing alarm) and to allow the maximum distances possible between traffic and the

nearest sensitive receptors;







Conduct regular inspections and maintenance of construction vehicles and equipment to

maintain smooth operation; and







Limit vehicle speeds in the vicinity of populated areas.



The preventive and corrective measures to reduce the impact on noise pressure during the

operational activities are defined below:





Correct blast design and charging is essential and should include a survey of the face profile

prior to design and continuous review of charge requirements.







The setting-out and drilling of blasts should be as accurate as possible, the drilled holes

should be surveyed for deviation along their lengths, and the blast design should be adjusted,

if necessary.







Particular care is necessary with a first blast. It may otherwise give rise to abnormally high

overpressure and vibration because there is no free face to give relief to the forces produced.

Blast noise is usually controlled by limiting the amount of explosive and employing staggered

detonation. Problems may occur if there are faults in the strata and other forms of

heterogeneity; blasting in tight corners; blasting near made ground; excessive charge and

non-compliance with manufacturers' tolerances/errors in explosives or detonators.

It is

assumed that expert computerised firing sequence control would remove most risk

associated with operator's error resulting in simultaneous detonation of more than one

charge/hole/deck.







Noise levels will need to be monitored under normal and blasting conditions considering the

day and night noise limits. If cumulative noise levels are exceeding criteria for sensitive

receptors, additional mitigation measures should be defined, such as sound barriers. If the

source of noise will not bee effectively mitigated by these barriers (e.g. due to aircraft noise),

then additional measures should be considered, such as noise isolation at the sensitive

receptors.



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Table 7-4 Mining Area - Noise Impacts

Aspect



VR



Impacts



VR

Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Significance



1



Basic

Impact

Index

2



Land clearance



Noise



Blasting and earth

movement



Reason for

Change



Minor



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation

Minor



Increase in noise levels due to

machinery operations



Medium



2



1



Noise



Increase in noise levels due to

blasting activities



Medium



3



2



2



3



Moderate



Minor



2



2



Minor



Insignificant



1



2



2



Minor



Minor



3



2



2



3



Moderate



Minor



4



3



2



3



Moderate



Moderate



Appropriate

blasting

management

should

minimize the

impact

Efficiency of

noise

isolation

Power

generation

noise is hard

to attenuate

Efficiency of

noise

barriers

Aviation

noise is hard

to attenuate



Material processing



Noise



Increase in noise levels due to

the mining process



Medium



2



2



Power supply



Noise



Increase in noise levels.



Medium



2



Vehicles and machinery



Noise



Increase in noise levels.



Medium



Airstrip



Noise



Increase in noise levels



Medium



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Land

clearance



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7.2.3



Ecology & Biodiversity



Construction

It is noted that impacts associated with Phase 1 mining activities overlap with likely impacts from the

other phases and may become more significant as the scale of the mining operations increases in the

course of the next project phases.

Vegetation



Conservation importance



The principal direct impacts will arise from the clearance of land within the footprint of the open pit

and associated infrastructure and the burial of vegetation in waste dump areas which will have a longterm to permanent impact on the current vegetation coverage. Vegetation that is not cleared or buried

may be indirectly impacted by alteration of drainage patterns and exposure to contaminated surface

runoff (contaminants may include petroleum products from operations and also mobilised trace

metals present in the hematite ore deposit). Further impacts may arise through the spread of invasive

species. These may also spread to undisturbed land following natural colonisation or deliberate

introduction in disturbed areas (where such species tend to thrive). An influx of people to the area will

increase the pressure on resources (e.g. clearance of land for agricultural use, subsistence and

commercial logging of timber). Impacts on fauna may further reduce natural colonisation by

indigenous plant species where fauna play a role in seed dispersal. The impact classification of these

impacts is influenced by the nature of the vegetation present in the area being impacted (defined as

high and low conservation importance for semi-natural or degraded vegetation respectively):



High



Low



Major

Land clearance;

burial; drainage

alteration;

exposure to

contaminated runoff; spread of alien

invasive species

-



Impact classification

Moderate

Minor

Increased local

human population;

reduced

dispersion of

seeds by fauna



Land clearance;

burial; drainage

alteration; spread

of alien invasive

species



Exposure to

contaminated runoff



Insignificant

-



Increased local

human population;

reduced

dispersion of

seeds by fauna



Terrestrial Fauna

The most significant potential impact is a change in species diversity and abundance (and potentially

a loss of species of conservation concern) through habitat loss and fragmentation directly associated

with the mining activities (such as vegetation removal) and indirectly through increased pressure due

to population influx on the resources in the area (such as increased vegetation removal for timber

supply and use as agricultural land). Displacement of terrestrial fauna may also occur through

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increased sensory disturbance as a result of the mining activities. Increases in local human

populations may increase hunting and bushmeat consumption. Bushmeat is an important source of

protein for local villages around the mining area. Food shortage has been identified in the social

surveys as an issue facing many villages, and therefore any significant ecological impacts (such as

ongoing displacement of fauna) as a result of the project-related activities may have indirect social

impacts. The impact classification of these impacts is as follows:





Major: habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, habitat disturbance and increase in hunting.







Moderate: displacement of fauna.



Aquatic Ecosystems

The most significant potential impact is a decrease in species richness and abundance through

deterioration of water quality in the area. Deterioration of water quality may occur through increased

sedimentation in aquatic environments as a result of sediment mobilisation during construction and

operation and / or changes in water chemistry that may arise from sediment runoff or acid rock

drainage from the mining activities (depending on the geochemical characteristics of the overburden /

ore). Direct modification of the aquatic environments within the vicinity of the Simbili deposit may also

occur during Phase 1 (for example diversion or obstruction of surface waters), which may cause the

loss of locally endemic species and concomitant impacts on subsistence fishing and food availability

for local populations. All of these impacts are classified as major.

Operations

The primary impact during the operations phase will be caused by the increase in population. This will

have regional significance for biodiversity and ecology receptors. This could create unintended

consequential impacts associated with increase in access and demand for natural resources.

Potential Mitigation Measures

The following mitigation measures have been identified for significant ecology and biodiversity issues:





Forest on hillslopes and Riverine forest are the most important habitats of conservation

concern in the wider Simbili pit area. Mining infrastructure should be planned outside the

forest patches and if this is not possible, a botanist should survey the affected forest well in

advance of the construction work to allow possible adjustments to be made.







Roads should be kept to the minimum width possible, commensurate with relevant design

and safety standards.







Minor in-stream infrastructure can constitute barriers to fish migration. Where possible, these

should be designed to be compatible with the passage of migratory stream organisms, and

crossings of any drainage lines or water bodies should have appropriate culverts built to

international environmental standards.







Plants belonging to species with conservation status Endangered (EN) or of Conservation

Importance (CR) should at all times be left undisturbed. Plants belonging to species with

conservation status Vulnerable (VU) should be left undisturbed as much as possible.



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STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT







Species of conservation concern which were found on the deposits or near proposed

infrastructure should be relocated to suitable localities outside the project area, by way of

seed collection and / or translocation of specimens.







Replanting of vegetation should use indigenous species and should be based on silvicultural

systems that promote natural ecosystem functions and that increase the probability that

native species and ecological processes will be maintained. Planting of exotic species in

natural forest areas should not be permitted.







Establish and enforce a total ban on the hunting and capture of wildlife by company

employees and contractors.







Recognizing the importance of wildlife as a protein source to indigenous peoples, government

and the company should cooperate with local communities in the development of sustainable,

community-based wildlife management programs.







Project affected communities should be supported in the development of improved animal

husbandry techniques and provided with starter stocks. This would be a positive contribution

to the livelihoods of people and also reduce demand for bushmeat and limit the impact of

hunting restrictions on local communities.







The project should investigate the potential for supporting local plantations, which would be

beneficial to the project, local livelihoods and the remaining natural forests (and therefore,

also for fauna).







Work with government to explore opportunities to control and minimise the uncontrolled inmigration of people into areas newly opened-up by road construction, especially along the

roads themselves. Uncontrolled in-migration will lead to further forest and wildlife losses and

compound pressures on existing human communities.







Consider biodiversity offsets to compensate for the unavoidable habitat loss (including

vegetation and fauna).







Increased sedimentation in the aquatic environments due to mobilization of sediments may

subsequently result in a change in fish distribution, with more turbid-tolerant species

becoming prevalent. Best practice erosion and sediment control measures should be

implemented during construction to minimise the significance of this impact.



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Table 7-5 Mining Area – Ecology & Biodiversity Impacts

VR



Impacts



VR Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Significance



5



Basic

Impact

Index

4



Major



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation

Major



5



3



4



3



5



4



Moderate



Moderate



3



3



5



4



Major



Major



3



3



4



3



Major



Moderate



4



3



5



4



Major



Major



4



3



5



4



Moderate



Moderate



3



3



5



4



Major



Major



3



3



4



3



Major



Moderate



3



3



5



4



Major



Major



Aspect

E1



Loss of biodiversity and sensitive habitat



E2



Loss of biodiversity and habitat



E3



Change in species richness and

abundance

habitat loss / disturbance / fragmentation

Decrease in species richness and

abundance through deterioration of

water quality in the area through

increased sedimentation



Land clearance

E4



High



Low



High



Blasting and Earth

Movement



Changes in drainage

pattern



High



E2



Loss of biodiversity and habitat



E3



Change in species richness and

abundance

habitat loss / disturbance / fragmentation

Decrease in species richness and

abundance through deterioration of

water quality in the area through

increased sedimentation or from runoff

of excess nitrates (used in blasting)



E4



Low



Best

international

practice to

be followed,

pending

further

evaluation

Area will be

affected

permanently



High



High



Loss of biodiversity and sensitive habitat

E1



Area will be

affected

permanently



High



Loss of biodiversity and sensitive habitat

E1



Reason for

Change



High



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Best

international

practice to

be followed,

pending

further

evaluation

Area will be

affected

permanently



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT

VR



Significance



5



Moderate



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation

Moderate



3



5



4



Major



Major



3



3



5



4



Major



Major



Burial will be

permanent



2



1



4



2



Moderate



Minor



Burial of vegetation



3



2



4



3



Major



Major



Loss of biodiversity through exposure to

contaminated run-off



2



2



4



3



Minor



Insignificant



Burial of vegetation



4



3



4



4



Moderate



Moderate



Decrease in species richness and

abundance through changes in water

chemistry from runoff of excess nitrates

(used in blasting) or acid rock drainage

from the mining activities

Increased pressure on timber



3



4



4



4



Major



Minor



Adherence

to

international

best practice

Burial is

irreversible

Adherence

to

international

best practice

Burial is

irreversible

Adherence

to

international

best practice



3



4



4



4



Major



Major



3



3



4



3



Major



Major



E2



Loss of biodiversity and sensitive habitat



E3



Change in species richness and

abundance

habitat loss / disturbance / fragmentation

Direct modification of the aquatic

environments - loss of locally endemic

species

Loss of biodiversity through exposure to

contaminated run-off



E4



E1



E2



VR Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Project induced influx

of workers and job

seekers



Low



4



3



3

High



High



High



Waste generation



Low



E4



Reason for

Change



Basic

Impact

Index

4



Impacts



Aspect



E1



High



High



Spread of alien invasive species



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Mitigation

will require

co-operation

between

AML and

local

partners –

pending

further

evaluation

Presently

unknown



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT

VR



Impacts



VR Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Aspect



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation



Reason for

Change

pending

further

evaluation



E2



Increased pressure on timber

Spread of alien invasive species



E3



Increase in hunting

Displacement of fauna



2

Low

High



3



2



2



Insignificant



Insignificant



4



3



4



4



Moderate



Moderate



4

2



3

2



4

3



4

2



Major

Moderate



Major

Moderate



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



7.2.4



Hydrology & Hydrogeology



Construction

Assessment of potential impacts on the hydrological and hydrogeological setting have been

conducted based on a Phase 2B – Reconnaissance Level baseline assessment carried out during

February March and April 2010. The following potential impacts have been identified during the

construction phase:





Erosion of exposed surfaces and loose material by wind, water and construction activities

generating higher sediment loads in surface runoff entering the Tonkolili and Mawuru Rivers

and their tributaries.







Increased potable and construction water demand may lead to over-abstraction of surface

water from nearby rivers leading to impacts on environmental flows and/or downstream users.







Uncontrolled discharge of sewage and other waste water to groundwater or directly to surface

water contaminating freshwater aquifers, waterways and impacting on human health and/or

aquatic ecosystems.







Uncontrolled release of drilling fluids associated with ongoing exploration, geotechnical or

hydrogeological drilling works. Potential impacts on aquatic ecosystems and downstream

potable water supply.



Operations





Modification and interruption of the existing hydrological regime of the Tonkolili and Mawuru

catchments. Excavation of the weathered cap of Simbili will interrupt the flow of several

springs discharging from the flanks of the deposit providing base flow to both rivers.







Alteration to the natural hydrologic regime of both catchments as excess water produced

during dewatering of the weathered cap is discharged.







Increased flood risk and/or increased flow rates in rivers following storm events due to the

loss of the buffering capacity of the Simbili weathered cap aquifer.







Increased water demand on site may lead to over abstraction from surface water bodies

leading to reduced environmental flows and impacts on downstream users.







Generation of contaminated runoff where rainfall infiltration comes in contact with stockpiled

waste rock. Rainfall infiltrating through the Phase 1 waste rock dump may become acidic

and/or leach metals from the waste rock before entering groundwater and surface water. Low

natural chemical buffering potential of groundwater and surface water exacerbates this risk.







The use of specific units of waste rock that may potentially be acid generating for construction

purposes could lead to surface and groundwater contamination.



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STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT







Increased recharge of rainfall to groundwater beneath waste rock dumps. The porous waste

rock dump may promote greater rainfall recharge and create a localised groundwater mound

beneath the dump potentially water-logging surrounding soils.







Uncontrolled release of toxic chemicals to the environment. A range of chemicals will be

stored and used during construction and mining activities. The most common chemicals

likely to be used are hydrocarbons (diesel fuel, oil and grease) and solvents. Where toxic

chemicals are present, the potential for spillages will exist.



Potential Mitigation Measures

The following mitigation measures have been identified for hydrology and hydrogeology issues that

are considered to have a significant impact:





Robust surface and groundwater monitoring programmes in order to establish comprehensive

baseline and identify any impacts to flows, turbidity and chemistry.







Treatment of all potentially contaminated wastewater sources prior to discharge to ground or

surface.







Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) study to assess likelihood of formation of acid waters from waste

rock dumps or areas where waste rock may be used as a fill or construction material.







Acid-base accounting of waste rock material to be applied in assessment of optimal dump

locations.







Appropriate engineering design measures to contain and capture potentially contaminated

water escaping rock dumps.







Detailed hydrological study to determine minimum required environmental flows in rivers

which may be affected by construction and mining operations.







Hydrochemical environmental study to determine potential sensitivity of local receptors to

changes in surface water and groundwater chemistry.



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Table 7-6 Mining Area - Hydrology & Hydrogeology

Aspect



VR



Impacts



VR Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation



Land clearance



SW1



Higher sediment loads in surface runoff

entering the Tonkolili and Mawuru rivers

and their tributaries (construction)



High



3



2



3



3



Major



Moderate



Blasting and

earthworks



SW2



Reduced surface water resources

(construction and operation)



High



2



2



5



3



Major



Major



SW2



Flooding (operational)



High



3



3



5



4



Major



Moderate



High



2



2



4



2



Moderate



Insignificant



High



2



2



4



2



Moderate



Insignificant



SW1



GW1



Surface water contamination from

uncontrolled use of acid generating

waste rock for construction purposes

(operational)

groundwater contamination from

uncontrolled use of acid generating

waste rock for construction purposes

(operational)



GW1



Contamination of water resources from

uncontrolled release of sewage and

other waste waters (construction)



High



3



3



2



4



Major



Insignificant



SW1



Contamination of water resources from

uncontrolled release of sewage and

other waste waters (construction)



High



3



3



2



4



Major



Insignificant



SW1



Contamination of surface waters from

uncontrolled release of drilling fluids

(construction)



High



2



2



2



2



Moderate



insignificant



SW1



Contamination of surface water



High



3



3



4



4



Major



Moderate



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Page 145

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Reason for

Change

Adherence

to

international

best practice

Impact will

be

permanent

Appropriate

design and

international

best practice

Detailed

studies,

adherence to

international

best practice

Detailed

studies,

adherence to

international

best practice

Adherence

to

international

best practice

Adherence

to

international

best practice

Adherence

to

international

best practice

Detailed



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Aspect



VR



Impacts



VR Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation



resources from contaminated runoff

(acidic and/or high metal concentrations)

(operational)



Resource utilisation



GW1



Contamination of groundwater resources

from contaminated runoff (acidic and/or

high metal concentrations) (operational)



High



3



2



4



4



Major



Moderate



GW2



Water logging of soils around waste rock

dump (operational)



High



1



1



4



2



Moderate



Insignificant



GW2



Reduced groundwater resources in

vicinity of camps where water may be

derived from groundwater (construction

and operation).



High



2



2



4



4



Major



Insignificant



SW1



Uncontrolled release of fuels and toxic

chemicals (construction and operational)



High



3



3



2



4



Major



Moderate



GW1



Uncontrolled release of fuels and toxic

chemicals (construction and operational)



High



2



2



4



4



Major



Minor



Chemical / fuels

storage and

utilisation



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Reason for

Change

studies,

adherence to

international

best practice

Detailed

studies,

adherence to

international

best practice

Engineering

design and

adherence to

international

best practice

Detailed

studies,

appropriate

design and

location of

abstractions

and water

resources

management

plan

Engineering

design and

adherence to

international

best practice

Engineering

design and

adherence to

international

best practice



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



7.2.5



Soils & Land Use



Construction

The principal direct impact will arise from land clearance or sterilisation / burial, leading to long-term

or permanent loss of soil resources and existing land-use capabilities at Simbili. Additional impacts

on soils that are not cleared or sterilised include contamination by windblown dusts (from bare

ground, blasting activities and plant movements), increased erosion or inundation due to the

modification of drainage patterns, compaction from vibration and loading under temporary

stockpiles/structures, contamination with hydrocarbons and other chemicals including diesel and

lubricant oils and explosives residues. Invasive species may also spread to undisturbed land following

natural colonisation or deliberate introduction in disturbed areas (where such species tend to thrive).

Operations

Operational stage works in the mine area will primarily result in ongoing impacts for soil and land use

as defined for the construction stage. Land clearance or sterilisation will increase with development

of the resource strip and associated infrastructure and expansion of waste dumps and access routes.

Potential Mitigation Measures

The following mitigation measures have been identified for soils and land use issues that are

considered to have a significant impact:





Minimise land / soil to be cleared or buried and concentrate such activities in areas with

limited soil quality and land-use capability.







Consider biodiversity offsets for unavoidable long-term and permanent soil / land clearance

and soil / land burial. Integrate livelihoods components as necessary with offsets to replace

lost land-use capability.







Prior to commencement of mining, prepare a waste rock management plan and rehabilitation

programme to include designs for progressive rehabilitation/re-vegetation of suitable areas

throughout the mining lifecycle in order to minimise cleared / buried areas. Inspect and

monitor rehabilitated surfaces to establish success of revegetation and soils recovery.







Implement appropriate conservation and preservation of stripped top-soils and sub-soils from

all areas to retain physical and chemical characteristics and seed-bank for subsequent use

for rehabilitation activities.







Implement required storm water drainage and control prior to prevent erosion of exposed

areas and inundation of down-slope areas.







Minimise access by vehicles to essential areas to reduce compaction of soils.







Isolate and manage potential soil contaminants (including wind blown dusts and water-borne

contaminants).



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TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT







Avoid disturbance / exposure of acid sulphate soils if present.







Avoid deliberate introduction of alien invasive species during rehabilitation activities.







Manage pathways by which alien invasive species can enter a disturbed area (including

avoidance of non-indigenous plant species in rehabilitation activities).







Undertake studies to determine appropriate recolonisation programme for impacted areas.



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STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Table 7-7 Mining Area - Soils and Land Use

Aspect



VR



Impacts



S1



Changes in quality/available land due to

invasive species colonising disturbed

areas



Land clearance

S2



S2



Stripping of vegetation and surface soils

overlying hematite may lead to

increased soil erosion



Loss of soils/land available for other

uses



VR Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation



Medium



2



3



4



4



Major



Moderate



Medium



2



2



4



3



Moderate



Insignificant



Medium



2



2



4



3



Moderate



Insignificant



Medium



2



2



4



3



Moderate



Moderate



Medium



2



2



3



2



Minor



Insignificant



Compaction associated with vibration,

loading

S2

Blasting and

earthworks

S1



Chemical / fuels

storage and

utilisation



Areas in and around the mine may be

impacted by wind blown dust from bare

ground, earth moving, stockpiles and

plant movements on unsurfaced roads.



S2



Flooding (operational)



Medium



2



2



4



3



Moderate



Insignificant



S1



Uncontrolled release of fuels and toxic

chemicals (construction and operational)



Medium



2



2



4



3



Moderate



Insignificant



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Reason for

Change

Appropriate

design and

international

best practice

Appropriate

site

management

and

international

best practice

Long term

rehabilitation

and

international

best practice

Appropriate

site

management

and

international

best practice

Appropriate

site

management

and

international

best practice

Appropriate

design and

international

best practice

Engineering

design and

adherence to



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Aspect



VR



Impacts



VR Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation



Reason for

Change

international

best practice



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



7.2.6



Geology & Geomorphology



Construction

The impacts associated with major mine construction such as stripping of surface vegetation, soils,

and deposits include changes in slope stability and topography and local drainage and spring flow.

Operations

Impact of the mining inevitably includes loss of the non renewable resource itself. Mining in general

can commonly sterilise associated deposits of lower value or undiscovered resources making them

effectively inaccessible beneath waste rock and tailings. Some of the low value ‘sterilised’ deposits

may become economically viable in the future with increase in market value of the commodity.

There will be major changes to the landscape with the top of Simbili hill being effectively removed

while substantial overburden and rock waste dumps will be formed nearby.

Stripping of overburden will be followed by mining of the hematite which will lead to further impacts on

topography and drainage as it forms the upper Simbili hill outcrop. However the hematite also

overlies BIF deposits that are to be mined under Phase 3 and ultimately the entire hill will be mined

out and an opencast pit extend beneath ground level. Phase 3 and associated cumulative impacts

will be addressed in a Stage 2 ESHIA report.

Mining of the upper hematite deposit will initiate changes in runoff patterns and erosion and

sedimentation rates potentially impacting permanently on local geomorphology. Construction of mine

infrastructure may have similar but lower level impacts.

Blasting of hard rock layers throughout the mining may destabilize soils and trigger landslides with

very localized impacts on geomorphology.



Potential Mitigation Measures

The following mitigation measures have been identified for geology and geomorphology issues that

are considered to have a significant impact:





Although a major impact, the loss of the exploitable ore body is the purpose of the mining

activity. The impact can be outweighed by the opportunity presented by exploitation of the

resource though adherence to a resource management and mine plan which maximises the

efficiency of resource extraction and ensures that stakeholders derive the maximum potential

benefit. Without appropriate considered management through processes such as ESHIA and

good governance, potential long term detrimental impacts on the local and national economy

and community can outweigh the short term gains.







Risk of sterilising future resources can be mitigated in part by ensuring adequate exploration

has been completed both for definition of the ore body to be exploited and areas that will be



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TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



covered by waste rock, tailings and other major structures such as the raw water supply dam

and associated inundation zone. However there is a limit to mitigation that can be applied to

prevent sterilisation of low grade deposits that may become economically viable in the future.

Such deposits may inevitably be lost as potential future resources due to burial beneath

waste materials or further to flooding of mined out pits.





Geomorphological mitigation measures include the preservation of watercourses (where

possible) and diversion of watercourses around infrastructure to maintain downstream

drainage patterns, rehabilitation and revegetation of disturbed areas, and re-contouring

disturbed areas to original topography (to the extent possible).







Appropriate management measures need to be addressed (see Commitments Register ,

section 12) to avoid instabilities include appropriate mine design (so that slopes do not fail),

adopting the correct slope angle, benching of slopes, including appropriate drainage around

the slopes (and the toe and crest of the slopes) and incorporating stand offs at the base of the

slopes to prevent impacts on people if instabilities do occur.







Reclaim and rehabilitate land disturbed during construction and operation by re-grading, recontouring and replacing topsoil following closure and decommissioning.







Reuse excavated material, where possible, for further construction and earth works, in order

to minimise the necessity for construction-associated quarrying in the area.







Reduce harmful effects on the shape of the landscape (scars) through minimising the

development of potential geotechnical failure surfaces. Well-designed blasting programmes

and mining techniques should be followed to minimise the creation of these geotechnical

issues.



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Table 7-8 – Mining Area – Geology & Geomorphology

Aspect



VR



Impacts



V1



Mining and associated dumping of waste

rock may sterilise areas of resources

making them non economically viable for

future exploitation.



V1



Changes to profile of Simbili and runoff

may lead to increased sedimentation in

some areas and changes in drainage

patterns



VR Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation



Low



2



2



5



4



Moderate



Moderate



Low



2



2



5



4



Moderate



Insignificant



V1



Stripping of vegetation and surface soils

overlying hematite and construction of

mining roads may destabilise slopes and

change soil water pressure regime

leading to increased risk of landslides



Low



2



2



5



5



Moderate



Insignificant



V1



Stripping and mining will change the

landform and impact on the visual

landscape. The hill which forms the

hematite outcrop will ultimately be

removed



Low



3



3



5



5



Moderate



Moderate



V1



Mining and associated dumping of waste

rock may sterilise areas of resources

making them non economically viable for

future exploitation.



Low



2



2



5



4



Moderate



Insignificant



V1



Blasting may destabilise soils and trigger

landslides with risk enhanced by

changes in topography and groundwater

regime caused by other mining activities.

Lidar data indicates the presence of past



Low



2



2



5



5



Moderate



Insignificant



Land clearance



Blasting and

earthworks



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Reason for

Change

Long term

rehabilitation

and

international

best practice

Engineering

design and

adherence to

international

best practice

Engineering

design and

adherence to

international

best practice

Irreversible.

Long term

rehabilitation

and

international

best practice

Long term

rehabilitation

and

international

best practice

Engineering

design and

adherence to

international

best practice



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Aspect



VR



Impacts



VR Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation



Reason for

Change



Insignificant



Long term

rehabilitation

and

international

best practice



landslides in the area probably

associated with relatively loose

sediments / weathered material

overlying solid bedrock on hill slopes

and episodes of high rainfall



Waste Generation



V1



Waste rock dumps will change the

landform and impact on the visible

landscape.



Low



2



2



4



4



Moderate



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7.2.7



Socio-Economic



Construction

Land acquisition

Depending on the final footprint area for hematite mining, some villages may require resettlement.

Villages on the periphery of mining area will suffer loss of land resulting in loss of shelter, loss of

access to agricultural land, artisanal mining sites and natural resources leading to decrease in

economic stability. There are also likely to be graves and sacred sites within the footprint area that will

require relocation.

Land acquisition related impacts can result in long-term and severe impacts on social and economic

well being of affected populations.



Operations

The socio-economic benefits of hematite mining (lasting about 8 years) will mainly be in the form of

wages, disbursement for the procurement of supplies, social investments and payment of revenue to

the government. The negative impacts will mainly be due to disturbance to land owners and influx of

workers and job seekers.

Economic aspects

The economic impacts are mainly beneficial in nature:





Mining will generate employment during both construction and operation phases. It will

mainly benefit Kalansogia and neighbouring chiefdoms, although skilled manpower will

also be sourced from other districts.







Business opportunities for suppliers and contractors at the district and national levels.







Payment to Government of Sierra Leone in the form of taxes, royalties and duties.



Project induced influx of workers and job seekers

The economic opportunities created by the Project are expected to lead to an influx of workers and

job seekers (as has already happened in Farangbaia Village). This can result in the following

negative impacts:





Pressure on social infrastructure and natural resources.







Increases in social ills such as crime, alcoholism, drug abuse and prostitution.







Increases in communicable diseases due to intermingling of the local population with

outsiders.







Increases in the cost of living and potential for conflict with migrants.



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Community investment

The social investment programme of AML developed in consultation with local stakeholders is

expected to result in the following benefits to the community:





Increases in education and skills levels.







Improvement in social infrastructure such as water supply, schools and health centres.







Development of livelihood opportunities, independent of the mine.







Other initiatives to address community needs.



Mine closure

Closure impacts have not been assessed for the Phase 1 project as completion of hematite mining

will lead into the larger magnetite mining project.



Potential Mitigation Measures

Construction

The following mitigation measures are expected to reduce the intensity of the residual impacts from

major to moderate/minor.





Preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP).







Preparation of a livelihood restoration plan.







Implementation of a grievance mechanism.







Preparation and implementation of a Community Development Plan.



Operations

Project induced influx of workers and job seekers

The following mitigation measures are expected to minimise the impacts from major to

moderate/minor:





Planning with relevant stakeholders to minimise speculative migration.







Providing assistance to local government to increase (and improve) infrastructure

services.







Communication to minimise tensions associated with non-local recruitments.







Providing assistance to local health department (and NGOs) to strengthen programmes

for control of communicable diseases and educational programmes



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Table 7-9 Mining Area – Socio-economic Impacts

VR



Impacts



VR Category



Magnitude



Exten

t



Duration



Significance



2



Basic

Impact

Index

2.3



Moderate



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation

Moderate (+)



2



3



1



3



3



2.3



Moderate



Major (+)



1



3



3



2.3



Moderate



Major (+)



2



4



2



2.7



Major



Moderate (+)



1



4



3



2.7



Major



Major (+)



1



4



3



2.7



Major



Major (+)



3



1



4



2.7



Major



Low



Aspect

employment creation (construction)

High



employment creation (operation)

High

Economic aspects

(employment,

procurement of

services and supplies,

and payment of taxes

and revenue to

government)



Training of workers

High

H1



Increase in business for suppliers

(construction)



Increase in business for suppliers

(operation)



High



High



Increase in government income

High



Land acquisition



H1



Loss of land



High



Loss of shelter



High



2



1



4



2.3



Moderate



Moderate (+)



Loss of income



High



3



2



4



3



Major



Minor



Loss of access route



High



3



2



4



3



Major



Moderate



Reason for Change



Priority given to locals

during recruitment

process although skills

availability is expected to

be limited

Priority given to locals

during recruitment

process

Considerable skills

enhancement injected

into the area

Priority given to locals

during tender process

although availability is

expected to be limited

Priority given to locals

during tender process

although availability is

expected to be limited

Revenue from project

taxes, royalties, etc

expected to be major

contributor to GoSL GDP

Provision of alternative

land

Provision of replacement

housing of superior

quality in most

circumstances

Implement livelihood

restoration plan

Identify and provide

alternative routes or

crossing methods



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VR



Impacts



Significance



4



Basic

Impact

Index

3



Major



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation

Minor



2



4



2.7



Major



Minor



2



2



3



2.3



Moderate



Minor



VR Category



Magnitude



Exten

t



Duration



Reduced food security



High



3



2



Breakdown social support



High



2



Aspect



Increase in stress

High



H1



Project induced influx

of workers and job

seekers



Project induced



Communit



Community investment



y



Reduced access to services



High



2



2



2



2



Moderate



Moderate (+)



Community conflict



High



2



1



2



1.7



Moderate



Minor



Pressure on social infrastructure

due to increase in population

Pressure on natural resources due

to increase in population

Increase in social ills (crime,

alcoholism and prostitution)



High



4



2



3



3



Major



Moderate (+)



High



4



2



3



3



Major



Moderate



High



4



2



3



3



Major



Moderate



Increase in communicable

diseases



High



4



2



3



3



Major



Moderate



Increase in cost of living

Tensions between locals and

outsiders due to real or perceived

unequal access to project benefits

Social infrastructure



High

High



3

2



2

2



3

3



2.7

2.3



Major

Moderate



Moderate

Minor



3



2



4



3



Major



Moderate (+)



Education and skills



High



3



2



4



3



Major



Major(+)



High



Reason for Change



Provision of alternative

land and transitional

support mechanisms

Relocate all villagers to

the same host site

village.

Regular consultation and

publicising grievance

mechanism with PAPs

Provision of replacement

social infrastructure likely

to provide increased

access to service

Effective and broad

stakeholder engagement

Provision of replacement

social infrastructure

Effective and broad

stakeholder engagement

Effective and broad

stakeholder engagement

together with support

from appropriately

positioned NGOs

Effective and broad

stakeholder engagement

together with support

from appropriately

positioned NGOs

Influx management.

Influx management and

regular consultation

Provision of replacement

social infrastructure

Training programs



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VR



Impacts



VR Category



Magnitude



Exten

t



Duration



3



2



4



Aspect

Livelihoods



Significance



Major



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation

Major(+)



-



-



-



Increased income from

direct and indirect

employment

-



-



-



-



-



-



-



-



-



-



-



-



-



High

H1



Mine closure



Loss of income for workers,



High



Loss of businesses



High



Loss of revenue to government



High



Psychological impacts



High



Closure impacts have not been

assessed for the Phase 1 project

as completion of hematite mining

will lead onto the larger magnetite

mining project.



Reason for Change



Basic

Impact

Index

3



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TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



7.2.8



Human Health



Construction & Operations

Based on the current available project and existing health information, preliminary impacts at Phase 1

have been identified for the mine area. It is important to note, that the Project description has not

been finalized, nor has all the baseline data been analysed, therefore, the qualitative impact

designations and significance may change as the Phase 1 details are finalized.

The preliminary health impacts associated with Phase 1 mine area are described below. Impacts

relate to both phases of the project (construction and operation) unless otherwise stated.

Potential negative impacts of major significance:





Community resettlement;







In-migration related impacts (disease, food security, substance abuse, home violence);







Increased burden of disease due project activities and water storage facilities (drinking water

tanks, waste and raw water storage ponds);







Degradation and/or reduction of surface water (sedimentation/erosion, contamination, changes in

drainage patterns); and







Degradation of groundwater quality.



Potential negative impacts of moderate significance:





Increased road traffic accident rate (during operation phase);







Impacts of noise on health and well-being (blasting and heavy vehicle activity); and







Reduction in quality or quantity of locally produced foods.



Potential negative impacts of minor or insignificant significance:





Increased road traffic accident rate (during construction phase);







Exposure to increased levels of particulate matter (PM) (diesel power generators, crushers,

blasting, vehicles, road dust; assuming no thermal power generation requirements); and







Acute exposure to elevated SO2 and NO2 in air (diesel power generators, heavy vehicle

emissions) (assuming no thermal power generation requirements).



Potential positive impacts:





Access to improved healthcare facilities (for general public);







Health benefits to AML employees and through local employment;







AML financed community development initiatives;



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Improved access to the region; and







Positive aspects of resettlement.



A number of assumptions were made for the preliminary impact assessment specific to the Phase 1

mine area. It was assumed that all communities on or within 500 m of the Project area were resettled

to a distance greater than 500 m before construction associated with each pit area is begun. Thus,

the Health VR used in the preliminary impact assessment for exposure to particulate matter (PM),

SO2, and NO2 was categorized as Medium (an AML employee, or HR2 see Table 7-1).

Also, with respect to PM, SO2, and NO2 emissions, it was assumed that a thermal power generating

facility (a potentially significant generator of these types of emissions) will not be built at the mine site.

If power generation arrangements are altered significantly from those described in Section 3, this

preliminary impact will require re-assessment. Should a thermal power generator be implemented, the

significance of the impact and the sensitivity of the VR would be expected to increase.

The positive class impacts associated with access to healthcare facilities only apply if AML undertake

to provide these facilities.

Where there was uncertainty in significance designation, the more conservative assumption was

selected so as to ensure that the preliminary potential impact of the Project was not underestimated.



Potential Mitigation Measures

Potential mitigation measures have been identified in association with each headline health impact as

listed below. The headline impacts were identified with the assumption that no mitigating measures

were applied. Thus, implementation of the recommended mitigating measures is expected to reduce

the significance of the headline health issues and thus avoid potentially major health issues for

persons living in the vicinity of the Phase 1 mine area.

Health related mitigation measures are listed below, however, it is important to note that mitigation

recommended by the other disciplines, particularly socio-economic as well as other environmental

assessments (e.g., air, surface and groundwater, flora and fauna) can also affect human health.

Alteration of the current project description and further monitoring results may result in the

recommendation of additional mitigation measures, or modification of those currently recommended.

Community resettlement





Social mitigation measures regarding loss of land and re-settlement (see social assessment

results and mitigation measures).



In-migration related impacts (disease, food security, substance abuse, home violence)





Adherence to the requirements of the Prevention and Control of HIV and AIDS Act.







Appropriate education of workforce regarding transmittable diseases.







Employing local labour where appropriate.



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Providing suitable healthcare facilities.







See social assessment results and mitigation measures.



Increased burden of disease due to project activities, and water storage facilities (drinking water

tanks, waste and raw water ponds).





Awareness and control of mosquito breeding sites to prevent malaria incidence.







Appropriate treatment of drinking water.







Providing suitable healthcare facilities.







Appropriate management of waste water ponds, including odour controls.



Degradation and/or reduction of surface water (sedimentation/erosion, contamination, changes in

drainage patterns, dam construction)





Management and remediation of any contamination associated with storage of fuels, waste

water and other hazardous materials.







Management of surface and storm water run-off.







Implementation of surface water management practices to prevent/reduce sedimentation,

contamination, and changes in drainage patterns of local rivers and streams.



Degradation of groundwater quality





Mining and deposition of the products of the mining operations are required to be conducted

in such a way that the possibility of groundwater disruption or contamination is avoided.







Remediation of pits, and waste piles.







Monitoring of water quality in groundwater wells used for drinking water.



Dug out pits (standing water, falling hazard, land slides, impede access to agricultural or fishing

locations).





Implementation of controls to keep local persons and animals out of potentially dangerous

areas during remediation of mined areas.







Remediation of mined pits.



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Table 7-10 Mining Area – Health

Aspect



VR



Impacts

Increased road traffic accident rate



Construction



H2



Exposure (inhalation) to increased

levels of dust and particulate

matter (PM) (potential emissions

from diesel power generators,

crushers and vehicles)

Exposure (inhalation) to elevated

sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen

dioxide (NO2) in air emissions

(from power generator, crushers

and vehicles).

Health benefits through local

3

employment

2

Community resettlement



H1



VR

Category

Medium



Medium



Residual

Impact

after

4

Mitigation



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



2



1



1



1.3



Minor



2



1



1



1.3



Insignificant



2



1



1



1.3



Insignificant



4



3



4



3.7



Major



Moderate



3



3



3



3.0



Major



Moderate



1



Medium



1



Medium



1



High



In-migration related impacts

(disease, food security, substance

abuse, home violence)



High



4



Reason for change



• Compliance with

recommended mitigation

measures.

• Resettlement is

permanent.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Moderate confidence in

data (requires interpretation

of social assessment with

respect to Human health

impacts)

• Compliance with

recommended mitigation

measures.

• Level of public concern

unknown.



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Aspect



VR



Impacts



VR

Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact

after

4

Mitigation



4



Reason for change



• Low confidence in data.

Increased burden of disease due

to project activities (drinking water

tanks, waste and raw water ponds)



High



Impacts of noise on health and well

being (blasting and heavy vehicle

activity)



High



Degradation and/or reduction of

surface water

(sedimentation/erosion,

contamination, changes in

drainage)

Degradation of groundwater

quality.



Reduction in quantity or quality of

locally produced foods through

land appropriation and clearance,

potential siltation of rivers/streams)



Operation



H2



Access to improved healthcare

3

facilities

Increased road traffic accident rate



3



3



3



3.0



Major



Moderate/

Minor



3



2



1



2.0



Moderate



Minor



4



3



3



3.3



Major



Moderate



2



3



4



3.0



Major



Moderate



3



1



3



2.3



Moderate



Moderate/

Minor



2



1



2



1.7



Moderate



Minor



High



High



High



• Compliance with

recommended mitigation

measures.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Low confidence in data.

• Compliance with

recommended mitigation

measures.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Low confidence in data.

• Compliance with

recommended mitigation

measures.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Low confidence in data.

• Compliance with

recommended mitigation

measures.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Low confidence in data.

• Compliance with

recommended mitigation

measures.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Low confidence in data.



High

Medium



1



• Compliance with

recommended mitigation



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TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Aspect



VR



Impacts



VR

Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact

after

4

Mitigation



4



Reason for change



measures.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Low confidence in data

(no traffic study).

Exposure (inhalation) to increased

levels of dust and particulate

matter (PM) (potential emissions

from diesel power generators,

crushers and vehicles)

Exposure (inhalation) to elevated

sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen

dioxide (NO2) in air emissions

(from power generator, crushers

and vehicles).

Health benefits through local

3

employment

2

Community resettlement



2



2



2



2.0



Minor



2



2



2



2.0



Minor



High



4



3



4



3.7



Major



Moderate



High



3



3



3



3.0



Major



Moderate



Medium



1



Medium



1



Medium



1



H1



In-migration related impacts

(disease, food security, substance

abuse, home violence)



• Compliance with

recommended mitigation

measures.

• Resettlement is

permanent.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Moderate confidence in

data (requires interpretation

of social assessment with

respect to Human health

impacts)

• Compliance with

recommended mitigation

measures.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Low confidence in data.



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Aspect



VR



Impacts



VR

Category



Increased burden of disease due

to project activities (drinking water

tanks, waste and raw water ponds)



High



Impacts of noise on health and well

being (blasting and heavy vehicle

activity)



High



Degradation and/or reduction of

surface water

(sedimentation/erosion,

contamination, changes in

drainage)

Degradation of groundwater

quality.



Reduction in quantity or quality of

locally produced foods through

land appropriation and clearance,

potential siltation of rivers/streams)



Residual

Impact

after

4

Mitigation

Moderate/

Minor



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



3



3



3



3.0



Major



3



2



2



2.3



Moderate



Minor



4



3



3



3.3



Major



Moderate



2



3



4



3.0



Major



Moderate



3



1



3



2.3



Moderate



Moderate/

Minor



Significance



High



High



High



4



Reason for change



• Implementation of

recommended malarial

control measures and

odour control measures for

standing water.

• Compliance with

recommended mitigation

measures.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Moderate confidence in

data.

• Compliance with

recommended mitigation

measures.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Low confidence in data.

• Compliance with

recommended mitigation

measures.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Low confidence in data.

• Compliance with

recommended mitigation

measures.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Low confidence in data.

• Compliance with

recommended mitigation

measures including those

associated with

resettlement.



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Aspect



VR



Impacts



VR

Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact

after

4

Mitigation



4



Reason for change



• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Low confidence in data.

Access to improved healthcare

3

facilities



High



1



Assuming all communities are >500m away.

2

Could be a positive impact if well compensated and/or moved to a better location.

3

Positive impacts.

4

Estimated for Impacts with Moderate or Major Significant only.



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Transport Corridor



7.3

7.3.1



Air Quality



Construction

The air quality impacts produced during the haul road construction and rail refurbishment are

common to the other project construction activities:





Dust emissions during vegetation clearance along the haul road route and temporal access

routes for the construction phase.







Particles emissions caused by earth movements: creation of temporary access routes and

grading and levelling of the haul road route.







Material and waste management: dust emissions during loading and unloading activities and

wind erosion of the stockpiles.







Vehicles transport and operation of heavy equipment will generate exhaust emissions and

increase dust due to movements over unpaved roads.



It should be noted that some sections of the transport corridor are close to populated areas. At these

locations, mitigation measures described below should be implemented.

Operations

Air emissions will depend on the frequency and the fuel consumption of vehicles that travel the haul

road (approximately 120 km long) and the train emissions between Marampa and Pepel. The

contaminants of potential concern are listed below:





Exhaust emissions from the vehicles and the train (NOx, SO2, PM10 and CO)







Dust from the material transport and the haul road traffic. These emissions will be mainly

coarse particulate matter larger than 10 µm with little effect on human health, but with

potential effects on vegetation and on near residents due to disturbance.



Exhaust gas emissions can be controlled by minimising fuel consumption and maintaining train and

truck motors. Dust emissions can be controlled by covering wagons and trucks to avoid airborne

particulate matter.

The potential impact on air quality will be restricted to a buffer zone along the haul road and the

railway. As detailed in the project description, all villages were provided with a clearance of at least

500 m during the route selection assessment. Topographical constraints do not allow for avoiding all

of the residential areas along the haul road and the train corridor. For those populated areas located

close to the transport corridor, additional mitigation measures should be implemented



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Additionally, a stockpile with an approximate capacity of 4 million tonnes will be located at Lunsar

Interchange. Storage piles may be sources of dust emissions during loading and unloading activities

and due to wind erosion of the pile.

The potential for particles emissions will depend on the stored material size, the total stockpile

surface and the wind speeds. Emissions can be reduced by up to 90 percent with appropriate

mitigation measures (USEPA, AP42, ref 13.2.4-1).

Loading mining product onto the train wagons should be conducted using a Car Dumper Dust

Collector to minimise dust emissions. The Car Dumper Dust Collector will filter dust emissions with an

efficiency of 99%.

Potential Mitigation Measures

The following recommendations for reducing impacts on air quality from activities associated with

transport corridor construction are generic mitigation measures that should be applied during the

entire construction phase.





Dust suppression measures should be applied, such as spraying water during dry seasons on

unpaved roads and stockpiles. Vehicle movements should be minimised, truck loads should

be covered with mesh to avoid dust emissions, and discharge heights from trucks should not

typically exceed 1 m.







Exhaust emissions should be minimised through the use of fuel efficient machinery and

appropriate machinery maintenance. Unnecessary journeys should be avoided, and a policy

of switching off machinery when not in use should be implemented. Uncontrolled fires will be

prohibited.



The negative impacts on air quality during the operation of the transport corridor can be minimised

through the following measures:





Avoid unnecessary journeys and optimise transport traffic







Regular maintenance of vehicles and machinery







Avoid airborne dust during transport by covering the truck and train loads, and/or select

closed wagons for transport by train







Minimise discharge heights (not to exceed 1 m) for fine particles and consider the use of dust

suppression spray systems







Spray trailer boxes, wheels and undersides with water before leaving the mine site







Suppress dust emissions from the stockpiles during dry periods by spraying the surface with

water.



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Table 7-11 Transport Corridor – Air Quality Impacts

Aspect



VR



Impacts



Land clearance, earth movements

and construction



A1



Material transportation

A1



Stockpiles

A1



Power supply at Lunsar

A1



Traffic (road train, rail train and other

vehicles)



A1



Uncontrolled fires



A1



VR

Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Dust emissions. Particle

deposition on vegetation.

Visibility reduction



High



2



2



1



2



Moderate



Residual

Impact

after

Mitigation

Minor



Dust emissions. Particle

deposition on vegetation.

Visibility reduction. Health

effects



High



3



2



4



3



Major



Minor



Dust emissions (coarse and

fine particles). Particle

deposition on vegetation.

Visibility reduction. Health

effects

Exhaust emissions (SO2, CO,

NO2, PM10 and PM2.5). Health

effects



High



3



2



4



3



Major



Moderate



High



2



2



4



3



Major



Minor



High



1



2



4



3



Major



Minor



High



1



1



1



1



Minor



Insignificant



Exhaust emissions from

combustion. Dust emissions in

unpaved roads. Particle

deposition on vegetation.

Visibility reduction. Health

effects

Exhaust emissions (SO2, CO,

NO2 , PM10 and PM2.5). Health

effects. Risk of fire propagation



Reason for

Change



Efficiency of

dust

suppression

measures

High

efficiency of

dust

suppression

measures

Moderate

efficiency of

dust

suppression

measures

Mitigation

measures

should

ensure AQ

guidelines

compliance

Efficiency of

emissions

control

measures



Mitigation

measures

should

avoid

uncontrolled

fires



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Land clearance



A2



Power supply at Lunsar

A2

Vehicles and machinery

A2



Changes in the microclimatic

conditions



Medium



2



1



4



3



Moderate



Minor



Global warming due to

Greenhouse gases emissions

from fuel consumption

Global warming due to

Greenhouse gases emissions

from fuel consumption



Medium



1



1



4



2



Minor



Minor



Medium



1



1



4



2



Minor



Minor



Assumed

that

vegetation

will be

restored or

naturally

recovered

Hard to

mitigate

Low

magnitude

but hard to

mitigate



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7.3.2



Noise



Construction

The following noise emission sources during the transport corridor construction are common to almost

all construction activities:





Machinery engines used during construction activities, e.g., clearance, road widening,

profiling and sealing







Vehicles used for transport







Loading and unloading rock, construction materials and waste







Motors and other construction equipment (compressors, dozers, etc.)







Diesel engines used for energy supply



It should be noted that some sections of the transport corridor are close to populated areas. At these

locations, mitigation measures described below should be implemented.

Operations

Noise sources along the transport corridor will arise from road trains and railway stock that will use

the existing railway line between Lunsar (Marampa) and Pepel.

The potential impact will be restricted to a buffer zone along the haul road and the railway. During the

route selection assessment, all villages were provided a clearance of at least 500 m. Topographical

constraints do not allow for avoiding all of the residential areas along the haul road and the train

corridor. For those populated areas located close to the transport corridor, additional mitigation

measures should be implemented where the sound levels might exceed the Environmental, Health,

and Safety (EHS) IFC Guidelines for residential areas (45 dB(A) at night and 55 dB(A) during the

day).

The design of the mitigation measures will require study before the beginning of the haul road and

train operations considering the distance of the nearest buildings within the villages to the transport

corridor.

Additionally, the loading and offloading of ore in the Lunsar Interchange area will constitute an

important noise source, and mitigation measures should be applied.

Community safety regarding noise emissions as one of the environmental aspects will be addressed

through a Community Safety Plan to be developed by AML and rolled out in conjunction with the

EWCC.

Potential Mitigation Measures

Noise prevention measures for the construction phase include the use of machinery and equipment

that guarantee low noise emissions and the regular inspections and maintenance of construction

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vehicles and equipment. Journeys will be limited to only those necessary and a policy of switching off

machinery and equipment when not in use will be implemented. Vehicle speeds will be limited in the

vicinity of populated areas.

Recommendations for reducing impacts on noise levels from the transport activities are listed below:





Select vehicles and equipment that guarantee low noise emissions







Avoid unnecessary journeys and optimise transport traffic







Conduct regular inspections and maintenance of vehicles and equipment to maintain smooth

operation.







Limit vehicle speeds in the vicinity of populated areas



Mitigations measures, such as sound barriers, should be installed where ambient noise levels

may be exceeded. When these barriers are not effective, additional measures should be

considered, such as noise isolation at sensitive receptors.



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Table 7-12 Transport Corridor – Noise Impacts

Aspect



VR



Impacts



Land clearance, earth movements and

construction



N1



Material transportation and traffic



N1



Increase in noise levels due to

machinery operations. Noise at

near residential areas. Fauna

disturbance

Increase in noise levels due to

traffic activity. Noise at near

residential areas. Fauna

disturbance



Reason

for

Change



Minor



Residual

Impact

after

Mitigation

Minor



Moderate



Minor



Efficiency

of noise

barriers



VR

Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Medium



2



1



1



2



Medium



3



2



4



3



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Hard to

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7.3.3



Ecology & Biodiversity



Construction and Operations

Vegetation

The principal impact will arise from the land clearance required for road construction, leading to the

removal of vegetation. Fragmentation of habitats may also occur. Outside the direct footprint of the

road, localised clearance of vegetation may occur in borrow areas (potential sources for bridge

construction materials). Invasive species may also spread to undisturbed land following natural

colonisation or deliberate introduction in disturbed areas (where such species tend to thrive).

Localised erosion or inundation of vegetated areas due to the modification of drainage patterns may

occur. Impacts on vegetation may occur due to disturbance during the refurbishment of the Delco rail

line. Impacts on rheophytes (aquatic plants) may occur at and downstream of river crossings as a

result of changes in fluvial geomorphology. Impacts on fauna may further reduce natural colonisation

by indigenous plant species where fauna play a role in seed dispersal. The classification of these

impacts is influenced by the nature of the vegetation present in the area being impacted (defined as

high, medium and low conservation importance):



Conservation importance



High



Low



Major

Land clearance;

spread of alien

invasive species;

downstream

impacts of river

crossings

-



Impact classification

Moderate

Minor

Habitat

Borrow pits;

fragmentation;

disturbance

drainage

alteration; reduced

dispersion of

seeds by fauna

Land clearance;

Habitat

spread of alien

fragmentation;

invasive species

downstream

impacts of river

crossings



Insignificant

-



Borrow pits;

drainage

alteration;

disturbance;

reduced

dispersion of

seeds by fauna



Terrestrial Fauna

The most significant potential impact is a change in species diversity and abundance (and potentially

a loss of species of conservation concern) through habitat loss and fragmentation directly associated

with the construction of the transport corridor. Habitat alteration may occur through vegetation

removal and the construction of physical barriers within the habitat range of species (for example the

frequent train / vehicle movements may prevent migration across the transport corridor).

Displacement of terrestrial fauna may also occur through increased sensory disturbance as a result of

haul road traffic. The impact classification of these impacts is as follows:



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Major: habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, habitat disturbance and increase in hunting.







Moderate: displacement of fauna.



Aquatic Ecosystems

The aquatic environments along the transport corridor could potentially be impacted by the

construction of new road crossings and the re-development of existing rail crossings. The most

significant impacts associated with the construction and redevelopment of crossings is uncontrolled

sedimentation (and increased turbidity) in aquatic environments from in-stream (such as piling) and

land disturbance activities (such as removal of riparian vegetation, construction of bridge foundations,

sourcing borrow material), changes to fluvial geomorphology and the introduction of physical barriers

to fish migration. Riparian vegetation can reduce runoff and trap potential water contaminants prior to

entering the watercourse. The direct removal of riparian vegetation for the construction of the

transport corridor may increase diffuse pollutant transport from the adjoining areas. The impact

classification of these impacts is as follows:





Major: changes to fluvial geomorphology, physical barriers.







Moderate: sedimentation / increased turbidity, entry of diffuse pollutants.



The aquatic environments along the transport corridor are relied upon by local villagers for

subsistence fishing. Food shortage has been identified in the social surveys as an issue facing many

villages, and therefore fishing is undertaken to supplement diets. As such, any significant ecological

impacts as a result of the project-related activities may have indirect social impacts.

Potential Mitigation Measures

The following mitigation measures have been identified for ecology and biodiversity issues that are

considered to have a significant impact:





Mining infrastructure should be planned outside the forest patches and if this is not possible,

a botanist should survey the affected forest well in advance of the construction work to allow

all possible adjustments to be made.







Minimise tree felling at river crossings. The project should source all timber from certified

plantations (i.e. not local sources of timber, which come only from the last remaining natural

forests, which now require the highest level of protection).







All roads should avoid sacred forests / bushes by at least 200 m.







Roads should be kept to the minimum width possible, commensurate with relevant design

and safety standards.







Implement best practice sediment control measures during construction of river crossings.







Where bridges are built, ensure they are designed in a manner that does not confine the river;







Minor in-stream infrastructure can constitute barriers to fish migration. Where possible, these

should be designed to be compatible with the passage of migratory stream organisms, and



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crossings of any drainage lines or water bodies should have appropriate culverts built to

appropriate environmental standards.





Plants belonging to species with conservation status Endangered (EN) or Critically

Endangered (CR) should at all times be left undisturbed. Plants belonging to species with

conservation status Vulnerable (VU) should be left undisturbed as much as possible.







Species of conservation concern which were found on the deposits or near proposed

infrastructure should be relocated to suitable localities outside the project area, by way of

seed collection and / or translocation of specimens.







Replanting of vegetation for any purpose should use indigenous species and should be based

on silvicultural systems that promote natural ecosystem functions and that increase the

probability that native species and ecological processes will be maintained. Planting of exotic

species in natural forest areas should not be permitted, with the possible exception of erosion

control activities utilising species that are proven to be short-lived and non-invasive.







Establish and enforce a total ban on the hunting and capture of wildlife by company

employees and contractors.







Recognizing the importance of wildlife as a protein source to indigenous peoples, government

and the company should cooperate with local communities in the development of sustainable,

community-based wildlife management programs.







Project affected communities should be supported in the development of improved animal

husbandry techniques and provided with starter stocks. This would be a positive contribution

to the livelihoods of people and also reduce demand for bushmeat and limit the impact of

hunting restrictions on local communities.







The project should investigate the potential for supporting local plantations, which would be

beneficial to the project, local livelihoods and the remaining natural forests (and therefore,

also for fauna).







Work with government to explore opportunities to control and minimise the uncontrolled inmigration of people into areas newly opened-up by road construction, especially along the

roads themselves. Uncontrolled in-migration will lead to further forest and wildlife losses and

compound pressures on existing human communities.







Consider biodiversity offsets to compensate for the unavoidable habitat loss (including

vegetation and fauna).







The risk of injury to endangered species and other fauna from vehicle movements will be

minimised by adopting safe speed limits, reducing night driving to the minimum possible, and

restricting driving to marked access routes.







The project should consider establishing a relationship with the Tacugama Chimpanzee

Sanctuary and to work through it to enhance conservation of chimpanzees in the project area

and more widely in Sierra Leone.



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Table 7-13 Transport Corridor – Ecology & Biodiversity Impacts

VR



Impacts



Aspect



E1



E2



Loss of biodiversity through removal of

vegetation

Fragmentation of habitat



VR

Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Significance



4



Basic

Impact

Index

4



Major



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation

Moderate



4



4



4



4



4



4



Moderate



Minor



3



4



4



4



Major



Major



2



3



2



2



Moderate



Moderate



1



1



2



1



Minor



Insignificant



2



1



2



2



Insignificant



Insignificant



2



2



3



2



Moderate



Major



High



Loss of biodiversity and Fragmentation of

habitat

Low



Land Clearance

E3



Change in species richness and abundance

habitat loss / disturbance / fragmentation

High



E4



Borrow /

construction

Materials



Decrease in species richness and

abundance derived from uncontrolled

sedimentation through land disturbance

activities



E1



Localised clearance of vegetation – habitat

loss



E2



Habitat loss



E3



Habitat loss / disturbance



High



High

Low



High



Reason for

Change

Careful

planning to

avoid

damage to

valuable

vegetation

Avoidance of

clearance

through

forest

remains

Presently

unknown

pending

further

evaluation'

Presently

unknown

pending

further

evaluation

Avoid borrow

areas on key

habitats



Presently

unknown

pending

further

evaluation'



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VR



Impacts



Aspect

E4



VR

Category



Sedimentation / increased turbidity through

land clearance



Significance



2



Basic

Impact

Index

2



Moderate



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation

Minor



4



4



4



Major



Minor



4



4



4



4



Moderate



Minor



3



4



4



4



Major



Major



2



3



2



2



Moderate



Minor



2



2



3



2



Moderate



Moderate



2



2



3



2



Insignificant



Insignificant



3



2



3



3



Major



Major



3



3



4



3



Major



Major



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



2



2



3



High



Loss of biodiversity and sensitive habitat

E1

E2



High

Loss of biodiversity and habitat

Low



Earth Movements



E3



Change in species richness and abundance

habitat loss / disturbance / fragmentation

High



E4



Sedimentation / increased turbidity through

land clearance

High



E1



Changes in drainage

patterns



E2

E3



Impacts on rheophytes (aquatic plants) at

and downstream of river crossings as a

result of changes in fluvial geomorphology

Localised erosion or inundation of

vegetated areas

Localised erosion or inundation of

vegetated areas

Change in species richness and abundance

habitat loss / disturbance / fragmentation



High



Low



Medium



E4



Decrease in species richness and

abundance through changes to fluvial



High



Reason for

Change

Use of best

practice

sediment

control

measures

Avoid areas

of valuable

vegetation

Avoidance of

clearance

through

forest

patches

Presently

unknown

pending

further

evaluation'

Use of best

practice

sediment

control

measures

Presently

unknown

pending

further

evaluation



Presently

unknown

pending

further

evaluation

Presently

unknown



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VR



Impacts



Aspect



VR

Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation



geomorphology



Vegetation disturbance



E1



Waste Generation

E2

E4



1



1



2



1



Minor



Insignificant



1



1



2



1



Insignificant



Insignificant



2



2



3



2



Moderate



Minor



4



3



4



4



Major



Minor



3



3



4



3



Minor



Insignificant



3



3



4



3



Major



Minor



Low



Vegetation disturbance



Medium



Decrease in habitat quality through entry of

diffuse pollutants

High



Loss of riparian forests

Impacts on rheophytes (aquatic plants at

and downstream of river crossings as a

result of changes in fluvial geomorphology

High



E1



Bridges / Culverts

Construction



Loss of habitat

E2



E4



Low



Changes to fluvial geomorphology and the

introduction of physical barriers to fish

migration



High



Reason for

Change

pending

further

evaluation

Adherence

to

international

best

practices for

waste

management



Use of best

practice

sediment

control

measures

Minimisation

of

construction

work in

riparian

forests.

Supervision

by a

botanist.

Minimisation

of

construction

works in

riparian

habitats

Bridges to be

designed in

a manner

that does not

confine the



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT

VR



Impacts



Aspect



E3



VR

Category



Habitat fragmentation



Presence of the

transport

infrastructure



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation



3



4



4



4



Major



Major



3



4



4



4



Major



Major



3



3



4



3



Major



Major



2

4

4

2

3



3

3

3

2

4



2

4

4

3

4



2

4

4

2

4



Insignificant

Moderate

Major

Moderate

Major



Insignificant

Moderate

Major

Moderate

Major



High



Increased pressure on timber



E1

Project induced

influx of workers and

job seekers



High



Spread of alien invasive species



E2

E3

E3

Haul Road Traffic /

Train Traffic



Magnitude



Increased pressure on timber

Spread of alien invasive species

Increase in hunting

Displacement of fauna

Loss of biodiversity

Habitat fragmentation



Low

High



High



Reason for

Change

River.

Selection of

open box

culverts with

natural

substrata

rather than

enclosed

Culverts

Presently

unknown

pending

further

evaluation

Mitigation

will require

co-operation

between

AML and

local

partners –

pending

further

evaluation

Presently

unknown

pending

further

evaluation



Presently

unknown

pending

further



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT

VR

Aspect



Impacts



VR

Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation



Reason for

Change

evaluation



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



7.3.4



Hydrology & Hydrogeology



Potential impacts pertaining to local surface and groundwater have been determined based on the

partial project descriptions available and field observation of early haul road construction and rail

refurbishment activities.

Construction





Construction works at or near watercourses may lead to increased runoff and erosion with

increase in turbidity and reduction in water quality impacting aquatic environment and

downstream users.







Construction of temporary stream and river crossings includes creation of river bed crossings

and infill with rock, soil and organic debris arising from the route clearance and stripping

works. Construction process of these crossings and vehicles passing through river bed

crossings disturb river bank and river bed sediments raising downstream turbidity, impacting

on water quality and potentially increasing long term erosion in the vicinity of the crossing.







Infill crossings lead to increased downstream turbidity impacting on water quality as fines are

washed downstream by increasing flows with onset of the wet season.







High rainfall events will carry larger infill material and similar materials deposited in general on

road alignment adjacent to river banks and flood areas downstream - including rocks and

trees which can destroy community foot crossing. High organic content in water courses may

impact on water quality.







Dewatering of aquifers leading to impacts on surface water hydrology and local communities.

Groundwater will be abstracted to supply potable and construction water at various locations

along the haul road and existing rail alignment. Surface water may also be abstracted for

construction use. Over-exploitation of aquifers could locally reduce the water table and

potentially dry nearby community wells, surface water streams and/or wetland habitats.







Modification and interruption to the existing hydrological regime of the bounding catchments

may occur. The raised haul road and diversion of storm water runoff may alter the natural

drainage patterns of the various catchments.







Erosion of exposed surfaces by wind, water and construction activities generating higher

sediment loads in surface runoff entering the surrounding river catchments. This will be of

particular concern in the vicinity of river crossing and wetlands.







Alterations to the natural course of rivers may be required where major river crossing are

planned. Deepening of river channels and alterations to the surrounding topography could

alter the natural course or flow rates of rivers as well as the flood plain dynamics during the

wet season.



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Page 183



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT







Potentially contaminated soil waste may be generated during the re-development of the

existing rail alignment. Contaminants could be mobilised from excavated soils and migrate to

surface or groundwater.



Operations

Assessment of potential impacts on the hydrological and hydrogeological setting have been

conducted based primarily on a Phase 1B – Walkover baseline assessment supplemented with

limited reconnaissance level assessment conducted during February 2010. Potential impacts

associated with the project will be accurately quantified during the impact assessment but may

include the following:





Uncontrolled release of toxic chemicals to the environment. Diesel fuel, oil, grease and

solvents will all be used during the operation and maintenance of vehicles using the haul road

and rail. Accidental spillage and contact with rainfall runoff may lead to the pollution of

groundwater and/or surface water bodies.







Lack of hard surfacing of the haul road may lead to dusting and erosion and runoff carrying

material into water courses where the road is nearby or at crossings. This may impact on

turbidity and other water quality parameters. Groundwater and or surface water abstraction at

permanent camps/facilities along the transport corridor may locally reduce the water table and

potentially dry nearby community wells, surface water streams and/or wetland habitats.







Dust and spillage of ore from haul road and rail wagons may enter water courses or leach into

groundwater impacting water quality



Potential Mitigation Measures

The following mitigation measures have been identified for hydrology and hydrogeology issues that

are considered to have a significant impact:





Robust surface and groundwater monitoring programmes to establish baseline and ensure

early identification of impacts.







Treatment of all potentially contaminated wastewater sources prior to discharge to ground or

surface.







Rapid replacement of riverbed crossings and infill crossings with appropriately designed

culverted/bridged crossings. Prohibit construction of similar crossings and ensure culvert and

bridge crossings commence only when suitable plant and materials available on site.







Strict adherence to Environmental Management Plans prepared in line with industry and

international best practice.







Appropriate hydrogeological/hydrological assessment of water resources and careful design

of water abstraction points so as to minimise impacts on other users.







Strict load level and moisture control of materials to be transported in open rail/road wagons



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT







Design to ensure potentially contaminating materials are not stored in proximity to surface

water courses and adequate bunding for spill control. Prepare spill response plans and

materials handling management plans. Avoid storage over potentially sensitive/important

shallow aquifers and prepare engineered low permeability surfaces with drainage/runoff

controls for storage and handling areas.



.



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Table 7-14 Transport Corridor - Hydrology & Hydrogeology

Aspect



Land Clearance



VR



VR Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact

after

Mitigation



SW1



Higher sediment loads in surface

runoff entering rivers and their

tributaries (construction)



High



3



2



3



3



Major



Moderate



SW1



Construction phase river bed

crossings and infill crossings may lead

to increased turbidity and other

changes in water quality.



High



3



2



3



3



Major



Moderate



SW2



Reduced surface water resources

(construction and operation)



High



2



2



5



3



Major



Major



SW2



Modification and interruption of

existing hydrological regimes

(construction and operation)



High



3



3



4



4



Major



Insignificant



SW2



Flooding (operational)



High



3



3



5



4



Major



Moderate



High



3



3



2



4



Major



Insignificant



High



3



3



2



4



Major



Insignificant



High



2



2



2



2



Moderate



Insignificant



Blasting and

earthworks



SW1



Waste generation



Impacts



GW1



SW1



Contamination of surface water

resources from uncontrolled release of

sewage and other waste waters

(construction and operation)

Contamination of groundwater

resources from uncontrolled release of

sewage and other waste waters

(construction)

Contamination of surface waters from

uncontrolled release of drilling fluids

(camp construction)



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Reason for

Change

Adherence

to

international

best practice

Adherence

to

international

best practice

Impact will

be

permanent

Appropriate

design and

international

best practice

Appropriate

design and

international

best practice

Adherence

to

international

best practice

Adherence

to

international

best practice

Adherence

to

international

best practice



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Aspect



Resource utilisation



VR



Impacts



VR Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact

after

Mitigation



GW2



Reduced groundwater resources in

vicinity of camps where water may be

derived from groundwater

(construction and operation).



High



2



2



4



4



Major



Insignificant



SW1



Uncontrolled release of fuels and toxic

chemicals (construction and

operational)



High



3



3



2



4



Major



Moderate



GW1



Uncontrolled release of fuels and toxic

chemicals (construction and

operational)



High



2



2



4



4



Major



Minor



SW1



Turbidity and other water quality

impacts due to dusting and erosion

from the operational haul road



High



3



3



4



3



Major



Insignificant



SW1



Turbidity and water quality impacts

from dust and spillage of ore from

open rail and road wagons



High



3



3



4



3



Major



Insignificant



Chemical and fuels

storage and utilisation



Vehicle movements



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Reason for

Change

Detailed

studies,

appropriate

design and

location of

abstractions

and water

resources

management

plan

Engineering

design and

adherence

to

international

best practice

Engineering

design and

adherence

to

international

best practice

Engineering

design and

adherence

to

international

best practice

Engineering

design and

adherence

to

international

best practice



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



7.3.5



Soils & Land Use



Construction

While there are no baseline soil data currently available for the transport corridor, the preliminary

identification and evaluation of impacts is possible based on field observations of baseline conditions

as well as current haul road construction activities, qualitative land-use information and an

understanding of Phase 1-related activities in this area.





Land clearance including slash and burn of vegetation and surface soils strip being carried

out for scout road construction and subsequent widening may lead to significant erosion.







Temporary stream and river crossings include river bed crossings or ‘infill’ crossings where

earth/rocks and vegetation have been pushed into the watercourse restricting the natural flow

of water. Onset of the wet season will lead to severe erosion of river bank soils in the vicinity

of these crossings and flooding associated with infill type crossings may lead to deposition of

sediment on surrounding areas impacting on soils and land use.







The construction of the road may constrain certain land-uses and / or access to land and

leads to permanent loss of some land to former land use..







Localised impacts may occur associated with borrow pit areas and quarries (potential sources

for road and bridge construction materials).







Invasive species may also spread to undisturbed land following natural colonisation or

deliberate introduction in disturbed areas (where such species tend to thrive).







Localised erosion or inundation may occur due to the modification of drainage patterns.







Stripping of soils and shallow deposits has been carried out over much of the haul road scout

route and to date the stripped material has been pushed to the sides of the road to form

bunds mixed with cleared vegetation and subsoil and non-organic sediments. Unmanaged

storage of soils can lead to a loss of the soils structure as well as wash out and erosion

during high rainfall events leading to permanent loss of the soil.



• Temporary and minor impacts on soil resources and land-use during the refurbishment of the

Delco rail line may also occur. Historical soil quality impacts are highly likely to have occurred

during operation of the rail line and there are visible deposits of ore spillage in many areas

along and immediately adjacent to the line. Renovation/construction works could lead to the

spread or redistribution of this material.





Soil resources and land-use in areas adjacent to the road may experience localised dustrelated impacts from truck movements and earth moving activities during road construction.







Compaction and permanent loss of soil structure may occur in the vicinity of the road

construction due to the movement of plant and vehicles beyond the necessary work areas.



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Operations

Road haulage and renewed operation of the rail line is likely to result in spillage of some ore product

for which detailed chemistry is not yet known. However the very narrow, linear form of the transport

lines means that any impacts on soils are likely to be localised and limited.

Although the product grain sizes are not anticipated to lead to dusting in their own right, the heavily

weathered nature of some of the material means that some abrasion and dust formation may occur.

Dust may be blown from road and rail wagons and accumulate on local soils. Again, potential

chemistry of any dust is not yet known. For now, limited impacts are assumed.

Potential Mitigation Measures

The following mitigation measures have been identified for soils and land use issues that are

considered to have a significant impact:





Minimise land / soil to be cleared or buried and concentrate such activities in areas with

limited soil quality and land-use capability. Given the advanced stage of design and

construction the opportunity to apply this mitigation may not apply.







Consider biodiversity offsets for unavoidable long-term and permanent soil / land clearance

and soil / land burial. Integrate livelihoods components as necessary with offsets to replace

lost land-use capability.







Identify suitable storage locations and implement appropriate conservation and preservation

of stripped top-soils and sub-soils from all areas to retain physical and chemical

characteristics and seed-bank for subsequent use for rehabilitation activities. Where

practical, soils can be formed as roadside bunds or caps to roadside bunds and be planted in

order to maintain soil structure and quality. This mitigation can be retrospectively applied for

road sections that have already been partially cleared where extensive mixing with unsuitable

materials has not occurred.







Implement required storm water drainage, culvert and bridge construction and flow control

prior to construction and during the dry season to prevent erosion of exposed areas and

inundation of low lying and down-stream areas. For crossings which have already been

breached and either have river bed crossings or temporary infill crossings, install engineered

crossings as soon as possible ahead of increasing rainfall and runoff.







Restrict access by vehicles to essential areas only, in order to reduce compaction of soils.







Isolate and manage potential soil contaminants (including wind blown dusts and water-borne

contaminants) through careful selection of storage sites and moisture control prior to transport

and during storage.







Avoid deliberate introduction of alien invasive species during rehabilitation activities.







Manage pathways by which alien invasive species can enter a disturbed area (including

avoidance of non-indigenous plant species in rehabilitation activities).



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Table 7-15 Transport Corridor - Soils & Land Use

Aspect



VR



Impacts



S1



Changes in quality/available land due to

invasive species colonising disturbed

areas



Land clearance

S2



Earthworks



Exposure of soils and stripping of

vegetation in the vicinity of the road

construction may lead to increased soil

erosion



S2



Change in land use leading to loss of

farming land and some access

restrictions may constrain some land use



S2



Compaction and destruction of soils may

occur due to plant movements and

earthworks in the vicinity of the road



S1



S2



Soils bounding the alignment may be

impacted by spillage of ore, accumulated

dust blown from rail and road wagons

and generated by vehicle movements

over the unsurfaced roads.

Construction of temporary river

crossings may lead to increased erosion

and loss of soils



VR Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation



Medium



2



3



4



4



Major



Insignificant



Medium



3



3



4



4



Major



Insignificant



Medium



3



3



4



4



Major



Moderate



Medium



2



2



4



3



Moderate



Insignificant



Medium



2



2



4



3



Moderate



Insignificant



Medium



2



2



3



3



Moderate



Insignificant



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Page 190

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Reason for

Change

Appropriate

design and

international

best practice

Appropriate

site

management

and

international

best practice

Long term

rehabilitation

and

international

best practice

Appropriate

site

management

and

international

best practice

Appropriate

site

management

and

international

best practice



Appropriate

site

management

and



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Aspect



VR



S2



Chemical / fuels

storage and

utilisation



Impacts



Failure to separately strip and stockpile

and manage soils in an appropriate

manner can lead to loss of structure as

well as wash out and erosion.



S2



Construction of temporary infill river

crossings or inadequately drained

permanent crossings may lead to

flooding and deposition of flood

sediments over farmland



S1



Uncontrolled release of fuels and toxic

chemicals (construction and operational)



VR Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation



Medium



2



2



4



3



Moderate



Insignificant



Medium



2



2



4



3



Moderate



Insignificant



Medium



2



2



4



3



Moderate



Insignificant



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Reason for

Change

international

best practice

Appropriate

site

management

and

international

best practice

Appropriate

design, site

management

and

international

best practice

Engineering

design and

adherence to

international

best practice



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



7.3.6



Geology & Geomorphology



Construction

No project-specific baseline geological or geotechnical drilling or mapping has been undertaken to

date along the rail route or haul road however limited information is available in published regional

geological descriptions and from observations during field visits. Since the rail line is already

established and was operated for many years, no further significant impacts on geology or

geomorphology are anticipated. Construction of the haul road and re-instatement of the rail line will

require quarrying of some construction materials for ballast, bridges and road base. Potential

changes to watercourses and runoff and erosion patterns crossed by the road alignment may impact

on local geomorphology. The eastern 20km stretch of road passes through the very hilly Sula range

which are locally deeply incised by streams and rivers. Cut and fill requirements in this region will be

much more significant than for the western road sections and will result in localised significant

changes in geomorphology. However, overall, at this stage and based on limited design data

reviewed to date, no major impacts to geology and geomorphology along the transport corridor are

anticipated.

Operations

Operation of the transport corridor is not anticipated to have any significant impact on geology or

geomorphology.

Potential Mitigation Measures

The following mitigation measures have been identified for geology and geomorphology issues that

are considered to have a significant impact:





Geomorphological mitigation measures include the preservation of watercourses (where

possible) and diversion of watercourses around infrastructure to maintain downstream

drainage patterns, rehabilitation and revegetation of disturbed areas, and re-contouring

disturbed areas to original topography (to the extent possible).







Design of the road should be optimised so as to minimise unnecessary cut and fill. It is

understood that this is anyway consistent with one of the primary design aims for the road.



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Table 7-16 Transport Corridor - Geology & Geomorphology

Aspect



VR



V1



Impacts

Potential changes to watercourses and

valley swamps drainage and

erosion/deposition patterns may alter

local geomorphology.



VR Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation



Low



3



3



5



4



Moderate



Moderate



Low



3



3



4



4



Moderate



Moderate



Low



2



2



5



4



Moderate



Insignificant



Land clearance

V1



Blasting and

earthworks



V1



Stripping of land surface will change the

landform and impact on the visual

landscape.

Cut and fill requirements for road

construction in the Sula mountains area

may result in localised changes in

geomorphology.



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Reason for

Change

Irreversible.

Long term

rehabilitation

and

international

best practice

Long term

rehabilitation

and

international

best practice

Irreversible.

Long term

rehabilitation

and

international

best practice



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



7.3.7



Socio-Economic



Construction

Land acquisition

The impacts due to land acquisition for construction of the haul road (rail refurbishment will take place

on the existing rail embankment) will range from loss of access to land-based resources to loss of

shelter, all of which may potentially lead to a decrease in economic stability. These can include (but

may not be limited to):





Loss of income.







Impact on dwelling units.







Impact on community structures.







Increases in physical and mental stress.



The haul road may pass through the sugar plantations to be developed as part of the Addax Biofuel

Project. The compensation for potential impacts on the sugarcane plantations may require separate

negotiations with relevant stakeholders. The mitigation measures given below are expected to reduce

the impacts from major to moderate/minor.





Preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP).







Preparation of a livelihood restoration plan.







Implementation of a grievance mechanism.







Preparation and implementation of the CDAP.



Project induced influx of workers and job seekers

An influx of population will result from the arrival of workers and job seekers to the construction sites

along the transport corridor. This influx is likely to lead to the following impacts:





Pressure on social infrastructure, natural resources.







Increases in social ills such as crime, alcoholism, drug abuse and prostitution.







Increases in communicable diseases.







Potential for conflict between the local community and outsiders.



Given the high level of unemployment in Sierra Leone, it will be difficult to control the influx of job

seekers to villages and towns along the transport corridor. The following measures can reduce

impacts from moderate to minor.





Planning for self sufficient and closed workers camps to minimise intermingling of

workers with local population.



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Providing assistance for the control of communicable diseases and for educational

campaigns for prevention of social ills.







Planning jointly with local Paramount Chief and other stakeholders to minimise

speculative migration.



In the long term, the improved transport infrastructure may also lead to growth of industry and other

economic activities along the corridor (more likely along the haul road), which may contribute to

general economic development. The above benefit will be independent of the project and hence has

not been evaluated.

Operations

The social impacts of the transport corridor are likely to occur mainly during the construction phase

due to disturbance to the existing land users. The impacts on land are expected to occur during

construction of a new 120 km haul road between Farangbaia and Lunsar and refurbishment of the

existing rail line between Lunsar and Pepel Port.

Economic aspects

The economic impacts are expected to be mainly beneficial in nature as described below:





Employment of workers for the construction and operation phases (with additional

indirect and induced jobs with contractors and suppliers).







Initial investment and sustaining capital for maintenance and operation of the railway

line translated into business opportunities for contractors.







Government income in the form of excise duties on imports (mainly during construction)

and taxes.



Community investment

As part of its social investment programme, AML is expected to contribute towards development of

social infrastructure in communities along the transport corridor. These could include safe drinking

water, support to schools, construction of roads and other social infrastructure within the settlements

along the rail line. No mitigation measures are suggested for these positive impacts.

Closure of transport operations

The use of the haul road and a refurbished rail line from Lunsar to Pepel Port is planned to be used

for an initial period (at most 8 years). After this the transport activities will take place through a new

rail corridor from the mine site to Tagrin Port as part of Phase 2 and 3. However it is not expected that

there will be large scale retrenchment and consequent impacts as much of the workforce can be

deployed at the new transport corridor or other project operations.



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Table 7-17 Transport Corridor – Socio-Economic Impacts

VR



Impacts



VR Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Significance



2



Basic

Impact

Index

1.7



Moderate



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation

Moderate (+)



1



2



1



2



3



2



Moderate



Major (+)



1



3



3



2.3



Moderate



Major (+)



1



4



2



2.3



Moderate



Moderate (+)



1



4



3



2.7



Major



Major (+)



1



4



3



2.7



Major



Major (+)



1



1



4



1.7



Moderate



Low



Aspect

employment creation

(construction)

High



employment creation (operation)

High

Economic aspects

(employment,

procurement of

services and supplies,

and payment of taxes

and revenue to

government)



Training of workers

High

H1



Increase in business for suppliers

(construction)



Increase in business for suppliers

(operation)



High



High



Increase in government income

High



Land acquisition



H1



Loss of land



High



Loss of shelter



High



1



1



4



2



Moderate



Moderate (+)



Loss of income



High



1



2



4



2.3



Moderate



Minor



Loss of access route



High



1



2



4



2.3



Moderate



Moderate



Reason for Change



Priority given to locals

during recruitment

process although skills

availability is expected to

be limited

Priority given to locals

during recruitment

process

Inject considerable skills

enhancement into the

area

Priority given to locals

during tender process

although availability is

expected to be limited

Priority given to locals

during tender process

although availability is

expected to be limited

Revenue from project

taxes, royalties, etc

expected to be major

contributor to GoSL GDP

Provision of alternative

land

Provision of replacement

housing of superior

quality in most

circumstances

Implement livelihood

restoration plan

Identify and provide

alternative routes or

crossing methods



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VR



Impacts



Significance



4



Basic

Impact

Index

2.3



Moderate



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation

Minor



1



1



1



Insignificant



Insignificant



1



2



3



2



Moderate



Minor



VR Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Reduced food security



High



1



2



Breakdown in social support



High



1



Aspect



Increase in stress

High



H1



Project induced influx



Reduced access to services



High



1



2



3



2



Moderate



Moderate (+)



Community conflict



High



1



1



1



1



Insignificant



Insignificant



Pressure on social infrastructure

due to increase in population

Pressure on natural resources due

to increase in population

Increase in social ills (crime,

alcoholism and prostitution)



High



1



2



3



2



Moderate



Moderate (+)



High



1



2



3



2



Moderate



Minor



High



1



2



3



1.7



Moderate



Minor



Increase in communicable

diseases



High



1



3



3



2.3



Moderate



Minor



Increase in cost of living

Tensions between locals and

outsiders due to real or perceived



High

High



1

1



2

2



3

3



1

2



Moderate

Moderate



Minor

Minor



of workers and job

seekers



Reason for Change



Provision of alternative

land and transitional

support mechanisms

Villagers moved to other

locations within existing

village therefore not

likely to suffer loss of

cohesion

Regular consultation and

publicising grievance

mechanism with PAPs

Provision of replacement

social infrastructure likely

to provide increased

access to service

Villagers moved to other

locations within existing

village therefore not

likely to suffer loss of

cohesion

Provision of replacement

social infrastructure

Effective and broad

stakeholder engagement

Effective and broad

stakeholder engagement

together with support

from appropriately

positioned NGOs

Effective and broad

stakeholder engagement

together with support

from appropriately

positioned NGOs

Influx management

Influx management and

regular consultation



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VR



Impacts



VR Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation



Reason for Change



2



3



3



2.7



Major



Moderate (+)



Provision of replacement

social infrastructure

Training programs



Aspect

unequal access to project benefits

Social infrastructure

H1

Project induced

Community investment



H1



Mine closure



High



Education and skills



High



2



3



3



2.7



Major



Major(+)



Livelihoods



High



2



3



3



2.7



Major



Major(+)



Loss of income for workers,



High



-



-



-



Increased income from

direct and indirect

employment

-



Loss of businesses



High



-



-



-



-



Loss of revenue to government



High



-



-



-



-



Psychological impacts



High



-



-



-



-



It is anticipated that much of the

workforce working on the transport

corridor for the Phase 1 can be

deployed at the new corridor or

other project operations.

Consequently, large scale

retrenchment and associated

impacts are not expected.



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7.3.8



Human Health



Construction & Operations

Based on the current available project and existing health information, preliminary impacts for Phase

1 of the Tonkolili project have been identified for the transport corridor. It is important to note that the

Project has not been finalized, nor has all the baseline data been analysed, therefore, the qualitative

impact designations and significance may change as the Phase 1 details are finalized.

The preliminary health impacts associated with the Phase 1 transport corridor are described below.

Impacts relate to both construction and operation of the transport corridor unless otherwise stated.

Potential negative impacts of major significance:





Community resettlement (during construction);







In-migration related impacts (disease, food security, substance abuse, home violence) (during

construction); and







Degradation and/or reduction of surface water (sedimentation/erosion, contamination, changes in

drainage patterns).



Potential negative impacts of moderate significance:





Increased road traffic accident rate; and







Reduction in quality or quantity of locally produced foods.



Potential negative impacts of minor or insignificant significance:





Impacts of noise on health and well-being (heavy vehicle activity);







Exposure to increased levels of particulate matter (PM) (diesel power generators vehicle

emissions, and road dust); and







Acute exposure to elevated SO2 and NO2 in air (diesel power generators, heavy vehicle

emissions).



Potential positive impacts:





Access to improved healthcare facilities (for general public);







Health benefits to AML employees and through local employment;







AML financed community development initiatives;







Improved access to the region; and







Positive aspects of resettlement.



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A number of assumptions were made for the preliminary impact assessment specific to the Phase1

transport corridor. It was assumed that all communities on or within 500 m were to be resettled to a

distance greater than 500 m. Thus, the Health VR used in the preliminary impact assessment for

impacts associated with PM, SO2, and NO2 was categorized as Medium (an AML employee or HR2

see Table 7-1).

Also, with respect to PM, SO2, and NO2 emissions, it was assumed that a thermal power generating

facility (a potentially significant generator of these types of emissions) will not be built in this area.

Should the arrangements for power supply be altered from those described in Section 3, this

preliminary impact will require re-assessment. Should a thermal power generator be implemented, the

significance of the impact and the sensitivity of the VR would be expected to increase.

It was assumed that activities associated with the haul road construction and railway up-grade would

be superficial and not impact groundwater along the transport corridor. Thus, an impact to

groundwater was not included in preliminary impact assessment of the Phase 1 transport corridor.

The positive class impacts associated with access to medical facilities only apply if AML undertake to

provide these facilities.

Where there was uncertainty in significance designation, the more conservative assumption was

selected so as to ensure that the preliminary potential impact of the Project was not underestimated.

Potential Mitigation Measures

Potential mitigation measures have been identified in association with each headline health impact as

listed below. The headline impacts were identified with the assumption that no mitigation measures

were applied. Thus, implementation of the recommended mitigation measures is expected to reduce

the significance of the headline health issues and thus avoid potentially major health issues for

persons living in the vicinity of the Projects.

Health related mitigation measures are listed below, however, it is important to note that mitigation

recommended by the other disciplines, particularly socio-economic as well as other environmental

assessments (e.g., air, surface and groundwater, flora and fauna) can also affect human health.

Alteration of project descriptions and monitoring results may result in the recommendation of

additional mitigation measures, or modification of those currently recommended.

Increased road traffic accident rate





Implementation of sound health and safety measures during the construction phase, including

safe driving practices.







Road Health and Safety and awareness training for all employees.







Assigned crossing areas for pedestrians.







Lighting along dangerous sections of the road and busy intersections.







Building good quality roads with adequate signage.







Keeping Project-related night time traffic to a minimum.



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Protection fences on rail line to restrict movement of fauna.



Also see traffic assessment results and mitigation measures

Community resettlement





Social mitigation measures regarding loss of land and re-settlement (see social assessment

results and mitigation measures).



In-migration related impacts (disease, food security, substance abuse, home violence)





Adherence to the requirements of the Prevention and Control of HIV and AIDS Act.







Appropriate education of workforce regarding transmittable diseases.







Employing local labour where appropriate.







Providing suitable healthcare facilities.







See social assessment results and mitigation measures.



Increased burden of disease due to project activities, and water storage facilities (drinking water

tanks, waste and raw water ponds).





Awareness and control of mosquito breeding sites to prevent increased malaria incidence.







Appropriate treatment of drinking water.







Providing suitable healthcare facilities.







Appropriate management of waste water ponds, including odour controls.



Degradation and/or reduction of surface water (sedimentation/erosion, contamination, changes in

drainage patterns, dam construction)





Management and remediation of any contamination associated with storage of fuels, waste

water and other hazardous materials.







Management of surface and storm water run-off.



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Table 7-18 Transport Corridor – Health

VR



Impacts



VR

Category



Aspect



Construction



H2



Impacts of noise on health and

well being (train and road activity)

Exposure (inhalation) to increased

levels of dust and particulate

matter (PM) (potential emissions

from diesel power generators and

vehicles)

Exposure (inhalation) to elevated

sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen

dioxide (NO2) in air emissions

(from power generator and

vehicles).



Medium



1



Medium



1



Medium



1



Health benefits through local

3

employment

Increased road traffic accident rate



H1



Reason for Change



Moderate



Minor



Major



Moderate



• Compliance with

recommended mitigation

measures.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Low confidence in data (no

traffic study).

• Compliance with

recommended mitigation

measures.

• Resettlement is permanent.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Moderate confidence in

data (requires interpretation



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



2



2



1



1.7



Minor



2



1



1



1.3



Insignificant



2



1



1



1.3



Insignificant



3



1



1



1.7



4



3



4



3.7



High



Community resettlement



2



High



4



Residual

Impact

after

4

Mitigation



Magnitude



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VR



Impacts



Aspect



In-migration related impacts

(disease, food security, substance

abuse, home violence)



VR

Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



4



2



4



3.3



Major



Minor



3



3



1



2.3



Moderate



Minor



5



3



4



4



Major



Moderate



2



2



1



1.7



Moderate



Minor



High



Increased burden of disease due

to project activities (drinking water

tanks, waste and raw water

ponds)

High



Degradation and/or reduction of

surface water

(sedimentation/erosion,

contamination, changes in

drainage)



H1



Reduction in quantity or quality of

locally produced foods through

land appropriation and clearance,

potential siltation of

rivers/streams)



Access to improved healthcare

3

facilities



High



High



4



Residual

Impact

after

4

Mitigation



Reason for Change



of social assessment with

respect to Human health

impacts)

• Compliance with

recommended mitigation

measures.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Low confidence in data.

• Implementation of

recommended malarial

control measures and odour

control measures for standing

water.

• Compliance with

recommended mitigation

measures.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Moderate confidence in

data.

• Compliance with

recommended mitigation

measures.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Low confidence in data.

• Land appropriation and

clearance, and siltation or

diversion of surface water will

have a permanent impact.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Low confidence in data.



High



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VR



Impacts



Aspect



Operation



H2



Increase road and rail access to

3

the region .

Impacts of noise on health and

well being (train and road activity)

Exposure (inhalation) to increased

levels of dust and particulate

matter (PM) (road dust and road

train emissions)

Exposure (inhalation) to elevated

sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen

dioxide (NO2) in air emissions

(emissions from road trains).

Health benefits through local

3

employment

Increased road traffic accident rate



VR

Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



2



2



1



1.7



Minor



2



1



2



1.7



Minor



2



1



2



1.7



Minor



3



1



1



1.7



Reason for Change



Moderate



Minor



4.0



Major



Moderate



2.0



Moderate



Minor



• Compliance with

recommended mitigation

measures.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Low confidence in data (no

traffic study).

• Compliance with

recommended mitigation

measures.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Low confidence in data.

• Land appropriation and

clearance, and siltation or

diversion of surface water will

have a permanent impact.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Low confidence in data.



5



3



4



2



2



2



High

Medium



1



Medium



1



Medium



1



H1

High



Degradation and/or reduction of

surface water

(sedimentation/erosion,

contamination, changes in

drainage)

Reduction in quantity or quality of

locally produced foods through

land appropriation and clearance,

potential siltation of

rivers/streams)



Access to improved healthcare

3

facilities



4



Residual

Impact

after

4

Mitigation



High



High



High



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VR



Impacts



Aspect

Increase road and rail access to

3

the region .



VR

Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact

after

4

Mitigation



High



1



Assuming all communities are >500m away.

2

Could be a positive impact if well compensated and/or moved to a better location.

3

Positive impacts.

4

Estimated for Impacts with Moderate or Major Significant only.



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4



Reason for Change



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Port Facilities



7.4

7.4.1



Air Quality



Construction

Construction activities at Pepel Port will comprise a combination of existing asset refurbishment and

new development.

Contaminants of potential concern are dust emissions and exhaust gases that will contain several

pollutants (SO2, CO, NO2, PM10 and PM2.5).

Dust will be generated during vegetation clearance and earth movements (creation of new access

routes, and surface grading and levelling for buildings and facilities construction). Pollutants emitted

by these activities are mainly coarse particles (above 10 µm) without health effects. Nevertheless,

vegetation in this area (mangrove ecosystems) may be affected by the deposition of particles on the

leaves.

Dust (coarse particles) dispersion might travel up to 1 km depending on the wind characteristics,

believed to be prevailing westerly.

Additionally, diesel generators used for power supply, vehicles and machinery will generate exhaust

emissions. The use of efficient machinery (vehicles, motors and pumps) and a good practices policy

(e.g., minimise journeys, switch-off machinery when not in use, and reduce diesel generators use to a

minimum) will avoid unnecessary fuel consumption, minimising the potential impacts on air quality.

Operations

The most significant potential impacts may arise from two stockpiles located in the Port Facilities

area, with a capacity of 200,000 tonnes each, and the diesel generators used for the power supply.

Total dust emissions from aggregate storage piles will result from the following distinct source

activities during the storage cycle:





Loading of aggregate onto storage piles (batch or continuous drop operations).







Equipment traffic in the storage area.







Wind erosion of the fines within the pile and ground surfaces around the piles.







Loadout of aggregate for shipment or for return to the process stream (batch or continuous

drop operations).



The quantity of dust emissions from aggregate storage operations will vary with the volume of

aggregate passing through the storage cycle, the size of the particles, the surface of the stockpiles,

the moisture content (moisture aggregates and bonds fines to the surfaces of larger particles) and the

wind conditions.



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Suspended particle emissions could be controlled with great efficiency if measures are applied (e.g.,

humidification or protection from wind). When the appropriate measures are not taken, negative

effects will likely increase considerably.

Other potential sources of pollutant emissions (NOx, SO2 and PM) are the transport ships, periodically

present close to the port.

The project power requirements at the port will be supplied by small diesel generators. The installed

power (currently undefined) and the fuel characteristics will define the pollutant emissions. The power

generators should be specified to comply with the International Finance Corporation / World Bank

Group HSE Ambient Air Quality guidelines.

Potential Mitigation Measures

Generic recommendations for reducing impacts from activities to be conducted during the

construction phase of the project are listed below:

Decrease air quality impacts due to dust emissions:





Suppress dust during dry periods by spraying with water the potential sources that could

release airborne particles (unpaved roads, earth being moved)







Cover truck loads to avoid dust emissions during the transport of excavated earth







Keep vehicle movements to a minimum and use paved areas, where possible







Minimise discharge heights from trucks (not to exceed 1 m) for fine particles and consider the

use of dust suppression spray systems



Decrease air quality impacts due to combustion emissions:





Review machinery permits and ensure appropriate maintenance







Limit unnecessary journeys and adopt a policy of switching off machinery and equipment

when not in use







Consider a choice of machinery, equipment, vehicles and materials that are fuel-efficient as

part of the purchasing procedure



Controlled and uncontrolled fires (airborne emissions):





Open fires will be prohibited. To limit air emissions, avoid accidents and reduce fire risk

during the construction phase.



The negative impacts on air quality during the operation of the Pepel Port facilities can be minimised

through the following measures:





Design stockpiles based on wind patterns and consider the installation of windscreen if dust

emissions are observed.







Suppress dust emissions from the stockpiles during dry periods by spraying the surface with

water.



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Minimise discharge heights for fine particles and consider the use of dust suppression spray

systems.







Power generator emissions should be assessed to comply with Ambient Air Quality

Standards. If a combustion power plant is constructed to supply power for the project, the

pollutant emissions will affect the background air quality; and therefore, the emissions should

be assessed and incorporated as part of the background.



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Table 7-19 Port Area – Air Quality Impacts

Aspect



VR



Impacts



Earth movements,

grading and

construction



A1



Material processing

(unloading, loading)



A1



Stockpiles

A1



Power supply at Pepel

A1



Traffic (rail train and

other vehicles)



A1



Uncontrolled fires

A1



Power supply at Pepel



A2



VR

Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Significance



1



Basic

Impact

Index

2



Moderate



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation

Minor



Dust emissions. Particle deposition on vegetation.

Visibility reduction.



High



2



2



Dust emissions. Particle deposition on vegetation.

Visibility reduction. Health effects.



High



3



2



4



3



Major



Minor



Dust emissions (coarse and fine particles).

Particle deposition on vegetation. Visibility

reduction. Health effects.



High



3



2



4



3



Major



Moderate



Exhaust emissions (SO2, CO, NO2 , PM10 and

PM2.5). Health effects.



High



3



2



4



3



Major



Minor /

moderate



Exhaust emissions from combustion. Dust

emissions in unpaved roads. Particle deposition

on vegetation. Visibility reduction. Health effects.



High



1



2



4



3



Major



Minor



Exhaust emissions (SO2, CO, NO2 , PM10 and

PM2.5). Health effects. Risk of fire propagation.



High



1



1



1



1



Minor



Insignificant



Medium



1



5



4



4



Major



Moderate



Global warming due to Greenhouse gases

emissions from fuel consumption



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Reason for

Change

Efficiency of

dust

suppression

measures

Efficiency of

dust

suppression

measures

Moderate

Efficiency of

dust

suppression

measures

Mitigation

measures

should

ensure AQ

guidelines

compliance

Efficiency of

emissions

control

measures

Mitigation

measures

should avoid

uncontrolled

fires

Hard to

mitigate



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT

Vehicles and

machinery



A2



Global warming due to Greenhouse gases

emissions from fuel consumption



Medium



1



5



4



4



Major



Moderate



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Low

magnitude

but hard to

mitigate



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



7.4.2



Noise



Construction

An increase in noise levels may be generated by machinery, engines, vehicles used for transport,

loading and unloading of rock, materials and waste and power generation. Preventive and corrective

measures for construction phase are described below.

Operations

Identified noise sources are ship traffic (motors, sirens, etc.), machinery movement, conveyors,

loading and unloading activities at Dual Train Dumping Station, the Stacker Feed System, the

Reclaim Feed System and the Shiploader Feed System.

Noise can affect receptors far from the sources, depending on the noise power and frequency.

Industrial noise is typically reduced at 500 m to 1 km from the source as a consequence of the noise

power attenuation, soil absorption and the elements affecting the noise propagation. Noise generated

by offshore vessels might reach greater distances before being attenuated due to the low noise

absorption capacity of the sea and the absence of barriers to the noise propagation.

The potentially sensitive areas near the port are the nearest villages, Kalangba and Mapota, and the

Sierra Leone estuary fauna.

No specific information was available regarding the acoustical emission (noise power) of the

equipment that will produce noise in the port facilities. The proximity to Kalangba, located adjacent to

the facilities boundary, and the cumulative effect expected from truck traffic and railway corridor,

suggests that noise emissions will require mitigation measures.

Potential Mitigation Measures

Generic recommendations for the construction phase include the use of machinery and equipment

that guarantee low noise emissions and the regular inspections and maintenance of construction

vehicles and equipment. Journeys will be limited to only those necessary and a policy of switching off

machinery and equipment when not in use will be implemented. Vehicle speeds will be limited in the

vicinity of populated areas.

The preventive and corrective measures to reduce the impact on noise pressure during the

operational activities are defined below:





Select vehicles and equipment that guarantee low noise emissions







Conduct regular inspections and maintenance of vehicles and equipment







Mitigations measures, such as sound barriers, should be installed where ambient noise levels

may be exceeded. When these barriers are not effective, additional measures should be

considered, such as noise isolation at the sensitive receptors.



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Noise impacts at nearest receptors (Kalangba) should be minimised through an appropriate

layout plan. Community safety regarding noise as one of the environmental aspects will be

addressed through a Community Safety Plan to be developed by AML and rolled out in

conjunction with the EWCC.



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Table 7-20 Port Area – Noise Impacts

Aspect



VR



Impacts



VR

Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Earth movements,

grading and construction



N1



Significance



4



Basic

Impact

Index

2



Increase in noise levels due to machinery

operations. Noise at near residential areas.

Fauna disturbance



Medium



5



4



Reason for

Change



Minor



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation

Minor



Hard to

mitigate



Material processing

(unloading, loading)



Increase in noise levels due traffic activity.

Noise at near residential areas. Fauna

disturbance



Medium



3



2



4



3



Moderate



Minor



N1



Hard to

mitigate



Traffic (rail train and

other vehicles)



Increase in noise levels due traffic activity.

Noise at near residential areas. Fauna

disturbance



Medium



3



2



4



3



Moderate



Minor



N1



Efficiency of

noise

barriers



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TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



7.4.3



Ecology & Biodiversity



Construction & Operations

Vegetation



Conservation importance



The principal impacts will arise from the potential clearance of mangrove during installation or

refurbishment of infrastructure. Invasive species may also spread to undisturbed land following

natural colonisation or deliberate introduction in disturbed areas (where such species tend to thrive).

The release of acidity and metals from disturbed acid sulphate soils (if present) can cause the die

back of vegetation in the localised area and hydraulically connected areas. Impacts on fauna may

further reduce natural colonisation by indigenous plant species where fauna play a role in seed

dispersal. The impact classification of these impacts is influenced by the nature of the vegetation

present in the area being impacted (defined as high and low conservation importance).



High



Low



Major

Land clearance;

contamination;

spread of alien

invasive species;

contamination;

exposure to

acidity / heavy

metals

-



Impact classification

Moderate

Minor

Reduced

dispersion of

seeds by fauna



Land clearance;

spread of alien

invasive species



Contamination;

exposure to

acidity / heavy

metals



Insignificant

-



Reduced

dispersion of

seeds by fauna



Terrestrial Fauna

The most significant potential impact is a change in species diversity and abundance (and potentially

a loss of species of conservation concern) through habitat loss and fragmentation directly associated

with land clearance and the refurbishment / construction of the port infrastructure. Although the area

may not be significant for terrestrial mammals, reptiles and amphibians, the area is an important

wintering spot for migratory bird species and therefore unnecessary habitat alteration should be

avoided. Displacement of terrestrial fauna may also occur through increased sensory disturbance as

a result of the mining activities. The impact classifications for these impacts are:





Major: habitat fragmentation and habitat disturbance.







Moderate: displacement of fauna.



Aquatic Ecosystems



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During the Phase 1b rapid assessment, no freshwater aquatic environments were identified on Pepel

Island (the location of the port infrastructure for Phase 1); therefore no impacts have been identified.

Potential Mitigation Measures

The following mitigation measures have been identified for ecology and biodiversity issues that are

considered to have a significant impact:





Mining infrastructure should be planned outside the forest patches and if this is not possible,

a botanist should survey the affected forest well in advance of the construction work to allow

all possible adjustments to be made.







Roads should be kept to the minimum width possible, commensurate with relevant design

and safety standards.







Plants belonging to species with conservation status Endangered (EN) or Critically

Endangered (CR) should at all times be left undisturbed. Plants belonging to species with

conservation status Vulnerable (VU) should be left undisturbed as much as possible.







Species of conservation concern which were found on the deposits or near proposed

infrastructure should be relocated to suitable localities outside the project area, by way of

seed collection and / or translocation of specimens.







Replanting of vegetation for any purpose should use indigenous species and should be based

on silvicultural systems that promote natural ecosystem functions and that increase the

probability that native species and ecological processes will be maintained. Planting of exotic

species in natural forest areas should not be permitted, with the possible exception of erosion

control activities utilising species that are proven to be short-lived and non-invasive.







In the localities with extensive areas of mangrove, such as at the Pepel Port lease areas,

construction activities should be planned outside the mangroves as much as possible, and

mangrove disturbance kept to a minimum where construction is unavoidable.







Establish and enforce a total ban on the hunting and capture of wildlife by company

employees and contractors.







Recognizing the importance of wildlife as a protein source to indigenous peoples, government

and the company should cooperate with local communities in the development of sustainable,

community-based wildlife management programs.







Project affected communities should be supported in the development of improved animal

husbandry techniques and provided with starter stocks. This would be a positive contribution

to the livelihoods of people and also reduce demand for bushmeat and limit the impact of

hunting restrictions on local communities.







The project should investigate the potential for supporting local plantations, which would be

beneficial to the project, local livelihoods and the remaining natural forests (and therefore,

also for fauna).



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Work with government to explore opportunities to control and minimise the uncontrolled inmigration of people into areas newly opened-up by road construction, especially along the

roads themselves. Uncontrolled in-migration will lead to further forest and wildlife losses and

compound pressures on existing human communities.







Consider biodiversity offsets to compensate for the unavoidable habitat loss (including

vegetation and fauna).



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Table 7-21 Port Area – Ecology & Biodiversity

VR



Impacts



Aspect



VR

Category



Loss of biodiversity and sensitive habitat

E1



Land

Clearance



Extent



Duration



Significance



4



Basic

Impact

Index

3



Major



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation

Moderate



3



3



4



3



4



4



Moderate



Minor



3



3



4



3



Major



Major



3



3



4



3



Major



Minor



4



3



4



4



Moderate



Minor



2



2



3



2



Moderate



Major



3



2



4



3



Major



Major



High



Loss of biodiversity and habitat

E2

E3



Magnitude



Low

Change in species richness and abundance

habitat loss / disturbance / fragmentation

High



E1



Localised clearance of vegetation – habitat

loss



High



Habitat loss

Port

Infrastructure

Rehabilitation



E2

E3



Low

Habitat loss / disturbance

High



Waste

Generation



die back of vegetation through exposure to

acidity and heavy metals

E1



High



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Reason for

Change

Careful

planning to

avoid

damage to

valuable

vegetation

Avoidance of

clearance

through forest

remains

Presently

unknown

pending

further

evaluation'

Avoid areas

of valuable

vegetation

Avoidance of

clearance

through forest

patches

Presently

unknown

pending

further

evaluation'

presently

unknown

pending

further

evaluation'



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT

VR



Impacts



Aspect



VR

Category



die back of vegetation through exposure to

acidity and heavy metals

E2



E1



E3



3



3



3



Major



Major



3



3



4



3



Major



Major



2

4

2



3

3

2



2

4

3



2

4

2



Insignificant

Moderate

Moderate



Insignificant

Moderate

Moderate



Duration



4



3



3



High

Spread of alien invasive species



E2



Moderate



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation

Moderate



Extent



Low



Increased pressure on timber



Project induced

influx of

workers and

job seekers



Significance



4



Basic

Impact

Index

4



Magnitude



Increased pressure on timber

Spread of alien invasive species

Displacement of fauna



Low

High



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Reason for

Change

presently

unknown

pending

further

evaluation

Mitigation will

require cooperation

between AML

and local

partners –

pending

further

evaluation

Presently

unknown

pending

further

evaluation



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



7.4.4



Hydrology & Hydrogeology



Assessment of potential impacts on the hydrological and hydrogeological setting at Pepel Island has

been conducted based on a Phase 2B – Reconnaissance Level baseline assessment conducted

during February, March and April 2010 as well as observations on early works construction activities.

Construction





Construction and pumping of new water wells may lead to salt water intrusion and permanent

loss of water quality impacting other site and community wells if locations, depths or pumping

rates are not appropriate to the local aquifer morphology. Scott Wilson (March 2010) have

carried out a detailed non intrusive site study at Pepel that recommended installation of water

wells only in the northern part of the Island where current groundwater utilisation is negligible.

They also recommend a maximum installation depth of 25m and a pumping rate of 0.5 l/s in

order to minimise saline intrusion. Two well have recently (April 2010) been installed in the

Port Area to meet current construction and potable water demand. The wells extend to 32

and 42 mbgl and will be pumping approximately 2 l/s per well. Recently recorded electrical

conductivity values which are higher than in any other groundwater wells.







Modification and interruption to the existing hydrological regime may occur, particularly where

new raised roads or railway alter the path of the natural surface water drainage network.







Contamination of surface and / or groundwater due to loss of containment of fuels and other

chemicals associated with mobile and static plant and vehicle maintenance.







Mobilisation/solution of historical contaminants in soils including arsenic, oils and tars further

to disturbance of soils and structures and ground cover on site may impact on groundwater

and surface water runoff quality.







Demolition/renovation of historical plant and structures may lead to loss of containment of

historically present sources which include significant volumes of liquid hydrocarbons

(fuels/insulating oils/lubricants) in storage tanks, transformers and sumps may impact on

groundwater and surface water quality.



Operations





Groundwater abstraction leading to reduced community access to potable water supplies.

Groundwater will be abstracted at a rate of between 2.9 and 3.5 L.sec-1 across a proposed

network of nine groundwater bores. Over exploitation of the aquifer could locally reduce the

water table and potentially dry nearby community wells.







Induced salt water intrusion into freshwater aquifer through unsustainable groundwater

pumping. Saline water may be drawn into the aquifer either horizontally from the coast or

vertically from depth (if present) causing degradation of the freshwater resource.



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Contaminated runoff from stockpiled ore may cause sedimentation or heavy metal pollution to

local groundwater and surface water resources.







Loss of containment of fuel, solvents, lubricants and chemicals during transport or storage

could lead to contamination of surface water and groundwater.



Potential Mitigation Measures

The following mitigation measures have been identified for hydrology and hydrogeology issues that

are considered to have a significant impact:





Robust surface and groundwater monitoring programmes to establish baseline and ensure

early identification of impacts. Groundwater at Pepel Island is considered to be a highly

sensitive receptor both to contamination through construction and operational activities and

over exploitation. Failure to rigorously implement appropriate resource and environmental

management and protective measures could readily lead to very long term damage to the

aquifer beneath Pepel Port. The monitoring will allow mitigation measures to be refined and

ensure they are appropriate and effective.







Waste water treatment and testing to confirm compliance with relevant discharge standards.







Strict adherence to Environmental Management Plans prepared in line with industry and

international best practice.







Appropriate hydrogeological/hydrological assessment and field testing of water resources and

careful design of water abstraction points so as to minimise impacts on other users. This

process has been initiated by Scott Wilson (March 2010)







Detailed study and testing to determine whether recently drilled construction phase water

supply wells pose a risk of saline intrusion and long term or permanent damage to the aquifer.

In the event that a risk is established, carry out repair works to seal the base of the well/s with

cement/bentonite or abandon the risk wells and redrill in line with recommendations of the

Scott Wilson report or any subsequent study as per bullet point above.







Design to ensure potentially contaminating materials are not stored in proximity to surface

water courses and adequate bunding for spill control. Prepare spill response plans and

materials handling management plans. Avoid storage of materials at locations overlying

potentially sensitive/important shallow aquifers and prepare engineered low permeability

surfaces with drainage/runoff controls for storage and handling areas.







Perform leachate tests on ore to be stockpiled at the port to determine risks to groundwater

from stockpiles and allow for design of suitable storage area.







As part of routine baseline ESHIA studies, testing of surface soil scrapes, groundwater from

available water supply wells and inspection of readily accessible historical plant and

structures was carried out. Determination of mitigation measures to prevent potential impact

on groundwater due to disturbance of and leaching from potential existing historically

contaminated soils requires completion of more detailed understanding through site



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investigation including intrusive investigation techniques to assess subsurface soils in any

areas to be cleared or excavated as part of the proposed port development works.





A detailed audit of potential point sources of contamination should be carried out by a suitable

contractor and a site register prepared recording details of all risk areas such as location and

condition of structures and plant containing oils and tars for example. All transformer oils

should be tested for PCB’s. All existing leaks of oils and tars or other potential contaminants

to be repaired. All potential contaminating liquids currently within plant/structures with no

secondary containment to be drained of and disposed of in a safe manner or provided with

secondary containment or alternative storage facilities.







All current and future development works should be permitted only after reference to the

contamination register so that works can either avoid contaminated areas or go ahead after

appropriate remedial measures have been implemented.







Dependent on results of further sampling and testing, if appropriate, ensure that scraped

surface soils and excavation arisings are disposed of in a safe, suitable manner or stockpiled

in a suitable secure engineered location within the site boundary.







Ensure stockpiles of any potentially contaminative materials including ore stockpiles are

located in engineered low permeability bunded areas with surface drainage guided to catch

pits and settling areas to prevent runoff of rainwaters and leachate from dispersing dissolved

contaminants.







Minimise land / soil to be cleared or excavated and concentrate such activities in areas of low

soil quality and land-use potential.







Implement required storm water drainage and controls prior to earthworks and construction

activities to prevent release of potentially contaminated waters.



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Table 7-22 Port Area - Hydrology & Hydrogeology

VR Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation



Higher sediment loads in surface runoff

entering watercourses and mangrove

swamps (construction)



High



3



2



3



3



Major



Insignificant



SW1



Higher sediment loads in surface runoff

entering watercourses and mangrove

swamps (construction)



High



3



2



3



3



Major



Insignificant



SW2



Modification and interruption to the

existing hydrological regime

(construction)



High



1



1



4



1



Minor



Insignificant



SW1



Contamination of surface water

resources (construction and operation)



High



3



3



2



4



Major



Insignificant



GW1



Contamination of groundwater resources

(construction and operation)



High



2



2



4



4



Major



Insignificant



SW1



Contamination of surface water

resources from uncontrolled release of

sewage and other waste waters

(construction and operation)



High



2



2



2



4



Major



Insignificant



GW1



Contamination of groundwater resources

from uncontrolled release of sewage and

other waste waters (construction)



High



2



2



4



4



Major



Insignificant



SW1



Contamination of surface waters from

uncontrolled release of drilling fluids

(construction)



High



2



2



1



2



Moderate



Insignificant



High



2



2



4



4



Major



Moderate



Aspect



VR



Land Clearance



SW1



Impacts



Earthworks



Waste generation



Resource utilisation



GW2



Reduced groundwater resources in port

area where water will be derived from



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Reason for

Change

Appropriate

design and

international

best practice

Appropriate

design and

international

best practice

Appropriate

design and

international

best practice

Appropriate

design and

international

best practice

Appropriate

design and

international

best practice

Adherence

to

international

best practice

Adherence

to

international

best practice

Adherence

to

international

best practice

Detailed

studies,



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Aspect



VR



Impacts



VR Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation



groundwater (construction and

operation).



GW1



Degradation of fresh groundwater

resource due to saline intrusion

(operations)



High



2



2



5



4



Major



Moderate



SW1



Uncontrolled release of fuels and toxic

chemicals including residual historical

sources (construction and operational)



High



3



3



2



4



Major



Moderate



GW1



Uncontrolled release of fuels and toxic

chemicals including residual historical

sources (construction and operational)



High



2



2



4



4



Major



Moderate



SW1



Turbidity and other water quality impacts

due to dusting and erosion from plant

movements on site



High



3



3



4



3



Major



Insignificant



SW1



Turbidity and water quality impacts from

dust and spillage of ore from open rail

wagons and conveyors



High



3



3



4



3



Major



Insignificant



Chemical and fuels

storage and utilisation



Vehicle/plant

movements



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Reason for

Change

appropriate

design and

location of

abstractions

and water

resources

management

plan

Detailed

studies,

appropriate

design and

location of

abstractions

and water

resources

management

plan

Engineering

design and

adherence to

international

best practice

Engineering

design and

adherence to

international

best practice

Engineering

design and

adherence to

international

best practice

Engineering

design and

adherence to

international



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Aspect



VR



Impacts



VR Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation



Reason for

Change

best practice



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TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



7.4.5



Soils & Land Use



Construction

Baseline soil data for the historical industrial Pepel Port area has been collected for a few indicative

surface samples only and indicates a probably relatively low level historical impact on quality,

principally with some elevated levels of arsenic and some localised leakage or spillage of fuels and

oils as well as coal tar related contamination. On the whole, the reinstatement of the Port is not

considered likely to have a significant impact on the soils at or outside the port if works are designed

and managed with due consideration given to current conditions.

Stripping of surface soils and other earthworks associated with preparation of new stockpile areas

and foundations for new port infrastructure could potentially mobilise or expose historically present

contaminants such as arsenic, asbestos and coal tar constituents. Full details of the proposed layout

of the port are not yet available but there will be a requirement for some foundation construction

activities. Working and disposal of excavated soils could potentially spread contamination to

uncontaminated soils including areas of the port and surrounds where farming and grazing is still

carried out.

Several sources of potential contamination remain on site since it was last operated as a port. These

sources include significant volumes of liquid hydrocarbons (fuels/insulating oils/lubricants) in storage

tanks, transformers and sumps. Coal tars are also present where they were used as sealants to

reduce infiltration of spillage/leakage of fuels along pipe runs and around the fuel farm tanks area.

Demolition and salvage and recycling works associated with development could lead to spillage and

spread of contaminants which could significantly reduce soil quality in the vicinity.

Asbestos containing materials (ACM) have been identified on the site. Construction board and

cement bound asbestos board and cement bound asbestos piping were used in buildings and

underground infrastructure (wastewater piping). Some of the piping has also been used as bollards –

placed in the ground as posts and filled with cement as observed on the boat jetty. Demolition and

salvage and recycling works associated with development could lead to disturbance / break up of

ACM and spread of asbestos fibres which could significantly reduce soil quality in the vicinity.

Operations

Operation of Pepel Port will include a number of activities with potential to impact on soils and land

use at and near the Port. Transport, storage and handling of fuel, solvents, lubricants and chemicals

as well as the ore itself could all impact on local soil quality including at residential areas adjacent to

the port and cultivation and mangrove areas at and near the port.

Potential Mitigation Measures

The following mitigation measures have been identified for soils and land use issues that are

considered to have a significant impact:



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Only sampling of surface soils, groundwater in available water supply wells and inspection of

readily accessible historical plant and structures was carried out during ESHIA field studies.

Mitigation measures to prevent potential impact on soils due to disturbance of potential

existing historically contaminated soils requires completion of more detailed understanding

through site investigation including intrusive investigation techniques to assess subsurface

soils in areas to be cleared or excavated as part of the proposed port development works.







A detailed audit of potential point sources of contamination should be carried out by a suitable

contractor and a site register prepared recording details of all risk areas such as location and

condition of structures and plant containing oils and tars for example. All transformer oils

should be tested for PCB’s.







An asbestos survey should be carried out by a qualified contractor and professional guidance

followed with regard to removal and safe disposal to ensure no spread of fibres. Asbestos

survey should screen for free fibres in and near all areas where ACM has already been

removed or is known or likely to have been located.







Identify areas of ACM disposal from recent development/renovation works on site on the

contamination register. Include these areas in the asbestos survey and seek surveyor

recommendations for future management of disposed materials.







Materials that pose a risk to soils and land use in their current condition (oil and tar leaks

known to be present) should be removed and disposed of in a safe manner or secured and

isolated.







All current and future development works should be permitted only after reference to the

contamination register so that works can either avoid contaminated areas or go ahead after

appropriate remedial measures have been implemented.







Dependent on results of further sampling and testing, if appropriate, ensure that scraped

surface soils and excavation arisings are disposed of in a safe, suitable manner or stockpiled

in a suitable secure engineered location within the site boundary.







Ensure stockpiles of any potentially contaminative materials including ore stockpiles are

located in engineered bunded areas with surface drainage guided to catch pits and settling

areas to prevent runoff of rainwaters from dispersing soils/sediment loading.







Minimise land / soil to be cleared or excavated and concentrate such activities in areas of low

soil quality and land-use potential.







Consider biodiversity offsets for unavoidable long-term and permanent soil / land clearance

and soil / land burial. Integrate livelihoods components as necessary with offsets to replace

lost land-use capability.







Implement appropriate conservation and preservation of any good quality stripped top-soils

and sub-soils from all areas to retain physical and chemical characteristics and seed-bank for

subsequent use for rehabilitation activities.



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Implement required storm water drainage and controls prior to earthworks and construction

activities to prevent erosion of soils or spread of potentially contaminated soils.







Restrict access by vehicles and construction plant to essential areas to minimise erosion and

compaction of soils.







Isolate and manage potential soil contaminants (including wind blown dusts and water-borne

contaminants).







Avoid deliberate introduction of alien invasive species during rehabilitation activities.







Manage pathways by which alien invasive species can enter a disturbed area (including

avoidance of non-indigenous plant species in rehabilitation activities).



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TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Table 7-23 Port Area - Soils & Land Use

Aspect



Land clearance



Demolition and

Earthworks



VR



S2



Impacts

Exposure of soils and stripping of

vegetation in the port area may lead to

increased soil erosion



S1



Demolition / removal of structures and

equipment and earthworks may mobilise

(leaching/dusting) historically

contaminated surrounding soils and

impact on clean areas.



S1



Demolition / removal / renovation of

buildings with ACM may lead to release

of asbestos fibres and contamination of

soils.



S1



Earthworks may expose / damage

buried pipes composed of ACM leading

to release of asbestos fibres

contaminating soils.



VR Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation



Medium



1



1



1



2



Minor



Insignificant



Medium



2



2



3



3



Moderate



Insignificant



Medium



1



1



4



3



Moderate



Insignificant



Medium



1



1



4



3



Moderate



Insignificant



Medium



2



2



4



3



Moderate



Insignificant



Medium



2



2



4



3



Moderate



Insignificant



spillage of ore, accumulated dust blown

from rail wagons and stockpile.

S1

Ore transport and

storage

S1



Surface water runoff from stockpiles and

stockpile areas may lead to

contamination of surrounding soils.



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Reason for

Change

Appropriate

site

management

and

international

best practice

Appropriate

site

management

and

international

best practice

Asbestos

survey and

qualified

contractor to

remove ACM

Asbestos

survey and

qualified

contractor to

remove ACM

Appropriate

site

management

and

international

best practice

Engineering

design and

adherence to

international

best practice



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Aspect



VR



Impacts



S1



Demolition / removal of historical

structures containing fuels and oils

could result in loss of

containment/spillage and contamination

of soils.



S1



Uncontrolled release of fuels and toxic

chemicals (construction and

operational)



Chemical / fuels



VR Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation



Medium



1



1



4



3



Moderate



Insignificant



Medium



1



1



4



3



Moderate



Insignificant



storage and

utilisation



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Reason for

Change

Contamination

survey and

register,

appropriate

site

management

Engineering

design and

adherence to

international

best practice



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



7.4.6



Geology & Geomorphology



Construction

The impact on geology and geomorphology within the Pepel Port area is expected to be minor as the

site has operated as a dedicated port facility servicing to a mine site in the past. Impacts on the

geology and geomorphology would already have occurred. All details of the Port design are not yet

known and there is potential for construction of new port facilities to impact on coastal geomorphology

but given the significant historical development and operation of the port, additional facilities are not

considered likely to greatly increase these impacts.

Operations

As with the construction phase, no operational activities are anticipated to impact significantly on

geology or geomorphology.

Potential Mitigation Measures





No significant impacts are considered likely based on current information with regard to

construction and operation of Pepel Port and therefore no mitigation measures are proposed

at this stage.



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TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Table 7-24 Port Area - Geology & Geomorphology

Aspect



Earthworks



Stockpiling of iron

ore



VR



Impacts



VR Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation



V1



Construction of new structures may

impact on local Pepel Island

geomorphology.



Low



2



2



4



3



Minor



Insignificant



V1



Iron ore stockpiles will change the

landform and impact on the visible

landscape.



Low



2



2



3



3



Minor



Insignificant



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Reason for

Change

Long term

rehabilitation

and

international

best practice

Long term

rehabilitation

and

international

best practice



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



7.4.7



Socio-Economic



Construction

Land acquisition

The refurbishment of the Pepel Port may require additional land in its vicinity for construction and

operational activities and facilities. The land near the port is currently used for dwellings, trading,

agriculture and grazing. Potential impacts include impacts on the land base as well as sea based

activities such as fishing.

The following mitigation measures are expected to reduce the intensity of the residual impacts from

major to moderate/minor.





Preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP).







Preparation of a livelihood restoration plan.







Implementation of a grievance mechanism.







Preparation and implementation of the CDAP.



Project induced influx of workers and job seekers

The economic opportunities created at the Pepel Port are expected to lead to an influx of workers and

job seekers mainly during the construction phase. This is likely to lead to:





Pressure on social infrastructure and natural resources.







Increases in social ills such as crime, alcoholism, drug abuse and prostitution.







Increases in communicable diseases.







Increases in the cost of living.



The following measures are expected to reduce the impacts from major to moderate/minor.





Planning jointly with local government, Paramount Chief and other stakeholders to

minimise speculative migration.







Providing assistance to local government to increase (and improve) infrastructure

services.







Support for strengthening of programmes for control of communicable diseases and

educational campaigns for prevention of social ills.



Operations

The refurbishment of the Pepel Port is expected to have predominantly beneficial socio-economic

impacts during its construction and operation phase (up to 8 years).



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Economic aspects





The employment generation within Port Loko District and at national level.







The investment for refurbishment of the port.







Skill building of people employed at the port.







Revenue earnings for the government.



No mitigation measures are required for these positive impacts.

Community investment

In line with its corporate policy, AML is expected to initiate a social investment programme in the

Pepel Port area with the start of construction work. This is expected to mitigate to some extent the

negative impacts on the affected communities. Potential benefits to the community are expected to

include:





Increases in education and skills levels.







Improvement in social infrastructure such as water supply, schools and health centres.







Development of livelihood opportunities, independent of the port.







Other initiatives to address community needs.



Closure of the port activities

Once the Tagrin Port is constructed, operations at Pepel Port will be transferred to the new port. It is

expected that the workers and contractors at Pepel Port may either be transferred and engaged at

Tagrin Port or continue working at Pepel if it continues to operate as a facility under lease to another

operator and therefore the negative socio-economic impacts associated with closure are expected to

be avoidable.



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Table 7-25 Port Area – Socio-Economic

VR



Impacts



Aspect



VR

Category



employment creation

(construction)



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Significance



2



Basic

Impact

Index

3



Major



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation

Moderate (+)



3



4



2



3



3



2.7



Major



Major (+)



2



3



3



2.7



Major



Major (+)



3



4



2



3



Major



Moderate (+)



2



4



3



3



Major



Major (+)



3



4



3



3.3



Major



Major (+)



2



1



4



2.3



Moderate



Low



High



employment creation (operation)

High

Economic aspects

(employment,

procurement of

services and supplies,

and payment of taxes

and revenue to

government)



Training of workers

High

H1



Increase in business for suppliers

(construction)



Increase in business for suppliers

(operation)



High



High



Increase in government income

High



Land acquisition



H1



Loss of land



High



Loss of shelter



High



1



1



4



2



Moderate



Moderate (+)



Loss of income



High



2



2



4



2.7



Major



Minor



Loss of access route



High



2



2



4



2.7



Major



Moderate



Reason for Change



Priority given to locals

during recruitment

process although skills

availability is expected to

be limited

Priority given to locals

during recruitment

process

Considerable skills

enhancement injected

into the area

Priority given to locals

during tender process

although availability is

expected to be limited

Priority given to locals

during tender process

although availability is

expected to be limited

Revenue from project

taxes, royalties, etc

expected to be major

contributor to GoSL

GDP

Provision of alternative

land

Provision of replacement

housing of superior

quality in most

circumstances

Implement livelihood

restoration plan

Identify and provide

alternative routes or



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TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT

VR



Impacts



Aspect



VR

Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation



Reduced food security



High



2



2



4



2.7



Major



Minor



Breakdown social support



High



1



2



4



2.3



Moderate



Minor



2



2



3



2.3



Moderate



Minor



Increase in stress

High



H1



Project induced influx

of workers and job

seekers



Project induced

Community



H1



Reduced access to services



High



2



2



3



2.3



Moderate



Moderate (+)



Community conflict



High



2



2



2



2



Moderate



Minor



Pressure on social infrastructure

due to increase in population

Pressure on natural resources

due to increase in population

Increase in social ills (crime,

alcoholism and prostitution)



High



3



2



3



2.7



Major



Moderate (+)



High



2



3



3



2.7



Major



Moderate



High



3



3



3



3



Major



Moderate



Increase in communicable

diseases



High



3



3



3



3



Major



Moderate



Increase in cost of living

Tensions between locals and

outsiders due to real or perceived

unequal access to project benefits

Social infrastructure



High

High



3



3

2



3

3



3

1.7



Major

Moderate



Moderate

Minor



3



2



3



2.7



Major



Moderate (+)



High



Reason for Change



crossing methods

Provision of alternative

land and transitional

support mechanisms

Relocate all villagers to

the same host site

village.

Regular consultation and

publicising grievance

mechanism with PAPs

Provision of replacement

social infrastructure

likely to provide

increased access to

service

Effective and broad

stakeholder engagement

Provision of replacement

social infrastructure

Effective and broad

stakeholder engagement

Effective and broad

stakeholder engagement

together with support

from appropriately

positioned NGOs

Effective and broad

stakeholder engagement

together with support

from appropriately

positioned NGOs

Influx management.

Influx management and

regular consultation

Provision of replacement

social infrastructure



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TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT

VR



Impacts



Aspect

investment



Education and skills



VR

Category

High



Livelihoods



Reason for Change



Major



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation

Major(+)



2.7



Major



Major(+)



-



-



-



Increased income from

direct and indirect

employment

-



-



-



-



-



-



-



-



-



-



-



-



-



Significance



3



Basic

Impact

Index

9



3



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



3



3



3



2



High

H1



Mine closure



Loss of income for workers,



High



Loss of businesses



High



Loss of revenue to government



High



Psychological impacts



High



It is planned to use Pepel Port for

the export of hematite for a limited

period, until a new port is built at

Tagrin. Once the Tagrin port is

ready the operations at Pepel Port

will be transferred to the new port.

Pepel Port may continue to be

used for the import of materials

required for the mining operation

for the duration of the mine’s life or

other non-project

related activity in accordance with

the terms of the Pepel Port and

infrastructure lease agreement.

Consequently, as for the transport

component, it is expected that

workers and contractors at Pepel

Port will largely be transferred and

engaged at Tagrin Port or remain

at

Pepel port to avoid the negative

socio-economic impacts

associated with closure.



Training programs



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TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



7.4.8



Human Health



Construction & Operations

Based on the current available project and existing health information, preliminary impacts for the

construction and operation of Phase 1 have been identified for the Pepel Port facilities. It is important

to note, that the Project description has not been finalized, nor has all the baseline data been

analysed, therefore, the qualitative impact designations and significance may change as the Phase 1

details are finalised. In addition, the implications of incineration of waste at the Pepel Port site have

not been assessed at this point in time. Assessment of this issue will be undertaken for the Stage 2

ESHIA.

The preliminary health impacts associated with the Pepel port facilities are described below. Impacts

relate to both the construction and operation of the port unless otherwise stated.

Potential impacts of major significance:





Community resettlement (during construction);







In-migration related impacts (disease, food security, substance abuse, home violence) (during

operation phase);







Increased burden of disease due project activities and water storage facilities (drinking water

tanks, waste and raw water storage ponds);







Degradation and/or reduction of surface water (sedimentation/erosion, contamination, changes in

drainage patterns); and







Degradation of groundwater quality.



Potential impacts of moderate significance:





In-migration related impacts (disease, food security, substance abuse, home violence) (during

construction phase);







Increased burden of disease due project activities and water storage facilities (drinking water

tanks, waste and raw water storage ponds)(for construction phase);







Impacts of noise on health and well-being (port and heavy vehicle activity); and







Reduction in quality or quantity of locally produced foods.



Potential impacts of minor or insignificant significance:





Increased road traffic accident rate;







Exposure to increased levels of road dust and particulate matter (PM) (diesel power generators,

crushers, blasting, vehicles, road dust)(assuming no thermal power generation requirements);



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Acute exposure to elevated SO2 and NO2 in air (diesel power generators, heavy vehicle

emissions)(assuming no thermal power generation station); and







Exposure to hazardous materials removed from the exiting port facilities to the local villages (e.g.,

materials containing asbestos).



Potential positive impacts:





Access to improved healthcare facilities (for general public); and







Health benefits through local employment.



A number of assumptions were made for the preliminary impact assessment specific to the Phase 1

port area. It was assumed that all communities on or within 500 m of the Project area were to be

resettled to a distance greater than 500 m before the construction phase begins. Thus, the Health VR

used in the preliminary impact assessment for exposure to PM, SO2, and NO2 was categorized as

Medium (Human HR2 see Table 7-1 in Section 7).

With respect to PM, SO2, and NO2 emissions, it was assumed that a thermal power generating facility

(a potentially significant generator of these types of emissions) will not be built at the Pepel port. As

the precise method of power generation has not yet been determined, this preliminary impact will

require re-assessment once the Phase 1 project details have been finalized. Should a thermal power

generator be implemented, the significance of the impact and the sensitivity of the VR would be

expected to increase.

The positive class impacts associated with access to medical facilities only apply if AML undertake to

provide these facilities.

Where there was uncertainty in significance designation, the more conservative assumption was

selected so as to ensure that the preliminary potential impact of the Project was not underestimated.

Potential Mitigation Measures

Potential mitigation measures have been identified in association with each headline health impact as

listed below. The headline impacts were identified with the assumption that no mitigation measures

were applied. Thus, implementation of the recommended mitigation measures is expected to reduce

the significance of the headline health issues and thus avoid potentially major health issues for

persons living in the vicinity of the Projects.

Health related mitigation measures are listed below, however, it is important to note that mitigation

recommended by the other disciplines, particularly socio-economic as well as other environmental

assessments (e.g., air, surface and groundwater, flora and fauna) can also affect human health.

Alteration of project descriptions and monitoring results may result in the recommendation of

additional mitigation measures, or modification of those currently recommended.

Community resettlement





Social mitigation measures regarding loss of land and re-settlement (see social assessment

results and mitigation measures).



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In-migration related impacts (disease, food security, substance abuse, home violence)





Adherence to the requirements of the Prevention and Control of HIV and AIDS Act.







Appropriate education of workforce regarding transmittable diseases.







Employing local labour where appropriate.







Providing suitable healthcare facilities.







See social assessment results and mitigation measures.



Increased burden of disease due to project activities, and water storage facilities (drinking water

tanks, waste and raw water ponds).





Awareness and control of mosquito breeding sites to prevent increased malaria incidence

(See Appendix 17 – Environmental Note of Malaria Control).







Appropriate treatment of drinking water.







Providing suitable healthcare facilities.







Appropriate management of waste water ponds, including odour controls.



Degradation and/or reduction of surface water (sedimentation/erosion, contamination, changes in

drainage patterns, dam construction)





Management and remediation of any contamination associated with storage of fuels, waste

water and other hazardous materials.







Management of surface and storm water run-off.



Degradation of groundwater quality





Monitoring of water quality in groundwater wells used for drinking water.



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Table 7-26 Port Area – Health

VR



Impacts



Aspect

Increased road traffic



Construction



H2



Exposure (inhalation) to

increased levels of dust and

particulate matter (PM) (potential

emissions from diesel power

generators and vehicles)

Exposure (inhalation) to elevated

sulphur dioxide (SO2) and

nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in air

emissions (from power generator

and vehicles).

Health benefits through local

3

employment

2

Community resettlement



VR

Category

Medium



Medium



Medium



1



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



1



1



2



Reason for Change



Major



Moderate



Moderate



Minor



• Compliance with

recommended mitigation

measures.

• Resettlement is permanent.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Moderate confidence in data

(requires interpretation of

social assessment with

respect to Human health

impacts)

• Compliance with

recommended mitigation

measures.

• Resettlement is permanent.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Moderate confidence in data



Significance



1



1



1



1.3



Insignificant



2



1



1



1.3



Insignificant



4



3



4



3.7



3



2



1



2.0



Insignificant



1



1



High



H1



In-migration related impacts

(disease, food security,

substance abuse, home

violence)



High



4



Residual

Impact after

4

Mitigation



Basic

Impact

Index

1.0



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VR



Impacts



Aspect



VR

Category



Increased burden of disease due

to project activities (drinking

water tanks, waste and raw

water ponds)



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



4



2



3



3.0



Major



Moderate/

Minor



3



2



1



2.0



Moderate



Minor



4



2



3



3.0



Major



Moderate



2



3



4



3.0



Major



Moderate



High



Impact of noise on health and

well being



High



Degradation and/or reduction of

surface water

(sedimentation/erosion,

contamination, changes in

drainage)

Degradation of groundwater

quality/quantity



High



High



4



Residual

Impact after

4

Mitigation



Reason for Change



(requires interpretation of

social assessment with

respect to Human health

impacts)

• Implementation of

recommended malarial

control measures and odour

control measures for standing

water.

• Compliant will applicable

legislation and guidelines for

water storage and treatment

of drinking and waste waters.

• Provision of publicly

accessible health care

facilities.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Moderate confidence in

data.

• Compliant with applicable

legislation and guidelines.

• Implement quieter

operations time (e.g., at night,

during important

public/religious holidays).

• Level of public concern

unknown. Moderate

confidence in data.

• Compliance with

recommended mitigation

measures.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Low confidence in data.

• Compliance with

recommended mitigation



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VR



Impacts



Aspect



Reduction in quantity or quality

of locally produced foods through

land appropriation and

clearance, potential siltation of

rivers/streams)



Access to improved healthcare

3

facilities

Increase road and rail access to

3

the region



Increased road traffic

Operation



H2



H1



Exposure (inhalation) to

increased levels of dust and

particulate matter (PM) (potential

emissions from diesel power

generators and vehicles)

Exposure (inhalation) to elevated

sulphur dioxide (SO2) and

nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in air

emissions (from power

generators and vehicles).

Health benefits through local

3

employment

In-migration related impacts

(disease, food security,



VR

Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



3



1



3



2.3



Moderate



1



1



1



1.0



Insignificant



2



1



1



1.3



Insignificant



2



1



1



1.3



Insignificant



3



2



4



3.0



Major



4



Residual

Impact after

4

Mitigation



Moderate/

Minor



High



Reason for Change



measures.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Low confidence in data.

• Compliance with

recommended mitigation

measures including those

associated with resettlement.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Low confidence in data.



High

High



Medium



1



Medium



1



Medium



1



High



Minor



• Compliance with

recommended mitigation



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VR



Impacts



Aspect



VR

Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



substance abuse, home

violence)



Increased burden of disease due

to project activities (drinking

water tanks, waste and raw

water ponds)



4



2



3



3.0



Major



Moderate/

Minor



3



2



2



2.3



Moderate



Minor



4



2



3



3.0



Major



Moderate



High



Impact of noise on health and

well being



High



Degradation and/or reduction of

surface water

(sedimentation/erosion,



High



4



Residual

Impact after

4

Mitigation



Reason for Change



measures.

• Resettlement is permanent.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Moderate confidence in data

(still needs interpretation of

social assessment with

respect to Human health

impacts)

• Implementation of

recommended malarial

control measures and odour

control measures for standing

water.

• Compliant will applicable

legislation and guidelines for

water storage and treatment

of drinking and waste waters.

• Provision of publicly

accessible health care

facilities.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Moderate confidence in

data.

• Compliant with applicable

legislation and guidelines.

• Implement quieter

operations time (e.g., at night,

during important

public/religious holidays).

• Level of public concern

unknown. Moderate

confidence in data.

• Compliance with

recommended mitigation

measures.



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VR



Impacts



Aspect



VR

Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



contamination, changes in

drainage)

Degradation of groundwater

quality/quantity



2



3



4



3.0



Major



Moderate



3



1



3



2.3



Moderate



Moderate/

Minor



High



Reduction in quantity or quality

of locally produced foods through

land appropriation and

clearance, potential siltation of

rivers/streams)



Access to improved healthcare

3

facilities

Increase road and rail access to

3

the region .



High



4



Residual

Impact after

4

Mitigation



Reason for Change



• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Low confidence in data.

• Compliance with

recommended mitigation

measures.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Low confidence in data.

• Compliance with

recommended mitigation

measures including those

associated with resettlement.

• Level of public concern

unknown.

• Low confidence in data.



High

High



1



Assuming all communities are >500m away.

Could be a positive impact if well compensated and/or moved to a better location.

3

Positive impacts.

4

Estimated for Impacts with Moderate or Major Significant only.

2



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7.5



Offshore & Coastal



7.5.1 Port Layout

Land Clearance and Earthworks

The port will sit within the existing footprint and no land clearance is planned.

The proposed port infrastructure is located on a wetland within the Sierra Leone Estuary Ramsar site.

The Ramsar site covers the majority of the estuary, and Pepel sits within one of the core areas.

Coastal habitat includes mangrove and mudflats which provide important nesting and feeding

grounds for marine fauna and avifauna, and serve as a nursery for marine fish and shellfish.

Mangroves stabilise soils and marine sediment, and clearance can lead to increases in erosion and

run-off. Any disturbance to these habitats may therefore have significant consequences on marine

and coastal fauna and flora, as well as on the local communities that depend on them for food and

resources. Figure 7-1 is a habitat map of the Pepel Island area; the proposed port layout is overlaid to

give an initial indication of the potential impacts of any clearance of habitat.



Figure 7-1 Pepel habitat map overlaid with the early port layout



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The baseline preliminary survey indicates that the coastal and marine habitat around Pepel is healthy

and contains a high level of biodiversity. Land clearance and significant earthworks are not required

but there are a number of potential impacts to the coastal habitat and mangrove in particular including

altered hydrology and spill over of development effects to surrounding habitat.

The majority of the port infrastructure is already in place, and most of what is required is expected to

be refurbished rather than constructed. As a result there should be no significant increase in the

existing port footprint and no area of coastal habitat will have to be cleared. However, changes to

hydrology and its affect on coastal habitat requires further investigation and the layout of the port

must be finalised before the impact rating can be reduced to the minor that is expected..

The potential impact on the VR coastal habitat of clearance of the port footprint could be major if the

existing port footprint is not maintained.

Mitigation measures:

• Ensure that the port remains within the existing footprint to avoid mangrove clearance and

disruption; and

• Mangrove protection and management should be considered as compensatory measures

within the next phase of the Tonkolili project.

Pressure on the Use of Resources due to Population Increase

The construction camp could increase pressure on local resources if all workers are not fully catered

for, potentially affecting marine coastal habitat and fauna, including mangroves (used as a primary

source for fuel) and fisheries. Currently the mangroves located in and around the island are in a

healthy and diverse state, therefore the potential impact on mangroves is considered to be significant.

The local fish populations are already subject to a high degree of exploitation from the local villages,

so any increase in fishing activity is also viewed as significant.

Before mitigation the potential impact on VR coastal habitat is considered to be of major significance.

Before mitigation the potential impact on VR human development potential i.e. fisheries is considered

to be of moderate significance.

Mitigation measures:

• Construction Management Plans must ensure that construction workers have access to

appropriate facilities to avoid the need to use local resources, in particular relating to

mangrove.

Clearance of Existing Port including Stockpiles

The current Port development plans do not require removal of old stockpiles that remain on site.

Given that the two stockpiles located at the south west area of the former facility have been in place

for a matter of decades, it is assumed that any significant dusting, washout of fines and leaching has

already occurred and they do not pose a significant risk while they remain undisturbed. In the event

that at some future point the existing ore stockpiles are to be removed this operation has the potential

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to lose material through dust dispersion and rainwater run-off, leading to direct impacts in estuarine

water quality, and secondary impacts to coastal and subtidal habitats and fauna. Considering the

large volume of old ore currently present at Pepel, these could potentially be significant, depending on

the clearance and transport procedures put in place.

Whilst it has been shown that slight positive impacts associated with increased rates of growth

(particularly in younger mangrove plants) have been associated with iron contamination, toxicity limits

are not known and the potential for synergistic negative responses remain.

Alongi (2010) found that growth of five mangrove species from seedling to sapling stage were

enhanced by increasing iron supply, although some species showed iron toxicity at higher supply

rates. Paling et al., (2001) note that iron ore dust does not enter or damage the stomatal cells in

leaves of the white mangrove (Avicennia marina). The authors concluded that if iron ore dust affects

mangroves, “it must do so by some other mechanism, such as either increased temperature, shading

or a restriction of transportation by the thickness of the dust on the abaxial surface”.

Over the past 24 years rain and wind activity has subjected the old stockpiles to leaching, and there is

a chance that the percentage of leachable material remaining is now very low. Results of leachate

tests on a single sample comprising principally ore filings from the stockpile support this assumption.

This would substantially diminish the potential impact, and further assessment on the nature of the

residual material is required before a full conclusion can be made. There is currently no evidence of

any existing impact on the surrounding mangroves due to the presence of the residual hematite ore,

although there are elevated levels of heavy metals in the nearshore soil samples (Hydrological

baseline survey, April 2010).

Before mitigation the impact on VR marine fauna is considered to be of moderate significance.

Before mitigation the impact on VR coastal habitat is considered to be of moderate significance.

Mitigation measures:

• Undertake physical and chemical analysis of the residual iron ore prior to removal;

• Ensure appropriate collection and treatment of run-off during construction; and

• Implement an appropriate Waste Management Plan to guarantee minimal loss of material to

the coastal and marine environment during removal.



7.5.2 Port Facilities

In general, port construction or refurbishment activities tend to disturb coastal and marine flora and

fauna due to the generation of noise and dust, the continuous use of electric lighting, and changes in

water quality from runoff and discharges of contaminants.

Increased Noise



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The use of heavy machinery during construction tends to temporarily increase ambient noise levels,

which can potentially result in disturbance of sensitive coastal fauna such as birds. The Ramsar site

covers the majority of the estuary, and Pepel sits within one of the core areas. The current level of

noise in Pepel is relatively low, due to the low human population and lack of any significant port

activity. As a result, higher noise levels may result in significant impacts on birds. Further information

is provided on the impacts to avifauna and terrestrial fauna in the terrestrial noise assessment.

Before mitigation the potential impact on VR avifauna is considered to be major

Mitigation measures:





Adapt construction activities to avoid areas of high avifauna population, important nesting and

feeding sites, and migratory and nesting seasons; and







Avoid the most sensitive times of the day e.g. extended night operations.



Increased Light Levels

Persistent man-made light can be a major issue for a range of marine fauna, with birds in particular

sensitive to increased and extended levels. Non-natural light can deter them from feeding, breeding

and nesting, and can generally confuse their natural behaviour (Longcore and Rich, 2004, Lorne &

Salmon, 2007, Witherington, 1992).

Due to the high density of wetland birds present in the project location, and its position inside a

designated Ramsar site, increased light is a potentially significant impact, especially if construction

work would take place during bird migratory or breeding seasons. The low levels of current manmade light at Pepel also contribute to this impact.

Before mitigation the potential impact on VR avifauna is considered to be major

Mitigation measures:

• Avoid strong lighting on any sensitive habitat areas, use shading methods wherever possible;

and

• Evaluate the use of low-pressure sodium vapour lamps, as this wavelength does not disorient

fauna as much as regular full spectrum lighting.

Wastewater Discharge

If appropriate collection and treatment systems are not in place, the presence of construction camps

pose a threat to estuarine water quality due to wastewater discharge. Discharge of untreated

wastewater into the estuary has the potential to affect water pH, colour, temperature, smell, dissolved

oxygen, nutrient levels and bacterial contamination. This can create indirect impacts on the estuary

ecosystem, as well as posing a health risk to local communities; especially if the discharge point is

located near to beaches used by locals for fishing or bathing.

The significance of the impact of waste water discharge is highly dependant on the treatment system

implemented in the project design, and the location of the discharge point in the estuary.

Before mitigation the impact on VR marine fauna is considered to be of moderate significance.

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Before mitigation the impact on VR coastal habitat and VR subtidal habitat is considered to be of

moderate significance.

Before mitigation the impact on VR human development potential (i.e. fisheries) is considered to be of

moderate significance.

Mitigation measures:





Design an appropriate wastewater collection and treatment system utilising the best available

techniques;







Install a temporary treatment plant to treat construction camp discharges;







The treated water discharge point should be located away from sensitive locations such as

mudflats, mangroves and areas of community use; in an area with strong tidal currents to

increase dilution and removal; and







In the absence of national legislation, the treatment system should meet World Bank

discharge limits, to ensure the receiving water quality is within appropriate international

standards.



A more detailed assessment of wastewater discharges is required to develop the mitigation methods

further.

Spills and Run-off of Oil and Chemical contaminants

During construction and refurbishment there is a risk of increased run-off due to earthworks, and the

use of heavy machinery, including the disturbance of contamination from the previous port operations.

There is also a risk of oil and chemical contamination from fuel, lubricants and coatings used in

construction machinery, and from potential oil spills.

The significance of this impact will depend upon the level of increased run off and/or spills, and their

location and proximity to coastal habitat such as mangroves or mudflats; mangroves are particularly

sensitive to oil spills.

Before mitigation the impact on VR marine fauna is considered to be of moderate significance.

Before mitigation the impact on VR coastal habitat and VR subtidal habitat is considered to be of

moderate significance.

Before mitigation the impact on VR human development potential (i.e. fisheries) is considered to be of

moderate significance.

Mitigation measures:





Design an appropriate run-off collection and treatment system using the best available

techniques prior to discharge. Coatings (e.g. anti-fouling) should be selected to minimize

contamination risk;







Develop and implement an appropriate Waste Management Plan that would define the best

ways of dealing with waste oils, following the industry best practices;



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Management plans should ensure that the risk of accidental spillage is minimised, and

contingency planning and emergency response measures should be in place. Follow industry

best practices regarding refuelling activities, oil handling activities and machinery

maintenance; and







In the absence of national legislation, treatment systems to be implemented should be

designed to meet World Bank discharge limits, to ensure the receiving water quality is within

appropriate international standards.



The ESHIA process to date has already been influential in modifying the Pepel Port design so that

earthworks at Pepel are designed to slope away from water and include a settling sump to collect

sediment in run-off. This is subject to ongoing assessment and drainage design to manage run-off

during construction stage. As such further modifications and improvement will be controlled through

a management process in order to implement mitigation methods.



7.5.3 Marine Structures

In addition to the terrestrial port infrastructure, the refurbishment of marine structures has the potential

to cause a range of additional effects on the marine environment. These include disturbance of

coastal and subtidal habitat, changes in water quality and associated underwater noise.

Refurbishment of Mooring Dolphins

The refurbishment and potential construction of mooring dolphins, to enable the mooring of

transshipment vessels will primarily impact on the sub-tidal habitat. The sub-tidal habitat directly

beneath could be impacted through smothering, pile driving, and placement of rock material. At the

time of writing, detailed information on the precise nature of sub-tidal habitat at the proposed locations

of the dolphins had not been collected but is believed to be soft sediment, with no sensitive habitat.

As the structures are relatively small, disturbance will be localised and restricted. No other major

structures will be added to the existing loading jetties during port operations.

The impact on VR sub-tidal habitat without mitigation is considered to be minor.

No mitigation measures are required other than further characterisation of the subtidal habitat.

Increased Turbidity

The construction and refurbishment of marine structures could result in elevated turbidity within the

immediate vicinity of the port. Activities such as piling can significantly disturb bottom sediments,

introducing material into the water column. Increased turbidity can result in a number of direct and

indirect impacts on coastal and marine ecosystems; for example, levels of photosynthesis can fall due

to a drop in light penetration down through the water column. This can impact on marine flora, and on

up through the marine fauna food chain, limiting the ability of organisms to grow, reproduce and

survive.

The degree to which turbidity and smothering affects benthic species is dependent on pre-existing

ambient water quality conditions and the tolerances of local species (ABP Research, 1999; Ellison,



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1999). Coastal habitats such as mangroves can also be affected by high levels of turbidity, but

specific tolerances vary with species (Ellison, 1999).

During the wet season, the Sierra Leone River Estuary is characterized by high rainfall, and

associated run-off and riverine input. The estuarine water flowing through the project area

experiences high levels of turbidity all year round and particularly during the wet season and on the

ebb tide. This has been confirmed by a specific monitoring campaign. Therefore marine fauna and

habitats in the Pepel area are likely to be resilient to increased turbidity, particularly over short

durations such as that required for construction.

Before mitigation the impact on VR marine fauna is considered to be of minor significance.

Before mitigation the impact on VR coastal habitat and VR subtidal habitat is considered to be of

minor significance.

Before mitigation the impact on VR human development potential (i.e. fisheries) is considered to be of

minor significance.

Although the impact is expected to be minor the following mitigation measures should be considered:





Use of floating turbidity barriers and/or silt curtains to contain turbidity plumes during marine

construction activities; and







Design construction activity to occur in periods of high dispersion (e.g. ebb tide).



Disturbance of Contaminated Sediments

Construction/refurbishment activity has the potential to disturb marine sediment. If the sediment

retains any pre-existing contamination (e.g. hydrocarbons or metals) water quality may be impacted

through the re-introduction of these contaminants into the water column. If these released

contaminants are assimilated by marine flora or fauna (e.g. mangroves, fish and shellfish) they can

accumulate in the food chain, impacting on many areas of the marine ecosystem and the local human

population dependant on these resources.

Whilst showing elevated levels of hydrocarbons directly opposite the main loading jetty the sediment

analysis from the preliminary marine baseline survey (March 2010) showed little signs of major

contamination. However, the hydrological baseline survey (April 2010) sampled several onshore

areas close to the high water mark, and showed high levels of arsenic, chromium, copper, lead and

zinc7; potentially a result of the leached materials from the pre-existing port infrastructure. The area

where the mooring dolphins are to be constructed lies between these two areas. At the time of writing,

no detailed study has been completed on intertidal sediment quality and around the proposed dolphin

locations but a survey covering this area is underway and will be reported in the Stage 2 report.

Undertake a detailed characterization of nearshore and intertidal marine sediments (Physical,

Chemical and Biological) to assess the risk of contamination prior to construction; and



7



Based on the values from Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines



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Before mitigation the potential impact on VR marine fauna is considered to be of moderate

significance.

Before mitigation the potential impact on VR coastal habitat and VR subtidal habitat is considered to

be of moderate significance.

Before mitigation the potential impact on VR human development potential (i.e. fisheries) is

considered to be of moderate significance.

Mitigation measures:





Undertake a detailed characterisation of nearshore and intertidal marine sediments (physical,

chemical and biological) to assess the risk of contamination prior to construction;







Avoid disturbance of contaminated areas; and







Conduct construction activities in a manner that minimises re-suspension of sediment.



Increased Underwater Noise

Underwater construction activities, in particular pile driving, can generate high levels of underwater

noise with the frequency, intensity and persistence of underwater noise dictating its potential effects

on different marine species. Whilst temporary, these levels of noise can disturb sensitive marine

fauna.

Many marine organisms such as marine mammals, fish, and even some invertebrates use sound for

a variety of purposes; for example in communication, to locate mates, to search for prey, to avoid

predators and hazards, and for short- and long-range navigation (OSPAR, 2009). All these species

and others such as turtles may alter their behaviour if subject to high noise levels. It is generally

accepted that exposure to anthropogenic sound can induce a range of adverse effects on marine life,

from insignificant impacts to significant behavioural changes, to in some cases stranding and death

(OSPAR, 2009; Southall et al. 2007).

No evidence exists showing that cetaceans are present in the immediate project area, although heavy

piling can affect whales and dolphins many kilometres away from the source. Manatees generally

remain higher up the estuary, and do not venture as far down as Pepel, and no significant turtle

presence is expected at Pepel. All these statements are subject to review following dedicated marine

mammal and turtle surveys.

Heavy underwater noise could be expected to impact on small pelagic fish, particularly during

spawning season, leading to indirect effects in fisheries. However, considering that the impact would

be localized and temporary, impacts are not considered to be significant.

Before mitigation the impact on VR marine fauna is considered to be of moderate significance.

Before mitigation the impact on VR human development potential (i.e. fisheries) is considered to be of

moderate significance.

Mitigation measures:





Design the construction activities to avoid critical spawning and breeding seasons; and



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7.6



Construction teams to understand the significance of marine mammal/turtle sightings during

heavy construction e.g. piling, and to restrict activity wherever possible until the animals leave

the area.



Operation



Many of the impacts associated with port operations are very similar to the ones predicted for the

refurbishment\construction phase e.g. noise, light, wastewater discharges, run-off and spills.



7.6.1 Presence of Marine Structures

The coast is a dynamic environment and is subject to constant change; with natural processes such

as tidal currents and wave action leading to coastal erosion, accretion and reshaping. Any changes to

or construction of marine structures has the potential to alter these established physical processes.

Over time changes in the sediment transport regime may result, leading to alterations in general

coastal morphology. These changes may have secondary impacts on marine ecology and human

users of the sea e.g. fisheries nursery grounds.

However, this project is primarily a refurbishment of existing marine structures at Pepel. The marine

structures have been in place for decades. The current coastal morphology has therefore developed

to account for their presence. In addition, the two extra, if required, mooring dolphins are relatively

small, and the degree of any disturbance to physical transport processes will be localised and

restricted. No other major marine structures will be added to the existing loading jetties.

Before mitigation, the impact on VR coastal morphology is considered to be insignificant.

No mitigation measures are required



7.6.2 Port Operations

Wastewater Discharges

Impacts of operational wastewater discharges are as described in the section above. Only the flow

rate and the duration of discharge differs.

The impact of the wastewater discharge is highly dependent on the treatment system implemented in

the project design and the location of the discharge point in the estuary. Further assessment is

required.

Before mitigation the impact on VR marine fauna is considered to be of moderate significance.

Before mitigation the impact on VR coastal habitat and VR subtidal habitat is considered to be of

moderate significance.

Before mitigation the impact on VR human development potential (i.e. fisheries) is considered to be of

moderate significance.

Mitigation measures:



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Design an appropriate wastewater collection and treatment system utilising the best available

techniques;







The treated water discharge point should be located away from sensitive locations such as

mudflats, mangroves and areas of community use; in an area with strong tidal currents to

increase advection and dispersion; and







In the absence of national legislation, the treatment system should meet World Bank

discharge limits, to ensure the receiving water quality is within appropriate international

standards.



A more detailed assessment of wastewater discharges is required to develop the mitigation methods

further.

Handling of Iron Ore

During bulk handling operations such as stockpiling, processing and transport, the potential exists for

iron ore dust to enter the coastal and marine environment through wind and/or surface run-off. Iron is

an essential trace element required by most organisms, but it can be toxic at extreme concentrations.

There is little information currently available on toxicity for marine species, but iron forms colloidal

suspensions of ferric hydroxide in the presence of oxygen, which can remain suspended in water or

settle into sediment, causing problems with turbidity, light penetration and smothering of benthic

organisms.

If not treated correctly, large volumes of dust and/or run-off have the potential to directly affect

mangroves, by reducing photosynthesis and chemical impacting their root structures. Most mangrove

species breathe via their surface roots, and wind and surface water-borne pollutants can easily affect

this process. Additionally, iron supply often limits production in marine environments and can exert

controls on the dynamics of plankton blooms (Boyd et al., (2007); a secondary impact on fish might

be the occasional local increase in food availability for Bonga (Ethmalosa fimbriata) which feed on

plankton. Inputs of iron to the marine environment can also create a visual impact, as the presence of

high concentrations8 can turn the water an ochre (red) colour.

Pepel Island is located in a core area of the Sierra Leone Estuary Ramsar site, and is considered an

area of high ecological value. The potential impact of metal contamination on coastal and subtidal

habitats, marine fauna and human users of the estuary i.e. fisheries is considered to be highly

significant. Iron ore can possibly render fish to a higher risk of toxic effects from potentially harmful

algal exudates. Bury and Grosell (2003) note that whilst iron is a vital micronutrient for teleost fish, in

excess it can be toxic. Fish in SLRE may be exposed to increased iron levels in both dissolved and

dietary phases (Bu-Olayan and Thomas, 2008). Mudskippers are prey for many predators and hence

a path for bioaccumulation.

Bury et al., (2003) note that iron is an essential nutrient to almost all organisms. One of irons key

cellular functions is to confer redox activity to the cytochromes involved in respiration, due to its ability



8



Maximum concentrations for iron in marine waters in the US are 0.3 mg/l and in the UK 0.1 mg/l. These are believed to be

primarily for aesthetic reasons.



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to exchange electrons in aerobic conditions. A negative consequence of irons redox flexibility is that

it produces oxygen free radicals that are toxic to the cell. Consequently, in excess, iron can be

detrimental to health. In addition, excess waterborne iron may be toxic to fish, due to the formation of

iron flocs on the gills, resulting in gill clogging and respiratory perturbations.

The current existence of a diverse and healthy mangrove environment at Pepel demonstrates that the

coastal habitat can adapt in the long term to a certain level of metal contamination. Fish and shellfish

sampling is ongoing and will yield information on iron contamination in fish.

Before mitigation the impact on VR marine fauna is considered to be of moderate significance.

Before mitigation the impact on VR coastal habitat and VR subtidal habitat is considered to be of

moderate significance.

Before mitigation the impact on VR human development potential (i.e. fisheries) is considered to be of

moderate significance.

Mitigation measures:





Undertake a chemical assay of the proposed iron ore product to understand its constituents;







Install a treatment plant to collect and treat possible discharges; and







Design and implement an appropriate Transport Management Plan to guarantee minimal loss

of material to the coastal and marine environment.



Fuel Handling Operations

Fuel for power generation will be transported by road and vessels will not refuel at Pepel, therefore no

fuel handling operations are planned within the marine area of the port.

The movement and use of fuel oils for power generation is a potentially significant source of

hydrocarbon contamination to local coastal and subtidal habitats. Mangroves are particularly

susceptible to hydrocarbon pollution, which manifests itself in the intertidal and particularly affects the

ability of pneumatophores (in particular) and prop roots to regulate salt content and for the mangrove

to breathe. Therefore, if there are any fuel handling operations a detailed environmental management

and contingency plans must be in place.

Any spills within the port facility have the potential to contaminate the coastal habitats via run-off or

groundwater.

Before mitigation the impact on VR marine fauna is considered to be minor.

Before mitigation the impact on VR coastal habitat is considered to be moderate.

Before mitigation the impact on VR subtidal habitat is considered to be minor.

Before mitigation the impact on VR human development potential i.e. fisheries is considered to be

minor.

Mitigation measures:





Undertake a Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) of fuel handling operations; and



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Implement management and contingency / response plans to ensure any fuel spills within the

land-side of the port do not enter the marine environment.



7.6.3 Associated Shipping Activities

As Pepel Port has been out of use for several years, its regeneration will increase marine traffic

between Pepel Port and Freetown, creating disturbance to other marine users such as fishing boats.

Ports may have a role in terms of appropriate reception facilities, guidance to port users and

inspection of documentation.

Navigation and Fishing

The majority of marine traffic in the estuary is focussed around Freetown. Numbers from 2008

indicate that 368 vessels used the main commercial port, 352 of which were cargo ships, whilst the

rest were industrial fishing, military and research vessels. In the wider estuary shipping is believed to

be limited to small artisanal fishing boats and passenger vessels, and the Freetown to Tagrin ferry.

Transshipment operations are currently expected to involve Handymax transshipment vessels, which

will transfer ore to a loading on anchorage point outside the mouth of the estuary. These vessels will

be of a similar size to those previously using Pepel port. As the port has been inactive for some time,

vessels of this size have not been used as far up the estuary as Pepel for a number of years.

However, only two transshipment vessels will be in operation and each will make one round trip per

day. Although relatively large, the volume of movement of these vessels up and down the estuary will

be low. Considering the amount of other commercial traffic and large cargo vessels using Freetown

port, the impact of the transshipment operations on shipping in the estuary is not expected to be

significant.

Consultation with the fishing community is ongoing and further assessment will be undertaken. The

transshipment anchorage location is also yet to be finalised. Therefore it is considered to be a

moderate impact within this assessment.

The impact on VR Infrastructure Changes – shipping is considered to be of minor significance.

The impact on VR Infrastructure Changes – shipping is considered to be of minor significance.

Mitigation measures:





Further consultation with the fishing community (already underway).







Navigation Guidance must be provided to vessels using the port and other shipping and

fishing vessels in the area.



Risk to Marine Fauna – Underwater Noise and Collisions

As discussed in Section 7.5.2, underwater noise can impact on marine mammals, sea turtles and fish.

Marine vessels, in particularly large bulk carriers are relatively loud sources of underwater noise.

Their continued presence in the estuary, and the offshore area outside of the mouth, has the potential

to affect the behavioural ecology of local marine fauna. In addition, many species of whales and



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dolphins may be vulnerable to collisions with vessels. Most reports of collisions involve large whales

but collisions with smaller species also occur (IWC, 2009).

Very little published information currently exists on the abundance and distribution of marine

mammals and turtles in the estuary and immediately offshore. As such it is difficult to estimate the

likely significance of increased vessel traffic. An ongoing study is currently collecting information,

which will be incorporated into the Stage 2 assessment. Potential species of concern include turtles,

humpback dolphins and humpback whales.

Freetown port is a busy commercial marine environment and therefore the increase in noise and

vessel collision risk from the TV and OGV may be of minor significance. A greater understanding of

the abundance of marine mammals and turtles in the estuary and further assessment of potential

transshipment anchorage locations is required before the potential impacts can be fully evaluated.

Before mitigation the impact on VR marine fauna is considered to be of moderate significance.

Mitigation measures:





If initial surveys indicate abundance of species of conservation concern, further mitigation and

monitoring will be required.



Increased Light Levels

Persistent man-made light from vessels, an operational port, and navigation aids throughout the

channel could impact significantly on marine fauna; with birds in particular sensitive to increased and

extended levels. Non-natural light can deter them from feeding, breeding and nesting, and can

generally confuse their natural behaviour (Longcore and Rich, 2004, Lorne & Salmon, 2007,

Witherington, 1992).

Due to the high density of wetland birds present in the project location, and its position inside a

designated RAMSAR site, increased light is a potentially significant impact, especially as year round

operations will continue during bird migratory and breeding seasons. The current low levels of manmade light at Pepel exacerbate this potential impact, particularly if bright navigation aids are to be

placed in the approach channel to the port.

With respect to vessels moving up and down the estuary, there is already a large degree of light

pollution at Tagrin and Freetown, and transshipment vessels are not expected to significantly

increase the level of light at the mouth of the estuary. Closer to the port however, this impact may

become significant.

Before mitigation the potential impact on VR avifauna is considered to be moderate

Before mitigation the potential impact on VR marine fauna is considered to be moderate.

Mitigation measures:





During port operations, avoid strong lighting on any sensitive habitat areas, use shading

tactics wherever possible;







Consider use low-pressure sodium vapour lamps, as this wavelength does not disorient fauna

as much as regular full spectrum lighting; and



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Use navigation aid lighting only when strictly necessary.



Ballast Water and Marine Pests

The introduction of invasive species is of concern during the operational phase with the increase in

shipping activities. Before a voyage when they are not laden with cargo, ships take in a certain

amount of water for stability. Once the ship arrives at its destination it may release the ballast water

at the destination location. Ballast water can contain large amounts of sediment and microscopic

organisms, eggs and larvae. International shipping is responsible for the majority of these alien

species invading foreign waters. The effects of introducing new animals and plants can be almost

undetectable, or conversely they can completely displace native communities.

The 2004 International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and

Sediments (from which Sierra Leone is signatory) establishes that all ships using ballast water

exchange should whenever possible, conduct ballast water exchange at least 200 nautical miles from

the nearest land and in water at least 200 metres in depth. The transshipment vessels to be used in

the estuary will only have to release foreign ballast water once on arrival, and as all bulk carriers

arriving for ore loading will not be entering the estuary, this impact is considered to be minor as long

as correct exchange procedures are followed.

Before mitigation the impact on VR marine fauna is considered to be of moderate significance.

Before mitigation the impact on VR coastal habitat is considered to be of minor significance.

Before mitigation the impact on VR subtidal habitat is considered to be of moderate significance.

Before mitigation the impact on VR human development potential – fisheries is considered to be of

minor significance.

Mitigation measures:





Ensure the 2004 International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast

Water and Sediments is strictly followed by all ships approaching the anchorage loading

point; and







A monitoring program to check for the presence of invasive species, and to undertake regular

assessment of sensitive habitat areas.



Vessel Waste Management and Discharges

Routine discharges from vessels include uncontaminated deck drainage, potentially contaminated

drainage from machinery spaces, engine cooling water and treated sewage / grey water. The

potential effects on water quality are similar to the effects created by discharges from the port, such

as changes in water pH, colour, temperature, smell, dissolved oxygen, nutrient levels and bacterial

contamination.

The source of pollution in the case of barges/tugs is a moving source, with a potentially larger area of

impact but a higher dilution rate, and therefore the impact is not considered to be significant.

Before mitigation the impact on VR marine fauna is considered to be of moderate significance.



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Before mitigation the impact on VR coastal habitat and VR subtidal habitat is considered to be of

moderate significance.

Before mitigation the impact on VR human development potential – fisheries is considered to be of

moderate significance.

Mitigation measures:





Ensure that the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships

(MARPOL) is strictly followed by all ships operating within the project area, estuary and the

anchorage loading point;



Transshipment Anchorage

Loading on anchorage impacts during transshipment are generally associated with material spillages

and dust dispersion, leading to impacts on water quality, coastal and subtidal habitats and marine

fauna. Although the system is designed to be highly efficient, the cumulative impact over the life of the

project could be significant.

The potential behaviour of the iron ore in the water will depend on the spillage particle size and its

chemical composition. Generally, iron often forms colloidal suspensions of ferric hydroxide in the

presence of oxygen, which can remain suspended in water or settle into the sediment. Potential

impacts include increased turbidity, reduced light penetration, smothering of benthic organisms and

aesthetic impacts (water discolouration). Iron is not generally toxic to marine fauna. A full chemical

assay is required to understand if there are any other contaminants of concern within the hematite,

although this is considered unlikely. Modelling can be used to assess concentrations within the water

column for comparison to toxicity thresholds.

There is also a risk non-routine events such as a vessel collision leading to much larger spills into the

estuary. It is considered pertinent to conduct a QRA to ascertain the level of risk associated with

accidental spills at sea or within the Pepel Port area once details concerning shipping are confirmed.

Before mitigation the impact on VR marine fauna is considered to be of moderate significance.

Before mitigation the impact on VR coastal habitat and VR subtidal habitat is considered to be of

moderate significance.

Before mitigation the impact on VR human development potential (i.e. fisheries) is considered to be of

moderate significance.

Mitigation measures:





Undertake a full assessment of the proposed iron ore product to understand its constituents;

and







Design and implement an appropriate Transport Management Plan to guarantee minimal loss

of material to the coastal and marine environment.







Undertake a QRA of port and shipping activities.



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7.6.4 Associated Dredging Activities

Capital dredging will be required to open the navigation channel to access Pepel port. The capital

dredging is expected to only remove infill that has occurred since the closure of Pepel Port to

reinstate the previous channel. Ongoing maintenance dredging will then be required to keep the

channel open but the volume required will be smaller. The total predicted dredging volume is

approximately 1.5 million m3 based on UKHO admiralty charts. As explained in the Project Description

the dredging volume will be finalised following bathymetric and geotechnical surveys.

Key potential impacts from dredging activities include changes in water quality due to increased

turbidity and disturbance of potentially contaminated sediments; removal and smothering of the

benthos. There are also potential impacts from light and noise, particularly as 24 hour operations will

take place. Secondary impacts can include changes in waves and currents due to changes in

bathymetry. There is also a potential impact on fishing.

Sediment grabs from the dredge channel indicate that most of the channel is medium to coarse sand,

which is expected given the strong tidal currents through the channel. Coarse silt was found at one

location to the north-west of Tasso Island, this may be due to the slowing of the tidal currents around

the bend in the channel. There is no evidence of any areas of reef in and around the channel and as

the channel is being reinstated these sand and silt sediments are expected to exist throughout.

Macrofaunal communities are typical of such sediments in an estuarine environment and are not of

high biodiversity value.

The estuary is turbid in the area around the dredge channel due to the high sediment load from the

tributaries and wetlands inputting to the estuary and the strong tidal currents. Suspended solids

concentrations of up to 40 mg/l were measured in the lower part of the water column in the dredge

channel. Turbidity of up to 350 NTU was measured in the channel close to Pepel, for comparison 25

NTU is considered murky. Although the dredging methodology has not been finalised there are

mitigation measures inherent in the design to reduce the concentration and extent of any dredge

plumes, in particular from the hopper overflow though the use of the adjustable overflow funnel and

green valve described in the Project Description. Therefore the impact is expected to be minor.

However, within the EMP any dredge plumes will be modelled and compared to background turbidity

and suspended solids data.

The dredging will take place over a relatively short period and due to the type of dredger proposed

underwater noise levels are expected to be comparable with those created by shipping.

As the dredging will involve only the reinstatement of the previous channel no significant changes in

currents, sediment transport or morphology are expected. As the dredge channel is within the estuary

waves are not an issue.

Consultation with local fishing communities is underway. There is some fishing activity in the vicinity

of the channel and potential setting of nets. Further information is being collected through the

consultation process. The period of dredging is relatively short but it will still be necessary to ensure

that the fisherman and communities close to the dredge channel are informed of activities and

procedures. This will be facilitated through the consultation process, which will be within the EMP.



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The effects of dredged spoil disposal will be site specific and dependent on the characteristics of the

dredged material and the hydrodynamic conditions in the area. The primary issues are the smothering

and changing of the benthos and the risk of contamination of the disposal site. In addition, there is a

risk of increased suspended sediment and turbidity. The finer the material and the greater the energy

at the disposal site, the greater the possibility of increased suspended sediments and turbidity.

A video survey of spoil ground was undertaken during the marine environmental baseline survey. This

found that the area was dominated by soft bottom sediments with no areas of reef. There are reef

areas, such as Carpenter’s rocks, to the south of the dredge spoil disposal ground but these are

some distance away. Therefore an initial assessment indicates that the impact will be minor. Once the

dredging methodology is finalised an assessment of the deposition of the dredge material will be

undertaken including modelling of the dredge material to ensure that it is deposited within the spoil

ground and any dredge plume does not impact the reef habitats that have been identified within the

vicinity of the dredge spoil disposal ground.

There is evidence of sediment contamination around the existing Pepel port above sediment quality

guidelines9. However, initial samples within the dredge channel indicate that the area of

contamination does not extend that far from the port land-side. As part of the EMP cores will be taken

and sub-sampled for environmental analysis to confirm whether there are any seabed sediment

contamination issues and, if found appropriate action will be taken.

There is also a risk of dredging impacting on shipwrecks which may have Cultural Heritage. A review

of the UK Hydrographic Office wrecks database does not indicate that there are any wrecks in the

dredge channel or at the disposal site. The geophysical survey of the channel will confirm this.

Before mitigation the impact on VR marine fauna is considered to be of moderate significance.

Before mitigation the impact on VR coastal habitat and VR subtidal habitat is considered to be of

moderate significance.

Before mitigation the impact on VR human development potential i.e. fisheries is considered to be of

moderate significance.

Before mitigation the impact on VR cultural heritage (marine archaeology) is considered to be

insignificant.

Mitigation measures:





The primary mitigation measure is to follow the London Convention of 1972 and subsequent

protocol of 1976, to which Sierra Leone is a signatory (see Legislation and Guidance section).

This includes guidance on the sampling of sediments for contamination and the selection of a

dredged disposal site.







Mitigation measures will be included within the dredging equipment and methods to minimise

the extent of any dredge plumes.



In the absence of national or international standards the Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines for the Protection

of Aquatic Life (Update 2002) are used, which are based upon recognised toxicological methods.



9



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Within the EMP dredge plumes will be modelled and analysis and assessment undertaken to

ensure that there is no risk of contamination from the dredge material.







Consultation with the local fishing communities is underway and will continue via the EMP.



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Table 7-5 Port Area – Offshore & Coastal

VR



Impacts



Aspect

Land clearance and

earthworks



E6

E6



Pressure increase in

natural resources



H3



Clearance of coastal habitat during

construction activities

Increased pressure on the uses of

mangrove due to increased

population during construction

Increased pressure on fish resources

due to increased population during

construction

Impacts on marine fauna



E8



Clearance of old

stockpiles and port site



Increased noise during

construction works

Increased light levels

during construction

works

Waste water discharge

during construction



E6



E3



VR Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation



Reason for

Change



High



2



2



3



2



Major



Minor



Ensure no

clearance



High



4



2



4



3



Major



Moderate



Best practices



High



2



2



2



2



Moderate



Minor



Best practices



Moderate



High



1



2



2



2



Moderate



High



2



2



2



2



Moderate



High



2



1



2



2



Major



High



2



1



2



2



Major



Moderate



Management

Plan



High



1



2



2



2



Moderate



Minor



Appropriate

collection and

treatment



Impacts on coastal habitat



Disturbance of avifauna



Moderate



Moderate



Disturbance of avifauna

E3



E8



Disturbance to marine fauna due to

potential changes in water quality



Construction

Best Practice to

ensure

contaminants do

not enter the

marine

environment

Construction

Best Practice to

ensure

contaminants do

not enter the

marine

environment

Management

Plan



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VR



Impacts

VR Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation



Impacts on coastal habitat due to

potential changes in water quality



High



3



2



1



2



Moderate



Minor



Impacts on subtidal habitat due to

potential changes in water quality



Moderate



3



2



2



3



Moderate



Minor



High



1



2



2



2



Moderate



Minor



High



1



2



2



2



Moderate



Minor



High



3



2



1



2



Moderate



Minor



3



2



2



3



Moderate



Minor



High



1



2



2



2



Moderate



Minor



Moderate



2



2



1



2



Minor



Minor



High



1



1



1



1



Minor



Minor



High



1



1



1



1



Minor



Minor



2



2



1



2



Minor



Minor



High



1



1



1



1



Minor



Minor



High



2



1



1



2



Moderate



Moderate



Aspect

E6



E7



H3



Impacts on fish stock due to potential

changes in water quality

Disturbance to marine fauna due to

potential changes in water quality



E8



Spills and run-off of oil

and chemical

contaminants during

construction



Refurbishment of

mooring dolphins



E6



Impacts on coastal habitat due to

potential changes in water quality



E7



Impacts on subtidal habitat due to

potential changes in water quality



H3



Impacts on fish stock due to potential

changes in water quality



E7

E8



Increased turbidity due

to underwater

construction



E6

E7



H3

Disturbance of

contaminated sediments



E8



Impacts on subtidal habitat due to

underwater construction

Disturbance to marine fauna due to

changes in water quality

Impacts on coastal habitat due to

changes in water quality

Impacts on subtidal habitat due to

changes in water quality

Impacts on fish stock due to changes

in water quality

Disturbance to marine fauna due to

water contamination



Moderate



Moderate



Reason for

Change

Appropriate

collection and

treatment

Appropriate

collection and

treatment

Appropriate

collection and

treatment

Appropriate

collection and

treatment



Appropriate

collection and

treatment

Appropriate

collection and

treatment

Appropriate

collection and

treatment



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VR



Impacts



Aspect

during underwater

construction



Increased underwater

noise during underwater

construction

Presence of marine

structures



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



3



2



1



2



Moderate



3



2



2



3



Moderate



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation



High



E7



Impacts on subtidal habitat due to

water contamination



Moderate



H3



Contamination of fish stock due to

changes in water quality



High



1



2



2



2



Moderate



E8

H3



Disturbance to marine fauna

Disturbance to fish stock



High



2



1



1



2



Moderate



Moderate

Moderate



High



2



1



1



2



Moderate



Moderate



S2



Changes in coastal morphology due

to changes in estuary dynamics

Disturbance to marine fauna due to

potential changes in water quality



Medium



1



1



2



1



Insignificant



Insignificant



High



2



1



1



2



Moderate



Minor



Impacts on coastal habitat due to

potential changes in water quality



High



3



2



1



2



Moderate



Minor



Impacts on subtidal habitat due to

potential changes in water quality



Moderate



3



2



1



3



Moderate



Minor



Impacts on fish stock due to potential

changes in water quality



High



2



2



2



2



Moderate



Minor



Disturbance to marine fauna due to

changes in water quality



High



1



2



3



2



Moderate



E7



H3



E8

E6



E7

H3



Fuel handling operation spillages



Extent



Impacts on coastal habitat due to

water contamination



E6



Handling of Iron Ore –

dust dispersion and

surface run-off



Magnitude



E6



E8



Wastewater discharge

during port activities



VR Category



E8

E6



Moderate

Moderate



Appropriate

collection and

treatment

Appropriate

collection and

treatment

Appropriate

collection and

treatment

Appropriate

collection and

treatment



Moderate



Disturbance due coastal habitat due

to potential changes in water quality

and dust settlement

Impacts on subtidal habitat due to

potential changes in water quality



High



1



2



3



2



Moderate



Moderate



2



2



3



3



Moderate



Impacts on fish stock due to potential

changes in water quality



High



1



2



3



2



Moderate



High



2



1



1



2



Moderate



Minor



High



2



2



1



2



Moderate



Minor



Disturbance to marine fauna due to

changes in water quality

Disturbance due coastal habitat due



Reason for

Change



Moderate



Moderate

Moderate

No marine fuel

handling

No marine fuel



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VR



Impacts



Aspect



VR Category



E7

H3

I1

Navigation and shipping

H3

Underwater noise and

collisions with marine

fauna



E8



E3

Increased light levels



E8



E8

Ballast Water and

Marine Pests



E6

E7

H3

E8

E6



Vessel Waste

Management and

Discharges



E7



H3



to potential changes in water quality

Impacts on subtidal habitat due to

potential changes in water quality

Impacts on fish stock due to potential

changes in water quality

Impacts on marine users and existing

navigation patterns due to vessel

movements

Disturbance to fishing vessels due to

increase marine traffic

Impacts on Marine Fauna due to

increase in marine traffic



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation



Reason for

Change

handling

No marine fuel

handling

No marine fuel

handling



Moderate



3



2



2



3



Moderate



Minor



High



3



2



2



2



Moderate



Minor



High



1



1



2



1



Minor



Minor



High



1



1



2



1



Moderate



Moderate



High



2



2



1



2



Moderate



Moderate



High



2



1



2



2



Moderate



Moderate



Project design



High



2



1



2



2



Moderate



Minor



Project design



High



1



1



3



2



Moderate



Minor



Follow MARPOL



High

Moderate

High



1



1



2



1



3

2



2

1



2

1



3

1



Minor

Minor

Minor



Insignificant

Insignificant

Insignificant



High



1



2



1



2



Moderate



Minor



Impacts on coastal habitat due to

potential changes in water quality



High



2



2



1



2



Moderate



Minor



Impacts on subtidal habitat due to

potential changes in water quality



Moderate



2



3



2



3



Moderate



Minor



High



2



2



1



2



Moderate



Minor



Follow MARPOL

Follow MARPOL

Follow MARPOL

Appropriate

collection and

treatment

Appropriate

collection and

treatment

Appropriate

collection and

treatment

Appropriate

collection and

treatment



Impacts on Avifauna at port, in the

surroundings of vessels and

navigation aids

Impacts on Marine fauna in the

surroundings of vessels and

navigation aids

Disturbance to marine fauna due to

potential competition

Impact on to coastal habitat

Impact on due to subtidal habitat

Impact on of fish stock

Impact on marine fauna due to

potential changes in water quality



Impacts on fish stock due to potential

changes in water quality



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VR



Impacts



Aspect



E8

E6

Transshipment

Anchorage



E7



H3

E8



Dredging Activities



Disturbance to marine fauna due to

changes in water quality and

potential toxicity

Disturbance due coastal habitat due

to potential changes in water quality

and potential toxicity

Impacts on subtidal habitat due to

potential changes in water quality

and potential toxicity

Contamination of fish stock due to

potential changes in water quality

Impact on marine fauna



E6



Impact on coastal habitat



E7



Impact on subtidal habitat



H3



Impact on fish stocks



H5



Impact on cultural heritage (marine

archaeology)



VR Category



Magnitude



Extent



Duration



Basic

Impact

Index



Significance



Residual

Impact after

Mitigation



High



2



2



1



2



Moderate



Moderate



High



3



2



1



2



Moderate



Moderate



Moderate



2



3



2



3



Moderate



Moderate



High



2



2



1



2



Moderate



High



2



3



1



2



Moderate



Moderate



High



3



2



1



2



Moderate



Moderate



Moderate



3



2



4



3



Moderate



Moderate



High



2



2



2



2



Moderate



Moderate



Low



2



1



2



2



Insignificant



Insignificant



Reason for

Change



Moderate

Dredging impact

assessment

Dredging impact

assessment

Dredging impact

assessment

Dredging impact

assessment



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7.7

7.7.1



Distributed Impacts from Project

Bulk material management



Material required for ground improvement across the project will need to be sourced locally from

multiple quarry sites and borrow pit. This has the potential for significantly broadening the impacts

from the project. Consequently all bulk material activities will need to be managed through specific

environmental management and be accountable through contract terms to a single, best-practice

source of guidelines.



7.7.2



Demand on existing infrastructure & resources



The provision of goods and services to maintain the project, co-use of infrastructure such as roads,

power and telecoms networks and the effect of a large logistics operation and mobilization throughout

the project footprint has the potential to create significant impact and over-demand on the existing,

fragile and undeveloped infrastructure and resources.

Logistics, programming, procurement and the provision and expectations for good and services are

dealt with under a project’s feasibility study and execution plan which is outside of the scope of this

study.

Due to the broad scope of these activities it is not considered meaningful to suggest a single source

of management to regulate this. Instead the project consultation and disclosure system coupled with

a grievance system, established by the proponent will be utilized to ensure that project activities are

announced publicly and that a response system is in place should problems arise. This has been

described under the social management section.



7.7.3



Solid waste management



It is anticipated that sound waste management practice will have limited impact on the existing

infrastructure within the region. Waste management proposals have been determined based on the

proximity principle, locating facilities as close as possible to major waste generation sources.

Delivery of the proposed incineration units should consider the existing road infrastructure.

The greatest impact is likely to arise from interim storage of wastes in particular pest, odour and litter

control. During storage organic waste will decay and generate small volumes of methane gas which

should be allowed to vent to the atmosphere.

Consideration should be made in waste storage areas for adequate drainage, particular during the

rainy season. Run off from waste storage should be minimised and treated as leachate rather than

being discharged into the conventional drainage system. Provision should be made for storage and

evaporation ponds where existing infrastructure is inadequate.



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Potential Mitigation Measures





Implement a hierarchy of waste elimination at source, recycling, reuse, recovery, and – as a

last resort - disposal;







Destruct or treat hazardous waste to render it non-hazardous if possible;







If the hazard cannot be eliminated, contain waste in a secure manner and monitor to ensure it

cannot damage the environment;







Segregate and quantify waste for effective management;







Use a system of waste manifests to track generation, transportation, receipt and disposal;







Audit waste transport or disposal companies prior to contracting.



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8



ONGOING ASSESSMENT WORKS



Further ESHIA works required for this project (Stage 1) which will be reported in the Stage 2

assessment are set out in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) in Appendix 18.

Air & Noise

Spot sampling of air quality parameters and baseline noise have been conducted to date. Detailed

impact assessment requires a more accurate knowledge of the background air quality and a refined

estimate of the project contribution to the existing background levels. For this purpose a second round

of baseline data collection is currently being undertaken at the start of June 2010 and further

seasonal coverage will be required which will involve works that extend into and beyond the Stage 2

ESHIA reporting period. Some targeted baseline data collection, interpretation and assessment can

only be carried out after detailed Phase 1 designs are available including major power source

designs/locations and airfield/aircraft details. Air assessment and design feedback to ensure

compliance with air quality standards will be presented in the Stage 2 report. Based on the currently

advised programme it is also assumed that some Tonkolili Phase 1 construction works will be

underway and therefore monitoring data will be available to support the assessment. An air

dispersion model will be developed in order to predict the expected air quality contributions from the

routine operations of the project with assessment standards based on national and international

guidelines.

Sampling to date has indicated (subject to verification) a predominantly non-industrial baseline for the

project area. It is therefore reasonable to assume that there will not be additional significant air

quality impact sources (i.e. from other industry) that could lead to a cumulative air quality loading in

addition to project contributions. Therefore assuming that mitigation and management applied by

AML is effective in mitigating air and noise sources this should mean that project contributions will not

lead to excessive levels.

The impacts from the proposed development on noise quality will be assessed following a quantitative

approach. Due to the large project area potentially affected by noise emissions, the target zones to

be modelled will be limited to the surroundings with the predicted highest noise emissions: the

perimeter of the mine facilities, the transport corridor (railway and roads) nearby populated areas and

the Phase 1 power plant/plants. Where significant potential noise impacts are identified, specific

mitigation measures will be suggested (e.g. construction of barrier panels) and tested in the noise

model to ensure that the predicted noise impacts will be mitigated.

Noise modelling will be conducted with SoundPLAN, an industry standard noise prediction software

used to calculate sound pressure levels and to generate noise mappings, considering reflections and

diffractions of sound, the geometry of buildings at the site, topography and climatic conditions. The

pressure levels calculated or interpolated for each point within the defined calculation area will be

shown as a grid of sound pressure values, from which a contour map will be generated showing

isophones (lines of equal sound pressure). The noise maps will show only the project contributions

and the cumulative effects will be assessed adding the existing noise background conditions at

sensitive receptors.

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Ecology & Biodiversity

Vegetation

Further work will concentrate on the assessment of species and habitats of conservation concern in

the project area as well as on the study of habitats and localities that are not yet well documented or

understood and that are likely to be impacted by the mining activities. Requisite works include:





Detailed aerial image interpretation to determine whether there is additional riverine system of

interest along the transport corridor that has not been previously identified or surveyed and

may deserve consideration.







Inland valley swamps have not yet been studied in detail and further surveys of selected inland

valley swamps are required to assess the presence/absence of species of conservation

concern.







The freshwater river areas and saline / freshwater transition zone of Port Loko Creek will be

surveyed in more detail, especially for rheophytes.







Survey of Farangbaia Forest Reserve to determine the presence of species of conservation

concern found on project affected areas and the potential as an offsetting area.







Surveys outside the anticipated impacted project footprint aimed at confirming presence of

species already identified as of conservation concern and so far found only on the Simbili

deposit or near proposed infrastructure. This will allow reassessment and potential lowering of

the conservation status of these species. This survey will also identify potential areas to be

protected and used as offsetting zones or relocation zones if required.







Inselbergs will be visited to assess remnant forest patches.







Other localities and habitats of potential conservation concern that have not yet been studied in

detail will be explored further. The most important localities and habitats are some parts of the

Tonkolili River (focusing mainly on the western valley, where some infrastructure related to rail

development may be located), the river channel community of the Tonkolili River near

Farangbaia, Pepel Port land lease, Port Loko freshwater ecosystems, the Toka River, and

some of the inland valley swamps along the rail / road corridor.



Fauna

In order to establish and validate pre-project baseline and trends the following supplementary Phase

2a and Phase 2b baseline studies are required and will be reported in the Tonkolili Stage 2 ESHIA or

follow up study reporting where seasonal constraints entail later works:





Assess potential conservation strategies for Western Chimpanzee populations.







Assess the conservation value of extensive semi-natural seasonal wetlands and scattered

forest patches along the Toka river valley, essentially those between Makeni and Lunsar, and

the gallery evergreen forest along the Rokel upstream from Makeni to its confluence with the

Tonkolili River. These investigations will be most productive if undertaken in May and

November-December.



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Assess faunal-groups where observations and literature suggest that species of global

importance may occur.







Assess the transport corridor in detail. Surveys to be undertaken at both the beginning and the

end of the wet season (June and November-December) when migrant intra-African birds,

amphibian and insect populations would be at a much higher level.







Assess mangrove vegetation along the Bankasoka River.







Assess the significance of sacred forests / bush areas for fauna. This will require careful

planning and early consultation and engagement with relevant local communities.







Assess fauna present in the Pepel Railway area and adjacent mangroves.



Freshwater

The Phase 1b aquatic ecosystem studies to date are high-level, rapid assessments that represent a

‘snapshot’ of conditions at the site. Pre-project trends as seasonal variations (such as water levels,

migration and breeding patterns) have not been investigated and defined. To establish pre-project

trends the following supplementary Phase 2a and Phase 2b baseline studies are required:





Wet and dry season aquatic surveys to describe the aquatic biota in the mining lease area and

transport corridor.







Aquatic fauna tissue metal survey to assess existing metal concentrations (that are likely to be

influenced by activities of artisanal miners and natural mineralisation in the area).







A comprehensive baseline water quality sampling programme will be undertaken in conjunction

with the hydrology and hydrogeology studies and monitoring programme.







Seasonal hydrological flow data collection, particularly for the downstream reaches of the

Mawuru and Tonkolili Rivers (where dams are proposed) is required and will be collected in

conjunction with the hydrology and hydrogeology studies and monitoring programme. Aquatic

surveys have not yet been undertaken in this area which contains many small streams and

brooks that may house endemic species and an aquatic fauna survey will describe establish

baseline conditions. A long term monitoring survey programme will be implemented in order to

assess effectiveness of any mitigation measures and allow remedial action in the event that

negative impacts are detected.



Hydrology and Hydrogeology

Further to Stage 1 reporting, works required for completion of environmental studies include





Ongoing monitoring of surface and groundwater quality to establish baseline and long term

trends







Ongoing flow monitoring of surface water to establish baseline, long term trends and surface

and groundwater relationships including baseflow index and recharge estimates. Requires

stream profile surveys and LIDAR interpretation to establish calibration / ratings curves for

gauging points.



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Refine quality and flow monitoring programmes further to analysis of initial trends and

improved understanding of baseline and development designs.







Data interpretation to characterise water resources – quality and quantity, including seasonal

variations, based on existing reports and monitoring data.







Refine mass water balance. Assess whether there may be significant net change in the water

balance of the various river systems in the project footprint due to stripping, mining, waste

dumps, valley crossings etc.







Calculate stream flow deficit durations







Peak flood estimations







Input to storm water management plan and surface water management plan







Recurrent stream stability monitoring







Potential Sediment Transport model.







Input/interact with Acid Mine Drainage study to assess likelihood and impact of acid waters

draining from waste dumps or areas of construction using waste rock.







Input to solid waste management plan, surface water management plan, waste water

management plan, waste rock management plan (potential acid waters and flooding/water

logging issues) and spill response plan.







Input to outline EMPs for future works including mining, drilling, waste storage, haulage,

transfer and export where potential for impacts on surface and groundwater exist.







Review and interpretation/inclusion of geotechnical pitting and drilling data as is becomes

available.







Review and analytical assessment and interpretation of water well drilling and testing data as

it becomes available.







Review and assessment of drainage designs.







Identify significant impacts that may result either directly or indirectly from the use of surface

or groundwater when detailed water demands and abstraction designs are available.







Determine whether there will be any cumulative impacts on river and groundwater systems.







Assess risk of polluting ground and surface water resources throughout the various project

areas.







Provide practical design recommendations/remedial measures where possible to avoid any of

the identified impacts.



Soils and Land Use

Ongoing works involve preparation of a soils and land use mapping based on recently acquired full

detailed aerial photo coverage of the proposed development. This will include input from Agricultural

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Department, Sierra Leone, on soil types and agricultural areas and any mitigation or offsetting

recommendations where loss of land use and erosion impacts have been identified in particular.

Ongoing geotechnical field investigations may allow some site specific descriptions and assessment

of soils for localised areas. Full Stage 1 and Stage 2 ESHIA information will be presented in the

Stage 2 preliminary ESHIA and where relevant in the EMP.



Geology and Geomorphology

Ongoing works including detailed literature review and summary of local geology are to be finalised.

Detailed mine planning will optimise resource utilisation and minimal requirement for further ESHIA

works are foreseen for Phase 1



Human Health

Human health impact assessment is an iterative process that requires input from a number of other

disciplines. The work presented in this Stage 1 document represents a preliminary screening

assessment based on baseline information and project description available at this point in time. The

Human impact assessment will be developed as more definitive project information and field data

becomes available. Ongoing ESHIA work will refine and build upon the findings of Stage 1,

incorporating new data and information to be presented in the Stage 2 ESHIA. Further works

will involve:





Detailed definition of baseline pertaining to human health. This will include incorporation of

the results of chemical analysis of environmental media (soils, air, surface and groundwater),

food (plant and fish tissue) as well as other factors (noise, traffic etc) that have the potential to

impact human health;







In-country data collection. A site visit will be conducted by a senior health assessor for field

survey/overview and meetings with government officials and medical representatives in order

to facilitate completion of medical and governmental health questionnaires;







Definition of chemicals of potential concern (COPCs). COPCs for the project will be

generated and undergo preliminary screening. This will involve data collection and

implementation of selection processes, including discussion with project engineers.







Health impact assessment. The list of health impacts developed during Stage 1 will be reevaluated and refined in light of the most up-to-date project details and the healthrelated inputs received from other assessment disciplines; and







Reporting in the Tonkolili Preliminary/Stage2 ESHIA document.



Socio-Economic

The SIA for Stage 2 is considered to be an evolution of the Stage 1 report with some additional

geographic scope based on the larger footprint. As such, the following work will be conducted

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primarily for the purposes of the Stage 2 ESHIA but at the same time providing an opportunity to

review and, if required, enhance Stage 1 ESHIA:





Further socio-economic baseline studies are planned for the next phases of the Tonkolili

project which will provide additional detail to the present understanding of socio-economic

conditions in the project area including the Phase 1 footprint which shares many of the same

attributes.







Use the RPF as the foundation for developing a RAP including a detailed household asset

survey which will provide an opportunity to better understand the full extent of resettlement

impacts. This process will incorporate direct consultation with PAPs and other stakeholders

throughout implementation. There may be circumstances that require retroactive execution of

the RAP to ensure that benefits for PAPs are delivered fairly and equitably.







Work with local NGO’s and GoSL to initiate livelihood restoration programs.







Implement the measures set out in the CDAP through consultation with local communities

and GoSL stakeholders. This consultation process will itself evolve to encompass

communities across both Stage 1 and Stage 2 footprints so that community development

strategies can be prepared that address broader community requirements whilst at the same

time focusing on implementing viable and cost-effective building projects and social

programs.







Through an overall AML management policy initiative, develop a Community Safety Plan to

address safety issues that may result from project activities interacting with local communities

such as public access across rail tracks and haul roads.



Offshore & Coastal

Based on the key environmental issues identified in the preparation of this report, further data

collection and analysis is required to fully assess the severity of each impact and to finalise

appropriate mitigation measures that will provide input to the Environmental Management Plan.

Additional studies required in order to support impact assessment include the following:





Hydrodynamics, sedimentary transport and coastal morphology - Development of higher

resolution hydrodynamic and sediment transport model, based on the results from metocean

data collection and geotechnical survey (including bathymetry survey);







Sediment quality - Laboratory analysis of samples already collected; additional sediment

sampling; sub-sampling and analysis of sediment vibrocores to assess contamination and

acid sulphate soil risk; modelling of fate of sediments from dredging and construction

activities;







Water quality - Laboratory analysis of samples already collected; Longer term in-situ water

quality monitoring as part of the MetOcean survey; Additional targeted surveys around

potential discharge locations; MIKE 21 model development and water quality modelling of

wastewater discharges, run-off and dredging activities;



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Marine habitat studies - More detailed mapping of subtidal and mangrove habitats using

quantitative techniques and assessment of mangrove health; Quantification of habitat

clearance; Identification of habitat conservation status and growth patterns; Additional survey

of inter-tidal areas (mudflats), spoil ground #1 and transshipment anchorage.







Benthic fauna studies - Laboratory analysis of samples already collected; In-situ chlorophyll

measurement as part of MetOcean survey; Wet season measurements;







Plankton studies - Laboratory analysis of water samples;







Cetaceans studies - incidental MMO during other marine activities; information gathering

through consultation; additional MMO or acoustic monitoring, dependant on initial findings;







West African manatee studies - Consultation with villagers and fishermen in key areas;







Avifauna studies - Consultation of local specialists; birds survey (observation) in the study

area and analysis of field results;







Fish and shellfish studies - Consultation with fisherman around key landing sites and markets;

Consultation and collation of data from Ministry of Fisheries; Ecological assessment of the

affect of habitats impacts on fish stocks; Collection of fish and shellfish samples to support

health assessment.







Marine Archaeology study - Expert review of geophysical datasets and wrecks database to

assess impact; and







Shipping and navigation - Collation of data from Freetown Port Authority; Consultation with

key stakeholders and marine users; Mapping of existing and projected shipping.



Outcome of these detailed studies will be reported within the Stage 2 ESHIA



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Table 8-1 Ongoing Assessment Works Register

Discipline



Component

Complete /

Available



Component

proposed before

Stage 2 ESHIA



Timing



Component post

Stage 2 ESHIA (i.e.

go into EMP)



Timing



Responsibility



Air Quality



Spot sampling for

NOx, SOx



Systematic baseline

sampling (passive,

active, extended

time) & dust.



Full baseline

prepared for

Stage 2 ESHIA



Further air quality

monitoring and

modelling to refine

management

practices.



As required



ESHIA Consultant



Air Quality



Assess air

emissions from

mining activities,

stockpiles and

power generation.



Air Assessment to

ensure compliance

with Air Quality

standards (including

background) using

dispersion models.



Preliminary

models in Stage 2

ESHIA



Project monitoring,

modeling residual

impacts to go into

EMS.



Refined models

throughout

operations.



ESHIA Consultant

with Project owners

team



Air Quality



Assess noise from

Airstrip at the mine

once defined

location and

aircrafts are

defined.



Noise assessment

and Action plan for

conflict areas.



Before Airstrip

operation start up.



Project monitoring,

modeling residual

impacts to go into

EMS.



Ongoing.



ESHIA Consultant

with Project owners

team



Noise



Assess noise from

traffic (train and



Noise assessment

and noise barrier



Before mineral

transport start up.



Project monitoring,

modeling residual



Ongoing



ESHIA Consultant

with Project owners



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Discipline



Component

Complete /

Available

haul road), material

processing at the

mine site and port

activities at

populated areas.



Component

proposed before

Stage 2 ESHIA

design.



Timing



Component post

Stage 2 ESHIA (i.e.

go into EMP)

impacts to go into

EMS.



Timing



Marine



Extensive

hydrodynamics,

water quality,

sediment quality,

mangrove

mapping,

ecological work &

sub-tidal video

already

undertaken.



More detailed

habitat mapping and

surveys where

residual impacts

identified including

avifauna survey,

marine mammals

observation,

manatees and

fisheries

consultation.



Marine



Initial

hydrodynamic and

sediment transport

model built.



Refinement of

hydrodynamic and

sediment transport

model. Set up of

water quality model.

Wet season



Responsibility



Full baseline

prepared for

Stage 2 ESHIA



Project monitoring,

residual impacts to go

into EMS.



Ongoing



ESHIA Consultant

with Project owners

team



Preliminary

models in Stage 2

ESHIA.



Refinement and

updates to the models

due to additional data

availability and any

changes to project

description.



Refined models

before operations

start up.



ESHIA consultant

and marine and

coastal engineering

team with Project

owners team



team



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Discipline



Component

Complete /

Available



Component

proposed before

Stage 2 ESHIA

metocean data to be

collected. Use of

model to assess

water and sediment

quality and sediment

transport including

wastewater,

dredging plumes

and accidental

discharges.



Timing



Component post

Stage 2 ESHIA (i.e.

go into EMP)



Timing



Responsibility



Marine



Preliminary

dredging

assessment

complete



Specific dredging

impact assessment

in development,

including

contamination

analysis of cores

and modeling of

dredge plumes.



Timely completion

of dredging impact

assessment once

required data

becomes

available, Stage 2.



Project monitoring

and residual impacts

to go into EMS.



Ongoing



ESHIA Consultant

with Project owners

team



Marine



Preliminary

assessment of

transshipment

complete



Survey and

assessment of

transshipment

anchorage once



Survey and

assessment for

inclusion in Stage

2 report.



Project monitoring

and residual impacts

to go into EMS.



Ongoing



ESHIA Consultant

with Project owners

team



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Discipline



Component

Complete /

Available



Component

proposed before

Stage 2 ESHIA

options are

identified



Timing



Component post

Stage 2 ESHIA (i.e.

go into EMP)



Timing



Responsibility



Waste



Practice guidelines

drafted.



Review and update

waste model based

on Contractors

estimates.



Before

construction

begins



Develop standalone

Phase 1 waste

infrastructure during

construction and

operations.



Before

construction

begins



ESHIA Consultant

with Project owners

team and requires

detailed contactor

management

plans.



Ecology Flora



Partially completed

the study work

predominantly at

the mine area only

and sections of the

haul road.



Specialists

scheduled to

complete a program

in June addressing

Inland valley

swamps along

transport corridor)

and target further

areas.



To complete by

Stage 2 ESHIA.



Conservation

measures, set asides,

capacity programmes

etc – all need to be

developed in

conjunction with

Stage 2.



To complete by

Stage 2 ESHIA.



ESHIA Consultant

with Project owners

team



Ecology Fauna



Dry season survey

only.



Transitional wet-dry

season survey and

supporting study

work with others



To complete by

Stage 2 ESHIA.



Conservation

measures, set asides,

capacity programmes

etc – all need to be



To complete by

Stage 2 ESHIA.



ESHIA Consultant

with Project owners

team



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Discipline



Component

Complete /

Available



Component

proposed before

Stage 2 ESHIA

(Tacugama)



Timing



Component post

Stage 2 ESHIA (i.e.

go into EMP)

developed in

conjunction with

Stage 2.



Timing



Responsibility



Ecology Aquatic



Walk over surveys

in transitional drywet season only.



Dry season survey

required



To complete after

Stage 2 ESHIA supplementary

studies during the

next dry season.



Project monitoring.

There has been no

opportunity for full dry

season survey (which

is regarded as critical

for some phyla).



To complete after

Stage 2 ESHIA supplementary

studies during the

next dry season.



Seasonal

differences in

spawning

behaviour,

breeding habits,

fish migration etc.



Soil and landuse



Collected samples

from soils in

targeted locations

at mine, none from

rail corridor, and at

Pepel. Not yet

assessed.

Preliminary landuse cover

information

available



Future stock-pile

materials

(leachability)

pending AMD study.

Review of transport

corridor aerial

photography for

land-use

classification on

transport corridor.



To complete by

Stage 2 ESHIA.



Land-use

management plans.



To complete by

Stage 2 ESHIA.



ESHIA Consultant

with Project owners

team



Hydrology /



2 rounds of



Completion of



Preliminary



Water management



Refined models



ESHIA Consultant



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Discipline



Component

Complete /

Available

groundwater and

surface water

sampling and

review across

Phase 1 project.

Sampling from

available bores and

community wells

and streams (dryseason).



Component

proposed before

Stage 2 ESHIA

analysis and

modeling for impact

assessment.

Further pump test

results and logs

from AML supply

bores and further

impact assessment.



Timing



Human Health



Desk top study of

human health

baseline for Sierra

Leone



Baseline health for

regional populations



Human Health



Evaluation of other

discipline baseline

results as they

apply to human

health impacts air,

soil, water and food

quality/quality,

socio-economic



Further Baseline

health and animal

and plant tissue

sampling.

Contingent



Hydrogeology



on other studies

such air & noise,



Component post

Stage 2 ESHIA (i.e.

go into EMP)

plans required.

Project monitoring,

modeling residual

impacts to go into

EMS.



Timing



Responsibility



throughout

operations.



with Project

owner’s team.



For Phase 1

ESHIA



Continued support of

health and social

mitigation measures

(e.g., health clinics)



On-going



AML with social

and health

consultation.



Phase 2



Project monitoring,

residual impacts to go

into EMS.



On-going



AML with ESHIA

team experts

relevant to human

health.



models in Stage 2

ESHIA



ESHIA



Reviewing

dependencies and

determining health



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Discipline



Component

Complete /

Available

status.)



Component

proposed before

Stage 2 ESHIA



Timing



Component post

Stage 2 ESHIA (i.e.

go into EMP)

impact strategy.



Timing



Responsibility



land and sampling.



Human Health



Establish air

baseline



Evaluation Phase 1

construction and

operation activities

effects through

evaluation of the air

dispersion model

results.



Phase 2 ESHIA



Confirmation of

predicted dispersion

air modelling results

with monitored air

data.



On-going.



AML consultation

with air and noise

and human health

teams.



Social

(Baseline)



S-E baseline

initiated (limited to

100 randomised,

aggregated

results),



Further baseline

required. Prepare

livelihood restoration

plan.



To complete by

Stage 2 ESHIA.



Project monitoring,

modeling residual

impacts to go into

EMS. Maintaining

living standards of

PAPs at the same

level or preferably

higher than before

relocation.



Ongoing



ESHIA Consultant

with Project

owner’s team.



Social

(Engagement)



Stakeholder

Engagement Plan

is ready



Allow PAPs to

present their

grievances in an

open and



To complete by

Stage 2 ESHIA

and prior to

relocation of



Project monitoring,

modeling residual

impacts to go into

EMS. Maintain



Ongoing



Project owner’s

team.



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Discipline



Component

Complete /

Available

Consultative

Committees

operational.



Component

proposed before

Stage 2 ESHIA

unintimidating

manner with

predefined response

timing explained to

them in advance.

Prepare grievance

redress mechanism

in consultation with

local stakeholders.



Timing



PAPs. When

resettlement

committee is

established.



Component post

Stage 2 ESHIA (i.e.

go into EMP)

grievance mechanism



Timing



Responsibility



Social

(Resettlement)



RPF drafted.



Prepare RAP in

consultation with

local stakeholders



Prior to relocation

of PAPs



Addressing impacts

resulting from the

resettlement process



Ongoing



Project owner’s

team/local

stakeholders.



Community

Development



CDAP for Haul

Road already

submitted.Loss of

community

infrastructure and

meeting legislated

community

development

requirements.



Prepare and

implement CDAP.



Ongoing



Project monitoring,

modeling residual

impacts to go into

EMS.



Ongoing



Project owner’s

team/local

stakeholders.



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Discipline



Component

Complete /

Available



Component

proposed before

Stage 2 ESHIA



Timing



Component post

Stage 2 ESHIA (i.e.

go into EMP)



Timing



Responsibility



Community

safety



Outline issues

identified



Prepare and

implement

community safety

plan for construction

phase of the Project.



Ongoing



Prepare and

implement community

safety plan for

operational phase of

the Project



Ongoing



Project owner’s

team/local

stakeholders.



Cultural /

Heritage



Pending

consultations



Part of Social

Commitment



Ongoing



Local – in country

specialists to carry out



Ongoing



Project owner’s

team/local

stakeholders.



EMPs



Haul Road EMP

completed



In some areas will

have to be

addressed through

risk register instead.



Ongoing



Specific EMPs for

Mining, Pepel &

Marine required



Ongoing



Project owner’s

team/local

stakeholders.



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9



MANAGEMENT



An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been developed for the project (Appendix 18). The

EMP will interact with the project feasibility study and the ongoing ESHIA. The EMP includes

provisions for the control, mitigation, monitoring, reporting and auditing necessary to prevent or limit

potentially adverse environmental, social and health effects from the construction and operation of the

Project.

The EMP has been developed in parallel to the Stage 1 ESHIA. The intention is that the ongoing

ESHIA process will inform the EMP as requisite monitoring data becomes available. The EMP

provides a combination of environmental management practices as well as guidance on the principles

and elements to be included as the EMP develops over time and becomes more substantive with the

inclusion of further impact assessment information and data.

It is critical that an EMP is developed with the full participation of the owner/operators of the Project in

order that appropriate management and monitoring responsibility is embedded and communicated to

those who will be responsible for implementing these plans. AML have contributed significantly to the

development of this EMP document in terms of fully endorsing the intent of the EMP and its content

and structure. AML will be using the EMP as their environmental management reference for the

project.

The EMP should be treated as a ‘live’ document that requires updating and ongoing development

during all stages of the project. It is envisaged that the EMP would also in part be defined by, and

implemented through, the Environmental Management System (EMS) adopted by AML.

In addition, the EMP at this stage aims to provide a basis for the development of component-specific

(thematic) environmental management plans, which may be developed according to the requirements

of the project schedule giving priority to early works.



9.1



Construction vs. Operational Management Plans



Construction management plans have already been developed as part of the current ESHIA works

program. This includes the materials prepared for the haul road which were presented to SLEPA at

an early stage to ensure the fast-tracked elements of the project are managed correctly. A Solid

Wastes Management Practice Guidelines has also been produced for Phase 1 of the Tonkolili project.

Further management plans will be required for the construction, operations and closure of specific

project components and facilities. An over-arching Environmental Management Plan (see Appendix

18) is needed to set out common approaches to standardise the specific plans. As the project

progresses management plans will be developed to address potential issues during the construction,

operations and closure phases and may include some of the following examples:



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Site Specific Social & Environmental Management plan (Site specific EMPs could be

developed for numerous elements within the project, for example, processing plant, mine,

tailings facilities, waste rock dumps, etc) (construction phase)







Integrated Waste Management Plan (operational phase)







Emergency Preparedness Management Plan (operational phase)







Environmental & Social Monitoring Programme (operational phase)







Security Management Plan (operational phase)







Community Development Action Plan (operational phase)







Closure and Decommissioning Plan (closure phase)



The following sections provide an overview of the management procedures, predominantly

construction orientated that are being considered during the Phase 1 project activities. The

operational stage management plans listed above are referenced in the Commitments Register and

will need to be further defined and scoped as part of the Stage 2 ESHIA.



9.2



Soil management



Introduction

Many of the construction activities associated with the Phase 1 project will require some land

clearance however this will depend on features that materialize such as community land use,

environmental or community assets and/or ground conditions.

The haul road construction will involve clearance of a scout track for survey, ca. 6m width, followed by

widening, either symmetrically or asymmetrically depending on environmental and social

considerations. The scout track, but particularly the widening process will involve clearing of scrub

predominantly (as routing through well wooded areas has been minimised wherever possible) and

non-woody vegetation, followed by topsoil stripping. Topsoil is an important environmental and social

resource, as it is key to supporting natural vegetation and farming processes. In addition, where

vegetation is reasonably diverse, it contains the seeds and other propagules that under the right

circumstances can allow recolonisation of the original vegetation assemblage, hence reducing the

adverse effects on ecological resources.

There are other reasons for promoting rapid revegetation of disturbed areas not required for

trafficking, such as reducing erosion and preventing washout and scouring of cuts and embankments,

minimising fugitive dust emissions and contributing to landscape and noise screening.

Procedure

In all areas where depths permit, topsoil will be stripped to a minimum depth of 300mm and stored in

a berm (or two berms) parallel to the alignment, for later use. Topsoil shall not be stored where it

would result in blockage of formalized and agreed accesses or encroach onto farmland or where it

impedes water flow. It will not be stored where it can readily be washed into streams and rivers and

cause pollution.

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Following finalization of works the intention will be to cover non trafficked surfaces and in particular

cuts and embankments with topsoil to allow natural vegetation colonization.

In the case of the haul road construction, the height of the road train vehicles and the large diameter

of the curved bends, it is unlikely that vegetation will become a safety hazard due to reducing sight

lines. However, vegetation growth will be monitored by AML and the appropriate maintenance will be

introduced.



9.3



Borrow Pits



Borrow pits and quarries to be used for this project will be managed with due consideration to social

and environmental concerns and after appropriate permits, where required, are in place. The

contractor will:

• Obtain AML approval before sourcing material from quarries, not opening borrow pits without

informing AML

• Not open borrow pits within 100m of riverbanks or well forested areas, where a risk to water

quality or forest resources is foreseen

For any new borrow pits, topsoil has to be managed carefully to allow for restoration of some

temporarily affected areas. Where possible topsoil will be stripped off to a typical depth of 300mm and

stored in windrow or berm for later use (e.g. landscaping embankments to reduce erosion during wet

season). Topsoil will not be mixed with low fertility subsoil to facilitate its use for restoration needs.

In the case of the haul road construction, where hills or hummocks along the transport route contain

suitable material, the relevant permissions will be obtained from local authorities, such as the

Paramount Chief, if applicable.



9.4



Water management



Introduction

Water is of considerable importance throughout the project area, from surface water resources used

for irrigation, fishing, washing, bathing and in some cases potable supply. It is therefore necessary to

manage the construction works in such a manner that they forecast potential adverse effects and

either design them out or apply mitigation to minimize negative effects.

• Disturbance to river banks will be minimised by limiting the movement of machinery close to the

river’s edge;

• The areas to be cleared will be clearly defined before the start of works and no works/clearance

will be conducted outside this. If bridges are to be build, only higher trees will be removed,

leaving the low growth vegetation on site to avoid erosion issues and surface run-off.

• Clearing near to water courses will be conducted to minimise any materials or plant entering or

damaging the water course.



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• Wherever possible, free-spanning bridge structures will be used with piled / trestle bridges as a

secondary option; solid embankment / causeway structures will not be used;

• Consideration will be given to wet season flow in designing watercourse crossings including

potential for blockage by trees and debris etc

• Flume pipes or pre-fabricated culverts will be used for crossings in areas with lower flow

• Machinery and other construction materials will be stockpiled no less than 50m back from the

river banks or otherwise to prevent pollution;

• A pre-construction photographic record will be recorded to establish a benchmark against

which post construction site rehabilitation can be monitored, where applicable;

• Sampling of water quality upstream, at work locations and downstream; locations and

parameters to be determined at a later date in the design of the haul road and subject to

agreement with environmental regulators as may be appropriate.

• Each river crossing will be surveyed to ascertain whether the river course is used as a transport

route by locals and / or a water source;

• The river bank either side of the crossing will be protected with sand bagging or other means

as may be necessary.

• Drainage control/ runoff protection including settling areas to prevent sudden influx of high

sediment from earthworks, will be implemented.

In view of the impending wet season, early identification of wet areas such as inland valley swamps

will be undertaken and where feasible, consideration will be given to early installation of flume pipes.

This will reduce potential pollution of water courses and damage to agricultural areas, as many of

these low lying areas are farmed by communities with dry season crops prior to the wet season crops.

These measures will also enable contractors to access their portion of the haul road without being

hindered by wet ground conditions following the onset of rains. An example of a flume pipe installed

on a haul road is presented below in Figure 9-1.



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Figure 9-1 Example of a flume pipe access



9.5



Swamp Areas & Riverine Vegetation



The swamp areas and riverine ecosystems are considered to have a high fragility and often a high

agricultural value and, therefore, impacts will be limited to the maximum extent possible.

Project activities will be limited to the maximum extent possible in close proximity to seasonally

flooded areas (swamps), rivers and associated vegetation; advice will be sought from a local ecologist

where necessary.

Mitigation measures to keep impacts within acceptable limits include the following:

• Keep earth movements to the minimum required near riverine vegetation areas

• Avoid excavating material (borrow pits) or landfills near watercourses or inundated areas, and

especially through riverine forest areas

• Where a river is not to be crossed a minimum of 50 m buffer zone from the riverine area will be

respected (100 m in case of the Rokel River), wherever feasible

• Where disturbance is necessary, clear only the minimum to facilitate safe access and work

• Ensure workforce is aware of environmental and/or community sensitivities

• It is recommended that the haul road is diverted if an area with higher trees density is found.

Rivers and seasonally flooded areas will preferentially be crossed through locations where

vegetation coverage is less dense and/or valuable



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• Clearly define and mark the construction locations before activities begin and avoid

construction outside the defined area

• Control vehicle movements and plan to minimise journeys

• Plan subsequent restoration requirements. Make photographic records of areas to be disturbed

before development, to assist in after-use site restoration, as applicable

• Practice progressive site clean-up through the life of the project

The risk of contamination of permanent and temporary surface water bodies will be minimised by the

adoption of appropriate operating procedures as follows:

• Potentially contaminating liquids, such as fuel, oil and chemicals, will be stored and handled

according to manufacturers’ recommendations/MSDS, good industry practice and HSE plan

stipulations (this also applies to subcontractors delivering supplies)

• Such liquids will be stored away from seasonally flooded areas and rivers

• Spill response equipment and procedures will be in place in all areas where the potential for

spills exists

• Settlement pits excavated for the treatment of liquid waste will not be located near permanent

or temporary surface water bodies and the pits will be appropriately lined; and

• To preserve surface water bodies from accidental spills or leakages, no temporary camps will

be located within a preferential radius of 500m of the nearest river / water body; ground

conditions to determine distance.



9.6



Work in Proximity to Communities



Introduction

The most important mitigation for potential negative impacts to the local community is to ensure that

people are aware of the start of the activities and ensure their protection. This will be achieved in

consultation with local authorities in all affected communities before construction starts.

Appropriate authorities will be consulted with regard to access creation, temporary camp locations,

and advice for dealing with any particular sensitivities including the existing infrastructure (community

water wells, schools and roads), agricultural and grazing areas and society bush.

With the construction of the haul road there will be an increase in vehicle traffic in the area that will

lead to potential increases in vehicle-related incidents or accidents. The health and safety of the local

population is a primary concern throughout the project.

Mitigation measures designed to minimise the risks include the following:

• The adoption of driving regulations to be adhered to by all personnel including subcontractors

• Strict enforcement of speed limits



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• Careful planning of all journeys, particularly in areas where members of the public may be

encountered

• No night driving except in an emergency or with specific management measures

• Implement a journey management system



9.6.1



Noise emissions



Impacts on local air quality (noise) resulting from the use of heavy machinery and equipment and

transport activities can be minimised by carefully planning vehicle movement and using machinery

that has been certified and appropriately maintained.

Recommendations for minimising noise include the following:

• Carefully plan mobilisation of personnel and equipment to limit transport to essential travel;

• Noise-efficient vehicles and equipment will be used and serviced regularly (in accordance with

the manufacturers’ recommendations) to ensure efficient operation and minimal emissions;

• Keep operations as distant from populated areas as possible and limit operations during

morning and evening times to avoid causing nuisance. Restrict the number of engines working

at night;

• In general, plan the project so that equipment and vehicle use are minimised (e.g. in terms of

staff movements and the delivery of supplies);

• Switch off generators and engines whenever equipment or vehicles are not in use; and

• Avoid running engines at excessive speed.



9.6.2



Air Quality (Air Emissions)



Local reductions in air quality will result from a number of factors, including the use of diesel powered

equipment, dust generation during civil works and potential vapour emissions during fuel transfer or

maintenance activities or from hazardous material handling and storage.

Air quality may be reduced by waste incineration. In order to minimise the impact on air quality from

waste incineration, these activity will be reduced when conditions are such that impacts could be

exacerbated (e.g., during calm and high pressures situations that might help accumulate air pollutants

at one area). In addition, the general aim will be to minimise the quantity of waste to be incinerated.

General procedures for minimising impact to air quality from vehicle emissions will be in place for the

duration of the programme, including the following:

• Consider fuel efficiency when selecting equipment and vehicles;

• Many of the items listed in the noise section above.



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9.6.3



Dust & Particles Generation



Dust generation (from heavy vehicle use, line clearance, earth movement, etc), may also contribute to

a degradation of local air quality. Dust and particulate emissions will be mitigated by observing the

following dust suppression measures, as appropriate:

• Use of water trucks for regular watering of unsealed roads

• Operator awareness training on the causes of dust and how it can be minimised (in particular to

unpaved surfaces and stockpiles)

• Use of surface binding/sealing agents on high-traffic surfaces

• Minimise traffic on unsealed roads

• Strictly enforce speed limits when driving on unpaved roads

• Limit civil works involving earth movements during periods of high winds

• Cover truck loads of earth or excavated materials

• Minimise dust generating activities when conditions could exacerbate the impacts (e.g., during

high winds)

• Avoid off-track driving

• Minimise vehicle use



9.7



Work near Society Bush, Thick Forests & Protected Areas



Society bush areas are important both for local communities, due to the use of these areas, and for

conservation purposes, since these areas host important flora and fauna.

The importance of vegetation in the area will be clearly communicated to all project personnel. Other

remaining thick forest areas are also important in terms of conservational values since they represent

the last remnants of what used to be the main habitat in the project areas. Protected areas,

independent of their state of conservation, are safeguarded by Sierra Leone laws and works will not

be undertaken in these areas unless appropriate permits issued by the Ministry of Lands, Country

Planning and the Environment are in place, as applicable. The general rule is that no Society Bushes

(or large trees in any areas) are to be disturbed except in exceptional circumstances.

A local ecologist and a local community representative will view the proposed haul road locations

where a Society Bush / thick forest is located or flora of particular interest has been observed.

General recommendations for vegetation clearance include:

• Avoid clearance through thick forests

• If clearance is required, consult with AML to ensure appropriate permits have been obtained in

advance



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• Consult with communities and AML community liaison to identify “no-go” areas (e.g. Society

Bush)

• Do not cut trees for firewood

• Cut large trees with chainsaw rather than bulldozing, to avoid unnecessary soil disturbance

Fires will be strictly prohibited outside temporary camp sites, and fires within the camps will be

appropriately controlled. Local wood will not preferentially be used as fuel for temporary camp

activities.

Recommendations to prevent deterioration of habitats may be provided by a local ecologist / zoologist

(or an ecology survey team) and will be followed.

Furthermore, the following measures will be considered:

• Inform personnel that hunting during their time in the area will be prohibited.

• Raise and maintain personnel awareness of the importance of not damaging plants and

animals. For example, most of the monkeys that could be encountered are likely to face

conservation threats.

• Control personnel movements. Restrict personnel from the most sensitive areas.

• Create and implement a site restoration plan to mitigate impacts on Society Bushes or any

other forest areas with significant tree growth to the greatest extent possible.

• Access roads locations will be selected in a way that minimises effects on sensitive fauna.

Block access routes that could lead poachers to areas where endangered species might roam.

The risk of injury to fauna from vehicle movements will be minimised by the adoption of safe speed

limits and a ban on night driving, except in emergency situations.

Neither temporary camps nor waste disposal areas will be established near society bush / thick

forests / protected areas (100 metres buffer zone). Mature trees stands will be avoided as far as

possible, except if the main trees in the stands are palm trees.

Noise, air pollutant emissions and dust generation may also impact forested areas.

Impacts on local fauna likely to inhabit Society Bush areas and other forested strips resulting from

noise generation produced through the use of heavy machinery and equipment and transport

activities can be minimised by carefully planning vehicle movement and using machinery that has

been certified by international standards and appropriately maintained.

Dust generation (from heavy vehicle use, line clearance, earth movement, etc), may also contribute to

a degradation of the floral community. To avoid impact on flora from dust and particulate emissions

the dust suppression measures previously presented will be applied.



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9.8



Waste management



The development of construction and mine workers camps will generate significant quantities of

typical household solid waste, at varying times throughout the project. It is recommended that an

approach to dealing with waste is developed prior to the construction of the camps and that the

following high level principles are adopted:

• Where possible waste will be managed in accordance with the waste hierarchy;

• Potential disposal sites will be identified at the outset and an assessment made of the most

appropriate treatment / disposal method, based on the availability and of fit for purpose

disposal sites;

• Waste will be separated at source, the extent of which to be determined by the availability of

local recycling markets and final disposal options;

• Local community will be engaged to develop a mechanism for recycling materials back into the

local area;

• Liaise with AML CLO to identify suitable locations for temporary waste facilities and identify

existing waste facilities in project areas that can be used for waste disposal

• Waste storage and collection provision will make consideration for local climate, and in

particular for pest and odour control;

• Locate waste collection areas at least 1km from populated areas and 500m from agricultural

areas

• Do not discharge any waste into rivers; grey and black waters to be disposed in lined pits sited

close to workers’ camp(s) or otherwise as appropriate so as to avoid contamination

• Do not leave any waste on site: workers must carry bags to collect all wastes for return to camp

waste storage facility

• Consideration will be made for composting of organic fractions;

• It is understood that burning of waste is widespread practice through the region, this will not be

undertaken without due consideration for the appropriate air quality standards;

• The local waste regulatory body will be engaged at the earliest opportunity with respect to any

waste management proposals;

• Ultimately an integrated approach will be adopted with respect to all worker camps waste

management.

• Litter and waste collection systems are to be implemented and litter bins covered at all sites.

Hard waste at site has to be removed to the central camp for sorting and burying/ burning/ reuse as appropriate.

Vegetation clearance will generate almost exclusively organic wastes that will be suitable for self

biodegradation in the surrounding forest.



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• Set down areas for any useful timber will be identified at the outset, including engagement with

the local community as to suitability of location;

• The vegetation may contain elements of valuable hardwood, where possible this will be

separated at source by machine and procedures set in place in order that the local community

can safely recover elements of hardwood;

• Small fractions of vegetation may become contaminated with diesels, hydraulic oils etc. these

will be stockpiled separately and disposed to an appropriately facility to be determined in liaison

with AML;

• Given the volume of organic waste likely to be generated the potential for composting will be

considered and additional proposals may be developed accordingly.



Fuel & Spillages



9.9

9.9.1



Refueling & Maintenance Procedures



Oil and fuel storage and refuelling activities will be guided by the following principles:





Store all fuels and oils within secondary containment (double skinned tanks, impermeable

bunds, drip trays or plastic sheeting on sand bags)







Provide a sealed surface refuelling (or spill prevention) and machinery maintenance area at

the workers’ camp(s)







Do not carry out refuelling or maintenance works outside designated area







Carry spill response and clean-up materials to deal with any accidental spills of fuels and

lubricants







Train designated workers in fuels storage and handling and spill clean up







Do not store quantities of fuels and oils within 100m of water courses, swamps or drainage

ditches



It is envisaged that some refuelling and maintenance requirements will generate hazardous wastes

such as hydraulic oils, heavy metals, lubricants etc. These will be identified, removed and kept

separate from other waste materials to avoid further contamination and be disposed of in accordance

with all relevant legislation and best practice guidelines at point of origin or at an alternative suitable

site.



9.9.2



Spill response



Accidental events have the potential to cause major impacts. Mitigation will include the following

guiding principles and are discussed further below:



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• Prevention: Following standard protocols and procedures adhering to best practice will help

avoid accidental event occurrence. Best practice includes personnel training and setting

adequate health, safety and security measures.

• Quick response: Preparing an Emergency Response Plan (ERP) for implementing

countermeasures against non-routine events.

Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure

Vehicles and equipment shall be serviced regularly in a manner which minimises spills and leaks.

Service areas will be designated and shall be used for vehicle maintenance. Heavy equipment (e.g.,

large trucks) will produce large quantities of waste oils and lubricants that need to be stored in

labelled containers and removed from the site. Use drip pans, or trays, for protection from leaks

during vehicle maintenance. Machinery maintenance and refuelling will only take place at

designated, preferably lined areas; the construction of dykes and berms may be appropriate at the

site in a manner that will contain any fluid spills that might occur during camp operations.





A written procedure for inspecting and testing pollution prevention equipment and systems

will be prepared and maintained at the worker’s camp. The procedures will form part of the

overall spill prevention control and countermeasure plans.







All tanks to be subject to periodic integrity testing (visual inspection), taking into account tank

design and use.







Spill cleanup and emergency response equipment to be centrally located and staff trained in

its proper use.







Personal protection equipment to be located at all fluid handling points, i.e. in vehicle yard,

generators and workshops







Relevant emergency response equipment to be located at working points, equipment to

include as a minimum: First aid - including eyewash; Fire extinguishers; Sorbents; and

Personal protection equipment (hardhats, visors, gloves, aprons, face mask)



Contingency and Emergency Response Plan

Contractors shall develop an Emergency Response Plan (ERP) to deal with incidents that occur

during the construction programme.

Facilities and procedures to prevent spills shall be in place during operations, including:





Provide safe oil and chemical packaging and storage;







Provide containment around oil-containing areas and equipment;







Use efficient oil/water separators where necessary; and







Operate safe fuel transfer procedures.



Emergency response plans that address spill incidents shall be prepared during the planning phase

for specific locations. Plans shall include the following:



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Identification of sensitive resources and priority protection areas;







Identification of internal emergency organisations, responsibilities and resources (human and

equipment and materials) for spill response. A clear chain of communication to ensure a rapid

emergency response will be established. Periodic refreshers will be conducted;







Training of personnel at the beginning of the construction programme on health, safety and

security requirements with clear guidance on emergency responses; and







Spill response and cleanup strategies.



In case of a spill, contaminated soil materials will be identified, removed and kept separate from other

construction waste materials in order to avoid further contamination and will be disposed of in

accordance with all relevant legislation and best practice guidelines at point of origin or at an

alternative suitable site.

A chemicals and hazardous materials management plan shall be adopted, taking into account

relevant regulatory requirements and environmental considerations that include the following:





Provision of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) and handling procedures for hazardous

chemicals and materials;







Carry spill clean-up material on large vehicles in case of fuel and hydraulic fluid leaks;







Provision of segregated and contained storage areas; and







Use of low impact chemicals and materials as far as practicable.



9.10



Agricultural areas



• The details of the haul road construction activities will be discussed with local authorities prior

to construction start and this process in currently ongoing concomitant with the design. The

discussions will include concerns regarding disturbance to agricultural and grazing areas and

activities planned near human settlements.

• AML CLOs are in ongoing contact with relevant local residents prior to commencing works in

an area

• Agricultural land is to be avoided to the maximum extent possible; and contractors/AML are

and will continue to document and photographically recorded agricultural activity prior to

commencing work in or near agricultural land

• Agricultural and grazing areas will be avoided unless adequate compensation or alternative

land schemes are agreed; this is an ongoing initiative with the EWCC mechanism.

• Residents will be allowed to recover material and private property prior to commencing works, if

applicable

• Land inventories will be developed and agreed with local authorities. These will include records

of location, land area, crops grown and allocated owner. Photographic records will be

employed.

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• Temporary workers’ camps construction and borrow pits will avoid agricultural areas.

• No waste disposal will be permitted in the vicinity of agriculture areas (within a 50m radius).



9.11



Site Selection for Camps



Introduction

This section is included here to address the issues associated with establishment of any temporary

camps and facilities required during construction. Currently contractors are accommodated in existing

hotels, such as in Makeni or AML guest houses or at the mine camp, however as staff numbers ramp

up there will be a need to establish camps along the route local to the work site.

Procedure

Site selection for temporary workers’ camps will be guided by the following principles:

• Camps must, as far as possible be located on previously cleared or sparsely vegetated, flat

areas along road alignment

• Agree location of workers’ camps with local chiefs; liaise with AML Community Liaison

Officer(s) (CLO) designated to the area

• Camps must be located at least 500m from villages and well outside active agriculture areas

where feasible

• Camps must be located at least 100m from densely forested areas and 100m from rivers /

swamps

• Personnel movement outside camps will be restricted

• Hunting will be prohibited

• A photographic record of camp(s) area(s) will be made prior to site clearance

Access roads to be opened for accessing temporary working facilities and infrastructure will follow

these principles:

• Use existing roads as access roads wherever possible taking into account health and safety of

other (community) users

• Align new access roads, to the maximum extent possible, along the haul road alignment to

avoid excessive vegetation clearance

• Access roads must avoid forest and riverine vegetation wherever possible

• Minimise width of access roads and give attention to potential wash-out and offsite pollution



9.11.1 Transport Activities / Equipment Use

Transport activities will be regulated by the following principles:



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• Restrict vehicle movement to marked tracks only

• Avoid night time driving wherever possible or implement measures to reduce accidents, such

as flagmen and signage

• Enforce speed limits (30km/h maximum near villages); lower through villages

• Track and road crossings:

- Ensure advance liaison via CLO; activities must not start without prior notification of proposed

works to local communities

- Ensure safety of road users via use of flagmen and signage

Furthermore, to avoid nuisances to local communities and impacts to fauna and flora, the following

will be adhered to:

• Always cover trucks carrying material likely to generate dust or otherwise ensure dust is not an

issue

• Turn engines off when machinery is not in use / stationary

• Limit illumination sources and generator use at night

Carrying out construction operations during the night is potentially dangerous and will only be

undertaken if the contractor considers the activity absolutely necessary due to time constraints (i.e., to

avoid the start of the wet season), and under the following conditions:





Where a prior investigation of the area to be surveyed has been carried out during the

daytime so that tracks and GPS co-ordinates are known to the crew







Where drivers have received night driving training



9.11.2 Camp Site Decommissioning

Once construction is completed, temporary facilities will need to be removed. Site restoration / site

rehabilitation will be undertaken following best-practice and ensuring local authorities are informed of

the process; some facilities may be left for future community use and this will be determined at a later

date.

In order to complete effective restoration measures, the following principles will be followed:





Remove all waste from site and dispose of in an appropriate facility







Grade all areas to original topography as far as possible







Infill all borrow pits and landfills with natural material and cover the abandoned site with

topsoil to allow vegetation re-growth







Compare final state of camp area after decommissioning with pre-clearance photographic

record







Determine need for further restoration based on “before and after” comparison



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For further information see Appendix 1 for the Haul Road Environmental Management Plan.



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10

STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT PROCESS & RESETTLEMENT

PLANNING

10.1 Stakeholder Engagement

10.1.1 Background

A program of consultation should be established to allow for stakeholder engagement that will inform

regional authorities and local communities in the run-up to implementation and beyond. This process

has already been initiated. This section provides an outline of the activities intended to deliver a

participatory approach to dealing with social aspects of the Phase 1 component of the Tonkolili Iron

Ore Project.

As the Phase 1 Development program is primarily along a linear corridor, this consultation package is

designed primarily to address issues relating to replacement of agricultural land and compensation for

agricultural crops. Impacts on structures and houses have been minimized during the design but

some instances of relocation have been identified.

The modalities of relocating these structures away from the alignment are embedded into the

consultation process as described below.



10.1.2 Affected Chiefdoms

The following chiefdoms will play host to sections of the Phase 1 program:

1. Tonkolili District

a. Kalansongoia

b. Kafe Simiria

2. Bombali District

a. Safroko Limba

b. Makari Gbanti

3. Port Loko District

a. Buya Romende

b. Maforki

c.



Lokomasama



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10.1.3 Early Works Chiefdom Committee

Preparation meetings were held with the paramount chief of each of the listed chiefdoms. The need

for a chiefdom level committee was discussed with local authorities (district council chairmen) and a

draft of the Early Works Chiefdom Committee (EWCC) terms of reference (see Section 11.3.2 below)

and preliminary participation lists prepared.

EWCC Structure

Membership

The EWCC will be tasked with high level discussions on relocation, identifying alternative agricultural

land and compensation deliverables. In order to achieve this, the committees include the following

key players:

1. Paramount Chief

2. Relevant Section Chiefs

3. District or government heads of department ensuring that all departments responsible for all

valuations are represented.

4. Political leaders (MP’s and Councillors)

5. AML

6. NGO’s, women’s and youth groups

This was subject to deliberations within the introductory EWCC meetings held in March 2010.

Minutes of EWCC meetings held to date are included in Appendix 19.

Scheduling

The EWCC will sit once a month in accordance with the schedule agreed at the EWCC introductory

session. It is envisaged that Community Sensitisation Meetings will be held under the guidance of

each Section Chief in the period between EWCC meetings.

Additional meetings will be held at any level if the need arises.

EWCC Operating Philosophy

The EWCC will achieve progress through the consensus of it’s members.

EWCC Terms of Reference

The EWCC will act as the primary executive body in all matters relating to social issues facing the

early works program. It will be constituted in such a manner as to be regarded as the primary

representative voice of those affected by the early works program and recognised by AML as such.

Under the overall authority of the Paramount Chief, its reporting officer, the EWCC has the following

functions:



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• To act as the primary channel of communication between the various interest

groups/organisations involved in the social aspects of the early works programs. In particular, it

will serve to facilitate communication between AML and the affected population;

• To serve as the court of first appeal to solve any problems that may arise relating to the early

works program. If it is unable to resolve any such problems, it is to channel them through the

appropriate grievance procedures;

• To establish access to alternative agricultural land and if necessary, locations for housing and

structures of affected households;

• To establish compensation mechanism based on best practice and national legislation. This will

include asset inventories, entitlements, valuations, compensation methodology and timing;

• To implement the agreed measures in relation to relocation (land and structures).

AML will provide both the financial input into the compensation process as well as significant

additional managerial and technical expertise into supporting the process. The following is anticipated

to be the role played by AML. It will:

• Ensure maximum participation of the affected people in the planning of their own relocation

circumstances;

• Accept financial responsibility for payment of compensation and other designated relocation

related costs;

• Pay the affected farmers compensation to the amounts agreed or establish mechanisms that

allow for replacement of assets when it is preferable to do so;

• With the EWCC, ensure monitoring and evaluation of the affected households and the

undertaking of appropriate remedial action to deal with grievances and to ensure that income

restoration is satisfactorily implemented and food security achieved.



10.1.4 Community Sensitisation Meetings

The purpose of these meetings is to provide closer links to the directly affected communities to

ensure their participation in the decisions that will affect their future. It will also allow for more efficient

planning for surveys and relocation and establish a forum in which compensation for personal and

community assets such as society bush can be discussed.

These meetings will be coordinated through the EWCC and attendance will be limited to selected

GoSL departments, the relevant section chief, AML, NGOs that may operate in the area, the village

chief and open attendance for village residents.



10.1.5 Grievance Mechanism

A grievance mechanism will be discussed with the EWCC which will define the protocol for receiving

and responding to questions and concerns raised by the villagers.



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Grievance forms will be made available at predetermined locations within a reasonable distance from

the villages. Suitable staff will be required at each location in order to allow for accurate translation

into English.



10.1.6 Resource Requirements

This section describes the resources that will be provided to undertake stakeholder engagement for

the Phase 1 program.

1. Staff – On top of existing community relations staff at the mine site and Pepel, AML has

employed sixteen community liaison staff (Community Liaison Officers or CLOs). Training of

these CLOs has been undertaken by senior AML staff and WorleyParsons. A Social

Coordinator has been assigned by AML with the task of coordinating consultation over all

areas.

2. Resettlement Specialist – AML have engaged the services of a suitably experienced

resettlement/social specialist to lead the social team through the three phases of the Tonkolili

Project.

3. Field Staff Equipment – Each field team should have a GPS and a camera to record location

and condition of land and structures. It would be advisable for the construction contractors to

be equipped with cameras to record their progress as well.

It is recognized that to achieve efficiencies in mitigating social impacts resulting from the

implementation of the Phase 1 Program, AML will also provide:

• Offices or contact points/persons in all Phase 1 project areas to ease communication. These

should be open to all stakeholders.

• Agricultural extension services – Loss of agricultural land is possibly the most severe impact on

affected persons as their livelihoods revolve around farming. Although alternative land is

defined as a mitigation measure, access may be reduced for them and others in surrounding

communities. Because of this it may become necessary to provide the services of an

agricultural extension worker to train them on improved agricultural techniques designed to

increase yields and ensure food security.

• Community Safety Plan – As community safety has been highlighted as a concern by various

stakeholders a formal Community Safety Plan should be developed.



10.1.7 Freetown Stakeholder Forum

AML presented a project update and overview to a broad spectrum of high level stakeholders at the

Taia Resort Hotel in Freetown on Monday 17th of May. This event was well attended and provided

significant insight into local expectations and concerns. A record of the proceedings of the

presentation is included in Appendix 19.

The presentation was attended by the following people and organisations:



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Chiefdoms

1. Kaffu Bullom

2. Maforki

3. Makari Gbanti Chiefdom

4. Buya Romende

5. Bombali Shebora

6. Safroloko Limba

7. Kalansogoia

8. Kafe Simiria

9. Sambia Bendugu

Media

1. Sierra Express Media

2. Sierra Leone Broad Casting

3. Global Times

4. Standard Times

5. Awoko News Paper

6. Radio Democracy

7. Peep Magazine

8. Exclusive Newspaper

9. Spectator Newspaper

10. UN Radio

11. State House Press

District Councils

1. Port Loko

2. Bombali

3. Tonkolili

Government

1. Ministry of Education, Youths and Sports

2. National Revenue Authority (NRA)



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3. Office of National Security (ONS)

4. Ministry of Information

5. Ministry of Energy and Water Resources

6. Sierra Leone Environmental Protection Agency (SLEPA)

7. Ministry of Mineral Resources and Political Affairs

8. Ministry of Presidential Affairs and Public Relations

9. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security

10. Land and Water Division

11. Oversight Committee on Minerals (House of parliament)

12. Oversight Committee on Environment (House of parliament)

13. Members of Parliament (affected areas)

14. NaCSA

15. Oversight Committee on Agriculture (House of parliament)

16. Sierra Leone Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (SLEITI)

Other Institutions

1. CEMMAT

2. CSSL

3. National Farmers Federation Sierra Leone (NAFFSL)

4. ENFORAC

5. T.S. Company

6. Coalition Network for the Protection of the Environment (CNWPE)

7. Campaign for Good Governance (CGG)

8. Youth Coalition

9. National Movement for Just Mining (NMJD)

10. National Coalition on Extractives (NACE)

11. Green Scenery

12. Sierra Labor Congress

13. United Miners Union

14. Sierra Port Authority



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10.2



Resettlement Policy Framework



The Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) outlined in this report provides guidelines for the

compensation of those who will be affected by physical and/or economic displacement. In line with

IFC Performance Standard 5, it aims to:





Clarify the legal requirements and principles for compensation for loss of property, livelihood

and relocation or resettlement (of directly affected people) in order to ensure that project

affected people (PAP) will not be negatively affected by resettlement or economic

displacement.







Describe the social context in which the resettlement will take place.







Identify affected parties.







Define the actions and tasks that need to be undertaken to plan the resettlement programme.







Define the roles and responsibilities necessary to develop a full RAP.







Describe the arrangements for funding resettlement and compensation as well as a timeline

for activities.



These objectives are addressed in the RPF document (Appendix 20). Key action items arising from

this are summarised below.



10.2.1 Resettlement Planning Actions

This section of the RPF sets out the main tasks and procedures required to develop a RAP for the

Project. It outlines the procedures for identification of affected people, assessment of eligibility for

compensation, identification of host areas for resettlement, procedures for resettling and

compensation, budget categories, procedures for monitoring and evaluating the resettlement process

and the necessary institutional arrangements for execution of the resettlement and compensation

process.

It is important to note that this conceptual document differs from a RAP, which sets out in detail the

strategies for resettling people affected by land acquisition. In order to develop a full scale RAP there

are several additional requirements:





Detailed final information about the mining process and the location of the different project

components.







A detailed social baseline.







The RPF needs to be debated and approved by the various stakeholders.



10.2.2 Minimising Resettlement

The IFC standards require that resettlement be minimised as far as possible. The primary reason for

resettlement in the mine area is the location of the mineral resource and technologies for its

exploitation, in this case open pit mining. The location of the pits is fixed by the location of the mineral

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resource; and will invoke involuntary resettlement. As such, resettlement cannot be minimised in this

area.

More broadly resettlement will be influenced by the development and location of project infrastructure

in the mine area, the transport corridor and at the port facility. Such infrastructure includes rock

dumps, processing plant, tailings storage facility, stockpiles, offices, workshops, stores, power

generation, housing, the railway line and port facilities. Resettlement is also influenced by health and

safety considerations (e.g. human settlements should be an appropriate distance from hazards).

AML’s engineering and environmental and social consultants should be working in tandem to ensure

that infrastructure across the Project area is developed and located in a way that minimises

resettlement.

The following has been done in this respect:





The rail loop, which requires a large area, has been positioned at the mine site where

population density is lower than at Tagrin, the other option;







The rail and haul road alignment has been designed to avoid villages using Quantum

optimisation software;







Construction and operations camps are planned in areas with low population densities;







Waste rock dumps have been optimised to minimise additional area required beyond the fly

rock zone;







Refurbishment of the Pepel rail and port is to be undertaken on the existing footprint to

minimise the need to acquire more land for project operations;







At this stage, nonetheless, it is certain that there will be a requirement to relocate villages

either partially or entirely.



10.2.3 Identifying Eligibility for Compensation

The definition of eligibility requires an assessment of the type and number of people residing or using

the affected area and the types of loss they incur. This is outlined below.

Project Affected People

Project affected people (PAP) can be divided into two categories:

1. Affected household: households10 are affected if one or more of its members suffer loss of

assets, land and property, and/or access to natural and/or economic resources as a result of

the project activities;

2. Host area households: households in any of the host resettlement sites (sites where people

may be resettled), whose infrastructures and/or resources will be impacted.



10



For the purposes of this RPF a household consists of people who are economically dependent on

each other and who typically live in the same compound and eat from the same pot.



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Types of Loss

PAP may incur a loss or disruption of access to the following assets and resources:

1. Buildings, homesteads and related structures (such as storage facilities, graves);

2. Land;

3. Permanent or temporary use of agricultural land;

4. Sacred sites;

5. Mining deposits (artisanal mining);

6. Natural plant and animal (including fish) resources;

7. Small enterprises;

8. Communal infrastructure (wells, boreholes, irrigation works, schools, clinics);

9. Access routes (between villages, to towns and other resources i.e. fishing beaches).

A detailed description of the number and type of beneficiaries in terms of the various eligibility criteria

will need to be provided once the exact location of the Project infrastructure is known and a census

has been conducted. At this stage, however, the following information is available:

Homesteads

It is envisaged that 47 villages will have to be partially or entirely resettled. It is estimated that 2,441

houses and related structures will be affected.

Land

It is envisaged that 12 674 ha will be affected by the Project; 11,507 ha at the mine site, 288 ha along

the rail corridor and 880 ha at the Port. These belong to various villages/towns. A land survey will

need to be conducted to assess which land belongs to which villages and to which landowning

families.

Agricultural Crops

Approximately 215.30 ha of currently cultivated land will be affected by the Project; 95 ha at the mine

site, 56 ha along the rail corridor and 64 ha at the Port. A survey will have to be conducted to assess

the number and size of fields of affected households, as well as the crops cultivated.

Tree Plantations

Approximately 21 ha of current plantation will be affected by the Project; 8 ha along the rail corridor

and 12 ha at the Port. A survey will have to be conducted to assess the number and size of

plantations of affected households, as well as the trees/plants cultivated. The main plantations are

palm, mango, banana and pineapple.

Forests



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Some forested areas may be affected. These serve several needs. For instance sacred bushes are

an important cultural heritage of the local people in the Project area and significant for their spiritual

well being. It is likely that several sacred bushes will be affected. Sacred bushes will need to be

identified along with other potential uses of the forest.

Sacred Sites

Sacred sites include such sites or places/features that are important for customary practices, tradition

and culture, and thus considered sacred. Sacred sites include tombs, graves and cemeteries and

ritual sites.

In general people bury their deceased in tombs near their homestead. Resettlement of villages may

involve the relocation of graves.

Artisanal Mining

The social description of the affected villages in the mine lease area shows that households maintain

a mixed livelihood consisting of mining as well as farming.

There are a significant number of artisanal miners (exact figures be established during RAP

preparation) working in and around the concession area, including in the areas which will be required

for the mining infrastructure. Consequently these miners may lose their livelihoods.

Natural Plant and Animal Life

Some areas used by local residents for collection of natural resources (fire wood, wild foods, timber,

medicinal plants, game) may be affected by the mining and transport infrastructure. Generally,

however, natural resources used by the local population are plentiful in the larger area and the loss of

the area needed for the project may not require compensation. This will however need to be verified

by the census conducted as part of the RAP.

The port lease area may impact on the access of fishermen to the beach (i.e. homesteads of

fishermen may need to be moved or access to the landing and fishing beach may be constrained or

removed).

Small Enterprises

The villages and towns affected by resettlement are host to several small businesses. These

businesses are generally run from small structures near the homestead or from the homestead itself.

The exact number of small businesses affected will need to be identified.

Social Infrastructure

The villages affected by physical resettlement are host to schools, clinics, community halls, drying

areas and potentially other communal infrastructure. The RAP census will need to identify all

communal infrastructure which may be affected.

Access Routes

The mining and transport infrastructure may have impact on communications between villages and

towns and villages and agricultural fields, cutting some residents off from their resources. Loss of

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livelihoods as a result of this communication severance will need to be assessed and compensated

for.



See Appendix 20 for the full Resettlement Policy Framework.



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11



AUDITING, MONITORING & CONTINUAL PERFORMANCE

IMPROVEMENT



11.1



Introduction



This section gives details of the monitoring and reporting elements of the environmental and social

management process, which forms part of the overall management system that is under development

by AML, in conjunction with design of the project as a whole.

To date the ESHIA has focussed on providing the ‘assessment’ stage and setting out the scope of

potential impacts with plans or commitments setting out how to manage and mitigate the impacts

associated with the project.

According to best practice principles (Equator Principles and IFC Performance Standards) the

assessment and management plans should be incorporated through a Social and Environmental

Management System (SEMS). Such a system is required to make sure that environmental and

social activities are coordinated, resourced and focused and audited. This has been initiated through

the EMP (section 9), which provides a framework for environmental management and delivery of

mitigation and will be continually developed and expanded as detailed designs and assessments

progress.



11.2



Monitoring



Monitoring is an essential element in evaluating performance to agreed targets and objectives, as it

provides information on the observed effects (positive and negative), allowing feedback to those

responsible for carrying out the task monitored.

For the Phase 1 project it is envisaged that the monitoring will involve:





Ongoing site-based inspections by AML Environment and social staff, who will be auditing

performance and compliance to contract document scopes of work and preparing advice /

instructions to guide the Phase 1 works;







Inspection visits and audits by Environmental regulators such as SLEPA and/or their

nominated monitoring agents (also see Appendix 1, project monitoring and audit

arrangements);







Inspection visits and audits by independent consultants, appointed by AML, who will produce

monitoring reports that SLEPA can access and comment on. Currently this is being managed

under the ESHIA process with in-country consultants (CEMMATS) responsible for developing

the monitoring data.



An Environmental Information System (EIS) will be established to record the results of monitoring and

evaluation of compliance to EMPs and project standards. This EIS will be managed by AML

Environmental staff, in conjunction with effective liaison with the road contractors, who are also

charged with an element of self-monitoring.

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Inspections and surveillance of work activities and sub-contractors will be undertaken on a day-to-day

basis by staff with environmental responsibilities, i.e. Environmental Officers as well as

Foremen/Superintendents, Project Engineers and Construction Managers.

The activities will be monitored for compliance with the HSE and SEMS and will include:





Compliance with contractual requirements







Knowledge of and compliance with the EMP, work procedures and environmental controls

used on site







General work practices







Effectiveness of environmental protection measures







Maintenance of environmental protection measures



The monitoring strategy proposed for the project can be termed "Adaptive Environmental Monitoring".

It is adaptive in the sense that the responsible party must adapt its methods and activities to the

ongoing design and implementation and prevailing environmental conditions in a continuous process.

Adaptive Environmental Monitoring is in fact a cyclic process as illustrated in Figure 11-1.

Figure 11-1 The cycle of adaptive environmental monitoring



Report



Requirement



Adapt



Implement



Evaluate



Monitor



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11.3



Incident Investigation and Reporting



All incidents will be documented, investigated and action plans established in order to prevent

reoccurrence if possible. Where lessons are learnt and/or current procedures are identified as being

ineffective, the EMP will be revised accordingly.

An environmental or social investigation includes the following basic elements:





Identifying the cause, extent and responsibility of the incident







Identifying and implementing the necessary corrective action







Identifying the personnel responsible for carrying out the corrective action







Implementing or modifying the controls necessary to avoid a repeat occurrence of the incident







Recording any changes in written procedures required







Advising the environmental authorities if any substantial pollution has occurred.



All personnel are required to report all incidents as it is regarded as a valuable method of addressing

shortcomings in procedures, training and equipment, and is an opportunity for improvement.

All Incident Investigation Reports and associated documentation will be distributed to the Environment

Manager, the Construction Manager and Project Manager. All incident reports and documentation will

be stored in the EIS.



11.4



Non-compliance: Corrective and Preventive Actions



An environmental non-compliance will be detected through processes such as monitoring,

inspections, audits and receipt of complaints. Non-compliance covers incidents which do not conform

to the EMP and procedures as well as incidents which violate statutory obligations.

The process for managing environmental non-compliance will be as follows:





When an environmental non-compliance is detected the nature of the event will be evaluated

by the environmental staff as specified in the relevant procedure, the effectiveness or need

for new/additional controls will be reviewed and strategies identified to prevent recurrence.

Corrective actions will subsequently be identified and logged. Details of the non-compliance,

the corrective actions proposed and the responsibilities and timing for completion of the

actions will be entered.







Once an action is completed, the form will be updated to close the action including input of

comments and completion date.







The Environmental Compliance Tracking and Corrective Action forms will be reviewed weekly

by the appropriate member of the construction/environmental team to ensure actions are

completed in time.



In addition to the above, where an incident is of a more serious nature, has been identified repeatedly

or constitutes a violation of statutory regulations, the following will apply:



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When required, the work on the identified operation or site will be stopped until remedial

action is taken to eliminate the issue.







An incident report will be completed and logged in the EIS.







The incident report will be forwarded to the Environment Manager, and if deemed noncompliant with statutory regulations, to the environmental authorities.



11.5



Social and Environmental Management System (SEMS)



AML are building up a functioning environmental and social management capability with sufficient

resources to oversee the project’s construction and operations and ensure that contractor’s

performance is also of a high standard.

At the same time, the monitoring and reporting systems are still under development while AML

continues to recruit staff to cover environmental and social management in the field, incorporate

baseline information from the ESHIA and eventually develop a project information system.

SEMS will provide a structured, effective means to manage environmental, social and economic

commitments throughout the life of the project. The SEMS provides a consistent framework for social

and environmental management through the project life-cycle: construction, operation to

decommissioning. SEMS enables an operator to develop operating standards and continual

improvement targets that help define and maintain performance standards.

The development of a SEMS by AML is a comprehensive undertaking that will take several years to

fully implement. It is recommended that AML aim to attain compliance requirements with a

recognised standard such as ISO 14001 before Phase 3 operations commence so that the

appropriate control and audit systems are in place to regulate environmental issues and maximise

efficiency in energy, water and material management.

SEMS need to function within the standard management system structure so as to integrate

environmental, social and economic considerations into business and project operations. Continual

improvement in overall environmental performance is a fundamental principle in SEMS and is

accordingly defined within respective standards, such as ISO14001. The principle is one that allows

for phased improvement (achievable over a period). It also helps to ‘build in' and sustain achieved

improvements. An effective SEMS will enable organisations to target, achieve and demonstrate

continuous improvement in environmental performance as one integrated management process.

SEMS will require development of policies and goals which are currently missing other than

achievement of compliance and general principles associated with good corporate citizenry. Possible

generic environmental objectives that could be applied are:





Comply with legislation and good international industry practice;







Design, construct and operate the facilities in a manner that protects human health and

minimises impacts on the environment;







Encourage and promote waste minimisation, the sustainable use of natural resources,

recycling, energy efficiency, resource conservation and resource recovery;



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Environmental objectives are the responsibility of all staff;







Monitor and review procedures regularly and strive for ‘beyond compliance’ performance;







Recognise and respond to the local community's questions or concerns



11.6



Auditing



SEMS audits are typically conducted in accordance with ISO 14001 guidance and procedures, and

oriented toward continuous improvement in managing the environmental impacts of an organisation,

site, process, product, supply chain or input-output balances.

The Sierra Leone 2009 Mining Technical Assistance Project (MTAP) report includes a section on

monitoring requirements including the following statement:

“It is expected that monitoring will be conducted during all phases of each project venture –

preconstruction, start-up, operations, closures and post closure. The program is expected to play a

pivotal role in ensuring that the trends for specific parameters are tracked and it will provide

information on compliance with legislative norms, set guidelines or desirable operational limits; and

form the basis for corrective actions and modification of activities if necessary. GOSL will ensure that

part of the cost is borne by the Mining agencies.”

Therefore, in addition to in-house performance audits as required to maintain accreditation for ISO

14001, there is also a requirement for independent, government-led audit that seeking to evaluate

performance, improvement and achievement of commitments.

An SEMS needs to take into account and provide access for 3rd party auditing and evaluation. It is

recommended that Audit takes place depending on project phase to provide an opportunity for

continual improvement using a lessons learnt approach. Therefore it would be reasonable to expect

at least an annual audit during the construction phases of the project, with frequency to be modified

depending on the timing and location of the subsequent development activities and the results

derived from the monitoring data.

In summary therefore, continuous evaluation and auditing (both internal and independent) is requred

in order to ensure continuous improvement in all aspects of the project and minimise environmental

impacts.

Environmental auditing is used to certify whether practice is in accordance with standard procedures

and to determine how processes or systems under review can be improved. The main environmental

auditing techniques are:





examination of records and documentation relating to impacts, actions taken to manage them

and aspects of performance;







interviews with management and line staff to corroborate factual information and probe areas

of concern; and







site inspection to check that environmental measures and controls are operating as described

and intended.



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A distinction can be made between environmental audits conducted as part of ESHIA and EMS

implementation, respectively. ESHIA related audits, typically, are ad hoc, project-by-project in

approach and use non-standardised methodology. However, both ESHIA and EMS audits have

objectives, elements of approach and information sources in common.



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12



COMMITMENTS REGISTER



The following register lists the environmental and social commitments that will be required beyond the

impact assessment stage. Unlike the section describing the requirements for ongoing assessment

works, these commitments represent systems and assets that the proponent (AML) will need to

develop and take forward through the life of the project.

Key commitments such as undertaking and acting on Risk Assessments and an SEMS require the

definition of corporate policy and standards. It is recommended the project SEMS first establishes the

following:





Ongoing monitoring so as to be able to compare against the ESHIA baseline;







Monitoring targets, monitoring frequency definition and a charter to pursue continual

environmental and social performance improvement;







Establishment of rigorous and transparent performance indicators.



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Table 12-1 AML Commitments Register

Section

Reference



Issue



Action Required



Form of Commitment



General



4.7



Institutional Capacity

Development



Requires resources and energy from owner.



Adherence to commitments such as multipartite monitoring, the extractive

industries transparency initiative and key

alliances with Ministries where there is

mutual benefit for improved data

collection and management (such as

meteorology).



General



7.1



Non-routine, unplanned events

are not well understood.



Maintain Risk Register and undertake Risk

Assessments for key risk items including:



Risk Register and Risk Assessments to

be developed for Stage 2 ESHIA and

maintained / refined thereafter.



Air



7.2.1



Reduction of air quality impacts

from dust & engine emissions







Spillages of Fuel and /or hazardous

chemicals







Transport accidents







Ship collision, capsizing







Geotechnical stability / failure



Water spraying, wheel wash, truck covers,

mine fleet management



Dust Suppression and Vehicles and Plant

Emissions Control Management Plan.

Robust air monitoring programmes



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Noise



Section

Reference



Issue



Action Required



Form of Commitment



7.2.2



Excessive Noise generation



Design-in appropriate noise controls at

equipment specification and procurement

stage.



Compliance with Environmental Basis of

Design.



Vehicle speed control and maintenance.



Rock blasting management plan.

Robust noise monitoring programmes



Correct blast design and charging.

Ecology



7.2.3,

7.3.3.



Destruction of habitat areas.



Appropriate mine layout and avoidance.



Relocation of Species of

conservation concern.



Community development initiatives in animal

husbandry and plantations as well as

regulation of influx in conjunction with

neighbouring communities.



Habitat depletion through

unintended increase in human

access and influx.



Possibly elevating the conservation status of

the Farangbaia Forest Reserve and/or

identification of other offsetting opportunities.



Further ecological studies and develop

understanding of ecosystem behaviour.

Avoidance of protected areas and areas

of high ecological value (where feasible)

Ecological Conservation Plan.

Biodiversity offset and management plan.

Sediment and hydraulic control measures

for works adjacent to surface water

courses and for river crossings/bridges.

Sourcing timber from certified plantations

Community development and monitoring.



Water



7.2.4



Over-abstraction, water quality

changes, river diversions and



Complete predictive groundwater and

surface water models including ongoing ARD



Integrated mine water management

planning.



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Section

Reference



Issue



Action Required



Form of Commitment



flooding.



work. Appropriate waste water treatment.



Up to date Spill Response Plan.

Site specific surveys and register of

existing contaminants / sources at

brownfield locations.

Robust surface and groundwater

monitoring programmes.



Soil /

Land



7.2.5



Land take, loss in soil

productivity, erosion and

degradation through compaction.

Contaminated land issues.



Appropriate mine layout and avoidance.



Further environmental studies.



Progressive rehabilitation and top soil use /

offset. Good practice in terms of fuel and

reagent storage and management.



Life-of-mine waste management plan.

Closure and Decommissioning Plan.

Site specific surveys and register of

contaminants / sources at brownfield

locations.



Geology



7.2.6



Topographic and geo-stability

issues



Social



7.2.7



It is recognised there will be

socio-economic benefits in the

form of employment, goods and

supplies, social investments and



Progressive rehabilitation and an overall

mine waste management plan

Detailed studies

construction.



and



RAP



ahead



of



At the operational stage the maintenance of



Preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan

(RAP).

Preparation of a livelihood restoration



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Section

Reference



Issue



Action Required



Form of Commitment



payment of revenue to the

government. Negative impacts

will mainly be due to disturbance

to land owners and influx of

workers and job seekers



a community liaison and planning approach

in partnership with communities will minimise

impacts.



plan.



Continued monitoring and improvement is

required to ensure that resources are

appropriately directed and used.



Implementation of a grievance

mechanism.

Robust socio-economic monitoring

programmes

Preparation and implementation of a

Community Development Plan.

Ongoing community liaison plan and full

support and robust defence of an

Extractive Industries Transparency

Initiative Plan.



Health



7.2.8



Community resettlement;

In-migration related impacts

(disease, food security, substance

abuse, home violence);

Increased burden of disease due

project activities and water

storage facilities (drinking water

tanks, waste and raw water



Appropriate education of workforce regarding

transmittable diseases

Malaria control initiatives (e.g. awareness

and control of mosquito breeding sites to

prevent increased malaria incidence).

Monitoring of community rates of water

related diseases and infections.



RAP

A specific community health protection

strategy should be developed in

conjunction with the preparation and

implementation

of

a

Community

Development Plan.

Robust health monitoring programmes.



Provision of suitable healthcare facilities.



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Section

Reference



Issue

storage ponds);

Degradation and/or reduction of

surface water

(sedimentation/erosion,

contamination, changes in

drainage patterns); and

Degradation of groundwater

quality.

Increased road traffic accident

rate



Marine



Action Required



Form of Commitment



Water treatment and security of supply.



Integrated

planning.



Maintain condition of roads and rail road,

including bridges, under passes, and smaller

manual crossing arms.

Road health & safety and awareness training

for all new employees.

Protection of local food sources (fish,

agriculture, bushmeat).



mine



Traffic

impact

management



water



management



assessment



and



Health & Safety training

Site specific surveys and register of

contaminants / sources at brownfield

locations.



7.5.5



Clearance of coastal habitats

including mangrove within

Ramsar site



Ensure port footprint is not expanded and no

mangrove is cleared



Project design



7.5.5



Light Pollution in Ramsar site



Design port night-lights to diminish the direct

disturbance on birds



Marine Management Plans with Risk

Assessments



7.5.4



Impacts arising from dredging



Dredging Impact Assessment



Separate impact assessment to comply

with London Convention and Protocol



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Section

Reference



Issue



Action Required



Form of Commitment



7.5.5



Sewage and waste water impacts

to estuary



Design appropriate wastewater treatment

system and outfall to minimise the impact of

port wastewater



Compliance with project Basis of Design

including World Bank EHS standards



7.5.5



Routine discharges from vessels

include deck drainage, potentially

contaminated drainage from

machinery spaces, engine cooling

water and treated sewage/grey

water can lead to contamination

of estuary



Control and Management of Ships' Ballast

Water and Sediments



Port Project Proponent (AML) must

regulate and enforce MARPOL 73/78



7.5.5



Oil, chemical and material

spillage (accidental)



Quantitative Risk Assessments and

Management Plans ensure that the risk of

accidental spillage is minimised. However

emergency response measures need to be in

place to manage an unforeseen event



Oil Spill Contingency Plans



7.6.1



Impacts arising from quarrying,

borrow pits and ground

improvement



Accountable through contract terms to a

single, best-practice source of guidelines



bulk material environmental management

plan



7.6.2



Impact from over-demand on the

existing, fragile and undeveloped

infrastructure and resources



Logistics, programming, procurement and

the provision and expectations for goods and

services are dealt with under a project’s



AML project consultation and disclosure

system coupled with a grievance system,

established by the proponent will be



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Section

Reference



General



Issue



Action Required



Form of Commitment



feasibility study and execution plan. Need

for a PR and activity announcement system.



utilized to ensure that project activities are

announced publicly and that a response

system is in place should problems arise.



7.6.3



Waste management - greatest

impact is likely to arise from

interim storage of wastes in

particular pest, odour and litter

control.



Site selection and operation of projectspecific waste management facilities.



Integrated Waste management plans

including hazardous.



9.1



Scope and develop operational

management system with

integration with other project

management systems including



Site Specific Social & Environmental

Management plans under an over-arching

SEMS. Site specific EMPs should be

developed over time in conjunction with

SEMS for numerous elements within the

project, for example, processing plant, mine,

tailings facilities, waste rock dumps, etc



Develop and invest in a SEMS for life-ofproject.







Occupational Health and

Safety Management Plan

(operational phase)







Emergency

Preparedness

Management Plan

(operational phase)







Environmental & Social

Monitoring Programme



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Section

Reference



Issue



Action Required



Form of Commitment



(operational phase)





Security Management

Plan (operational phase)



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13



CONCLUSION



The project has been evaluated using a rigorous impact assessment methodology.

This includes a review of the legislation framework associated with environmental, social and health

management and assessment. The ESHIA considers the Phase 1 project, the existing physical

conditions i.e. the environmental and human baseline and the likely impacts that may arise, both

positive and negative. Where there are impacts identified that could cause adverse effects, the ESHIA

considers alternatives, mitigating measures and what the likely remaining or residual impact will be after

such intervention.

The environment and social impact assessment has been applied systematically to the project affected

areas and the following conclusions have been determined:



13.1



Mine Area



Impact Assessment



Air & Noise

Air quality impacts comprising both dust and exhaust emissions arising from land clearance, mining,

dusting from stock-piles and machinery have been identified as primary emission sources. The

implementation of standard mitigation measures involving covering of loads during haulage, dust

suppression by water spraying, extractive covers at key point sources and machinery selection should

result in no major impacts.

Noise sources will be variable but blasting, crushing, potential transport noise including aircraft are

considered to be the most important sources of impact. Assuming that occupational noise limits are

maintained within facility boundaries (85 dB(A)) then it is predicted that appropriate environmental noise

standards will be met at a distance of 500m from the facilities.

Appropriate choice of location for key noise-emitting site facilities such as workshops is still required

and should adhere to the minimum noise buffer recommendations included in this report. Further

mitigation and management, where considered necessary is predominantly associated with selecting

machinery with noise limiters maintaining equipment to run quietly and ensuring that blast design is

optimised and doesn’t create excessive noise power. There are no major impacts expected after

mitigation although further study work is required to review the effects of an airstrip, should this option

go ahead.

Ecology & Biodiversity

Ecological impacts at the mine have been evaluated and found to be significant primarily due to the

high level of biodiversity and conservation value of plants at the mine-sites and along the Tonkolili River

valley. The Farangbaia Forest Reserve, which is in close proximity to the project is considered to be

currently only of moderate conservation value. This area by virtue of its protected status and location

may be a suitable site for a replanting, off-set and conservation programme.

Principal direct impacts will arise from the clearance of land within the footprint of the open pit and

associated infrastructure and the burial of vegetation in waste dump areas which will essentially be

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permanent impacts to the current vegetation coverage with little to no recourse for mitigation.

Vegetation that is not cleared or buried may be indirectly impacted by alteration of drainage patterns

and exposure to contaminated surface runoff (contaminants may include petroleum products from

operations and also mobilised trace metals present in the hematite ore deposit). Further impacts may

arise through the spread of invasive species. These may also spread to undisturbed land following

natural colonisation or deliberate introduction in disturbed areas (where such species tend to thrive). An

influx of people to the area will increase the pressure on resources (e.g. clearance of land for

agricultural use, subsistence and commercial logging of timber).

The residual post-mitigation impacts of habitat loss and fragmentation will remain significant to fauna.

Opening access and influx to the area to the extent envisaged could lead to significant further loss of

fauna through habitat destruction and increased hunting. With the exception of burial (which is an

irreversible impact), residual (post-mitigation) impacts on aquatic ecosystems should be minor if

appropriate international best practice preventative and mitigation measures are put in place.

The most significant potential impact for fauna and the aquatic ecosystem is a change in species

diversity and abundance (and potentially a loss of species of conservation concern) through habitat loss

and fragmentation directly associated with the mining activities. Indirectly this may also occur through

increased pressure due to population influx.

Avoidance of areas of ecological value is the primary tool that is being used to minimise impacts. As

the impact of land clearance and burial in the primary mining and rock dump areas can not be avoided if

the project is to go ahead because of the immovable location of the ore bodies, nor can it be mitigated

against then the only measure remaining is for the project proponent to undertake a commitment to

attempt seed collection, replanting, habitat renewal and protection at alternative selected conservation

site(s). This offset or equivalence approach will not alter the primary ecological loss and cannot

realistically overcome the direct impact resulting from clearance of forest and vegetation. However, in

combination with avoidance wherever possible in the first place then an off-set conservation programme

could help to lower the overall residual impact to a moderate level.

Further evaluation of habitat areas is required and understanding of ecosystem dynamics and

behaviour is required if ecological management initiatives are going to be effective. As this remains

unknown pending further evaluation, the expert view on residual impact magnitude in association with

fragmentation, loss of species richness and abundance from disturbance has been conservatively set

as remaining as an impact of major significance. It is therefore essential for AML and its contractors to

minimise and avoid areas of ecological importance where possible

Assuming avoidance of sensitive areas is rigorously followed by AML, then in conjunction with a

number of conservation off-set measures, the residual (post-avoidance and post-mitigation) impacts on

ecology and biodiversity should be minor. However, this is reliant on AML also immediately adopting a

conspicuous and pro-active policy to restricting any habitat disturbance within their concession area and

developing programmes that support alternative food supply to local people including animal husbandry

and farming to reduce the reliance on hunting and frontier fuel-wood collection.



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Hydrology and Hydrogeology

Assessment of surface water and groundwater impacts has identified a range of water resources and

water quality issues that may be expected to arise from the project. This includes an increase in

suspended sediments in rivers, alteration of river channels and changes in catchment behaviour leading

to flooding as well as a variety of contamination issues that could arise from the project. These issues

can be mitigated through a comprehensive environmental management plan. The most significant

issue identified is the increased potable and construction water demand that may lead to overabstraction of surface water from nearby rivers leading to impacts on environmental flows and/or

downstream users.

Residual, post mitigation impacts will include some permanent loss of flow from springs and streams on

Simbili feeding the Tonkolili and Mawuru Rivers and loss of the storage effect of the overburden and

weathered cap rocks of the hematite deposit. Waste rock dumps will develop their own surface and

groundwater systems and dependent on location may supplement baseflow to the rivers. Even with

controls, there may be some acid drainage and other factors contributing to changes in groundwater

and surface water chemistry, especially given the low buffering capacity and high sensitivity of the local

waters. More significant changes in local hydrology and hydrogeology are expected in Phase 3 which

will require a significantly higher water demand.

There will be localized residual but reversible impacts on surface and groundwater resources due to

abstraction for construction and operational demands. This is the only residual water impact that has

been assessed as remaining as major. The rationale behind this is that although water treatment and

re-use will return a component of the water to the catchment. There will inevitably be a net reduction as

water is removed from the catchment and conveyed away in either the form of retained water in

product, alteration in drainage patters and losses due to water use from activities like dust spraying.

Soils & Land Use

Soil impacts will arise during construction and operational phases as a consequence of land clearance

or sterilisation / burial, increased erosion or inundation due to the modification of drainage patterns,

compaction from vibration and loading under temporary stockpiles/structures, contamination

hydrocarbons and other chemicals including diesel and lubricant oils and explosives residues. Some

soil resource can be rehabilitated if progressive mine reclamation is applied, although it is also

recognised that irreversible loss of soil can occur in this tropical setting where there is also high

potential for vegetation loss, erosion and run-off. Invasive species colonising disturbed land and also

propagating to undisturbed land is recognised as a major impact. Residual impact may be only

moderate through appropriate implementation of mitigation measures.

These impacts may constrain or modify existing land-uses in the mine area. The residual (postmitigation) impacts of land clearance and sterilisation / burial on soil resources and land-use are likely

to remain significant and extremely long-term or permanent in the mine area. Other residual impacts

should be minor if appropriate international best practice preventative and mitigation measures are put

in place.



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Mining will inevitably include loss of the non renewable resource of ore itself and deposition of wastes

can sterilise associated deposits of lower value or undiscovered resources making them effectively

inaccessible beneath waste rock and tailings. There will be major changes to the landscape with the

top of Simbili hill being effectively removed while substantial overburden and rock waste dumps will be

formed nearby leading to visual and landscape changes. None of these impacts have been assessed

as major however and mitigation in the form of appropriate mine planning and dump design should

ensure that only moderate to insignificant impacts remain.

Socio-Economic

Socio-economic effects are strongly dependent on project phase. During construction some villages

may require resettlement. Villages on the periphery of mining area will suffer loss of land resulting in

loss of shelter, loss of access to agricultural land, artisanal mining sites and natural resources leading to

a decrease in economic stability. There are also likely to be graves and sacred sites within the footprint

area that will require relocation. During operations however there is a mix of economic benefit and

social disturbance. Benefits (lasting about 8 years) will mainly be in the form of wages, disbursement

for the procurement of supplies, social investments and payment of revenue to the government.

Negative impacts will mainly be due to disturbance to land owners and influx of workers and job

seekers bringing pressure on social infrastructure and natural resources and possible increases in

social ills. Furthermore there is likely to be a localised disruption in the cost of living which could

significantly disadvantage those who are disenfranchised from the project and create potential for

conflict with migrants. Mitigation measures are dependent on establishing transparent and effective

social management processes including harm minimisation, compensation and long-term community

development mechanisms. The following mitigation measures are expected to reduce the intensity of

the residual impacts from major to moderate/minor.





Preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP).







Preparation of a livelihood restoration plan.







Implementation of a grievance mechanism.







Preparation of a Community Development Action Plan.



In some instances these community mitigation measures co-opt support from NGOs .

Human Health

The preliminary health impacts associated with Phase 1 construction and operations of the mine have

been identified as those related to community resettlement, worker in-migration, increased burden of

disease due project activities and water storage facilities, potential changes to surface and

groundwater, vehicle traffic, noise, and changes in locally produced foods. Beneficial impacts such as

access to improved healthcare facilities, health benefits through local employment, increased access to

the region, and community re-settlement have also been identified.

Implementation of the recommended mitigative measures regarding community resettlement and

worker in-migration, malaria control measures, and programs designed to control the spread of

communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDs and cholera is expected to reduce the significance of the



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health impacts and thus avoid potentially major health issues for persons living in the vicinity of the

Project.

It is important to note that impacts to health cannot be mitigated in isolation. Therefore the mitigation

measures recommended by other disciplines such as socio –economics, air, surface and groundwater,

flora and fauna.would also help in reducing health impacts.



13.2



Transport Corridor Impact Assessment



Air & Noise

Principal air and noise issues along the transport corridor are related to earthworks and vehicle

movement during the construction and operational phases respectively. Potential issues may be

associated width dust control and emissions from a power source at the Lunsar interchange. Standard

mitigation measures such as road dampening to reduce dust levels and imposing appropriate buffer

zones will have the effect of reducing impacts to minor or insignificant level.

The proximity of the proposed transport route in relation to villages and residential areas remains a key

issue. Whilst a principle of avoidance of resettlement wherever possible has been upheld, the

combination of public safety and dust and noise nuisance issues means that in some instances, even

though mitigation measures may be partially effective, it has been considered more appropriate and

responsible to pursue a resettlement solution. The maintenance of a buffer zone should be sufficient

for most residential areas, in exceptional cases where resettlement is not feasible, additional mitigation

measures (e.g. noise barriers or noise isolation) at sensitive receptors will minimize the impacts. A

buffer zone of 500m has generally been accepted for the project, if communities lie within this zone then

a review of either resettlement or mitigation is required.

Stockpiles and operations at Lunsar Interchange could create moderate residual impact however

detailed design for the stockpile should alleviate this impact through optimizing the siting and orientation

of the stockpile.

Ecology & Biodiversity

The principal impact on vegetation will arise from the land clearance required for road construction,

leading to the removal of vegetation. Fragmentation of habitats may also occur. Outside the direct

footprint of the road, localised clearance of vegetation may occur in borrow areas (potential sources for

bridge construction materials) and also through consequential influx to areas that have been cleared

and access opened. Invasive species may spread along the area of disturbed land and propagate

beyond into undisturbed land. Impacts on rheophytes (aquatic plants) may occur at bridges and

downstream of river crossings.

Habitat loss and fragmentation directly associated with the construction of the transport corridor as

described above could lead to a reduction in fauna species diversity and abundance (and potentially a

loss of species of conservation concern). Habitat alteration may also occur as a result of disruption of

migration across the transport corridor. The residual (post-mitigation) impacts should be minor if habitat

hot-spot avoidance is used as a first principle and appropriate international best practice preventative



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and mitigation measures are put in place. Particular care and control associated with bridge works is

required, including the use of containing coffer dams to minimise impact (se below).

The most significant impacts to aquatic ecosystems are associated with the construction and

redevelopment of crossings resulting in uncontrolled sedimentation (and increased turbidity from instream (such as piling) and land disturbance activities. This may be compounded by removal of

riparian vegetation which will increase diffuse pollutant transport from the adjoining areas. Residual

(post-mitigation) impacts should be minor if appropriate environmental engineering control and design is

applied.

Any significant ecological impacts as a result of the project-related activities may have indirect social

impacts.

Avoidance of key habitat areas has already been attempted with interaction between the haul road

designers and environmental specialists (see Haul Road EMP, WorleyParsons 2010). In instances

where there is close proximity or unavoidable overlap (for example at River Crossings) between the

transport corridor and sensitive habitat then residual impacts should be minor if appropriate

international best practice preventative and mitigation measures are put in place. Restoration of the

transport corridor is unlikely following completion of Phase1 as the road will be retained as a mine

service road.

Further evaluation of habitat areas, transport design and routing and ecological management is

required. As this remains unknown pending further evaluation, the expert view on residual impact

magnitude in association with fragmentation, loss of species richness and abundance from disturbance

has been conservatively set as remaining as an impact of major significance. It is therefore essential

for AML and its contractors to demonstrate good design in selecting the route and avoiding areas of

ecological importance. It is also essential that further habitat study and review is completed so that

there is better understanding of ecosystem behaviour. This is essential if management approaches are

going to be relied upon.

Assuming avoidance of sensitive areas is rigorously followed by AML, then in conjunction with a

number of conservation off-set measures, the residual (post-avoidance and post-mitigation) impacts on

ecology and biodiversity should be minor. However, this is reliant on AML also immediately adopting a

conspicuous and pro-active policy to restricting any habitat disturbance within their concession area and

developing programmes that support alternative food supply to local people including animal husbandry

and farming to reduce the reliance on hunting and frontier fuel-wood collection.

Hydrology and Hydrogeology

Potential impacts pertaining to local surface and groundwater along the transport corridor are

predominantly associated with increase in turbidity and reduction in water quality during both

construction and operations phases. There is a requirement for risk assessment to evaluate the

likelihood and potential consequences associated with accidental spillage. The transport corridor may

also result in changes to drainage patterns due to diversions and alterations.

Mitigation measures significantly reduce potential impacts on surface water and groundwater.

Residual, post mitigation impacts will include some potentially long term changes to valley swamp



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drainage systems that are crossed by the road. There will be localized residual but reversible impacts

on surface and groundwater resources due to abstraction for construction and operational demands.

Soils & Land Use

The principal impact will arise from the land clearance including slash and burn of vegetation and

surface soils strip being carried out for road construction. The construction of the road may also

constrain certain land-uses and / or access to land. Temporary and minor impacts on soil resources and

land-use during the refurbishment of the Delco rail line may also occur.

The residual (post-mitigation) impacts of land clearance on soil resources and land-use are unlikely to

be significant if appropriate design and site management is applied. Change in land use leading to loss

of farming land may remain as a moderate residual impact as access restrictions may constrain land

use.

Socio-Economic

The social impacts of the transport corridor are likely to occur mainly during the construction phase due

to disturbance to the existing land users. Rail refurbishment will take place on the existing rail

embankment. Impacts will range from loss of access, land-based resources, and loss of shelter, all of

which may potentially lead to a decrease in economic stability

The haul road may pass through the sugar plantations to be developed as part of the Addax Biofuel

Project. The compensation for potential impacts on the sugarcane plantations may require separate

negotiations with relevant stakeholders.

The mitigation measures given below are expected to reduce the residual impacts from major to

moderate/minor.





Preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP).







Preparation of a livelihood restoration plan.







Implementation of a grievance mechanism.







Preparation and implementation of the CDAP



Given the high level of unemployment in Sierra Leone, it will be difficult to completely control an

anticipated influx of job seekers to villages and towns along the transport corridor. However, the

following measures can reduce impacts from moderate to minor.





Planning for self sufficient and closed workers camps to minimise intermingling of workers

with local population.







Providing assistance for the control of communicable diseases and for educational

campaigns for prevention of social ills.







Planning jointly with local Paramount Chief and other stakeholders to minimise

speculative migration.



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In the long term, the improved transport infrastructure may also lead to growth of industry and other

economic activities and benefits including employment, investment and revenue along the corridor

(more likely along the haul road), which may contribute to general economic development.

All social impacts can be mitigated against which could result in either the development of beneficial

opportunities or minimisation of residual impact to a minor level. However, it is noted that this strategy

is reliant on rapid implementation of a challenging social management programme which will require

support and collaboration from stakeholders including local government, people’s organisations and

NGOs.

Human Health

The preliminary health impacts associated with the Phase 1 construction and operation of the transport

corridor have been identified as those related to community resettlement, worker in-migration,

increased burden of disease due project activities and water storage facilities, potential changes to

surface water, vehicle traffic, and changes in locally produced foods. Beneficial impacts such as access

to improved healthcare facilities, health benefits through local employment, increased access to the

region, and community re-settlement have been identified.

Implementation of the recommended mitigative measures regarding community resettlement and

worker in-migration, malaria control measures, programs designed to control the spread of

communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDs and cholera, and traffic regulation is expected to reduce the

significance of the major and moderate health impacts and thus avoid potentially major health issues for

persons living in the vicinity of the Project.

It is important to note that impacts to health cannot be mitigated in isolation. Therefore the mitigation

measures recommended by other disciplines such as socio –economics, air, surface and groundwater,

flora and fauna would also help in reducing health impacts.



13.3



Port Impact Assessment



Air& Noise

Construction activities at Pepel Port will comprise a combination of existing asset refurbishment and

new development.

Air emissions arising from land clearance (dust), power generation and wind dispersal of fines from

stockpiles can be mitigated to moderate /minor residual significance by dust suppression, machinery

emission control and good design and orientation of stockpiles.

An increase in noise levels may be generated by machinery, engines, vehicles used for transport,

loading and unloading of rock, materials and waste and power generation. Further operational phase

identified noise sources are ship traffic (motors, sirens, etc.), machinery movement, conveyors, loading

and unloading activities at the Dual Train Dumping Station, the Stacker Feed System, the Reclaim Feed

System and the Shiploader Feed System

Generic recommendations for the construction phase include the use of machinery and equipment that

guarantee low noise emissions. Noise impacts at nearby community receptors (Kalangba) should be



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minimised through an appropriate layout plan. If further mitigation measures are required then sound

barriers could be installed. The residual impacts on air quality and noise are classified as Minor.

Ecology & Biodiversity

The principal impacts to vegetation will arise from the potential clearance of mangrove during

installation or refurbishment of infrastructure. Invasive species may also spread to undisturbed land

following natural colonisation or deliberate introduction in disturbed areas (where such species tend to

thrive). The release of acidity and metals from disturbed acid sulphate soils (if present) can cause the

die back of vegetation in the localised area and hydraulically connected areas. Impacts on fauna may

further reduce natural colonisation by indigenous plant species where fauna play a role in seed

dispersal.

The residual (post-mitigation and post-closure) impacts on terrestrial fauna should be minor if

appropriate international best practice preventative and mitigation measures are put in place and the

site is rehabilitated on closure of Phase 1 of the Tonkolili project.

There are no major or moderate impacts expected to affect aquatic ecosystems in the Pepel Port area

on the basis that to surface water systems were encountered. However, it is noted that groundwater

and potential freshwater spring discharges in the inter-tidal zone could be significant to the maintenance

of the mangrove ecosystem and will be vulnerable to pollution or contamination at Pepel. Furthermore

groundwater abstraction and the movement of the saline interface could also affect specialised

ecological communities. The adoption of stringent water quality guidelines and further hydrogeological

review is being used to also assess and protect dependent ecosystems.

Further evaluation of habitat areas, port design and construction techniques and ecological

management is required. As this remains unknown pending further evaluation, the expert view on

residual impact magnitude in association with fragmentation, loss of species richness and abundance

from disturbance has been conservatively set as remaining as an impact of major significance. It is

therefore essential for AML and its contractors to avoid areas of ecological importance. It is also

essential that further habitat study and review is completed so that there is better understanding of

ecosystem behaviour. This is essential if management approaches are going to be relied upon.

Assuming avoidance of sensitive areas is rigorously followed by AML, then in conjunction with a

number of conservation off-set measures, the residual (post-avoidance and post-mitigation) impacts on

ecology and biodiversity should be minor. However, this is reliant on AML also immediately adopting a

conspicuous and pro-active policy to restricting any habitat disturbance within their concession area and

developing programmes that support alternative food supply to local people including animal husbandry

and farming to reduce the reliance on hunting and frontier fuel-wood collection.

Hydrology and Hydrogeology

Impacts at Pepel are predominantly associated with groundwater contamination through chemical

spillage and conventional contaminated land pollutant linkages. In addition, the coastal setting and use

of groundwater creates a risk associated with saline intrusion.

Groundwater at Pepel Island is considered to be a highly sensitive receptor and requires a detailed

groundwater management to protect it otherwise the operations could lead to long term damage to the



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aquifer beneath Pepel Port. Monitoring will be critical to ensure that mitigation measures can be refined

and are appropriate and effective. Residual, post mitigation impacts are anticipated to be minimal if

regulated through a well developed management plan - localized residual impacts are expected to be

reversible as surface and groundwater resources should recover through high rates of recharge after

abstraction.

Soils & Land Use

Baseline soil data for the historical industrial Pepel Port area has been collected for a few indicative

surface samples only and indicates a probably relatively low level historical impact on quality, principally

with some elevated levels of arsenic and some localised leakage or spillage of fuels and oils as well as

coal tar related contamination.

Stripping of surface soils and other earthworks associated with preparation of new stockpile areas and

foundations for new port infrastructure could potentially mobilise or expose historically present

contaminants.

On the whole, the reinstatement of the Port is not considered likely to have a significant impact on the

soils at or outside the port if works are designed and managed with due consideration given to current

conditions. Measures are described in the ESHIA that set out a contamination material inventory and

methods for the appropriate handling of soils after reference to a site-specific contamination register.

Further studies to better delineate contamination and appropriate remediation if required is

recommended. Residual (post-mitigation) impacts should be minor if this is implemented.

Socio economic

The refurbishment of Pepel Port may require additional land in its vicinity for construction and

operational activities and facilities. The land near the port is currently used for dwellings, trading,

agriculture and grazing. Potential impacts include resettlement, and reduction in the available

community land base as well as sea based activities such as fishing

The economic opportunities created at the Pepel Port are expected to lead to an influx of workers and

job seekers mainly during the construction phase. The refurbishment of Pepel Port is expected to have

predominantly beneficial socio-economic impacts during its construction and operation phase (up to 8

years).

Mitigation measures are expected to reduce the intensity of the residual impacts from major to

moderate/minor. This includes





Preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP).







Preparation of a livelihood restoration plan.







Implementation of a grievance mechanism.







Planning and coordination with local government, Paramount Chief and other

stakeholders to minimise speculative migration and maximise opportunity for local

communities through provisioning goods and services, education and skill-building.



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In line with its corporate policy, AML is expected to initiate a social investment programme in the Pepel

Port area with the start of construction work. This includes improvement in social infrastructure such as

water supply, schools and health centres and development of livelihood opportunities, independent of

the port.

Human Health

The preliminary health impacts associated with Phase 1 relate to both construction and operation of the

Pepel port have been identified as those related to community resettlement, worker in-migration,

increased burden of disease due project activities and water storage facilities, potential changes to

surface and groundwater, noise, and changes in locally produced foods. Beneficial impacts such as

access to improved healthcare facilities, health benefits through local employment were identified.

Implementation of the recommended mitigative measures regarding community resettlement and

worker in-migration, malaria control measures, and programs designed to control the spread of

communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDs and cholera is expected to reduce the significance of the

major and moderate health impacts and thus avoid potentially major health issues for persons living in

the vicinity of the Project.

It is important to note that impacts to health cannot be mitigated in isolation. Therefore the mitigation

measures recommended by other disciplines such as socio –economics, air, surface and groundwater,

flora and fauna.would also help in reducing health impacts.



13.4



Offshore & Coastal Impact Assessment



Mangrove Clearance

The baseline preliminary survey indicates that the coastal and marine habitat around Pepel is healthy

and contains a high level of biodiversity. There are a number of potential impacts including: reduction

and clearance of habitat areas for access and enabling works to support the predominantly brownfield

refurbishment, altered soil elevations, altered hydrology and spill over of development effects to

surrounding areas. Land clearance and significant earthworks are not required. However, alteration of

hydrology requires further investigation.

However, the majority of the port infrastructure is already in place, and most of what is required will be

refurbished rather than constructed from new. As a result there will be no significant increase in the

existing port footprint, and therefore no significant area of coastal habitat will have to be cleared. The

currently proposed development footprint for the Pepel leasehold area will result in reasonably minor

losses of mangroves.

Therefore the residual impact is considered to be of minor significance if the port remains within the

existing footprint and avoids mangrove clearance and disruption; and compensatory measures for

mangrove protection are undertaken through the life of the Tonkolili project.



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Effects of Iron Ore Release into Estuary

Whilst it has been shown that slight positive impacts associated with increased rates of growth

(particularly in younger mangrove plants) have been associated with iron contamination, toxicity limits

are not known and the potential for synergistic negative responses remain.

Over the past 24 years rain and wind activity has subjected the old stockpiles at Pepel to leaching,

There is currently no evidence of any existing impact on the surrounding mangroves due to the

presence of the residual hematite ore, although there are elevated levels of heavy metals in the near

shore soil samples (Hydrological baseline survey, April 2010).

Increased Noise and Light Levels

The use of heavy machinery during construction will increase ambient noise levels, and potentially

result in disturbance of sensitive coastal fauna such as birds. The current level of noise in Pepel is

relatively low, due to the low human population and lack of any significant port activity. As a result,

higher noise levels may result in significant impacts on birds which are a key aspect of the Ramsar

designation.

Persistent man-made light can be a major issue for a range of marine fauna, with birds in particular

sensitive to increased and extended levels. Non-natural light can deter them from feeding, breeding

and nesting, and can generally confuse their natural behaviour. Due to the high density of wetland

birds present in the project location, and its position inside a designated Ramsar site, increased light is

a potentially significant impact, especially if construction work would take place during bird migratory or

breeding seasons.

Mitigation measures need to consider both of these issues as impacts with potentially major

significance and adapt construction activities to avoid sensitive habitat areas (eg high avifauna

population, important nesting and feeding sites, and migratory and nesting seasons). Adaptations

include use of shading and avoiding of strong lighting use of low-pressure sodium vapour lamps and

limiting activity during sensitive times of the day e.g. extended night operations.

Wastewater Discharges

Discharge of untreated wastewater into the estuary has the potential to affect water pH, colour,

temperature, smell, dissolved oxygen, nutrient levels and bacterial contamination. This can create

indirect impacts on the estuary ecosystem, as well as posing a health risk to local communities;

especially if the discharge point is located near to beaches used by locals for fishing or bathing. The

significance of the impact of waste water discharge is highly dependant on the treatment system

implemented in the project design, and the location of the discharge point in the estuary. A more

detailed assessment of wastewater discharges is required to develop the mitigation methods further.

Mitigation measures to be considered should include installation of temporary treatment plant to treat

construction camp discharges. Ensuring treated water discharge is located away from sensitive

locations and in areas of strong tidal currents to increase dilution and removal; and compliance with

World Bank discharge limits as specified in the Stage 2 Environmental basis of Design document.



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Spills and Run-off of Oil and Chemical contaminants

During construction and refurbishment there is a risk of increased run-off due to earthworks, and a risk

of oil and chemical contamination from disturbance of existing contaminated land, and new incidents of

fuel, lubricant and coating spills used in construction machinery, and from potential oil spills.

The significance of this impact will depend upon the level of increased run off and/or spills, and their

location and proximity to coastal habitat such as mangroves or mudflats; mangroves are particularly

sensitive to oil spills.

Before mitigation the impact on VR marine fauna is considered to be of moderate significance.

A more detailed assessment of run-off during construction is required to develop the mitigation methods

further. It should include run-off collection and treatment systems, waste management planning, spill

response plans (contingency planning and emergency response measures should be in place).

Industry best practice regarding refuelling activities, oil handling activities and machinery maintenance;

Refurbishment of Mooring Dolphins

The refurbishment and potential construction of mooring dolphins, to enable the mooring of

transshipment vessels will primarily impact on the sub-tidal habitat. The sub-tidal habitat directly

beneath could be impacted through smothering, pile driving, and placement of rock material. No

mitigation measures are required other than further characterisation of the sub tidal habitat

Increased Turbidity

The construction and refurbishment of marine structures could result in elevated turbidity within the

immediate vicinity of the port. Activities such as piling can significantly disturb bottom sediments,

introducing material into the water column. Increased turbidity can result in a number of direct and

indirect impacts on coastal and marine ecosystems; for example, levels of photosynthesis can fall due

to a drop in light penetration down through the water column

However, given the natural conditions of the estuary particularly during wet season conditions it is

considered that the habitat is likely to be resilient to increased turbidity levels over the short duration of

the construction programme at Pepel.

Although the impact is expected to be minor the following mitigation measures should be considered:





Use of floating turbidity barriers and/or silt curtains to contain turbidity plumes during marine

construction activities; and







Design construction activity to occur in periods of high dispersion (e.g. ebb tide).



Disturbance of Contaminated Sediments

Construction/refurbishment activity has the potential to disturb marine sediment. There are some

indications that sediment in the vicinity of Pepel retains pre-existing contamination (e.g. hydrocarbons

or metals). If sediment is disturbed there is a risk the contaminants could be released and assimilated

by marine flora or fauna (e.g. mangroves, fish and shellfish) and there is a risk of bio-accumulation.



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The potential impact on both marine habit and human receptors is considered to be of moderate

significance and it is recommended that a detailed characterisation of near shore and intertidal marine

sediments is undertaken prior to construction. Thereafter avoid disturbance of contaminated areas.

Increased Underwater Noise

Underwater construction activities, in particular pile driving, can generate high levels of underwater

noise Marine mammal and the impact of underwater noise and ship collisions remains as a moderate

impact due to lack of information at this stage but surveys are underway.

Fuel Handling Operations

Fuel for power generation will be transported by road and vessels will not refuel at Pepel, therefore no

fuel handling operations are planned within the marine area of the port.

Navigation and Fishing

The majority of marine traffic in the estuary is focussed around Freetown. Trans-shipment operations

are currently expected to involve Handymax transshipment vessels, which will transfer ore to a loading

on anchorage point outside the mouth of the estuary. The impact of the transshipment operations on

shipping in the estuary is not expected to be significant.

Ballast Water and Marine Pests

The location of the trans-shipment anchorage is not currently confirmed. Therefore there remains a

possibility that cargo vessels could introduce invasive species during the operational phase by releasing

ballast water at the destination location, particularly important if this occurs within the estuary or near

enclosed waters rather than off-shore. If an anchorage is selected that makes this impact viable then

AML will need to ensure the 2004 International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships'

Ballast Water and Sediments is strictly followed.

Vessel Waste Management and Discharges

Routine discharges from vessels may have effects on water quality similar to the effects created by

discharges from the port, such as changes in water pH, colour, temperature, smell, dissolved oxygen,

nutrient levels and bacterial contamination. Mitigation of these effects will need to be achieved through

ensuring the prevention of pollution from shipping (MARPOL), i.e. diligent regulation of the port authority

/ contractors.

Trans-shipment Anchorage

Loading at the anchorage during transshipment, although designed to be highly efficient will create a

cumulative impact over the life of the project. The potential behaviour of the iron ore in the water will

depend on the spillage particle size and its chemical composition. Generally, iron often forms colloidal

suspensions of ferric hydroxide in the presence of oxygen, although the hematite particle size will

probably preclude wide spread dispersal. It is recommended that a full assessment of the proposed

iron ore product is undertaken to understand its constituents.

Dredging



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Capital dredging will be required to open the navigation channel to access Pepel port. Ongoing

maintenance dredging will be required to keep the channel open.

Dredging remains as a moderate impact awaiting a more detailed dredging impact assessment once

the required data are available.



13.5



Distributed Impact Assessment



Bulk Materials

Bulk materials such as earth and fill for ground conditioning will be controlled through activity-specific

management plans and protocols and contractors will be accountable for adherence to the plans and

protocols.

Demand on Existing Infrastructure

The project’s dependency on existing infrastructure will be limited. There will be initial reliance on

imported goods and contractor services for food, accommodation and camps with opportunities for

goods and services to create livelihood benefits for project communities. Adherence to prior and clear

project announcements is expected.

Solid and Liquid Waste Management

The greatest impact is likely to arise from interim storage of wastes in particular pest, odour and litter

control. AML will be required to ensure its contractor’s implement a hierarchy of waste elimination at

source, recycling, reuse, recovery, and as a last resort – disposal. In addition provision for destroying or

treating hazardous waste is required to render it non-hazardous if possible.



13.6



Commitments, Management and Performance



This ESHIA has been prepared for submission for approval on the understanding that elements of the

study are not yet fully developed. In recognition of this, the proponent (AML) has committed to

undertake the completion of the study work in Stage 2 and meanwhile apply comprehensive

environmental and social (E&S) management to project design, construction and development. It is

recommended that rigorous risk review is used from this point, in the interim ahead of final ESHIA

Stage 2 submission so as to identify appropriate E&S management measures.

A significant volume of assessment work has been achieved and the impact assessment has been

completed to a sufficient level for regulatory decision making. It is recognised that further work is

required, including further project definition in order to be able to define more specific impacts and

mitigation measures and develop effective management strategies.

Where generic construction management plans can be implemented from the currently available

information then these have been provided. In other instances, the management plans will need to be

formulated pending further work and all that can be given now is an outline of the management plan

purpose.

This is particularly important for the terrestrial and marine eco-systems that could be affected by the

project. To date it has been recognised that areas under the direct footprint of the project contain either

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recognised high conservation value species or habitat that is of major significance. An integrated

approach involving additional assessment, avoidance wherever possible of critical areas, mitigation,

development of compensatory programmes and community development programmes is required.

Further study work is required and will be included in a Stage 2 ESHIA later in 2010 that will provide

more specific design and definition to these programmes.

It is also important that management plans take into account consequential impacts that will be created

many of which will be unintended and difficult to control. This includes the impact associated with

speculative influx of migrant workers and accelerated degradation of habitat in areas that was hitherto

relatively inaccessible and sparsely populated. Management plans need to develop a clearer

understanding of how compensation, alternative livelihood schemes, regulation and sustainable

community development can be effectively implemented to reduce secondary impacts.

Recommendations are given for ongoing monitoring, auditing and performance evaluation of the

environmental and social elements of the project so that continued improvement, adherence to agreed

standards and effective liaison with SLEPA is maintained.

Monitoring will involve both internal and external inspections and auditing of performance and

compliance to contract documents. Where a degree of capacity building is required to ensure that

inspection visits and audits by the competent authority (SLEPA) can be achieved then it is understood

and has been recorded (Appendix 1) that AML will provide provision for this. In addition inspection

visits and audits by independent consultants, appointed by AML, will produce monitoring reports that

SLEPA can access and comment on. Currently this has been done by the ESHIA consultants and their

baseline data collection.

The monitoring strategy proposed for the project can be termed "Adaptive Environmental Monitoring". It

is adaptive in the sense that the responsible party must adapt its methods and activities to the ongoing

design and implementation and prevailing environmental conditions in a continuous process.



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PHASE 1 ESHIA



APPENDIX 1

Project Monitoring and Audit Arrangements



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PHASE 1 ESHIA



APPENDIX 1

Public Consultation



AML WORKSHOP 

Date: 17th May, 2010 

Agencies in attendance:  SEE ATTACHED 

Commencement of the meeting 

The meeting was declared open by the Corporate Manager of AML, Mr Mustapha J. Kamara as 

he introduced a representative of the organization, Think Tank. The representative went on to 

attributing  her  visit  to  Sierra  Leone  to  the  level  of  religious  tolerance  expressed  in  the  bi‐

religious prayers said at the beginning of meetings. This was immediately followed by individual 

Christian  and  Muslim  prayers  by  two  paramount  chiefs,  including  P.C  Bai  Shebora  of  Kafu 

Bullom chiefdom. 

The Chairman of the Port Loko District council, Mr Hamid Fofanah introduced the Paramount 

Chiefs present; Hon. Bineh Bangura followed suite in introducing the members of Parliament. 

The list of all the organizations present at the meeting was read, as were the presenters from 

AML. The Acting Director of Mines introduced the ministers. 

The Chairman`s Opening Remarks 

The  Deputy  Minister  of  Mines  was  introduced  as  Chairman  of  the  meeting,  and  he  gave  his 

opening  remarks  recognizing  important  members  of  organizations  such  as  the  4th  estate 

present. He started by saying ‘AML has discovered the largest iron ore deposit in the world’ and 

that the company called the meeting to officially present their story to important stakeholders, 

all of which, according to him, were present. He looked forward to AML discussing the present 

state  of  the  mining  project  with  the  community;  discuss  timelines  and  schedules;  and  the 

benefit of the mines to Sierra Leoneans and the government.  He assured Sierra Leoneans to be 

proud  of  the  amount  of  ore  in  the  deposit  already  found  and  still  being  explored  in  the  Sula 

Hills.  He  briefly  elucidated  the  process  from  exploration  to  definite  feasibility  studies,  mining 

and shipment abroad, and that AML will be discussing road construction for mining operations, 

the benefits in terms of income generation and employment to Sierra Leoneans. And that the 

meeting would culminate in an open discussion, question and answer period.    

Presenter ‐ Mining Operations, John Blanning 

Following  tea  break,  John  Blanning,  the  Chairman  of  mining  operations  of  AML  led  the 

presentation  by  showing  an  impressive  animation  of  the  entire  mining  process  and  shipping 

operation. He gave an overview of the area of the 3 sites housing the ore and that, in which the 

ore  is  concentrated;  the  road  trains  that  will  be  transporting  the  mine  product  to  Lunsar  for 

transfer onto rail trains bound for Pepel, where it will be stacked and transported on conveyor 



belts to the jetty for shipment. He mentioned Sierra Leone’s competitive advantage over other 

suppliers like Brazil, by way of shorter distance (half the distance) for the shipment of the ore to 

China  and  Europe.  He  further  discussed  the  refurbishment  of  the  defunct  Marampa  mines’ 

railways and some of their rail cars. According to him, 2 rails will be involved: a refurbished one 

to Pepel and a brand new rail; a new port will also be constructed at Targrin. John B. further 

iterated  that  the  exploration  and  drilling  for  the  magnetite  is  completed,  whilst  that  for  the 

hematite  is  underway.  He  also  discussed  the  mining,  drilling  and  blasting  process,  the 

engineering and design details. He went on the talking about the equipment, locomotives and 

rolling stock to be purchased and the cars for the railway that are being constructed in South 

Africa. Following Mr Blanning, the Chairman gave a summary of his talk.  

Presenter ‐ Infrastructure (Steve) 

Steve the infrastructure manager started his talk by declaring that AML creates value through 

exploration and that the company holds an extensive mining portfolio. He gave all the statistics: 

ore tonnage, potential number of employees, expenditure ESHIA process and social community, 

revenue for government, local and regional development. As for Phase 2, he discussed mining 

(blast, mine haul), processing input (power, water), infrastructure (water supply, tailings dam, 

accommodation, support services which will be large), heavy haul railway ore hauled down to 

targrin port, at targrin, the ore is offloaded from the train, to conveyor belts and channelled to 

a stockyard to be loaded on ship; lots of dredging 30 million tons of materials hauled out for 

navigation,  

Presenter ‐ ESHIA studies (Andrew Huckbody) 

He  stated  that  there  is  an  intensive  study  underway  for  both  phases  of  the  project  in  the 

following  areas:  flora,  mine  site,  haul  road,  inland  valley  swamps,  coastal  habitats,  marine 

ecology,  birds  with  special  reference  to  the  RAMSAR  site,  inter‐tidal  and  sub‐tidal, 

hydrodynamic  model  of  estuarine  processes,  terrestrial  fauna  –  birds,  mammals,  bats; 

hydrology, hydrogeology‐ surface and groundwater quantity and quality; Waste management – 

poor  facilities,  strategies  required;  air  quality,  noise;  health  impact  assessment;  and  Soils  and 

geomorphology. 

He  intimated  that  US$  2.5  million  has  been  spent  on  ESHIA  studies  so  far,  and  that  the 

conclusion of the studies will have seen some US$ 3 million spent. Organizations participating in 

the studies include: WP, SRK, CEMMATS, CSSL, NU, FBC, Kew Gardens, WCS, Hydrobiology, the 

Meteorology office etc. 

The timeline is as follows: Phase 1 (hematite) studies underway, report to be submitted in June 

and Phase 2 to be submitted in September 



Presenter – Employment and Stakeholder Engagement (Colin Forbes): 

Sierra  Leone  has  one  of  the  most  stringent  legislations  for  employment  in  the  West  African 

region;  The  recruitment  coverage  include,  in  order  of  decreasing  preference,  local,  national 

personnel  and  Sierra  Leoneans  in  the  diaspora  and  then  lastly,  international.  However,  local 

personnel  with  the  requisite  skills  within  the  country  are  seriously  lacking.  There  are  good 

resources in the diaspora, that notwithstanding. The skilled labour required for the construction 

stage  will  be  in  excess  of  10,000,  but  most  of  the  jobs  will  likely  end  up  in  the  hands  of 

foreigners, since trained people are few and far between. Most contractors also feel obliged to 

bring their staff with them. In any case, given the typical 1:10 paradigm in mining communities, 

ten (10) other Sierra Leoneans could benefit from ancillary jobs within the community for every 

person employed by AML. The company`s primary focus in the operational phase is training of 

local  personnel  through  vocational  skills  development,  with  the  objective  of replacing  foreign 

staff with Sierra Leoneans.  

Regular  community  meetings  during  exploration  phase  with  stakeholders  within  the 

operational areas. Socio‐economic baseline surveys to address community concerns is on going 

at  the  moment  and  this  has  resulted  in  the  set  in  up  of  committees.  Early  Works  Chiefdom 

Committees  (EWCC)  has  been  formed  to  address  the  immediate  impacts  of  the  Haul  Road 

Construction and the railway refurbishment. The committees have got a well defined scope of 

work  and  mandate.  EWCC  membership  include  Government  departments,  paramount  and 

section chiefs, political leaders (Members of Parliament and district councillors), youth leaders 

and NGOs.  District Consultative Forums would also be set up with the same defined scope of 

work  and  mandate  as  the  EWCC  but  with  expanded  membership.  Several  sub‐committees 

would  be  set  up  to  include  compensation,  community  development,  public  awareness, 

monitoring and evaluation, influx management and Host site identification.  

Presenter ‐ Community project (Mr Mustapha Karama) 

Mr  Kamara  went  through  a  list  of  community  projects  already  been  being  funded  by  AML: 

Infrastructure, roads, bridges, water, health, signs for road safety, assisting with water projects, 

initiatives for diseases like malaria, scholarships (800 to Tonkolili this year alone, primary and 

secondary), agriculture training projects,  sports, donation to mosques, over 4 billion leones on 

community projects in Sierra Leone. 

There  are  plans  for  extensive  stakeholder  engagement,  GoSL  district  consultative  forum, 

subcommittees to deal with social aspect of the project, (compensation, host site identification, 

community development, employment and training and influx management).   

Social and community departments that are overseen by community liaison officers (16 in all) 

will play an active role in community development projects.  



 

QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION 

Qu: How many jobs will be provided by AML? 

Ans:  Not  everyone  will  get  a  job  at  AML.  Trained  personnel  are  lacking  in  Sierra  Leone,  but 

efforts are being made to bring in Sierra Leoneans working abroad and so far, the venture has 

proven successful. In areas where trained Sierra Leoneans are unavailable, AML will temporarily 

employ  an  expatriate  until  a  Sierra  Leonean  has  been  sufficiently  trained  to  replace  him. 

Training at AML has been and will be an on‐going process, and the employees are encouraged 

to be multi‐skilled.   

Qu: How will AML stack up against competitors from other parts of the world such as Brazil and 

India? 

Ans: To start with, the market for iron and steel will not be saturated in the foreseeable future. 

If  for  example,  everyone  in  China  buys  a  dishwasher  and  a  laundry  machine  as  the  Chinese 

economy grows to projected levels, no amount of steel in the world will meet such demand. As 

for  now  and  in  the  future,  the  demand  for  iron  remains  high,  albeit  it  does  fluctuate.  AML 

capitalizes  on  the  fact  that  Sierra  Leone  has  a  world  class  iron  ore  deposit  in  the  form  of 

magnetite, as a good enough reason to try and stay ahead of the competition, a concept that 

would be relied upon when global demand for iron dips. Much of the benefit would come from 

the cost‐effectiveness of mining the ore that is concentrated in a small area, within 28km. At 

this point, it is fair to state that at 50‐62% iron, the ore may not be the best in the world, but it 

could be the most cost‐effective to mine. 

 

Qu: When would the haul road be constructed? 

Ans:  Some  major  contractors  are  being  brought  in  right  now  from  South  Africa;  WBHN  will 

cover the Tonkolili axis, whilst two others will be in charge of the Port Loko and Bombali area. 

There  is  not  enough  equipment  in  the  country  to  undertake  such  a  gargantuan  task.  As  we 

speak,  there  are  mitigation  measures  being  put  in  place  to  carry  on  operations  in  the  rainy 

season. A bridge designer is currently in the country and we are on track to complete that part 

of  the  project  at  the  end  of  December.  The  old  Marampa  rail  tracks  are  undergoing 

refurbishment that we expect to complete by the end of the year. Although rail cars are being 

constructed in South Africa at the moment, some old cars at Pepel are being refurbished for the 

trains. The cars from South Africa are being prepared for shipment to Sierra Leone and will be 

here in the next 2‐3 months. 



 

Qu: Where does AML plan to obtain all the energy required for this work? 

Ans: That’s the challenge! As for phase 1, no additional power is needed, the 4‐5MW required 

for this phase is sufficient. Phase 2 will be the major challenge. We hope to be able to derive 

energy from a renewable source, supplemented by fossil fuel, i.e., mixing thermal with hydro 

energy. We do need an independent power provider.  

 

 

Qu: What is your plan for dealing with scrap metals? 

Ans: Our mission is to mine iron ore and ship it oversees. We will be having no dealings with 

scraps. 

 

Qu: In the area of needs assessment for the affected communities, is mapping done to target 

actual needs? 

Ans: AML is at an exploratory stage, and this implies that needs met are those requested by the 

communities.  Nonetheless,  the  company  intends  to  hold  consultative  meetings  with 

community representatives, authorities and affected people when the need for mapping arises, 

consequent upon AML is moving to the mining phase. 

 

Qu: How do you classify the 10.1 billion tons of magnetite, measured or indicated? 

Ans: The 10.1 billion tons of iron ore is an indicated and inferred resource. 80 million tons of 

indicated  and  inferred  resource  have  been  registered  so  far.  The  classification  of  hematite  is 

more complicated at this stage.   

   

Qu: Do you intend to register with indigenous insurance company? 

Ans:  AML  plans  to  first seek  local  insurance  companies  and  we  look  forward  to  working  with 

them.  

 



Qu:  If  you  accidentally  discover  other  minerals,  such  as  diamonds  or gold,  would you  include 

their mining in your operations? 

Ans: No diamonds have been found at any of the sites. There are small amounts of bauxite and 

nickel, but our focus and operations will be exclusively in the mining and export of iron ore. We 

have not found any gold either. 

 

Qu: Since you would be trucking huge quantities of loose ore through communities, how would 

you ensure that people will not be in danger of being affected by the dust particles in the air? 

Ans: Measures will be put in place to minimize dust released into the atmosphere. The ore, for 

starters,  will  be  wet,  and  there  will  also  be  wetting  of  roads.  The  road  trains  that  would  be 

transporting mined materials from the mine at the Sula Mountains to Lunsar are huge vehicles, 

which  makes  stopping  in  an  emergency  situation  very  difficult.  AML  will  sensitise  the 

communities  of  the  transportation  process  and  the  dangers  involved.  There  will  be  sufficient 

road and warning signs. 

 

Qu: How about the environmental disasters that lurk in the dark, land reclamation, release of 

toxic materials?  

Ans:  An  ESHIA  study  is  underway,  as  earlier  iterated  by  Mr  Andy  Huckbody.  All  details 

pertaining  to  the  environment  will  be  addressed  by  the  reports  that  are  due  in  June  and 

September, respectively. But we can safely say that no toxic chemicals will be employed in the 

process plants producing magnetite. We anticipate no huge environmental risk resulting from 

our  operations  as  health  and  safety  measures  have  been  put  in  place  in  the  conduct  of  our 

operations.  

   

Qu: Under what category of license is AML operating? How do we ensure that AML will not be a 

repeat of the National Diamond Mining Company?  

Ans:  AML  is  an  exploratory  company  as  at  yet.  There  will  be  no  unrealised  promises,  unlike 

NDMC.  We  have  a  world  class  mineral  in  our  hands  and  so  much  to  offer.  We  are  guided  by 

statutory rules and regulations by which we will strictly abide. An ESHIA study is going on right 

now,  and  the  environmental  impacts  of  our  work  will  be  done  and  publicly  disclosed.  In  that 

document, post operation activities such decommissioning and land reclamation plans will be 

discussed.  



 

Qu: How do you plan to raise money for such a massive operation? 

Ans: The project has commenced with an early cash flow (ECF) that involves the initial mining of 

the  hematite  that  overlies  the  magnetite  deposit  in  Tonkolili.  Following  the  construction  of  a 

haul road from the mine site to Lunsar and the rehabilitation of the defunct Marampa‐Pepel rail 

track,  the  hematite  will  be  transported  and  shipped  overseas.  Proceeds  from  this  project  will 

help build the momentum for the second phase of the project, which is the mining and export 

of  magnetite.  The  world  class  nature  of  the  magnetite  deposit  could  provide  a  basis  for 

additional funding to be solicited. 

 

Qu: Where would you obtain the water needed for your operations? 

Ans:  The  water  requirement  for  Phase  1  is  minimal  and  is  adequately  met.  For  Phase  2,  150 

engineers are involved in the feasibility studies to ensure that water is available for the project 

without any significant impact on other (downstream or riparian) users or the environment. 

 

OTHER COMMENTS EMERGING FROM THE MEETING WORTH MENTIONING 

Deputy Director of SLEPA 

He  spent  time  discussing  the  ESHIA  process  as  is  highlighted  in  the  SLEPA  Act  2008.  He 

commented  that  the  delay  in  conducting  a  study  is  the  reason  for  too  many  questions  being 

raised at the meeting.  

Mr Andrew Keili (CEMMATS Group Ltd) 

He discussed the ESHIA process, and the reasons for the delay in conducting a study. He gave 

details  of  the  content  of  the  report  that  would  be  written  at  the  end  of  the  study:  the 

Community Development Action plan (CDAP), the public disclosure plan, mine reclamation and 

rehabilitation,  environmental  management and  monitoring.  He  also  discussed  the  inadequate 

capacity  of  the  Sierra  Leone  Environmental  Protection  Agency  (SLEPA)  and  the  potential  for 

AML  to  help  in  capacity  building  for  the  agency.  He  appeased  all  present  that  there  will  be 

enough time for comments to be made on the ESHIA report. 

Representative of the Civil Society 



She  made  a  number  of  comments  and  observations  that  included:  the  scale  and  promising 

future  of  AML  and  likened  it  to  NDMC  and  the  failure  of  the  latter  to  meet  their  promises, 

leaving local communities destitute and having to deal with the environmental consequences of 

their (the company`s) actions; the class of license that has been issued to AML, exploratory or 

mining; the inadequacy of the capacity of SLEPA to deal with environmental issues such as the 

ones likely to be generated by AML operations, and monitoring of their operations. 

 

Mr  Mohamed  S.  Kabiru,  Representative  for  the  National  Secretary  General  of  the  Farmers 

Federation 

His concern was in the area of community resettlement programs and how they would affect 

land use.  

Vote of Thanks by P.C. Bai Kurr from Masimgbe 

He thanked AML for given everyone present an opportunity to hear about the progress made 

by AML so far. He also thanked the representatives of invited organizations for attending. The 

PC expressed his excitement at the prospect of a world class mineral found in the country and 

the implications for national revenue and employment.  



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project

Update and Overview

1



Introduction to AML

• African Minerals aims to create value through

exploration, discovery and development

• The Company holds an extensive portfolio of mineral

rights in Sierra Leone – actively investing since 2003

• Tonkolili iron ore project, 10.5 Bt of magnetite - the

world’s largest reported JORC compliant magnetite

resource

• Additional exploration has confirmed the potential for 500

Million tonnes of hematite mineralisation

• Currently have around 740 employees in Sierra Leone

• Expenditure to date circa $100m US

• International Year of Planet Earth Award December

2009

2



Today’s Objectives



• Project overview

• ESHIA process

• Social and community



3



Project Benefits

• Employment

• Large scale investment in

Sierra Leone

• Government revenues

• Community investment

and development

• Contribution to local and

regional development

• Project-wide training

initiatives



New Clinic at Mabonto built by

African Minerals



4



Project phases and targets

Exploration ongoing since 2006



5



Project phases and targets

Phase 1 – 8mtpa of hematite



6



Project phases and targets

Phase 2 – 45mtpa of magnetite

Marampon



Numbara



Simbili

Kasafoni



7



Location



8



Phase 1 Process Description

• Mining

– Conventional truck and shovel mining method, drilling and

blasting

– Minimal beneficiation required to produce export grade hematite

– 8mtpa target tonnage



• Road Transport

– Hauling of ore by road train trucks to Rogbom (near Lunsar)



• Rail Transport

– Transport of ore to Pepel along rail line



• Shiploading and Export

– Loading of 50,000 DWT transhipment vessels

– Transhipment to 170,000 DWT vessels off shore

9



Phase 1

Haul Road

• Design













122 km haul road

Farangbaya to Rogbom (near Lunsar)

Routing to avoid major social and environmental constraints

Major river crossings including the Rokel

16.5 m wide including 1 m berm on either side



• Construction

– 3 contractors to work on road

– Preference for local employment and goods and services



• Operations

– 4 to 5 trailer unit road trains with 400 ton payload



• Community safety programme

10



Haul Road



11



Haul Road, Rail Interchange



12



ECF-Road Train



13



Altered Haul Road Alignment Due to Social &

Environmental Considerations



14



Phase 1

Pepel Railway

• GoSL granted AML 99 year lease

to operate Pepel port and railway

• Original narrow-gauge Delco

Marampa to Pepel railway to be

refurbished

• New rolling stock to be purchased

• Issues

– Considerable expense to replace lost

materials

– Agriculture and structures have

intruded into RoW since railway

became defunct

– Community safety

15



Existing Rail



16



Phase 1

Pepel Port

• Work underway to reestablish

accommodation and

training facilities

• Combination of new

and refurbished

equipment to be used to

modernise and upgrade

shiploading facility

• Shipping channel to be

dredged to

accommodate

transhipment vessels

• Operations will be 24

hour

17



Pepel Port Facilities



18



Phase 2

• Mining

– Blast, mine, haul



• Processing Inputs

– Power

– Water



• Infrastructure











Water supply

Tailings dam

Accommodation

Support services



19



Phase 2

• Heavy Haul Railway

• Tagrin Port

– Car Dumper

– Stockpile

– Conveyor

– Jetty

– Berthing Facility

– Shiploading

Equipment

20



Tagrin Port



21



Rail to Tagrin Port



22



ESHIA - Studies

Progress of specialist studies:





















Flora - phase 1, 2 studies; mine site, haul road, inland valley swamps,

coastal habitats

Marine ecology – birds (Ramsar site), inter-tidal and sub-tidal infauna,

marine mammals, turtles, underwater video, hydrodynamic model of

estuarine processes

Terrestrial fauna – birds, mammals, bats, inverts, herpetofauna

Hydrology, hydrogeology – surface and groundwater – wells, quantity

and quality

Waste management – facilities, strategies

Air quality, noise

Health Impact Assessment

Soils and geomorphology

Social Impact Assessment



23



ESHIA - Studies

• Expenditure to date:

– ESHIA studies 2.5 million

USD and ongoing

– 20 monitoring wells and

installation of 3 automated

weather stations 1 million

USD.



• Organisations involved

include:















WorleyParsons

SRK

CEMMATS

CSSL

Kew Gardens

Wildlife Conservation

Society

– Hydrobiology

24



ESHIA Process

Phase 1 ESHIA

• Various studies underway

or completed

– haul road

– railway

– Pepel

– marine environment

– ESHIA report June

25



ESHIA Process

Phase 2 ESHIA













Screening Form

Scoping Report

ESHIA report due Sept

Consultations throughout

Statutory review period after

publication of Gazette notice and

newspaper advertisement



26



ESHIA - Aspects























Air Quality – dust, process residues

Ecology – Terrestrial, Coastal and Marine; flora and fauna

Human Population, socio-economic, resettlement, employment,

community development

Agriculture

Health impact assessment

Soil - quality, erosion

Water – surface and groundwater, quality, water resources,

drainage

Noise

Landscape and geomorphology

Special Habitats – protected areas (Forest Reserves, Ramsar)



27



Ramsar Site



28



Social and Community

African Minerals corporate ethos

• Spirit of partnership with Sierra Leone

• Add value to neighbouring communities

• Build the foundations for mutually

beneficial relationships

• Create transitional climate to address

expectations over the long term



29



Employment





Recruitment priorities

– Local

– National and diaspora

– International







Skills assessment

– Identified shortage of skilled personnel for

both construction and operations

– Recognised opportunities for improving

existing skills







Anticipated personnel requirements

– Construction phase in excess of 10,000

• Unfortunately, large proportion likely to be

foreign nationals

• Strategies in place to mitigate effects within

project schedule



– Operation around 3,000 for over 60 years







Employment office in Bumbuna



1:10 ratio of induced employment



30



Training

Project wide training initiatives

• African Minerals primary focus on operational

phase

• Objective is to replace foreign staff through

– Vocational skills development

– Occupational training

– Experience-based competencies



• Contractors

– Obliged to implement training programs

– Construction phase limitations due to schedule



• Training to benefit broader community

31



Stakeholder Engagement

• Consultation to date

– Regular community meetings during exploration

phase with Paramount Chiefs and local

communities



• Socio-economic baseline survey

– Primary objective to gauge community concerns

– Survey conducted using:











Individual interviews

Village information sheets

Household surveys

Stakeholder group interviews



– Data collection process including:











Administrative personnel

Traditional authorities

Community members

AML employees

32



Stakeholder Engagement

Phase 1

• Early Works Chiefdom Committee

(EWCC)

• Membership includes:

























GoSL district heads of department

Paramount Chiefs

Section Chiefs

Political leaders

Women’s and youth leaders

NGO’s

AML



Act as primary channel of

communication

Establish and implement

compensation methodology

Community sensitisation



EWCC Safroko Limba held in Binkolo



33



Stakeholder Engagement

Phase 2



District Consultative Forum



Same function as EWCC but with expanded

membership



Sub-committees:

















Compensation

Host Site Identification

Community Development

Employment and Training

Influx Management

Public Awareness

Monitoring and Evaluation

34



Social and Community

Department

Staffing levels recently increased to meet

project demands during implementation:

• 16 Community Liaison Officers

• Community Liaison Manager

• Social and Community Coordinator

• Social and Community Manager

• Corporate Office Manager (Freetown)

35



Community Projects





Infrastructure

– Roads

• Improvement of regional road network

• Road safety initiatives



– Bridges

• Rehabilitation of road bridges

• Assistance with community river

crossings



– Water

• Provision of safe drinking water to

local communities

• Rehabilitation of wells







Health

– Extension of health facilities in local

chiefdoms

– Provision of medical equipment

– Support for malaria control initiative

aimed at developing long term

solutions to remote communities

– Medical assistance to nearby villages

36



Community Projects

• Education

– Schools

– Equipment

– Teachers

– Scholarships



37



Community Projects





Agricultural assistance

– Training in sustainable farming practices

– Providing farm equipment







Sports

– Support for East End Lions and other

regional clubs

– Sponsorship of Premier League, AML Cup

and other sporting activities







Arts & Entertainment

– Sponsoring concerts, beauty pageants

and cultural programmes

– Rehabilitation of social halls and

entertainment venues







Community assistance

– Transportation

– Food security

– Emergency response to fire in local

community



Donating strip to Golden Dragons of

Tonkolili District



38



Community Projects

• African Minerals has undertaken

these projects to assist the

government of Sierra Leone and it’s

people in their drive to reduce

poverty and achieve sustainable

development.

• Company expenditure to date on

these projects is approximately SLE

4 billion

• African Minerals remains committed

to continually implementing social

and community development in

consultation with project

stakeholders in Sierra Leone

throughout the project lifecycle



Construction of new

mosque in Bumbuna

currently underway



39



THANK YOU VERY MUCH

FOR COMING



WE DUN DUN

40



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PHASE 1 ESHIA



APPENDIX 1

Excerpts from Interim ESHIA Documents



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project



Environmental Management Plan Draft



305000-00006 – Document Number

29 April 2010



Parkview, Great West Road

Brentford Middlesex TW8 9AZ London

United Kingdom

Telephone: +44 (0) 20 8326 5000

Facsimile: +44 (0) 20 8710 0220

www.worleyparsons.com



© Copyright 2010 WorleyParsons



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

REPORT TITLE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



SYNOPSIS

African Minerals Limited (AML) is developing a new iron ore mine identified as the Tonkolili Iron Ore

mine in Sierra Leone on the west coast of Africa. The Project is planned to produce 45 Mtpa of iron

ore concentrate. WorleyParsons Europe has been engaged as the PMC Contractor to assist AML

with the definition of the project that will include a Definitive Feasibility Study report supported by

capital and operating costs.

This section of the document is to be updated by the originator as the responsible person to provide a

summary as to the key purpose of the report

NOTE: all red italic notes in this document template are for guidance only. Please delete them before

issuing the document.



Disclaimer

This report has been prepared on behalf of and for the exclusive use of African Minerals Limited,

and is subject to and issued in accordance with the agreement between African Minerals Limited

and WorleyParsons Services Pty Ltd. WorleyParsons Services Pty Ltd accepts no liability or

responsibility whatsoever for it in respect of any use of or reliance upon this report by any third

party.

Copying this report without the permission of African Minerals Limited or WorleyParsons Services

Pty Ltd is not permitted.



PROJECT 305000-00006 - REPORT TITLE

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DESCRIPTION



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A Reviewer



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

REPORT TITLE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



CONTENTS

1



INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................1

1.1



General ...............................................................................................................................1



1.2



Objective of the EMP ..........................................................................................................2



1.3



Project Description..............................................................................................................2



1.4



Location ..............................................................................................................................3



2



DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS ..............................................................................4

2.1



Definitions ...........................................................................................................................4



2.2



Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................4

2.2.1



Sources ..................................................................................................................5



3



REFERENCED DOCUMENTS...........................................................................................6



4



ROUTING OF THE HAUL ROAD .......................................................................................7

4.1



Introduction .........................................................................................................................7



4.2



Process ...............................................................................................................................7



5



SOIL MANAGEMENT.........................................................................................................9

5.1



Introduction .........................................................................................................................9



5.2



Procedure ...........................................................................................................................9



6



BORROW PITS ................................................................................................................10



7



WATER MANAGEMENT ..................................................................................................11

7.1



Introduction .......................................................................................................................11



8



WATERCOURSES, SWAMP AREAS AND RIVERINE VEGETATION ...........................13



9



WORK IN PROXIMITY TO COMMUNITIES ....................................................................15

9.1



9.2



Introduction .......................................................................................................................15

9.1.1



Noise emissions...................................................................................................15



9.1.2



Air Quality (Air Emissions) ...................................................................................16



9.1.3



Dust and particles generation ..............................................................................16



Work in or close to Society Bush areas, Thick Forests & Protected Areas......................16



10



WASTE MANAGEMENT ..................................................................................................19



11



FUEL AND SPILLAGES ...................................................................................................21



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REPORT TITLE

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11.1



Refuelling and maintenance procedures......................................................................21



11.2



Spill response...............................................................................................................21



12



AGRICULTURAL AREAS.................................................................................................24



13



SITE SELECTION FOR CAMPS ......................................................................................25

13.1



Introduction...................................................................................................................25



13.2



Procedure.....................................................................................................................25



13.3



Transport activities / equipment use ............................................................................25



13.4



Camp Site Decommissioning .......................................................................................26



14



COMMUNITY LIAISON AND PUBLIC INFORMATION ...................................................27

14.1



Introduction...................................................................................................................27



15



COMMUNITY SAFETY.....................................................................................................30



16



MONITORING AND REPORTING ...................................................................................32

16.1



Introduction...................................................................................................................32



16.2



Incident Investigation and Reporting............................................................................33



16.3



Non-compliance: Corrective and Preventive Actions...................................................34



Appendices

ERROR! NO TABLE OF CONTENTS ENTRIES FOUND.



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REPORT TITLE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



1



INTRODUCTION



1.1



General



This document presents an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the haul road element of the

Early Cash Flow Project and has been prepared following a request by the Sierra Leone

Environmental Protection Agency (SLEPA). The term EMP is used here as synonymous with

Environmental & Social Management Plan (ESMP), as the current international approach is to

prepare a management document that addresses both environmental and social issues during

construction and into operation.

This report builds on and extends the ‘Environmental and Social Management principles for haul

Road Development for ECF’, which was originally produced in February 2010 as guidance to AML for

use with haul road planning and implementation and the document was reproduced (as Appendix 13)

in the Haul Road Scoping Document issued 15 April 2010, which was sent to and reviewed by

SLEPA.

The report cited above contains many elements of an Environmental Management Plan and was

produced in advance of completion of the ESHIA for the Early Cash Flow (ECF) project, as an

environmental management response to early works implementation. It was informed by the early

scoping of potential issues associated with haul road design and construction and much of it is still

valid and appropriate at this stage in the development of the haul road. Consequently, much of the

content is common to the EMP presented in this document.

Since the design of the haul road is still ongoing it is not possible at this stage to finalise all the

potential environmental or social effects, therefore the present report is preliminary and will be a

living document, which will be updated periodically in line with the design and potential effects as they

arise.

The need for preparation of specific EMPs for individual project infrastructure components has not yet

been determined and in fact it is envisaged that an ESHIA will be prepared for the ECF project as a

whole and will include an EMP or ESMP, to describe the management of potential impacts and the

delivery of mitigation for environmental and social issues. This particular EMP has been requested to

cover only the haul road and it must be considered as a part of an ongoing ESHIA process for ECF

and Tonkolili and is therefore not ‘stand alone’, but part of a larger project and process. This is

particularly the case for many of the social elements, which are addressed through a range of

initiatives, such as Social Impact Assessment, Resettlement Policy Framework, Resettlement Action

Plan, Stakeholder Engagement Plan (equivalent to a Public Consultation and Disclosure Plan) – all

associated with the main Tonkolili project. In addition, there are some initiatives for the ECF, which

include the Early Works Chiefdom Committees (EWCC); see later in this document.

The social aspects for the haul road alone are being addressed in a separate document, specifically

requested by SLEPA, namely a Community Development Action Plan (CDAP). The CDAP should be

referred to for the latest update on the status of community initiatives, such as ongoing community

consultation and community development actions.



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REPORT TITLE

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1.2



Objective of the EMP



The objective of the EMP is to ensure that any potentially negative environmental and social impacts

during construction are kept at an acceptable level. It sets out to ensure that all aspects of the works

comply with the relevant legislation and good practice, and that measures to mitigate impacts

identified in the scoping documents are implemented. An EMP implements appropriate environmental

controls and monitoring procedures during construction and after the work is completed. An EMP (or

ESMP) is normally produced towards the end of an ESHIA process, when potential impacts and their

mitigation have been determined. In this case it has been prepared in a very short timescale at the

request of SLEPA, specifically for the haul road and has consequently not had the benefit of the rest

of the ESHIA process. It has therefore been informed by the scoping of potential issues that has been

undertaken for the haul road and in-country knowledge and experience of the consultants.



1.3



Project Description



African Minerals Limited (AML) is developing a new iron ore mine identified as the Tonkolili Iron Ore

mine in Sierra Leone on the west coast of Africa. The Project is planned to produce 45 Mtpa of

magnetite concentrate with a grade containing not less than 69% iron (Fe) and less than 3% silica

(SiO2)with a minimum particle size (P80) of 38 micron, from a resource deposit identified containing

5.1 billion tonnes of recoverable ore.

The mine project area is located approximately 200 km east of Freetown, the capital city of Sierra

Leone.

The project will comprise the mine and process plant facilities supported by a rail network to transfer

the concentrate product to the stockyards and handling facilities at the port area which is located at

Tagrin Point adjacent to Lungi airport to the north of Freetown.

Three ore bodies have been identified for production; Simbili, Marampon and Numbara. It is

envisaged that staged development will be undertaken dependent on the exploration activities which

are currently underway, to maximize the return on the investment. It is likely that additional ore bodies

will subsequently be developed as the understanding of the geological conditions and the mine

reserves mature.

To commercialise the Tonkolili Resource, AML will execute an integrated greenfield development

through the construction of new facilities which include:

 A new mine and ore processing plant at Tonkolili, to produce 45 Mtpa of magnetite

concentrate;

 Approximately 200 km of new standard gauge, heavy haul railway from Tonkolili to Tagrin

Point;

 A new deepwater port and associated infrastructure at Tagrin Point suitable for loading vessels

up to Cape size for the export of 45 Mtpa magnetite concentrate; and,

 All associated support infrastructure to deliver and operate the project safely and successfully.



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At the mine, the project development will comprise an open cut mine, ROM pad, the minerals

processing facilities and support infrastructure such as power, water, access roads, air terminal,

accommodation facilities, workshops, warehouses, laboratories and administration buildings and train

loading facility.



1.4



Location



The following figure provides an indication of the mine site location relative to the coast and the

borders with Guinea and Liberia. The mine site at Tonkolili is approximately 200km ENE of the capital

of Freetown and the port location at Tagrin Point.



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project - Haul Road



Community Development Action Plan



305000-00006 –

29 April 2010



Parkview, Great West Road

Brentford Middlesex TW8 9AZ London

United Kingdom

Telephone: +44 (0) 20 8326 5000

Facsimile: +44 (0) 20 8710 0220

www.worleyparsons.com



© Copyright 2010 WorleyParsons



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

HAUL ROAD COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ACTION PLAN

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT - HAUL ROAD



SYNOPSIS

African Minerals Limited (AML) is developing a new iron ore mine identified as the Tonkolili Iron Ore

mine in Sierra Leone on the west coast of Africa. The Project is planned to produce 45 Mtpa of iron

ore concentrate. WorleyParsons Europe has been engaged as the PMC Contractor to assist AML

with the definition of the project that will include a Definitive Feasibility Study report supported by

capital and operating costs.



Disclaimer

This report has been prepared on behalf of and for the exclusive use of African Minerals Limited,

and is subject to and issued in accordance with the agreement between African Minerals Limited

and WorleyParsons Services Pty Ltd. WorleyParsons Services Pty Ltd accepts no liability or

responsibility whatsoever for it in respect of any use of or reliance upon this report by any third

party.

Copying this report without the permission of African Minerals Limited or WorleyParsons Services

Pty Ltd is not permitted.



PROJECT 305000-00006 - HAUL ROAD COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ACTION PLAN

REV



DESCRIPTION



A



Issued for Squad Check



ORIG



REVIEW



WORLEYPARSONS

APPROVAL



A Huckbody



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DATE



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q:\mandm select\aml - tonkolili\10.0 engineering\10.13 es - environmental and social\aml - tonkolili\reports\wp es

reports\final\cdap haul road final.doc

Document No:

Page ii



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

HAUL ROAD COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ACTION PLAN

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT - HAUL ROAD



CONTENTS

1



INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................1

1.1



General ...............................................................................................................................1



1.2



Scope of the CDAP.............................................................................................................1



1.3



Project Description..............................................................................................................2



1.4



Location ..............................................................................................................................3



2



DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS ..............................................................................4

2.1



Definitions ...........................................................................................................................4



2.2



Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................4

2.2.1



Sources ..................................................................................................................5



3



REFERENCED DOCUMENTS...........................................................................................6



4



ROUTING OF THE HAUL ROAD .......................................................................................7

4.1



Introduction .........................................................................................................................7



4.2



Process ...............................................................................................................................7



5



COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES ..................................................................9

5.1



International Guidelines ......................................................................................................9



5.2



Sierra Leone Requirements................................................................................................9



5.3



African Minerals Ltd. Corporate Social Responsibility......................................................12



6



OBJECTIVES OF THE CDAP ..........................................................................................13

6.1



Early Works Chiefdom Committee....................................................................................13



6.2



Stakeholder Perceptions...................................................................................................14



6.3



Social Context of the Project Area....................................................................................15



7



PRINCIPLES OF THE CDAP ...........................................................................................16



8



COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS TO DATE.....................................................17



9



COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY...................................................................25

9.1



Beneficiaries .....................................................................................................................25



9.2



Strategic Development Priorities ......................................................................................25

9.2.1



Partnering With Other Organisations and Government.......................................26



9.2.2



Linkages to the EMP............................................................................................26



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HAUL ROAD COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ACTION PLAN

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT - HAUL ROAD



9.3



10



Timing ...............................................................................................................................27

9.3.1



Pre-Construction ..................................................................................................27



9.3.2



Construction .........................................................................................................27



9.3.3



Operations............................................................................................................28



9.4



Approval of the Community Development Program .........................................................28



9.5



Review and Monitoring .....................................................................................................28



9.6



Human and Financial Resources......................................................................................28

CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................30



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

HAUL ROAD COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ACTION PLAN

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT - HAUL ROAD



1



INTRODUCTION



1.1



General



This document presents a Community Development Action Plan (CDAP) for the haul road element of

the Early Cash Flow Project and has been prepared following a request by the Sierra Leone

Environmental Protection Agency (SLEPA).

This report builds on the ‘Haul Road Scoping Report’ issued 15 April 2010, which was sent to and

reviewed by SLEPA.

The report cited above sets out the consultation mechanism established through discussions with

local authorities (District Councils and Paramount Chiefs) to address social issues related to the Early

Cash Flow (ECF) project as a social management response to early works implementation. .

Since the consultation process for this component of the ECF program is still ongoing it is not

possible at this stage to finalise all the issues that would normally feature conclusively in a document

of this nature. Furthermore, this report is preliminary and will be a living document, which will be

updated periodically in line with ongoing consultation and adoption the outcomes as they arise.

The need for preparation of a specific CDAP for the haul road has been brought by SLEPA. Broader

community development issues will need to be considered at the appropriate time to cover the

Tonkolili phase of the Project so this CDAP is therefore not ‘stand alone’, but part of a larger project

and process. This is particularly the case for many of the social elements, which are addressed

through a range of initiatives, such as Social Impact Assessment, Resettlement Policy Framework,

Resettlement Action Plan, Stakeholder Engagement Plan – all associated with the main Tonkolili

project. In addition, there are some initiatives for the ECF, which include the Early Works Chiefdom

Committees (EWCC); see later in this document.



1.2



Scope of the CDAP



The scope of this CDAP is to identify assistance methodology that the haul road project will provide to

local and affected communities in compliance with local legislation and define how AML will extend

such assistance beyond compliance. In many cases these additional measures are associated with

the need to deal with impacts that the haul road may have from both a social and environmental

perspective.

The CDAP sets out to ensure that programs are established to enhance socio-economic development

and in the process mitigate impacts identified in the scoping documents. It also helps to focus project

resources on stakeholder agreed deliverables which assist the proponents planning and

implementation process. To achieve this level of stakeholder participation a CDAP is normally

produced towards the end of an ESHIA process, when potential impacts and their mitigation have

been determined. In this case it has been prepared in a very short timescale at the request of SLEPA,

specifically for the haul road and has consequently not had the benefit of the rest of the ESHIA



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

HAUL ROAD COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ACTION PLAN

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT - HAUL ROAD



process. It has therefore been informed by the scoping of potential issues that has been undertaken

for the haul road and in-country knowledge and experience of the consultants.



1.3



Project Description



African Minerals Limited (AML) is developing a new iron ore mine identified as the Tonkolili Iron Ore

mine in Sierra Leone on the west coast of Africa. The Project is planned to produce 45 Mtpa of

magnetite concentrate with a grade containing not less than 69% iron (Fe) and less than 3% silica

(SiO2)with a minimum particle size (P80) of 38 micron, from a resource deposit identified containing

5.1 billion tonnes of recoverable ore.

The mine project area is located approximately 200 km east of Freetown, the capital city of Sierra

Leone.

The project will comprise the mine and process plant facilities supported by a rail network to transfer

the concentrate product to the stockyards and handling facilities at the port area which is located at

Tagrin Point adjacent to Lungi airport to the north of Freetown.

Three ore bodies have been identified for production; Simbili, Marampon and Numbara. It is

envisaged that staged development will be undertaken dependent on the exploration activities which

are currently underway, to maximize the return on the investment. It is likely that additional ore bodies

will subsequently be developed as the understanding of the geological conditions and the mine

reserves mature.

To commercialise the Tonkolili Resource, AML will execute an integrated greenfield development

through the construction of new facilities which include:

 A new mine and ore processing plant at Tonkolili, to produce 45 Mtpa of magnetite

concentrate;

 Approximately 200 km of new standard gauge, heavy haul railway from Tonkolili to Tagrin

Point;

 A new deepwater port and associated infrastructure at Tagrin Point suitable for loading vessels

up to Cape size for the export of 45 Mtpa magnetite concentrate; and,

 All associated support infrastructure to deliver and operate the project safely and successfully.

At the mine, the project development will comprise an open cut mine, ROM pad, the minerals

processing facilities and support infrastructure such as power, water, access roads, air terminal,

accommodation facilities, workshops, warehouses, laboratories and administration buildings and train

loading facility.



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HAUL ROAD COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ACTION PLAN

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT - HAUL ROAD



1.4



Location



The following figure provides an indication of the mine site location relative to the coast and the

borders with Guinea and Liberia. The mine site at Tonkolili is approximately 200km ENE of the capital

of Freetown and the port location at Tagrin Point.



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project



Haul Road Scoping Report



305000-00006 – 305000-00006-0000-EN-REP-0014

15 Apr 2010



Parkview, Great West Road

Brentford Middlesex TW8 9AZ London

United Kingdom

Telephone: +44 (0) 20 8326 5000

Facsimile: +44 (0) 20 8710 0220

www.worleyparsons.com



© Copyright 2010 WorleyParsons



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

HAUL ROAD SCOPING REPORT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



SYNOPSIS

African Minerals Limited (AML) is developing a new iron ore mine identified as the Tonkolili Iron Ore

mine in Sierra Leone on the west coast of Africa. The Project is planned to produce 45 Mtpa of iron

ore concentrate. WorleyParsons Europe has been engaged as the PMC Contractor to assist AML

with the definition of the project that will include a Definitive Feasibility Study report supported by

capital and operating costs. In addition WorleyParsons are responsible for preparing an

Environmental, Social and Health Impact Assessment for the project.

This document represents a scoping report covering one element (the haul road) of the project. The

report is intended to provide sufficient information on this element so that appropriate terms of

reference for the ESHIA study can be defined and the full ESHIA can be successfully implemented.

Disclaimer

This report has been prepared on behalf of and for the exclusive use of African Minerals Limited,

and is subject to and issued in accordance with the agreement between African Minerals Limited

and WorleyParsons Services Pty Ltd. WorleyParsons Services Pty Ltd accepts no liability or

responsibility whatsoever for it in respect of any use of or reliance upon this report by any third

party.

Copying this report without the permission of African Minerals Limited or WorleyParsons Services

Pty Ltd is not permitted.

The following sections of this report have been prepared by our project partners SRK:. Ecology

and biodiversity, Soils and land-use, Geology and geomorphology and Socio-economic

environment. SRK maintain that while the standard of work has been completed with

consideration of in-country requirements and relevant international standards and guidelines. The

scope of the work is limited geographically and / or in terms of level of detail and therefore the

work reported does not meet the criteria for a baseline study. This work is considered to only be

the starting point for baseline characterisation for the Tonkolili Iron Ore Project. SRK and its subconsultants considered that significant supplementary work is required taking cognisance of

seasonal variations (as a minimum 12 months) is required to fulfil international requirements for a

baseline study.



PROJECT 305000-00006 - HAUL ROAD SCOPING REPORT

REV



DESCRIPTION



0



Issued for Use



ORIG



REVIEW



WORLEYPARSONS

APPROVAL



A Huckbody



P Burris



N/A



DATE



20/04/2010



CLIENT

APPROVAL



DATE



N/A



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Document No: 305000-00006-0000-EN-REP-0014 Page ii



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

HAUL ROAD SCOPING REPORT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................1

1



INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................2

1.1



Tonkolili Scoping Introduction.............................................................................................3

1.1.1



2



Distribution and Intended Audience.......................................................................4



DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS ..............................................................................5

2.1.1



General Definitions ................................................................................................5



2.1.2



Abbreviations .........................................................................................................5



2.1.3



Sources ..................................................................................................................6



3



REFERENCED DOCUMENTS...........................................................................................7



4



PROJECT DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................8

4.1



Project Overview.................................................................................................................8



4.2



Location ..............................................................................................................................8



4.3



Early Cash Flow (ECF) Project...........................................................................................9

4.3.1



4.4



5



ECF Project status ...............................................................................................10



Haul Road .........................................................................................................................10

4.4.1



Routing of haul road.............................................................................................13



4.4.2



Construction Materials .........................................................................................13



4.4.3



Equipment ............................................................................................................14



LEGISLATION ..................................................................................................................15

5.1



Institutional Bodies............................................................................................................15



5.2



Relevant Sierra Leone Legislation....................................................................................15



5.3



5.2.1



ESIA/EIA Legislative Requirements ....................................................................16



5.2.2



Mine Technical Assistance Project (MTAP).........................................................18



5.2.3



MTAP Resettlement Policy Framework ...............................................................18



International Good Practice ..............................................................................................19

5.3.1



International Conventions to which Sierra Leone is signatory.............................19



5.3.2



Equator Principles................................................................................................20



5.3.3



World Bank Operational Manual ..........................................................................22



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TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



5.4

6



5.3.4



IFC Performance Standards ................................................................................24



5.3.5



IFC EHS Guidelines.............................................................................................25



5.3.6



ICMM Principles for Sustainable Development Performance..............................25



5.3.7



EC Mine Wastes Directive ...................................................................................26



Gaps between Sierra Leonean Legislation and International Good Practice...................26

EXISTING BASELINE CONDITIONS...............................................................................28



6.1



Overview ...........................................................................................................................28

6.1.1



Area of Interest ....................................................................................................28



6.1.2



Scoping Study Techniques ..................................................................................28



6.2



Air Quality .........................................................................................................................28



6.3



Noise.................................................................................................................................31



6.4



Geology & Terrain.............................................................................................................34



6.5



6.4.1



Surface geology ...................................................................................................34



6.4.2



Solid geology........................................................................................................34



6.4.3



Terrain & topography ...........................................................................................35



Soils & Land Use ..............................................................................................................35

6.5.1



6.6



Land Use..............................................................................................................35



Ecology & Biodiversity ......................................................................................................36

6.6.1



Vegetation ............................................................................................................36



6.6.2



Terrestrial Fauna..................................................................................................36



6.6.3



Aquatic Ecosystems.............................................................................................36



6.7



Hydrology &Hydrogeology ................................................................................................37



6.8



Climate & Weather............................................................................................................37



6.9



Socio-Economic ................................................................................................................39

6.9.1



Demographics ......................................................................................................40



6.9.2



Livelihood Strategies............................................................................................40



6.9.3



Access to Land.....................................................................................................40



6.9.4



Standard of Living ................................................................................................41



6.9.5



Socio-cultural Situation ........................................................................................42



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

HAUL ROAD SCOPING REPORT

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



7



6.9.6



Gender .................................................................................................................42



6.9.7



Health...................................................................................................................42



6.9.8



Education .............................................................................................................43



6.9.9



Community Perceptions on the Tonkolili Project .................................................43



PRELIMINARY IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF IMPACTS ............................45

7.1



Environmental Impact Identification Techniques ..............................................................45

7.1.1



Methodology.........................................................................................................45



7.1.2



Project Environmental Aspects ............................................................................46



7.1.3



Impact Evaluation ................................................................................................47



7.1.4



Assessment of Impact Significance .....................................................................48



7.2



Air Quality .........................................................................................................................49



7.3



Noise.................................................................................................................................49



7.4



Geology & Terrain.............................................................................................................49



7.5



Soils & Land Use ..............................................................................................................49



7.6



Ecology & Biodiversity ......................................................................................................50

7.6.1



Vegetation ............................................................................................................50



7.6.2



Terrestrial Fauna..................................................................................................51



7.6.3



Aquatic Ecosystems.............................................................................................51



7.7



Hydrology & Hydrogeology ...............................................................................................52



7.8



Socio-economic ................................................................................................................53



8



PRELIMINARY MITIGATION MEASURES ......................................................................54



9



STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND RESETTLEMENT PLANNING ..........................56

9.1



Introduction .......................................................................................................................56



9.2



Background.......................................................................................................................56



9.3



Affected Chiefdoms ..........................................................................................................56



9.4



Early Works Chiefdom Committee....................................................................................57

9.4.1



EWCC Structure ..................................................................................................57



9.4.2



EWCC Terms of Reference .................................................................................57



9.4.3



Community Sensitisation Meetings......................................................................58



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TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



9.5



Grievance Mechanism ......................................................................................................58



9.6



Resource Requirements ...................................................................................................59



10



IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY .....................................................................................60



11



SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................62



LIST OF TABLES

Table 6-1 Locations for the Air Quality Monitoring Campaign along the Transport Corridor................30

Table 6-2 Results of the Air Quality Monitoring Campaign along the Transport Corridor ....................30

Table 6-3 Results for Baseline Noise Monitoring Exclusive to the ECF Transport Corridor.................32

Table 6-4 Locations for the Noise Monitoring Campaign along the Tonkolili Transport Corridor .........33

Table 7-1



Valued Receptors - EXAMPLES .......................................................................................46



Table 7-2



Environmental Aspects EXAMPLES .................................................................................46



Table 7-3



Impact Significance ...........................................................................................................48



Table 7-4



Vegetation Impact Classification .......................................................................................51



LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 4-1: Overview Location Map showing the Haul Road Alignment.................................................9

Figure 4-2: Map 1 of Haul Road Alignment...........................................................................................10

Figure 4-3: Map 2 of Haul Road Alignment...........................................................................................11

Figure 4-4: Typical cross-section of the Haul Road ..............................................................................12

Figure 4-5: Road-train ...........................................................................................................................12

Figure 4-6: Equipment required for the construction of the Haul Road ................................................14

Figure 6-1 Air Quality Monitoring Campaign Measurement Locations .................................................29

Figure 6-2 Noise Monitoring Campaign Measurement Locations.........................................................32

Figure 6-3 Rainfall distribution ..............................................................................................................39

Figure 10-1 ECF and Tonkolili Project Flowchart .................................................................................61



APPENDIX 1



HAUL ROAD ALIGNMENT FIGURES



APPENDIX 2



LEGISLATION



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TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



APPENDIX 3



GEOLOGICAL & GEOMORPHOLOGICAL SRK REPORT



APPENDIX 4



TONKOLILI SOILS AND LATERITE PROFILE – PREPARED BY SRK



APPENDIX 5

TONKOLILI VEGETATION SURVEY AND INVENTORY REPORT - FINAL PREPARED BY HERBARIUM, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW

APPENDIX 6

BY SRK



PRELIMINARY REPORT ON PHASE 3 VEGETATION FIELDWORK - PREPARED



APPENDIX 7

KEW GARDENS REPORT ON THE VEGETATION SURVEY & BOTANICAL

INVENTORY OF THE TONKOLILI PROJECT AREA, SIERRA LEONE

APPENDIX 8

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SOCIETY SUMMARY OF REPORT, PHASE 1

STUDY OF TERRESTRIAL FAUNA AT TONKOLILI MINE SITE, SIERRA LEONE

APPENDIX 9

RAPID ASSESSMENT OF AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS FOR THE TONKOLILI

PROJECT - PREPARED BY SRK.

APPENDIX 10 LITERATURE REVIEW OF AVAILABLE INFORMATION AND DATA - STAGE 1 PREPARED BY THE MET OFFICE

APPENDIX 11

MET OFFICE



STAGE 2 - CLIMATE ASSESSMENT AND DATA ANALYSIS - PREPARED BY THE



APPENDIX 12 MEMORANDUM ON ENVIRONMENT & SOCIAL FACTORS AFFECTING HAUL

ROAD ALIGNMENT

APPENDIX 13 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES FOR HAUL ROAD

DEVELOPMENT FOR ECF

APPENDIX 14



AMENDED HAUL ROAD ALIGNMENT FIGURE



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TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This document has been prepared at the request of the Sierra Leone Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA) and serves to provide additional information on the potential environmental and social

effects associated with the proposed Haul Road which is part of the Early Cash Flow component of

the Tonkolili Iron Ore Project. This report must be viewed within the context of the overall

Environmental, Social and Health Impact Assessment (ESHIA) process which is underway for the

Tonkolili project as a whole.

To date, the Tonkolili ESHIA process has undergone the following procedural steps:





A screening stage was undertaken in February 2010 during which a project screening form,

compliant to in-country procedures was submitted to the EPA. This provides information on

the project and potential Environment & Social issues.







Following this, agreement was sought with the EPA on the terms of reference for the ESHIA

study. A report submitted to the EPA in March 2010, in the form of a discussion document

which set out a proposed plan describing the area of interest of the project and the

methodology and type of study work that could be undertaken. The discussion document

contained a considerable amount of information on the approach to the ESHIA, including

scopes of work for the various specialist studies, examples of rapid assessment surveys and

information on the location and preliminary design of key project facilities.







Further to this discussion document, it was agreed that a specific scoping report should be

produced for the haul road which represents a fast-track project element. The scoping report

(this document) would comprise an element of a larger scoping process that would

encompass the entire Tonkolili project.



Section 1 of this report provides an introduction; section 2 gives definitions and abbreviations; section

3 lists referenced documents; section 4 provides a project description; section 5 outlines relevant

legislation; section 6 gives information on baseline conditions, but not full information, as this is only a

scoping document; sections 7 and 8 give information on the potential impacts and preliminary

mitigation that can be identified at this early stage in the assessment process, commensurate with the

early level of design information and route selection available to date.

In recognition of the dynamic phasing of the project, driven by investment processes and other

factors, it is envisaged that the EPA and other authorities can work together with the project as formal

stakeholders, with formal permissions being issued in parallel with the implementation of the enabling

works of the ECF.



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TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



1



INTRODUCTION



This document has been prepared at the request of the Sierra Leone Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA) and serves to provide additional information on the potential environmental and social

effects associated with the proposed Haul Road which is part of the Early Cash Flow component of

the Tonkolili Iron Ore Project. This report must be viewed within the context of the overall ESHIA

process which is underway for the entire Tonkolili project. Similarly, many of the baseline surveys

and scoping of potential impacts have been focused on either the ECF or the Tonkolili project

as a whole and given the very short notice for preparation of this scoping report it is not

feasible in all cases to dis-aggregate data and present aspects specifically for the haul road

alone.

The document presents a scoping of Environmental, Social and Health issues associated with the

Haul Road, which is one component of the Early Cash Flow (ECF) works, which are considered as

enabling works for the Tonkolili Iron Ore Project.

Conventionally a scoping document is prepared as part of the overall Environmental, Social and

Health Impact Assessment (ESHIA) process for a major project, leading on to agreement of the

issues to be addressed in the ESHIA (terms of reference) and then evaluation of potential impacts

and development of mitigation and reporting and approvals. In this case a scoping document for the

overall Tonkolili project is underway and is due to be presented to AML and then EPA at the end of

April 2010. This follows on from submission of the Screening Form for the project to EPA in February

2010. The Screening Form submission triggers screening by EPA and agreement of the terms of

reference for the ESHIA study.

The Screening Form was followed in March 2010 by submission of a discussion document to the EPA

that contained a considerable amount of information on the approach to the ESHIA, including scopes

of work for the various specialist studies, examples of rapid assessment surveys and information on

the location and preliminary design of key project facilities.

As part of the discussion document it was suggested that an ESHIA report for the ECF component

could be submitted to AML and EPA, with ESHIA studies and reports to follow for Tonkolili later in the

year.

The haul road is to be constructed to link the mine site at Tonkolili with the refurbished railway line

that runs to Pepel Port. The haul road is intended to connect to a railhead that will be located in

Lunsar. In view of the dynamics of the project and in particular the ECF works, the route selection of

the haul road (‘alignment’) is still being designed. An initial alignment has been determined in

principle using a constraints analysis that incorporates topography, maximum road curvature, ground

conditions as well as social and environmental constraints. The procedure being implemented is that

a scout or survey track is being cleared at ca. 6m width, which will allow surveyors good access and

enable ground conditions to be assessed, following which the final alignment and eventual widening

will take place.



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A range of environmental and social (E&S) studies have been undertaken covering the haul road

alignment, some of which are still ongoing. In addition, several baseline studies have either been

completed or are ongoing which cover large parts of the ECF and Tonkolili study areas. These

studies have been carried out together where the transport corridor from the mine site towards Lunsar

area is common to both ECF and Tonkolili and the haul road lies entirely within this wider common

transport corridor.

In recognition of the dynamic phasing of the project, driven by investment processes and other

factors, it is envisaged that the EPA and other authorities can work together with the project as formal

stakeholders, with formal permissions being issued in parallel with the implementation of the enabling

works of the ECF.



1.1



Tonkolili Scoping Introduction



This section provides the context of the haul road in relation to the overall approach of the ESHIA

process, of which the haul road and its scoping is but one component. The full scoping for the overall

Tonkolili project is nearing completion and is due to be submitted to AML and EPA at the end of April

2010.

A project-wide Scoping report in currently in preparation to provide the following:





A description of the scope of works;







The basis for the full terms of reference of the ESHIA;







An overview of potential environmental impacts and early identification of environmental and

social risks that can be identified at this stage associated with the Tonkolili project.



This report also covers the above requirements for the Early Cash Flow (ECF) project. The scoping

report follows on from the Screening Form that was completed and submitted to EPA in February

2010, as per in-country procedures.

The main Tonkolili Iron project will consist of open cast mining, transportation of concentrate by rail to

a port at Tagrin Point, near the mouth of the Sierra Leone River Estuary. The ECF project involves

mining of the hematite cap overlying the magnetite deposit and transporting the product via dedicated

haul road and refurbished railway to Pepel Port. In the report the Tonkolili project is segregated into

four elements: Mining Area, Transport Corridor, Port Facilities and Offshore. The elements that

constitute the ECF project are dealt with separately.

The report identifies relevant legislation and institutional bodies, provides a description of the existing

environment within the project area, an overview of potential impacts, and scope of works and

methodology for the development of the ECF ESIA and the Tonkolili ESHIA. The document outlines

the topics that will be covered and how each topic will be assessed in future works, including the

preparation of an implementation strategy of environmental and social baseline programs and a

regulatory schedule.

This report will feed into and inform the ongoing Project design and will also form a common basis for

consultation on the scope and methodology for the ESHIA process. The report outlines the future



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deliverables for the project, ie the ECF ESIA that is scheduled to be produced in mid-June and the

Tonkolili Preliminary ESHIA Report that will be submitted at the end of August as part of the Front

End Engineering Design (FEED). The environmental and social inputs will also be included in the

Definitive Feasibility Study (DFS) that will be submitted by the end of April.



1.1.1



Distribution and Intended Audience



The Scoping Report is intended to inform statutory bodies including the EPA and other stakeholders

about the process and methodology for conducting the ECF ESIA and Tonkolili ESHIA projects.

Although it is not a legislative requirement the report sets out a framework for the future deliverables

that will be provided to the EPA in order to satisfy the legal requirements for Environmental Impact

Assessment.



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2



DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS



2.1.1 General Definitions

The Tonkolili Project – Tonkolili Iron Ore Project is the open pit mining operation and transportation of

concentrate by rail to a newly developed port at Tagrin Point from which it is loaded out to global

markets.

The convention used in this report for describing location along the haul road (the ‘chainage’)

assumes that ‘Km 0’ is at the western end near Lunsar whilst Km 122 terminates at the mine site.



2.1.2 Abbreviations

EPA



Sierra Leone Environment Protection Agency



GOSL



Government of Sierra Leone



GVWC



Guma Valley Water Company



DfID



UK Department for International Development



EHS



Environmental, Health and Safety



EITI



Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative



ESHIA



Environmental, Social and Health Impact Assessment



HIA



Health Impact Assessment



ICMM



International Council on Mining and Metals



IFC



International Finance Corporation



ILO



International Labour Organisation



IMO



International Maritime Organisation



IUCN



International Union for Conservation of Nature



MAFF



Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and Food Security



MEP



Ministry of Energy and Power



MFMR



Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources



MLHCPE



Ministry of Lands, Housing, Country Planning and the Environment



MMR



Ministry of Mineral Resources



MoE



Ministry of the Environment



MoH



Ministry of Health



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MTA



Ministry of Transport and Aviation



MTAP



Mine Technical Assistance Project



MTC



Ministry of Tourism and Culture



MWI



Ministry of Works and Infrastructure



NWRB



National Water Review Board



OP



Operational Policy



PM



Particulate Matter



SALWACO



Sierra Leone Water Company



UNCTAD



United Nations Conference of Trade and Development



UNEP



United Nations Environment Program



UNESCO



United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization



US EPA



United States Environmental Protection Agency



WBG



World Bank Guidelines



WHO



World Health Organisation



2.1.3



Sources



This haul road scoping document has been developed from various sources. Listed below are the

references to these sources. Information in the body of this document that is derived from these

sources is noted by a code.



Code



Source Name



AML



African Minerals Limited - General Information, Data and Instructions



WP



WorleyParsons



Ausenco



Process Plant Design Engineer



TQ



Technical Query



GoSL



Government of Sierra Leone



EHS



World Bank Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines (2007)



SRK



SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd - project sub-consultants



STAT



Statutory Requirements



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3



REFERENCED DOCUMENTS



Document Title

WorleyParsons, 3 Feb 2010, Environmental and Social Management Principles for Haul Road

Development for ECF

Ndomahina E.T. 2008. Republic of Sierra Leone Mineral Sector Technical Assistance Project

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Study.

SRK Consulting. June 2009, Tonkolili Iron Ore Project: Environmental and Social Initiation Study

Nippon Koei UK, BMT Cordah and Environmental Foundation for Africa. January 2005. Bumbuna

Hydroelectric Project Environmental Impact Assessment.

Ayibotele N. B. March 2005, National Policy Guideline and Action Plan on Water Supply and

Sanitation: Water Supply and Sanitation for Sierra Leone.

NBSAP. 2002. Convention on Biological Diversity, National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

(NBSAP)

WorleyParsons. February 2010. Environmental Impact Assessment Screening Form

Nimba Research & Consulting Co. Ltd., June 2008, Mining Sector Technical Assistance Project,

Resettlement Policy Framework

Government of Sierra Leone, Sept. 2008. Environment Protection Agency Act, 2008. As presented

th

in the Supplement to the Sierra Leone Gazette Vol. CXXXIX, No. 44 dated 11 September 2008.

Kew Gardens, February 2010, Report on the Vegetation Survey & botanical Inventory of the Tonkolili

project area, Sierra Leone

Kew Gardens, April 2010, Report, Phase 3 of the vegetation studies at the Tonkolili mine site, Sierra

Leone

Kew Gardens, October 2009, Report on the botanical reconnaissance survey of the Tonkolili project

area, Sierra Leone



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4



PROJECT DESCRIPTION



4.1 Project Overview

African Minerals Limited (AML) has been exploring an extensive magnetic anomaly in the Sula

Mountain range in Sierra Leone and in 2009 confirmed the presence of a world-class magnetite iron

ore deposit. The mine project area is located approximately 200 km east of Freetown, the capital city

of Sierra Leone.

The Tonkolili Project focuses on the three magnetite banded iron formation (BIF) targets that occur in

the southern portion of the northeast – southwest trending anomaly. These deposits are named

Simbili, Marampon and Numbara and the current combined ore estimate is 5.1 billion tonnes.

Exploration to date also indicates that the Simbili-Marampon-Numbara magnetite anomaly is overlain

with a hematite deposit, estimated to be in the order of 800 million tonnes.

To commercialise the Tonkolili Resource, AML will execute an integrated greenfield development

through the construction of new facilities which include:





A new mine and ore processing plant at Tonkolili, to produce 45 Mtpa of magnetite

concentrate;







Approximately 200km of new standard gauge, heavy haul railway from Tonkolili to Tagrin

Point,







A new deepwater port and associated infrastructure at Tagrin Point suitable for loading Cape

size vessels for the export of 45 Mtpa of magnetite concentrate; and,







All associated support infrastructure to deliver and operate the project safely and

successfully.



In addition to the proposed Tagrin Point port, AML has signed a 99 year lease agreement with the

Government of Sierra Leone (GoSL) to reconstruct, manage and operate Pepel Port and the Pepel –

Marampa Railway. AML is working toward mining hematite ore found in the Tonkolili deposits during

the initial stages of the project and exporting the product via Pepel Port. A dedicated haul road

(approximately 120 km in length) will be built from the mine site to a railhead near Lunsar and the

existing railway line refurbished between Marampa and Pepel while the Tagrin Point export route

infrastructure is under construction. These works form what is referred to as the Early Cash Flow

(ECF) project.



4.2 Location

The following figure provides an indication of the mine site location relative to the coast and the

borders with Guinea and Liberia. The mine site at Tonkolili is approximately 200km ENE of the capital

of Freetown and the port location at Tagrin Point.



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Figure 4-1: Overview Location Map showing the Haul Road Alignment



4.3 Early Cash Flow (ECF) Project

The principal elements of the ECF project are described below:





Mining Area - hematite deposits from the ECF project are located along the crown of the

Simbili formation. Supporting mine infrastructure, accommodation facilities and mining plant

will be located in the Mawuru and Tonkolili valleys south of Simbili.







Transport Corridor – a haul road is under construction from the mine site to Lunsar

(approximately 120 km). Ore is then transported by narrow-gauge rail transport to Pepel

along the same rail trace as occupied by the original Delco rail line;







Port Facilities – ore will be exported from Pepel port using a combination of new facilities for a

rail dumper, ore handling and stockpiling and the wharf interface including refurbishment of

the existing ship-loading jetty, fuelling jetty and fuel farm and power house.







Offshore – the base-case option assumes panamax sized shipping will berth and be loaded

from the primary Pepel jetty.



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4 .3 .1



ECF Pro jec t sta tus



In view of the seasonal constraints of working on earthworks during the wet season, work has

commenced on the haul road in March 2010. Minor refurbishment works to buildings have

commenced in the Pepel port compound, using locally recruited and specifically trained labour.

In late January development work on the mine haul road (specifically vegetation clearing in some of

the easement / Right of Way (ROW)) commenced in the eastern reaches of the haul road adjacent to

the mine.



4.4 Haul Road

The ECF project will transport iron ore using a 122.6 km long haul road built from the mine site to a

railhead near Lunsar. The haul road commences about 8Km North-West of Lunsar (where it ties in

with the existing railway which is to be refurbished) and extends about 122Km to the mine at Tonkolili.



Figure 4-2: Map 1 of Haul Road Alignment



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PHASE 1 ESHIA



APPENDIX 1

ESHIA Scoping Document



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project

EIA scoping and procedure



305000-00006

15 Mar 2010



Parkview, Great West Road

Brentford Middlesex TW8 9AZ London

United Kingdom

Telephone: +44 (0) 20 8326 5000

Facsimile: +44 (0) 20 8710 0220

www.worleyparsons.com



© Copyright 2010 WorleyParsons



Do not delete this line



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT

REPORT NAME



SYNOPSIS

African Minerals Limited (AML) is developing a new iron ore mine identified as the Tonkolili Iron Ore

mine in Sierra Leone on the west coast of Africa. The Project is planned to produce 45 Mtpa of iron

ore concentrate. WorleyParsons Europe has been engaged as the PMC Contractor to assist AML

with the definition of the project that will include a Definitive Feasibility Study report supported by

capital and operating costs.

This ESIA scoping document has been prepared to facilitate discussions of the ESIA deliverables

with EPA.

Disclaimer

This report has been prepared on behalf of and for the exclusive use of African Minerals Limited, and

is subject to and issued in accordance with the agreement between African Minerals Limited and

WorleyParsons Services Pty Ltd. WorleyParsons Services Pty Ltd accepts no liability or

responsibility whatsoever for it in respect of any use of or reliance upon this plan by any third party.

Copying this plan without the permission of African Minerals Limited or WorleyParsons Services Pty

Ltd is not permitted.



PROJECT 305000-00006 - TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT

REV



DESCRIPTION



ORIG



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A



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CONTENTS

1.



INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................1

1.1



Background.........................................................................................................................1



1.2



Purpose of this document ...................................................................................................1



1.3



Project Description..............................................................................................................1



1.4



2.



1.3.1



The project .............................................................................................................1



1.3.2



Early cash flow.......................................................................................................4



Key Project groups .............................................................................................................4

1.4.1



Project proponent...................................................................................................4



1.4.2



Key stakeholders ...................................................................................................4



EIA PROCEDURES............................................................................................................6

2.1



EIA legislation .....................................................................................................................6



2.2



Project ESHIA deliverables.................................................................................................6



3.



ESHIA SCOPE OF WORK .................................................................................................7

3.1



Project Schedule.................................................................................................................7



3.2



Descriptions of thematic studies .........................................................................................7



3.3



Environmental Studies........................................................................................................7



3.4



4.



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3.3.1



Air and Noise .........................................................................................................7



3.3.2



Marine ecosystem................................................................................................13



3.3.3



Flora .....................................................................................................................16



3.3.4



Fauna ...................................................................................................................18



3.3.5



Freshwater Ecology .............................................................................................19



3.3.6



Water Resources .................................................................................................20



3.3.7



Geomorphology and Soils....................................................................................21



Social and Community Studies.........................................................................................21

3.4.1



Stakeholder Engagement ....................................................................................21



3.4.2



Socio-Economic Baseline Study and Preliminary Social Impact Assessment ....22



3.4.3



Resettlement Policy Framework ..........................................................................23



3.4.4



Human Health Impact Assessment (HIA) ............................................................23



3.4.5



Solid Waste Management....................................................................................27



ECF MANAGEMENT........................................................................................................28



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5.



WAY FORWARD ..............................................................................................................29



Appendices

APPENDIX A Preliminary, indicative designs

APPENDIX B Organisational arrangements for ESHIA studies

APPENDIX C ESHIA schedule

APPENDIX D Extracts from ESHIA study zones



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1.



INTRODUCTION



1.1



Background



African Minerals Limited (AML) has been exploring an extensive magnetic anomaly in the Sula

Mountain range in Sierra Leone and recently confirmed the presence of a world-class magnetite iron

ore deposit. The Tonkolili Project focuses on the three magnetite banded iron formation (BIF) targets

that occur in the southern portion of the northeast – southwest trending anomaly.



1.2



Purpose of this document



The Tonkolili project requires an EIA or ESIA (hereinafter referred to as an Environmental, Social,

Health Impact Assessment, ESHIA), as it constitutes a Category A project, requiring ESHIA. The

Screening Form required by the EPA has been completed and submitted to EPA in February 2010,

as per in-country procedures. The process is that the EPA agrees with the project proponent a terms

of reference for the ESHIA, prior to completing the studies. In the case of Tonkolili, there is a need for

advanced or enabling works which centre on extracting hematite from a deposit overlying the

magnetite deposit. These works are termed the Early Cash Flow (ECF) component. In addition, the

ECF component requires advanced construction of a new haul road prior to start of the wet season.

In recognition of the fast moving nature of the project, it is necessary to establish a programme of

ESHIA deliverables in line with implementation of the early components of the project. This

‘Regulatory Road Map’ is required to be agreed with the Government of Sierra Leone (GoSL) and

specifically with the EPA, as competent authority and lead agency in environmental and social

management planning. This document presents details of the project and its implementation, along

with details of the scopes of work for the various elements of the ESHIA and their status and should

be of use during discussions regarding ESHIA.



1.3



Project Description



1.3.1



The project



African Minerals Limited (AML) has been exploring an extensive magnetic anomaly in the Sula

Mountain range in Sierra Leone and recently confirmed the presence of a world-class magnetite iron

ore deposit. The Tonkolili Project focuses on the three magnetite banded iron formation (BIF) targets

that occur in the southern portion of the northeast – southwest trending anomaly. These deposits are

named Simbili, Marampon and Numbara and are illustrated in Figure 1 below. The current combined

ore estimate is 5.1 billion tonnes. Exploration to date also indicates that the Simbili-MaramponNumbara magnetite anomaly is overlain with a hematite deposit, estimated to be in the order of 800

million tonnes.

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Figure 1 Project deposits

The Project will consist of mining operations with an ore-production rate of about 167 million tonnes /

year and a total material movement in the order of 270 million tonnes / year. A concentrate will be

produced on site at a rate of about 45 million tonnes / year. The life of the mine is expected to be in

excess of 50 years at these production rates. The feasibility of increased production will be subject to

studies in subsequent phases of project development.

Mining will be open cast method and will produce a concentrate to be transported by rail to a port at

Tagrin Point, near the mouth of the Sierra Leone River Estuary. Rail infrastructure will be required to

link Tonkolili with Tagrin Point (a distance of ca. 200 km). The proposed port facility will be a deep

water port comprising a causeway, trestle and berths located between 700-800 m offshore. The

location of the Tonkolili Project facilities is shown in Figure 2 and preliminary, indicative designs are

presented in Appendix A.

In addition to the proposed Tagrin Point port, AML has signed a 99 year lease agreement with the

Government of Sierra Leone (GoSL) to reconstruct, manage and operate Pepel Port and the Pepel –

Marampa Railway. AML is working toward mining hematite ore found in the Tonkolili deposits during

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the initial stages of the project and exporting the product via Pepel Port. A dedicated haul road

(approximately 120 km in length) will be built from the mine site to a railhead near Lunsar and the

existing railway line refurbished between Marampa and Pepel while the Tagrin Point export route

infrastructure is under construction. These works form what is referred to as the Early Cash Flow

(ECF) project.



Figure 2 Project location

At the mine, the project development will comprise an open cut mine, ROM pad, the minerals

processing facilities and support infrastructure such as power, water, access roads, air terminal,

accommodation facilities, workshops, warehouses, laboratories and administration buildings and train

loading facility.



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1.3.2



Early cash flow



As described earlier there is a need to undertake advanced works for the overall Tonkolili project,

comprising a haul road, refurbishment of Pepel railway line and refurbishment of Pepel Port. In view

of the seasonal constraints of working on earthworks during the wet season, work has commenced

on the haul road in March 2010. Minor refurbishment works to buildings have commenced in the

Pepel port compound, using locally recruited and specifically trained labour.



1.4



Key Project groups



1.4.1



Project proponent



The roles of the primary entities involved in Phases 2 and 3 of the development include the following:

 African Minerals Limited;

 WorleyParsons Europe;

 WorleyParsons Services Pty Ltd;

 Ausenco Limited; and,

 SRK Consulting, Cardiff Operation.



1.4.2



Key stakeholders



The Project is aiming to follow recognised standards for the interaction with the community, including

an inclusive approach to consultations at the various levels.



Group



Status



Notes



Competent authorities

EPA – decision maker for EIA



Initiated – as per this document



Sectoral Ministries – Forestry,

Fisheries, Agriculture, Mining

and Mineral Resources

Land issues

Paramount Chiefs – project

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affected people (PAP)

Private



Relations Officers (PROs) on

the

ground

working

with

communities

on

liaison,

sensitisation to works and

resettlement

(physical

and

economic) issues



commenced and Resettlement

Policy Framework is to be

prepared.



Consultative

established



Early

works

established and

managing.



Community issues

Consultations



Committees



Health

Employment and labour

Community development



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commenced via questionnaires

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AML has ongoing project

systems in place, including job

training and Health and Safety

systems



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2.



EIA PROCEDURES



2.1



EIA legislation



As part of the ongoing studies WorleyParsons has undertaken a review of relevant legislation in the

country and has also undertaken a gap analysis as part of the Environmental Basis of Design Study,

which informs engineering designs for process plants, water treatment and equipment procurement.



2.2



Project ESHIA deliverables



The following deliverables are suggested as to the way forward.



Time line

April 2010



June 2010



September 2010



DFS



ECF ESHIA



Tonkolili ESHIA (preliminary)



Scoping study

The Definitive Feasibility Study for the Tonkolili Project will cover all aspects of the project

(engineering, mine processing, cost etc) and the Environmental and Social Scoping Study will cover

baseline conditions and identification of issues and potential impacts identified from the work to date.

It is suggested that the ESHIA for the ECF component is brought forward to around June, to allow

evaluation and consideration by EPA. There is a final deliverable (under WorleyParsons current

arrangements with AML) of a preliminary ESHIA for Tonkolili Project as a whole, as part of FEED.



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3.



ESHIA SCOPE OF WORK



3.1



Project Schedule



Please see attached chart in Appendix C



3.2



Descriptions of thematic studies



As shown on the Gant chart a range of environmental and social investigations are currently

underway, with a view of obtaining baseline conditions, potential impacts associated with the project

and ultimately mitigation where necessary. The studies are outlined below, comprising air and noise,

ecology (marine, flora and fauna), hydrobiology, social, health, water and soils.



3.3



Environmental Studies



3.3.1



Air and Noise



AIR

B AS E L I N E M E T H O D S T AT E M E N T

The scope of this initial monitoring campaign is to obtain background data on air quality in the project

area. The sampling will be conducted with passive monitoring devices (diffusion tubes to be installed

in the field for a period of 15 days, collected and sent to the laboratory for analysis) due to their the

lower cost compared with active sampling devices (complex analysers with an active air intake and

internal pollutant monitoring).



SCOPE

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) will be monitored during this first air monitoring

campaign. Although it would be convenient to simultaneously monitor Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and

PM10), commercial passive particulate matter monitoring devices are not currently available.

Consequently, the monitoring of particulate matter will be conducted during future monitoring

campaigns using experimental passive devices or commercial active devices.



METHOD OF ASSESSMENT

Ambient air measurements will be conducted using passive diffusion tubes to measure sulphur

dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). For passive sampling, the use of diffusion sampling tubes

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is recommended due to their low cost, their ease of use and their utility for baseline and screening

studies. Appropriate diffusion tubes will be obtained from Scientifics laboratory in the UK. Each tube

has a unique identification number to aide in tracking.

If possible, the diffusion tubes will be exposed for the preferable period of two (2) weeks (15 days),

which represents the minimum required period by the European Union for air quality monitoring. In

the case that the 15-day exposure is not possible, a minimum period of one (1) week will be used. All

diffusion tubes will be collected and returned to the laboratory, accompanied by completed and

signed chain-of-custody forms.

For QA/QC purposes, one travel blank will be included in the measurements to assess exposure of

the tubes to contaminants during transport.

Additionally, the following actions shall be undertaken:

-



The coordinates of the locations will be noted using GPS hand-held kits.



-



Photographs of the monitoring locations shall be taken.



-



Notations shall be made of any activity or contaminant source in the surroundings of the

selected locations during the monitoring campaign.



-



The date and hour of installation and removal of the tubes will be clearly noted.



-



Pertinent meteorological and climatological information may be obtained from the local

weather department to support the interpretation of the data from the monitoring campaign

and the assessment of the pollution potential of the area.



C O V E R AG E

The sampling scenario will cover 12 locations divided between the mine site, the port site and the

mine access road, distributed as follows:





2 locations at each of the ports in the area: 8 tubes (4 for NOx and 4 for SO2)







6 points, 2 tubes at each point (12 tubes total) along the railway and roads corridor through

the following:



-



Pepel



-



Petifu



-



Port Loko or nearby city closer to rail alignment



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Rugbere



-



Lunsar



-



Makeni



-



Tonkolili village or another important populated centre in close proximity of the rail alignment

near the mine site







4 locations at the mine site (possibly Simbili and surroundings): 8 tubes



In each location, one tube for NOx and one tube for SO2 will be installed.

For the installation of the passive diffusion tubes, the following recommendations, which are included

in the ASTM Standards relative to Air Sampling, should be considered:

-



The individually numbered diffusion-sampling tubes shall be placed at a minimum height of

1.5 m above ground and in sites where land use, topography and meteorology are preferably

common and representative of the regional area.



-



The specific monitoring locations shall be selected so as to avoid undue influence by any

local source that may cause local elevated concentrations that are not representative of the

project area.



-



Particulate Matter samplers (for future monitoring campaigns) shall be sited at locations that

are greater than 200 m from unpaved streets or roads.



-



Monitoring sites shall be located away from population centres. A recommended distance of

1 km per 1000 persons.



-



The passive diffusion tubes shall be placed no closer than 100 metres from intensive

agricultural, waste treatment activities, open or surface storage of agricultural or industrial

products, and transportation related sources of emissions. This distance shall be increased in

proportion to increases in traffic volume and diversity.



-



Prominent discontinuities in terrain, such as large bodies of water, isolated hills or valleys and

cliffs shall be located at least 5 km from the diffusion tubes.



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Monitoring sites shall be located on open level areas that are naturally vegetated or grasscovered,. Ground cover shall be homogeneous and the area shall slope no more than 15%.



-



The distance from the passive sampling devices to any object greater than the height of the

sampling device should be at least twice the height of the object (2:1).



-



Passive diffusion tubes shall be oriented towards the annual averaged prevailing wind. In the

absence of site-specific wind direction information, the orientation of the tubes should be

standardised to one direction.



R E P O R T I N G S T AN D A R D S

As per company procedures. EPA and IFC/WBG standards will be followed in the preparation of the

reports where applicable.



P O T E N T I AL I S S U E S

Largely yet top be determined. At this preliminary stage of the project design, the power plant has

been identified as a potential significant source of emissions and it could affect future air quality

values. As the power plant is outside of the current Tonkolili project assessment, it should be

considered as part of the future background pollutant concentrations.

NOISE



B AS E L I N E M E T H O D S T AT E M E N T

The overall acoustic impact on the environment should consider the background noise levels. A noise

monitoring campaign should be undertaken to consider the baseline conditions previous to the project

activities.



SCOPE

Screening noise measurements will be conducted during daytime hours at various representative

locations:





Port: eight positions, four at each of the two ports.







Train railway system and access roads: six positions along the railway corridor.



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 Mine: six positions surrounding the projected mine site.

These locations will coincide with the locations selected for the air quality sampling programme, as

they are considered to be representative and will facilitate the monitoring campaign.

Two measures will be taken at each position to assure that a noise event (e.g., animal sounds or

vehicle movements) do not invalidate the results. The total number of noise measurements will be

forty (40).

The duration of the measurements will be five (5) minutes.



METHOD OF ASSESSMENT

A Class II hand-held sound level meter and ISO Tech sound level calibrator will be used to conduct

the noise survey. The readings acquired from the sound meter will be analysed and compared to

relevant guidelines and set as the baseline for reference during further monitoring activities.

The sound level meter will measure the parameter LAeq, defined as the constant sound level that, in

a given time period, would convey the same sound energy as the actual time-varying A-weighted

sound level.

Some factors need to be taken into account when taking measurements to assure the quality of the

results since sound levels vary as a function of height above ground level and can be perturbed

depending on the distance between the point of measurement and facades or obstacles. These

requirements must be noted and applied by taking measurements:





Away from facades and other obstacles at a minimum distance of 1.5 meters;







Away from noise sources;







Downwind;







Utilising a sound level meter with an anti-wind protection (normally provided by the supplier).







In dry conditions with a wind speed of less than 5 m/s.



 With the microphone 1.2 - 1.5 m above ground level.

Based on the screening results, the following monitoring campaign will be designed.



C O V E R AG E

Relevant project areas.



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R E P O R T I N G S T AN D A R D S

A full and coherent report will require detailed notes based on careful attention paid to the actual

situation under which the measurement is conducted.

ISO 1996 lays out the framework for what information must be recorded and what information is

recommended to record. This standard states that the following information must be recorded:





Results







Measurement technique







Type of instrumentation used







Measurement procedure used







Calculations used







Prevailing conditions







Atmospheric conditions (wind direction and speed, rain, temperature, atmospheric pressure,

humidity)







Nature/state of ground between source and receiver







Source variability







Calibration data







Measurement date, start and stop time







Number of measurements made



 Description of the sound sources under investigation

It is also advisable to include additional information, such as:





The purpose of the measurement



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The standard used



 Equipment used, including serial numbers

Map showing position of sound sources, relevant objects and observation points



P O T E N T I AL I S S U E S

To be determined.



3.3.2



Marine ecosystem



PRECEDING WORKS



This work builds on a previous study conducted in 2009 (LORAX, 2010) which comprised a rapid

overview of the main physical, chemical and ecological characteristics of the Estuary. This survey

has enabled at least one wet-season monitoring event to be completed before the current phase of

work.



B AS E L I N E M E T H O D S T AT E M E N T

We are following the overarching methodology of desk based 1a through to data collection 2b. In

addition, to providing a broad understanding of the existing marine environment, the specific aims of

the baseline are:

 Mapping of key marine and coastal habitats

 To identify any existing impacts, for example contamination, and to understand how the

environment has reacted

 Provide a baseline for monitoring through the project life cycle

The marine baseline covers all habitats up to high water plus any species that are marine in origin

e.g. that inhabit the mangroves.



SCOPE

The following areas are being covered:





Sediment Quality

Sediment grab samples are taken throughout the study area and analysed for the following:

o Physico-chemical

o In-fauna



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In addition, cores taken through out the dredge area will be assessed for contamination

following the guidelines of the London Protocol 1996.

Water quality

Water samples and in-situ profiles to understand:

o Chemical

o Biological

Benthic habitat

Towed video and diver surveys to evaluate:

o Reef

o Inter-tidal mud flats

o Seagrass

Sediment Transport and Coastal Morphology

Hydrodynamic and physical sediment data to evaluate sediment transport pathways. Aerial

photography (existing) to identify morphological features to assist in the prediction of impacts.

Marine fauna

Literature review and use of expert local knowledge plus survey as follows:

o Marine mammals – dolphins

 Incidental observation during survey operations

o Marine mammals – manatees

 Public consultation around estuary

o Birds

 Times counts at key locations around Tagrin and Pepel. At Tagrin this will

cover all seasons.

o Turtles

 Public consultation plus beach surveys (beach surveys limited as desk

review indicates that beaches within study area are not used due to human

disturbance)

Fisheries

Information on fisheries data is being collected. This will be aligned with the ecological data

collection to evaluate impacts on fisheries resource availability. The following methods are

used:

o Survey of fishing communities and markets

o Data collection form Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources

Mangroves

o Mapping via satellite imagery

o Ground truthing surveys including marine fauna within study area



METHOD OF ASSESSMENT



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In addition to the survey methods discussed above a range of methods will be used to assess

impacts. These include:



























Water and sediment quality

o Modelling of all wastewater discharges to assess area of impact and for comparison

with receiving water quality standards defined in the Basis of Design.

o Modelling of dredge plume to assess impacts on turbidity

Benthic habitat

o Assessment of potential habitat loss and degradation. This will be clear mapped and

quantified.

o Assessment of how water quality may affect benthic habitat. For example potential

increased suspended sediment and reduced light penetration.

Sediment Transport and Coastal Morphology

o Sediment transport modelling to assess the impact of the development on sediment

transport pathways and coastal morphology. This will include shoreline evolution

maps.

Marine fauna

o Assessment of potential effects of water and sediment quality and habitat loss and

degradation on marine fauna.

o Assessment using exiting literature of the impacts of underwater noise on marine

mammals, from both construction (piling) and operation. Estimation of sound source

from activities required.

o Assessment of potential increase in risk of ship collision

Fisheries

o Assessment of potential impacts on fisheries resource due to changes in water and

sediment quality or habitat loss and degradation

o Assessment of potential impedance of fisherman from development (for example,

navigation channels)

Mangroves

o Assessment of potential habitat loss and degradation. This will be clear mapped and

quantified.

Navigation

o Assessment of existing use of the estuary by shipping and the affect of vessel

movements to support the development.



C O V E R AG E

The study area includes:

 The lease area at Tagrin Point plus neighbouring beaches to the north west and coastal area

based on extent of potential impacts, for example discharge plume.

 Lease area on Pepel Island plus coastal area based on extent of potential impacts.

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Dredge channels and area within potential dredge plume

Proposed dredge disposal sites



R E P O R T I N G S T AN D A R D S

The findings of these surveys will provide input to an Environmental, Social and Health Impact

Assessment (ESHIA) which is being undertaken for the Tonkolili Project and also for ECF.



P O T E N T I AL I S S U E S

Time and logistics – rapid assessment means that the number of samples etc is lower than we would

ideally do for such a project and may not meet some international guidance.

Seasonality – we will be limited, particularly for ECF on the seasonality of the environmental baseline,

for example birds.

Information – we must ensure that we have detailed information on construction and operation to

undertake the impact



3.3.3



Flora



PRECEDING WORKS



This work builds on previous studies conducted under licence within Sierra Leone comprising a desktop review of the Simbili-Marampon-Numbara habitat areas with rapid reconnaissance of the

surrounding areas (phases 1a and 1b). Phase 2a and 2b studies comprise respectively consultation

with key stakeholders and the general public to understand key biodiversity issues and return visits to

areas of interest.



B AS E L I N E M E T H O D S T AT E M E N T

Phase 3 of the vegetation studies for the Tonkolili Iron Ore Project (the Project) in Sierra Leone, West

Africa. Phase 3 will consist of detailed vegetation surveys of Simbili and part of the haul road, and a

rapid assessment programme of the preferred tailings area and transport corridor associated with the

Project.



SCOPE

The overall objective of Phase 3 is to characterise the baseline in areas likely to be affected by early

construction works prior to disturbance and to understand the biodiversity value of the transport

corridor. Phase 3 will also aim to identify any areas or species of high ecological importance that

require specific consideration or management during the construction activities or subsequent phases

of project design.

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M E T H O D O F AS S E S S M E N T

Desktop review, in-field observation and limited sample collection (with subsequent sample

identification / confirmation at Kew Gardens).



C O V E R AG E

The study area for the Phase 3 rapid assessment will cover the areas affected by the Tonkolili

Project. This includes haematite extraction from Simbili, other proposed extraction sites, preferred

tailings option, new haul road from the mine site to Lunsar and an existing railway line from Lunsar to

Pepel Port. In order to avoid overlap between the terrestrial and marine studies, Mean High Water

Springs has been selected as the cut off point for the terrestrial studies at Pepel Port.

The Phase 3 vegetation survey will be separated into two tasks:

Phase 3a: detailed characterisation of baseline conditions at the mine site and the first 20 km of the

haulage road; and

Phase 3b: rapid assessment field surveys of the preferred tailings option, remainder of the haulage

road to Lunsar, existing rail corridor, and Pepel Port.

The survey will also include rheophytic communities located in the rivers with low water levels.

Two team comprising staff from Kew Gardens, supported by local specialists will undertake the field

work. One team will work from Pepel Port and Tagrin point eastwards towards Rokel River, while the

other will cover the mine site area and work westwards towards Rokel River.



R E P O R T I N G S T AN D A R D S

The findings of the Phase 3 surveys will provide input to a high level Environmental, Social and

Health Impact Assessment (ESHIA) which is being undertaken for the Tonkolili Project. A report will

be prepared containing an assessment and interpretive discussion on the character, condition and

conservation importance of habitats in the study area including transition areas or ecotones;

identification of sensitive or potentially critical habitats that need immediate consideration by the

project team; lists of the key species present within the various habitat types; and assessment of the

likelihood and actual presence of rare species. A combined report of the faunal, floral and freshwater

studies will also be prepared, using consistent classification and impact assessment schemata, will

be prepared. This will include preliminary identification and definition of impacts and mitigation

measures for Project activities at the construction and operational stages.



P O T E N T I AL I S S U E S

The detailed surveys are limited to flowering species only due to the difficulty of plant species

identification outside of the flowering period.



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3.3.4



Fauna



B AS E L I N E M E T H O D S T AT E M E N T

Phase 1 of terrestrial fauna studies for the Tonkolili Iron Ore Project (the Project). Phase 1 will consist

of a rapid assessment programme of the potential mine site, tailings location, haul road alignment and

preliminary railway corridor associated with the Project.



SCOPE

The Phase 1 rapid assessment for fauna will provide input directly to the ESHIA(s) so that areas of

high ecological value can be defined prior to completion of the engineering design.

The main objectives of Phase 1 rapid assessment are as follows:

Understand the biodiversity value of the study area (as defined below);

Identify areas of high ecological value that require consideration during project design;

Identify any areas of potentially critical habitat;

Identify any red flag issues for the Project in the context of fauna species; and

Provide recommendations for further detailed studies to characterise baseline conditions in the study

area.



M E T H O D O F AS S E S S M E N T

Primarily direct observation, supplemented (where time allows) by camera-traps, sampling and

opportunistic village-based interviews.



C O V E R AG E

Two teams comprised of staff from WCS and WorleyParsons, with assistance from local specialists

will cover approximately 31 sites from the mine site to Pepel Port and Tagrin Point via the proposed

haul road route and existing railway line. In order to avoid overlap between the terrestrial and marine

studies, Mean High Water Springs has been selected as the cut off point for the terrestrial studies at

Pepel Port. Faunal groups that span this divide will be separated into the terrestrial or marine studies

on a case-by-case basis. A rapid survey of migratory birds will be undertaken at Tagrin Point.



R E P O R T I N G S T AN D A R D S

A high-level report with a brief assessment and interpretive discussion on ecological value, protection

status and potential impacts will be prepared for fauna. A combined report of the faunal, floral and

freshwater studies, using consistent classification and impact assessment schemata, will be

prepared. This will include a preliminary biodiversity impact assessment associated with Project

activities at the construction and operational stages.



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P O T E N T I AL I S S U E S

Potential for some faunal groups to be overlooked through localised human-related disturbances. The

presence of local communities in observation and sampling areas will be taken into consideration in

reporting data.

3 . 3 .5



Freshwater Ecology



B AS E L I N E M E T H O D S T AT E M E N T

High level rapid assessment of selected freshwater sites covering the mine site, coast locations and

interim sites of potential interest along the proposed haul road route and existing rail line.



SCOPE

High level rapid assessment of potential aquatic ecological impacts from proposed mine operations,

in particular a haul road and rail corridor.



M E T H O D O F AS S E S S M E N T

Habitat assessment using suitable guidelines; photographic record of site location including

significant aquatic habitat types and, if practical, sediments; observations on water quality, existing

stressors and any species visible. Field work will be supplemented by discussions with locals on

species caught in different areas and trends in catches and observations at local markets.



C O V E R AG E

One team comprised of staff from Hydrobiology and SRK will cover approximately 32 sites from the

mine site to Pepel Port and Tagrin Point via the proposed haul road route and existing railway line.



R E P O R T I N G S T AN D A R D S

A high-level report with a brief assessment and interpretive discussion on potential aquatic ecological

impacts from proposed mine operations. A combined report of the faunal, floral and freshwater

studies, using consistent classification and impact assessment schemata, will be prepared. This will

include preliminary identification and definition of impacts and mitigation measures for Project

activities at the construction and operational stages.



P O T E N T I AL I S S U E S

Potential limitation to species identification: at this stage, fieldwork will not involve any species

sampling, with the emphasis on a trained eye overview and identification of issues. Suggestions on

further sampling requirements will be provided in field reports.



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3.3.6



Water Resources



B AS E L I N E M E T H O D S T AT E M E N T

Collation of information relating to current use/importance of potable and agricultural river and

groundwater, distribution and quality. Information from in-country institutions, field visits to selected

areas, social questionnaires.



SCOPE

Describe the importance of ground and surface water resources to local users.

Assess the potential impacts of mine-related development works.

Identify the measures recommended to control the potential impacts.



M E T H O D O F AS S E S S M E N T

Desk study of existing published literature, documentation from in-country institutions, information

from field visits and other Tonkolili investigation studies.



C O V E R AG E

Scope of work will cover the following construction and operational elements, where information is

available:

 Mine development area

 Pepel haul road alignment 

 Pepel rail refurbishment 

 Pepel port refurbishment 

 Heavy haul rail alignment

 Tagrin Point  



R E P O R T I N G S T AN D A R D S

The water resources impact assessment will be developed in accordance with WorleyParsons

standard template and form part of the ESHIA report.



P O T E N T I AL I S S U E S

Limited in-country legislation pertaining to protection of groundwater and surface water resources.

Construction work currently ongoing without prior studies for protection of groundwater and surface

water resources.



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3.3.7



Geomorphology and Soils



B AS E L I N E M E T H O D S T AT E M E N T

Baseline assessment of the land-form, soil conditions and identify preliminary impacts associated with

changes from mining activities.



SCOPE

Baseline description of geology (shallow, deep, structural and economic);

Baseline description of soil-types and erosive and geochemical potential;

Baseline description of current landform, slope stability and geo-hazard potential; and

Outline of potential aspects from the hematite project that are of consequence to this baseline

including effect on soil potential.



M E T H O D O F AS S E S S M E N T

Desktop review of borehole data and related literature;

Review of terrain hazard assessment conduct by SRK to date; and

GIS assessment if possible.



C O V E R AG E

Focus on mine area, specifically the deposit areas. Transport corridors and port areas excluded



R E P O R T I N G S T AN D A R D S

Baseline study for geology. Soils will not be to baseline standard at this stage.



P O T E N T I AL I S S U E S

Coverage of areas outside the deposits will require extrapolation of data at this stage until physical

sampling is undertaken.



3.4



Social and Community Studies



3.4.1



Stakeholder Engagement



Works are already underway to ensure that a public consultation and disclosure plan (PCDP) is

conducted in an appropriate way. This is essentially a stakeholder engagement plan that combines

identification of key stakeholders with preparation of a clear and consistent project statement on

which future decisions, views and consultation can be based.

The PCDP enables the correct

community representatives to be identified and the correct language and approaches to be used

when contacting them.

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3.4.2



Socio-Economic Baseline Study and Preliminary Social Impact

Assessment



B AS E L I N E M E T H O D S T AT E M E N T

Perform a socio-economic baseline study to identify the existing conditions in all Project areas and

allow for the consideration of social impacts (both positive and negative) that the Project will impose

on neighbouring communities.



SCOPE

Preliminary social impact assessment associated with Project activities at the construction and

operational stages. Consideration will be given to the decommissioning stage at a conceptual level.

Desktop review;

Survey design;

Data collection and analysis;

Preparation of preliminary social baseline report; and

Preparation of preliminary impacts assessment report.



M E T H O D O F AS S E S S M E N T

Field survey to be conducted by SRK team in conjunction with CEMMATS. SRK will provide

oversight, implementation training and supervision of field work as necessary.



C O V E R AG E

Mine site, linear infrastructure corridors, Pepel Port and Tagrin Point. FGDs (10 - 14 villages),

household interviews (40 - 56), short quantitative survey across about 42 settlements in the study

area.



R E P O R T I N G S T AN D A R D S

Provisionally to a suitable level for a DFS.



P O T E N T I AL I S S U E S

The social survey at this stage will focus on collecting preliminary baseline information and will not

visit all settlements in the project area. A combination of in-depth qualitative data from a selected

sample and basic quantitative data from across the project area using a short questionnaire will be

collected.



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3.4.3



Resettlement Policy Framework



B AS E L I N E M E T H O D S T AT E M E N T

Desktop study to develop a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) in accordance with Equator

Principles, Sierra Leone legislation and AML policies for implementing an acceptable and

participatory resettlement process.



SCOPE

RFP to be developed taking into account the Equator Principles, Sierra Leone legislation and AML

corporate policies. The RPF will also align with requirements outlined during the TRW. The study will

include:

Review of legislation;

Determination of data needs and design survey method;

Data collection and analysis; and

Preparation of RPF.



M E T H O D O F AS S E S S M E N T

Desktop study.



C O V E R AG E

Tonkolili project.



R E P O R T I N G S T AN D A R D S

Desktop study based on international good practice.



3.4.4



Human Health Impact Assessment (HIA)



B AS E L I N E M E T H O D S T AT E M E N T

Health Impact Assessment is "a combination of procedures, methods and tools by which a policy,

program or project may be judged as to its potential effects on the health of a population, and the

distribution of those effects within the population" (ECHP 1999). Currently, there is no one authority

defining HIA methodology; however, most agencies have adopted similar procedures. For the Early

Cash Flow (ECF) and Tonkolili ESHIAs, the HIA approach applied will be as described by the World

Health Organization (WHO 2005) and the International Finance Corporation (IFC 2009).



SCOPE



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The tasks necessary for the completion of the proposed HIAs are listed in Table 1 along with their

respective due-dates. It is important to note that results from other components of each ESHIA are

required before the health sections can be finalized (e.g. socio-economic report; air monitoring and

modelling results; groundwater and surface water monitoring results, etc.). Timely receipt of these

results will be important in order to meet the deadlines set out.

Table 1. HIA Tasks and Due Dates

Task

Phase 2 (ECF Project)

Development of HIA strategy

to inform ToR

Design of data acquisition and

questionnaires



Team

integration

Coordination



/



Review of available national;

regional health data

Development of preliminary

baseline HIA for the ECF

ESHIA

Finalise a rapid HIA and

management approach for the

ECF ESHIA

Identification of key impacts

and outline of plausible

mitigation and management

with associated capital and

operational cost estimate (+

15%) for the Tonkolili ESHIA.



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Sub-Tasks



Date / Deadline



White Paper

Definition of methodology

List of data sources

Public questionnaire

Medical

professional

questionnaire

Health authority questionnaire

(to be written if required)

Integration with socio-economic

baseline team

Revision of Public questionnaire

for addition to socio-economic

field team’s questionnaires

Coordination with other teams

regarding: ground and surface

water, air, local food, soil, social,

and traffic

Review of source documents



24th Feb 2010

12th March 2010

5th March 2010

1st March 2010

1st March 2010



26th March 2010



Report



26th March 2010



Report



15th April 2010*



Identification of headline health

impacts

Mitigation and management



15th May 2010



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Middle March

ASAP after 5th March

2010

9th March 2010



Ongoing



15th May 2010



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TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT

REPORT NAME



Task

Development of draft health

chapter in the Tonkolili ESHIA

scoping report

Review and comment on

relevant contextual aspects of

the Tonkolili ESHIA scoping /

baseline report

Phase 3 (Tonkolili Project)

Complete

baseline

assessment based on data

gaps identified in Phase 2,

develop a field sampling

program

for

health

assessment (to be developed

by the health team and the

field work will be undertaken

by other disciplines)

Development

of

the

preliminary Tonkolili ESHIA



Sub-Tasks

Reporting



Date / Deadline

15th May 2010



Review and comment



End of May 2010



June / July 2010



End of August 2010



Health Impact Assessment is an iterative process. Typically, the first steps involve a semi-quantitative

approach or ‘Rapid HIA', which uses all available data so as to quickly identify those impacts which

require more quantitative evaluation and those which are adequately described qualitatively. Based

on the outcome of the Rapid HIA, the methodology may then become progressively more detailed as

the assessment focuses on more accurately defining potential impacts. In this manner, more detailed,

quantitative assessment is applied to a smaller list of potential impacts. There are clear benefits to

applying this kind of phased approach since some projects only require qualitative or semiquantitative appraisal while others require a fully quantitative detailed assessment



TIMING

Maximum benefit of conducting an HIA occurs when it comes before the final engineering design

specifications and before the construction contract is locked in. Also its important to conduct and HIA

along with an social and environmental impact assessment and not as a standalone assessment.



C O V E R AG E

Based on the project information available to date, the coverage of the HIA conducted for the ECF

Project will include impacts on persons assumed to be at four locations: the mine site (including

worker camp), the haul road, the existing railroad, and the renovated port facilities. Persons to be

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TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT

REPORT NAME



included in the assessment will include those living at camp facilities at the mine, as well as those not

directly involved in the Project operations, but living in the vicinity of each of the four locations.

The coverage of the HIA for the Tonkolili project will be defined at later date once more concrete

project information becomes available.



R E P O R T I N G S T AN D A R D S

International organizations such as the World Bank, the IFC, and the WHO endorse the completion of

an HIA at the beginning of a project’s lifecycle. Increasingly, HIAs are becoming a requirement for

regulatory and financial approvals of industrial activities such as those proposed for the ECF and

Tonkolili Mining Projects. In 2009, the IFC published "Introduction to Health Impact Assessment"

which provides good practice guidance for conducting HIAs to determine all potential impacts on

community health as a result of a proposed development.

Where possible, the HIAs planned for the ECF and Tonkolili ESHIAs will employ regulatory standards

as described by the Sierra Leone Environmental Protection agency (SL EPA). In addition, other

internationally recognised standards/guidelines will be applied if and when required (e.g. WHO,

Health Canada (HC), US EPA, and RIVM) for the completion of the HIA and used in the HIA with the

approval of SL EPA.



P O T E N T I AL I S S U E S

Health Impact Assessment (HIA) is a real-world tool which must function within time and budget

constraints. As such, it is to be expected that there will be certain limitations. Some common

examples include a lack of availability of baseline monitoring data for the region of the proposed

development (e.g. air, soil and water), or difficulty in obtaining detailed health information for persons

living in the proposed region before implementation of a new policy or activity.

The limitations and recommendations of the HIAs will be defined at each reporting Phase.



REFERENCES

European Centre for Health Policy (ECHP)., 1999, Health Impact Assessment: Main concepts and

suggested approach (Gothenburg Consensus Paper), Brussels:

http://www.who.dk/document/PAE/Gothenburgpaper.pdf



International Finance Corporation (IFC)., 2009. Introduction to Health Impact Assessment, April 20,

2009.

http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/sustainability.nsf/Content/Publications_Handbook_HealthImpactAssessment



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REPORT NAME



World Health Organization (WHO)., 2005. Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Development

Projects.



3.4.5



Solid Waste Management



B AS E L I N E M E T H O D S T AT E M E N T

Review of information available indicates no waste management infrastructure in-country. No

consideration appears to have been made at this stage for waste management provision through the

development of the scheme.



SCOPE

Develop ECF Practice Guidelines - complete

Develop Accommodation Camps Strategy - complete

Develop Solid Waste Management Plan – ongoing first draft due 01.04.10



M E T H O D O F AS S E S S M E N T

N/A, in-country assessment of existing waste management infrastructure has been commissioned,

understood to be negligible.



C O V E R AG E

Scope of work will cover the following construction elements, where information is available.

Pepel haul road alignment 

Pepel rail refurbishment 

Pepel port refurbishment 

Heavy haul rail alignment 

Tagrin Point  



R E P O R T I N G S T AN D A R D S

Documents detailed in section 1.2 will be developed in accordance with WorleyParsons standard

template and sit within the appendices of the ESHIA.



P O T E N T I AL I S S U E S

No / Limited in-country legislation pertaining to solid waste management.

No / Limited in-country existing waste management infrastructure.

Construction work currently ongoing with no consideration from waste management.

Given the lack of in-country infrastructure, it is likely that specific waste management infrastructure

will require developed. The scope and process for this is currently unclear.



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4.



ECF MANAGEMENT



The ECF phase comprises haul road, rail line and Pepel port refurbishment. To date, the haul road

has started due to wet season constraints and the assessment and management of environmental

and social issues has included:



P R AC T I C E G U I D E S

Practice guidelines have been prepared as a way of achieving good practice during haul road

construction, in advance of the more conventional evaluation and management planning approach,

due to the rapid implementation schedule. These have been rolled out to the haul road contractors

prior to work commencement. The guides and a management plan can be made available at a later

date.



S O C I AL M AN AG E M E N T , C O N S U L T AT I V E C O M M I T T E E S

A series of Early Works Chiefdom Committees (EWCC) have been established throughout the project

area, with participation from Paramount Chiefs, Section Chief, Councillors, NGO and women’s and a

youth leader. These EWCC are designed to ensure that communities are consulted about the

proposed project works. Further details can be made available if required. The meetings are also to

be attended by district officers from EPA and representatives of the MPs.



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5.



WAY FORWARD



The purpose of this document is for it to be used as part of ongoing discussions with the EPA

regarding the environmental and social regulatory approval process that EPA is the competent

authority for in Sierra Leone.



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APPENDIX A

Preliminary, indicative designs



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APPENDIX B

Organisational arrangements for ESHIA studies



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TIMELINE



ACTIVITY

ENGINEERING

Tonkolili Project



ECF Project



Exploration &

Land Leases



2008



EPA INVOLVEMENT



APPROVAL OUTCOME



EIA Categorisation



EPA confirms project

requires license



Formalise

Terms of Reference



EPA confirms

Terms of Reference



3rd Party Monitoring



EPA reviews Monitoring



Review & Distribute ESHIA



EPA Issues ECF

ESHIA Licence



ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL MANAGEMENT

Tonkolili Project



ECF Project

Initiation Reports



Gap Analysis & 1st Season Baseline Studies



Screening



2009



Enabling Works

DFS



2010

Q1



NOW



Start formal liaison process



Scoping

Preparation

Basis of Design



Resettlement

Haul road

Rail Clearance

Pepel Accommodation

Mine Preparation



Consultative Committees

Scoping & Baseline Report

Project Description from DFS

Incorporates 2nd season baseline studies

Stakeholder Engagement Plan &

Initial Impact Review



Submission



2010

Q2



ECF Performance Audit

Construction Works



FEED



Enabling

Works

Resettlement



2010

Q3



Land

Clearance



Haul Road

Delco Rail Line

Pepel Port

Marine Engineering

Simbili Mine



Logistics &

Preparation



2010

Q4



2011



ECF Practice Guidelines



EMS/EMPs



PRELIMINARY

TONKOLILI ESHIA

INCLUDING RPF



FINAL TONKOLILI

ESHIA

INCLUDING RPF



Construction Works



Operations



Large-scale

Construction &

Relocation



Mining &

Hematite

Product export



ECF ESHIA REPORT



Establish AML Corporate

Environmental/Social

Department



Review &

Distribute ESHIA



EPA Issues Tonkolili

ESHIA Licence



Develop EMS/EMPs

for Operations



Operations approved with

Conditionalities e.g. subject

to satisfactory RAP



Develop monitoring and

management programs

Develop corporate goals

and continual improvement

mechansims



MMR issues

Mining Permit



RESETTLEMENT

ACTION PLAN

(RAP)



2012

Commissioning

Q1: Export first

Magnetite concentrate



2013



Operations

Mining & Magnetite export



Review of

Annual EMP



Operations approved and

annual permits issued

(operations stage)



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT

REPORT NAME



APPENDIX C

ESHIA schedule



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APPENDIX D

Extracts from ESHIA study zones



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PHASE 1 ESHIA



APPENDIX 1

ESHIA Screening Form



Environmental Impact Assessment Screening Form

WorleyParsons



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project

February 2010



APPLICATION FORM FOR THE ACQUISITION OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

ASSESSMENT (EIA) LICENSE

1. NAME of Institution/Company African Minerals Limited

2. TYPE OF BUSINESS Mineral exploration company

3. BUSINESS REGISTRATION NO. 800/2004/BRL552

4. CONTACT ADDRESS: 154 Wilkinson Road, Freetown, Sierra Leone

E-MAIL OR TEL NO: +232 33 605829, +232 33 623157

5. NATIONALITY: Registered in Sierra Leone

6. PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT

(ATTACH PROPOSAL)

7. PROPOSED LOCATION

(INCLUDE RELEVANT MAP)

8. COST OF PROPOSAL

9. ESTIMATED DURATION OF DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES: Construction – 36

Months, Operations – 50+ years

10. STATE THE IMPACT OF ACTIVITIES OF THE FOLLOWING:

TICK THE APPROPRIATE COLUMNS

Positive



√ (note 1)



a. SUBSTANTIAL IMPACT

ON ECOSYSTEM OF THE

LOCALITY

b. SOCIAL

c.



AESTHETIC



d.



SCIENTIFIC



e.



HISTORICAL



f.



STATE OTHER

IMPORTANT

ENVIRONMENTAL

PARAMETERS



Negative







√ (note 1)

√ (note 1)





Unknown

Economic Development

Infrastructure



Surface and groundwater

quality

Air Quality



note 1: Potential impacts exist and they will be minimised during the design stage & by specific mitigation.



Signed:



EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR/HEAD



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Tonkolili Iron Ore Project

February 2010



ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SCREENING FORM

SECTION 1:



INFORMATION ON THE CONTACT PERSON



Name:

Institutional Affiliation:

Business Title / Position:



Business Address



Telephone:

Email:



SECTION 2:



Andrew Huckbody

WorleyParsons (UK)

Tonkolili Iron Ore Project

Environmental & Social Programme Manager

Parkview

Great West Road

Brentford

London

TW8 9AZ

United Kingdom

+44 (0)208 326 5000

andy.huckbody@worleyparsons.com



DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY / FACTORY / COMPANY /

PROJECT AND OR PROPOSED PROJECT



Name: Tonkolili Iron Ore Project (Tonkolili Project)

Date Operations started

Exploration commenced in and has been ongoing since 2003. Construction of mining infrastructure is

due to begin in 2010.

Description of the project

African Minerals Limited (AML) has been exploring an extensive magnetic anomaly in the Sula

Mountain range in Sierra Leone and recently confirmed the presence of a world-class magnetite iron

ore deposit. The Tonkolili Project focuses on the three magnetite banded iron formation (BIF) targets

that occur in the southern portion of the northeast – southwest trending anomaly. These deposits are

named Simbili, Marampon and Numbara and are illustrated in Figure 1 below. The current combined

ore estimate is 5.1 billion tonnes. Exploration to date also indicates that the Simbili-MaramponNumbara magnetite anomaly is overlain with a hematite deposit, estimated to be in the order of 800

million tonnes.



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Figure 1:



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project

February 2010



Relative Locations of Resources in the Tonkolili Exploration Licence Area



The Kasafoni deposit, which extends over a length of approximately 20 km north of Numbara has the

potential to double the size of the total ore resource to over 10 billion tonnes. Ongoing exploration

work is focussed on the Kasafoni area, with the objective of identifying additional BIF mineralisation

to realise the resource target of 10 billion tonnes. At this stage however, the Kasafoni resource is not

included in the Tonkolili Project.

The Tonkolili deposit is covered by an exploration licence (Exploration Licence No:EXPL:05/06) in

the name of AML’s wholly owned subsidiary, Tonkolili Iron Ore (SL) Limited. The Licence was

renewed on the 1st of July, 2009 for a period of two years. The bounding coordinates stated on the

licence encompass an area covering approximately 209 km2.

Proposed Operations

The Project will consist of mining operations with an ore-production rate of about 167 million tonnes /

year and a total material movement in the order of 270 million tonnes / year. A concentrate will be

produced on site at a rate of about 45 million tonnes / year. The life of the mine is expected to be in

excess of 50 years at these production rates. The feasibility of increased production will be subject to

studies in subsequent phases of project development.

Mining will be open cast method and will produce a concentrate to be transported by rail to a port at

Tagrin Point, near the mouth of the Sierra Leone River Estuary. Rail infrastructure will be required to

link Tonkolili with Tagrin Point (a distance of ca. 200 km). The proposed port facility will be a deep

water port comprising a causeway, trestle and berths located between 700-800 m offshore. The

location of the Tonkolili Project facilities is shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3.

In addition to the proposed Tagrin Point port, AML has signed a 99 year lease agreement with the

Government of Sierra Leone (GoSL) to reconstruct, manage and operate Pepel Port and the Pepel –

Marampa Railway. AML is working toward mining hematite ore found in the Tonkolili deposits

during the initial stages of the project and exporting the product via Pepel Port. A dedicated haul road

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Tonkolili Iron Ore Project

February 2010



(approximately 120 km in length) will be built from the mine site to a railhead near Lunsar and the

existing railway line refurbished between Marampa and Pepel while the Tagrin Point export route

infrastructure is under construction.

Mine Design and Associated Infrastructure

AML have commissioned WorleyParsons and SRK to undertake preliminary engineering studies on

the mine pits, mine infrastructure and potential tailings dams for the Tonkolili Project. The pit outline

limits and possible sites for the tailings dams are illustrated in Figure 4.

It is anticipated that about 120 million m3 of tailings will be produced per year for an ore production

rate of 45 million tonnes / annum. The study shows that the tailings dam will be positioned largely

within the existing exploration lease. Alternative tailings dam sites have been considered however a

site has been selected as the preferred options based primarily on engineering and geotechnical

considerations.

The acceptability of the preferred tailings facility site will be confirmed once existing environmental

and social baseline conditions with the area are more fully and thoroughly understood.



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Tonkolili Iron Ore Project

February 2010



Current Land Use

Mine Site

Much of the land around the mine site has been subject to slash-and-burn agricultural practices. There

are tracts of forest land comprising a mixture of secondary and mature forest notably along the northwestern margin of Simbili, south of the village of Kegbema and in the Tonkolili River valley east of

Farangbaya village. During the dry season farming is restricted to valley flood plains which retain

high soil moisture content and permit at least two cropping seasons. During field investigations

undertaken for the Tonkolili Project environmental and social work programme, cassava, plantain,

sweet potato, ground nut and sweet corn were all observed growing across the concession and fruits

including pineapple, banana, orange, and mango were also observed. In the rainy season rice is a

staple crop. Palm wine tapping is evident and fishing is also common in rivers and streams. Artisanal

gold mining activity was observed in the Tonkolili River and is carried out by area residents and

transient labourers.

Railway Route

Most of the rail route and the port site are on the coastal plain. Land use and primarily agriculture, has

altered the natural vegetation and most of the route is now typified by wooded grassland, secondary

palm tree forests and swamp areas where different crops are grown. Part of the rail route is along a

previously existing railway line, the Marampa-Pepel line, originally developed by the Sierra Leone

Development Corporation (DELCO) in the 1930s as a mineral railway to transport ore from the

Marampa Iron Ore Mine

The railway has not operated since 1985, when the last iron ore shipment was made. Since that time,

the GoSL has assumed ownership and management of the disused rail line. The remaining

infrastructure is the subject of the AML / GoSL 99-year lease agreement referred to above.

Port

A car and passenger ferry service is in operation between Tagrin Point Ferry Terminal across the

estuary to the Kissy Ferry Terminal located 4 km to the east of central Freetown. This service

provides a link between Freetown and the Lungi Airport located 16 km from the Tagrin Point Ferry

Terminal. Passenger-only ferry services also run on a daily basis from Port Loko to Tagrin and Kissy

using large pirogue vessels.

The area is estimated by local authorities to have a population of upto 9,000 as of November 2009. It

is anticipated that commercial activity near the ferry terminal supports further livelihoods in the wider

region. Approximately 35 fishing boats operate from a fish landing facility adjacent to the ferry

terminal. Fishing is an important socio-economic activity in the area.

Describe any possible alternative site(s)

The location of the ore at Tonkolili is fixed and the preferred locations of the logistics infrastructure,

transportation routes and ancillary features such as tailings facilities have been selected based

predominantly on engineering factors and will be evaluated for their environmental and social effects,

along with any feasible alternatives, in accordance with Best Practice. These will be the subject of

more detailed studies prior to selecting the final sites and routes. In terms of the project’s linear

features, adherence as far as possible to existing / pre-existing rail and road routes will be a priority

where feasible to minimise environmental and social impacts.

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February 2010



Although Pepel Port is under consideration as a short term solution for export of the hematite product,

it is not considered a viable long-term option to the proposed Tagrin Point Port development due to the

port being unsuitable for cape-sized vessels (i.e. approximately 19 m draft) and dredging that may be

required to maintain deep water access through the channel.

As with the Marampa-Pepel railway, Pepel Port has not been operated since 1985 but infrastructure is

still present in the area including housing and office facilities, a power plant, fuel tanks, conveyer belts

and a jetty / ship loader. The current and predominant land use around the existing railway and port

facilities is agriculture. Fishing activities and passenger ferries operate in Pepel Town and nearby

Tasso Island, while Bunce Island, located 1.8 km off Pepel Port, has some tourist potential.

Describe other types of industries or facilities (including health centres and schools), which are

located within 100 metres of the site, or are proposed to be located near the facility. Indicate the

proximity of the industrial, factory or project site and or proposed site to residential areas, national

parks or areas of ecological, historical or cultural importance.

Proximity to residential areas

The Tonkolili Project ore bodies lie largely within the Kalansogia Chiefdom. Potentially affected

villages include Kalansogia, Kafe-Simiria and Sambia-Bendugu Chiefdoms (Figure 5). The nearest

villages to the ore bodies are Farangbaya, Kegbema, Keimadugu 1, Keimadugu 2 and Gbonbomba.

These villages are most likely to fall within the project’s direct footprint and hence may have to be

relocated prior to commencement of mine development. Several other villages in the lease area may

lie within the project affected area depending on the final design and location of mine infrastructure.

The railway corridor extends across several chiefdoms (Figure 6). There are several settlements along

the railway corridor and there are households situated next to the existing railway Right of Way

(ROW).

There are numerous villages and settlements at and in the vicinity of Tagrin Point, most of which are

located along the road from Lungi to the ferry terminal at Tagrin Point itself. Many of these

settlements will fall in the project affected area and as such, may also require relocation.

The project will consider community investment options in the vicinity of project developments

including programmes that would enhance the reliability of supply and quality of drinking water,

medical facilities, employment, schooling and livelihood schemes in project affected areas.



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Proximity to Ecological Areas

There are two designated forest reserves within the vicinity of the project; the Farangbaya Forest

Reserve (12.6 ha), which has a rainforest ecosystem and is located approximately 10 km south-east of

the town of Bumbuna and the Malal Hills (3.39 ha), located 10 km south of the alignment east of the

town of Marampa (Figure 4). The Port Loko Strict Nature Reserve (2.16 ha) is located approximately

4.5 km north of the proposed ore transport corridor nearby to Port Loko town.

Within the mine concession, there are mainly two habitats of conservation interest both of which have

limited distribution within the existing exploration lease area:





Forest patches on slopes in limited locations, notably Simbili and Kegbema, some of which are

associated with Society Bush areas access which is restricted to local communities; and







Riverine forest strips along river valleys, notably well preserved east of Farangbaya village.



The proposed port location at Tagrin Point is situated within the Sierra Leone River Estuary which is

characterised by substantial areas of mudflats and mangrove forests. It is the receiving environment

for the Rokel / Seli Rivers. The larger estuarine environment is a designated Ramsar (wetlands

conservation) site acknowledging its international importance for palae-arctic migrant wader birds that

are present in large numbers on the rich feeding ground mudflats during northern hemisphere winter

periods. The estuary is known to support at least 36 over-wintering wader species, the most common

being the Curlew Sandpiper, Red Shank and Ringed Plover as reported by Birdlife International.

Rail lines at Port Loko that are proposed for upgrading, traverse an area of high ecological value

associated with extensive mangrove forests along Port Loko Creek and at Pepel Island, both of which

are within the Sierra Leone River Estuary designated Ramsar site. Birdlife International reports that a

total of 36 wader species have been recorded in the estuary and numbers are known to exceed 20,000

regularly during the migration season. The IUCN also reports, among other species of conservation

value, populations of West African Manatee (Trichechus senegalensis) in the estuary.

Proximity to Areas of Historical and /or Cultural Importance

Refurbishment of the Pepel Port facility and export of iron ore product will lead to the rejuvenation of

marine traffic between Taso Island and Pepel Island. The port itself is approximately 1.8 km from

Bunce Island, which was declared a national monument in 1948 for its historical links to the Atlantic

slave trade and is a focus of international interest.

Indicate whether adequate infrastructure exists at the location and / or proposed location and

whether old or new buildings, roads, electricity and water lines or drainage systems exist at the

location and / or proposed site.

Current infrastructure at the mine site is limited to unpaved roads and community infrastructure such

as water wells, social halls and market buildings within a few villages. Although the Bumbuna

Hydroelectric facility is nearby, it provides no electricity distribution in the immediate project area.

Sealed roads are situated along a portion of the proposed rail ROW adjacent to the main MakeniFreetown highway and the Lungi-Tagrin Ferry road. Water and electricity supplies are not available

in these areas.

Infrastructure development is required across all project areas and is the subject of current design

studies. The new infrastructure required includes:





Power generation / distribution infrastructure;



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Environmental Impact Assessment Screening Form

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Tonkolili Iron Ore Project

February 2010







Water storage and supply infrastructure;







Storm water and effluent management systems;







Mine waste and tailings management facilities;







Road infrastructure including site access roads and internal roads at loading / unloading

facilities;







Railway infrastructure (both new and upgraded);







Construction and operations waste management facilities;







Port infrastructure including both new and upgraded facilities (i.e. offshore berths / material

transfer facilities and container storage and fuel storage facilities.)







Supporting infrastructure at the mine site including offices, change houses, laboratories,

workshops, stores, fuel depot, heating and cooling systems, lighting, mine rescue station, fire

station, medical facilities, non-mining waste management facilities, hazardous materials

management storage areas, sewage treatment facilities, communication systems and security

and staff accommodation facilities.



SECTION 3: EMPLOYEES AND LABOURERS

Number of people employed

The Tonkolili Iron Ore Project, currently in the exploration phase, already employs approximately 700

people making it a significant employer in Sierra Leone. When the Project advances to the

construction phase a substantial increase in workforce numbers is envisaged. Current estimates

indicate total construction phase employment (comprising international and national project personnel)

will be around 5,000. This work-force will be spread across all project locations (i.e. mine site,

processing plant, transport routes and port facilities) according to the construction schedule. It is

therefore important to note that certain areas may be more active at an earlier stage than others during

the infrastructure development phase of the project. Construction is expected to take approximately

36 months to complete.

While some production will be generated during the project construction phase, when construction

reaches completion, the Project will enter the fully operational phase during which employment will

stabilise at a lower level than during the construction phase. Although fewer in number, jobs available

during the operational phase will represent long-term opportunities with the potential to support

families and communities over the lifetime of the mining operations

Indicate whether you have or plan to construct housing / sanitation facilities for temporary or

permanent workers.

It is envisaged that temporary construction camps will be built to house the project construction

workforce during the construction phase. The housing needs for the construction workforce will be

evaluated in consultation with local community leaders and stakeholders. Facilities associated with

these construction camps (such as on-site sewerage treatment plants and waste management facilities)

will be required and are being designed by current studies.

During operations, accommodation for international and TCN employees will be provided possibly in

the scaled down construction camps. All infrastructure requirements such as access roads, power

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Environmental Impact Assessment Screening Form

WorleyParsons



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project

February 2010



supply, water and sanitation, security and waste management will feature in the project development

plans as they are progressed.



SECTION 4:



DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRIAL PROCESS



Briefly describe the type and nature of industrial processes at the installation and / or proposed

installation.

The mining process will follow industry standards for open cast mining and will include drilling,

blasting, loading, hauling and primary crushing.

Following excavation, ore will be loaded onto large haul trucks for transfer to the primary crushers. It

is envisaged that at least six primary crushers will be utilized before product is conveyed to a Run of

Mine (ROM) stockpile.

Hematite ore will undergo beneficiation consisting of segregation and sorting with limited enrichment

or processing. Magnetite ore will undergo additional milling to achieve a finer size fraction. This will

be followed by further processing including magnetic separation and flotation to produce a

concentrate.

Finally, the concentrate or beneficiated ore stockpiled at the mine location will be transported by rail

to the port facility for export.

Tailings will be pumped to the tailings facility from the ore process plant.

State the type and quantity of energy used (including the origin of the energy i.e. public utility, on

site generator, wood, solar, wind etc.)

At this stage, AML are assessing a number of different options for energy supply, including hydroelectric power from existing sources available in-country and a new power supply (fuel choice as yet

undefined). It is likely that the power supply for the Tonkolili Project will come from a combination

of sources. The project power requirements currently under assessment but will be a minimum of

450 MW.

Estimate the quantity of water used

Water supply for the Tonkolili Project will be derived from a combination of surface and groundwater

sources. At the mine, water will be supplied from a purpose built reservoir (Mawura) which will have

a sufficiently large water storage capacity (currently assumed to be 20Gl) for the project to have

security of supply through dry season conditions. Outflow from the tailings facility may have a net

positive benefit to downstream users by regulating flow during the dry season. It is assumed that

make-up water will be needed during the initial 18 months of production before the reservoir achieves

design storage capacity. Water losses from evaporation, seepage and retention of moisture in the

tailings and concentrate will be met by drawing down impounded, excess wet season flow. A project

water balance is currently being confirmed. Groundwater abstraction is the preferred water supply

option for other infrastructure elements of the project.

List the type and quantity of raw material (s) used per year in the production process (including soil,

sand, cement, aggregates, wood, animals etc). Identify the source (s) of raw material (s).

Significant quantities of raw materials including water, cement, sand, aggregate, steel and timber will

be required for the construction and operation of the Tonkolili Project. At the time of writing, details

regarding the quantities and sources of raw materials are still being assessed.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Screening Form

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Tonkolili Iron Ore Project

February 2010



List all of the chemical (s) used in the production process or expected to be used for any aspect of

the production process.

Chemicals used in iron ore production and processing include explosives, binders and flotation

chemicals, although a variety of other products will also be required including fuels, lubricants, dust

control agents and water treatment chemicals. At the time of writing, a full inventory of chemicals

and the quantities required is being prepared as part of design works.



SECTION 5:



PRODUCTS



Briefly state the nature of the product (s) or output of the facility and or proposed facility, and the

expected quantities on a quarterly or annual basis. Indicate the use and or intended use of the

product (s).

NAME



DESCRIPTION OF USES



Hematite iron ore



Products will be shipped to 5 – 10 MT/year

offshore markets for the

manufacturing of steel and

associated products.



Magnetite iron ore concentrates



Products will be shipped to 45 MT/year with the possibility

offshore markets for the for increasing to 90MT/year

manufacturing of steel and after a project Stage II

associated products.

development



SECTION 6:



OUTPUT



BY PRODUCTS, WASTE MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL



Specify the nature of each waste or by-product and the quantity generated or to be generated.

Waste from mining operations is primarily waste rock excavated to expose the ore bearing material

and tailings comprised of water and unwanted (unrecoverable and uneconomic) minerals. Current

estimates suggest that approximately 120 million tonnes / annum of tailings will be produced . Waste

volumes are dependent on density and bulk water content and final project waste volumes will be

determined as part of the current project design works.

Other hazardous and non-hazardous waste streams include vegetation wastes (i.e. wood waste and

green wastes from vegetation clearance), hydrocarbon wastes, domestic wastes (both biodegradable

and non-biodegradable), medical waste and chemical wastes. Wastes inventories (i.e. types and

volumes) have not yet been determined but will be calculated during later stages of the project design

process.

Liquid waste will be present in the form of wastewater from the mine site facilities and camp

including sewage and grey water, mine wastewater derived from dewatering activities in the mine pits

and supernatant from the tailings facility. Treated wastewater will be used as process make-up water

as far as practicable.



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Environmental Impact Assessment Screening Form

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Tonkolili Iron Ore Project

February 2010



No major gaseous emissions are expected from the project however diesel powered machinery and

processors will produce exhaust gases emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2), NOX, and SOX and

PM10 (particulates). Fugitive dust control will be implemented especially during the dry season.

Details on the quantity of project-related liquid wastes and gaseous emissions are the subject of

ongoing studies and appropriate waste management plans focusing on minimisation, re-use, recycling

in preference to straight disposal, will be developed for each waste stream.

State the method of disposal or management (e.g. dump site, burning, bury etc).

Details of waste management strategies have not yet been finalised. All hazardous and non-hazardous

wastes will however, be collected, transported, processed, recycled or disposed of in a manner that

meets the requirements of the GoSL and Good International Industry Practice as defined in IFC's

Performance Standard 3 on Pollution Prevention and Abatement.

Waste rock will be placed in engineered waste rock dumps within the mining lease

Tailings will be discharged to a tailings facility. Tailings dams will be engineered for the storage of

these wastes and to maximise the volume of water available for reclamation for re-use as process

make-up water.

Indicate the sources of noise pollution, the type / quality of noise (i.e. machinery / repetitive

pounding etc).

Noise pollution sources will vary between the different project phases (i.e. construction, operation and

decommissioning). Noise sources will include equipment noise (both stationary and non-stationary),

blasting noise and vibration and will be both sporadic and continuous as detailed below.

SOURCE OF NOISE



TYPE OF NOISE



Equipment



Continuous



Vehicles/Transport activities



Sporadic



Processing plant



Continuous



Blasting



Sporadic



Vibration



Sporadic



Stockpiling



Sporadic but at regular intervals



Piling during construction



Sporadic



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Environmental Impact Assessment Screening Form

WorleyParsons



SECTION 7:



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project

February 2010



ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS



Please indicate environmental impact (s) that may occur as a result of the factory / industrial

process and or the process of proposed project.

Potential environmental and social impacts associated with the Tonkolili Project have been identified

at a preliminary level and are presented in the following table. Impacts have been identified via an

initial screening process based on the present understanding of project design and its environmental

and social setting. Knowledge gained from previous experience with similar projects has also been

used.

NATURE OF IMPACT



Air Quality



Y/N



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ANTICIPATED

IMPACTS



Y



Dust and particulate emissions associated with mine

operations including ore loading, transport and

crushing and processing and vehicular movements.

Gaseous emissions from diesel powered equipment –

sulphur oxides (SOX), nitrous oxides (NOX), carbon

monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2).



Surface Drainage



Y



Alteration of surface drainage patterns and systems as

a result of the development of project-related surface

infrastructure including mine pits, tailings facility,

buildings, roads and railways.

Alteration of surface drainage flows due to the

impoundment of water for use in ore processing and

other mine related activities (e.g. wetting down during

dry seasons).



Landscape



Y



Changes to the visual environment of the mine, haul

road corridor and port facility.



Forest cover



Y



Potential loss of some forest areas and associated

habitats.



Vegetation



Y



Improved understanding and knowledge of flora

through specialist ESHIA studies will be undertaken

to gather greater knowledge and improve

understanding for management / protection of the

project area ecosystem.

Loss to vegetation cover due to construction of:





Waste rock dumps and tailings facility;







Mine site infrastructure including offices,

stores, workshops and accommodation camps;



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Environmental Impact Assessment Screening Form

WorleyParsons

NATURE OF IMPACT



Y/N



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project

February 2010



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ANTICIPATED

IMPACTS

and





Haul road and railway line.



Indirect impacts on vegetation as a result of changes to

project area hydrological regime.

Increased pressure on forest and related resources as a

result of increased population (i.e. formal and

speculative workers and their families) at and near to

the project development sites.

Human Population



Y



Increased job opportunities and socio-economic

improvements associated with direct and indirect

project benefits.

Skills transfer through training and sourcing labour

and goods and services locally where possible.

Improved access to markets and social infrastructure

through project induced infrastructure programs (i.e.

through construction of road and rail routes.

Increased national profile through world class

development and size of resource.

Government

royalties.



national



revenue



from



taxes



and



Relocation of families, homesteads, villages and loss

of community infrastructure.

Loss of agricultural land or access to land in some

project affected communities / population centres.

Potential for loss of community cohesion during the

resettlement process.

Potential disturbance of sacred sites and graves.

Changes to livelihoods whether physically relocated or

economically affected.

Potential interference with fishing and fish marketing

activities (infrastructure at port, vessel movements,



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Environmental Impact Assessment Screening Form

WorleyParsons

NATURE OF IMPACT



Y/N



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project

February 2010



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ANTICIPATED

IMPACTS

dredging).

Effects on any artisanal mining activity being

undertaken at project sites.

Nuisance due to increased traffic and general

community health and safety issues associated with

project activities such as blasting, transportation,

stockpiling, etc.

Population influx and changes in the demographics of

the area.

Changes in the community health profile due to

increased / additional exposure to social pathologies..

Long-term vulnerability of mine

livelihoods at decommissioning stage.



dependent



Potential impact on natural resources – hunting and

fishing grounds, Society Bush, sources of medicinal

plants, firewood, construction materials.

Animal Population



Y



Improved understanding and knowledge of fauna

through specialist ESHIA studies may lead to

identification of new species and generally greater

knowledge and management / protection of the

surrounding ecosystem.

Potential impact on habitat and populations of

endemic species of conservation importance.

Increased migrant and long term population with

increase in hunting. Increase in hunting activities in

previously difficult to access areas.



Soil quality



Y



Potential soil contamination due to accidental loss of

containment of liquid substances.



Soil erosion



Y



Altered stability of soils increasing erosion.

Potential for

watercourses.



sedimentation



and



pollution



Permanent loss of soil cover over developed areas.



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of



Environmental Impact Assessment Screening Form

WorleyParsons

NATURE OF IMPACT



Water quality



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project

February 2010



Y/N



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ANTICIPATED

IMPACTS



Y



Potential for acid or alkaline waste rock and / or

tailings resulting in the need to consider potential for

acid mine drainage.

Potential seepage from mine and mineral-processing

residue disposal facilities.

Potential seepage from waste water holding facilities

at the project site.

Discharges from the project site during storm events.

Accidental release of chemicals, fuels, polluted water,

sewage etc at project sites.



Water resources



Y



Potential changes in water resources for downstream

users due to use of water by mining operations.



Noise



Y



Potential for disturbance of sensitive receptors in the

vicinity of the development during construction and

mining operations.

Potential for ground vibration

operations causing disturbance.



Special Habitats



Y



during



blasting



Possible losses of habitats of conservation importance

Loss of some mangrove / intertidal habitats due to port

construction / expansion.

Habitat fragmentation due to road / rail construction.



Other



Y



Infrastructure development: Advantages for improved

access, leading to development and growth of local

businesses and economy. Ports / rail development

may make smaller mineral deposits in the area more

economically viable.

Archaeology and cultural heritage: Potential

disturbance of sites of archaeological, historic or

cultural importance.

Marine water and marine environment: Potential

changes to benthic communities as a result of offshore

dredging and associated spoil disposal activities.



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Environmental Impact Assessment Screening Form

WorleyParsons

NATURE OF IMPACT



Y/N



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project

February 2010



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ANTICIPATED

IMPACTS

Potential changes in coastal hydrodynamics due to

port development works.

Major accidents: Accidental events associated with

project facilities (e.g. landslides and slippages, dam

failures, holding pond facilities, hydrocarbon spills).



SECTION 8:



PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES



Indicate the measures (s) employed to mitigate against damage likely to be caused by the factory /

industrial process and / or proposed project to humans and /or the environment.

At this stage of the project, only a preliminary screening and scoping of potential environmental and

social impacts has been possible. As baseline studies and impact assessments have not been

completed, potential risks / impacts cannot be fully quantified. Mitigation measures are therefore, still

to be fully defined but will be guided by the principles outlined in the table below.



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Environmental Impact Assessment Screening Form

WorleyParsons

NO LIKELY DAMAGE TO

1



Air Quality



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project

February 2010



MITIGATION MEASURES

Consider fuel efficiency when selecting equipment and

vehicles.

Avoidance of incineration as a waste disposal method.

Implement dust control measures during dry season.

Prepare and implement an Emissions Management Plan.



2



Drainage



Baseline studies of hydrology and hydrogeology to ensure

effective design outcomes.

Minimise diversion of surface water drainage.

Prepare and implement a Water Management Plan.



3



Landscape



Develop a Rehabilitation Management Plan including mine

restoration programme.

Minimise earth works for road / rail construction and

prioritise naturally flat areas for the siting of the transport

corridor and the establishment of camps / project

infrastructure.



4



Forest cover



Minimise disturbance to

undisturbed forest areas.



established



and



presently



Prepare and implement a Rehabilitation Management Plan

including off-setting protocols.

5



Vegetation



Conduct further baseline studies to understand and assess

relative conservation values of resident floral species.

Minimise disturbance to areas with well developed

vegetation coverage.

Prepare and implement a Rehabilitation Management Plan.



6



Human Population



Establish buffer zones around populated areas to avoid

nuisance disturbance.

Conduct comprehensive stakeholder consultation in a “free,

prior and informed” manner.

Prepare and implement a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP)

including comprehensive household asset surveys and



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Environmental Impact Assessment Screening Form

WorleyParsons

NO LIKELY DAMAGE TO



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project

February 2010



MITIGATION MEASURES

consultative entitlement determination.

Implement a Social Management Plan to maximise benefits

to local population and economy. This will include a

focussed and cost effective community investment program

to replace community infrastructure lost as a result of

resettlement and to augment existing infrastructure in

neighbouring communities and host resettlement sites.

Community Heath and Safety Plan to set out steps required

to minimise risk associated with project activities.

Training programs for local employees and entrepreneurs.



7



Animal Population



Baseline studies to understand potential impacts on local

ecosystems.

Strictly ban hunting among project employees.

Establish buffer zones around important habitats for fauna.

Minimise (control) movements of personnel to avoid

disturbance.

Prepare and implement an Ecological Management Plan to

protect and where possible enhance populations of endemic

/ indigenous and particularly protected species.



8



Soil quality



Baseline studies.

Develop a Spill Prevention and Response Plan and a Waste

Management Plan to prevent soil, groundwater and / or

surface water contamination.

Prepare and implement an Ecological Management Plan

including soils management protocol (stripping, stockpiling

and re-use).



9



Soil erosion



Minimise effects on the stability of land and land capability

through management of vegetation removal and detailed

engineering of the development.

Prepare Ecological Management Plan including soils

protocol.



10



Water quality



Prepare and implement a Spill Prevention and Response

Plan and a Waste Management Plan to prevent water



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Environmental Impact Assessment Screening Form

WorleyParsons

NO LIKELY DAMAGE TO



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project

February 2010



MITIGATION MEASURES

contamination.



11



Water resources



Prepare a project water balance.

Ensure that water project –realted water abstraction / use

does not jeopardize water supply for any population or preexisting (domestic / community) water well.

Prepare and implement a Water Management Plan with

linkages to the Community Investment Plan.



12



Noise



Prioritise use of noise-efficient vehicles and equipment.

Minimise equipment and vehicle use.

Prepare and implement an Emissions Management Plan.



13



Special Habitats



Offsetting of habitats potentially disturbed / damaged by the

project activities.

Establishment of buffer zones around special habitats close

to project sites.

Prepare and implement an Ecological Management Plan that

includes a protected / sensitive areas protocol.

Institutional strengthening of a Ramsar site management

system.



14



Others



Agriculture and grazing areas: Minimise disturbance of

agricultural and grazing areas / establishment of buffer

zones or compensation mechanisms through Resettlement

Action Plan.

Archaeology and cultural heritage: Avoid disturbance of

sites of archaeological, historic or cultural importance.

Marine water and marine environment: Prepare and

implement a Marine Environment Management Plan to

minimise disturbance of marine habitats and minimise the

risk of marine pollution events.

Fishing: Minimise disturbances to existing fishing activities

and infrastructure.

Health issues: Prepare and implement a Community Health



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Environmental Impact Assessment Screening Form

WorleyParsons

NO LIKELY DAMAGE TO



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project

February 2010



MITIGATION MEASURES

Management Plan.



State any and all experience you have with implementing the above mentioned mitigation measure

(s). If you do not have prior experience, what skill (s) do you possess to implement these mitigation

measures?

WorleyParsons has considerable experience in conducting Environmental and Social Impact

Assessments (ESIA) processes globally across all regions of the world. A list of recent ESIA projects

conducted by WorleyParsons is attached. Projects included the development and implementation of

mitigation and management measures for large industrial (including mining) operations.

What staff training is provided or will be provided to ensure compliance with health and safety

standards?

Health and Safety training will be provided by AML to ensure that all activities associated with the

Tonkolili Project are undertaken in accordance with the requirements of the GoSL and GIIP. Health

and Safety training will be compulsory for all employees, prior to commencing any work.



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Environmental Impact Assessment Screening Form

WorleyParsons



SECTION 9:



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project

February 2010



TESTIMONY



I confirm that the information provided herein is accurate to the best of my knowledge. I will also

endeavour to provide additional information and facilitate a site visit if required.

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY



Date:



Reviewed by:

Classified



A



B



C



Reasons for the Classification:



Endorsed by:



Date:



Approved by Director



Date:



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WorleyParsons Selected Environmental and Social Projects

A list of previous projects undertaken by WorleyParsons of a similar nature to this project is listed in

the Environmental, Social & Health Impact Assessment Capability & Experience Brochure.

WorleyParsons is undertaking this ESHIA study in conjunction with Sierra Leone and International

Project partners currently comprising CEMMATS Group (Freetown, SL), SRK International (Cardiff,

UK) and Kew Gardens (London, UK), among others.



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PHASE 1 ESHIA



APPENDIX 1

ESHIA Pre-Screening Announcement & Correspondence



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Date: 13 November 2009



ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA)

Attn. Mr Jusu

Director of the Environment, EPA

rd



3 Floor, Youyi Building

Freetown, Sierra Leone

Re: Tonkolili Iron Ore Project

Dear Mr Jusu,

African Minerals Limited (AML) is pleased to announce our intention to develop the Tonkolili

iron ore mine in Sierra Leone. We would like to request the EPA formally consider this project

in terms of regulation of environmental and social aspects.

Due to the project’s size and significance AML anticipate that an Environmental Impact

Assessment (EIA) will be required in accordance with the regulations set out in the

Environment Protection Act 2008.

Additionally, AML understands that in order to transition from exploration activities to

operational mining, a lease is required from the Ministry of Mineral Resources. The lease

application needs to be accompanied by an EIA with proposals for mitigation of identified

environmental impacts. We therefore realise the EIA could be a critical aspect of the project

schedule.

It is understood that we may only undertake EIA under licence from the EPA. We are also

aware that the EPA is required to screen the project and advise on statutory procedures. We

wish to launch the environmental and social process as quickly as possible so that EIA work

can interact with the engineering design which is currently being assessed in a Feasibility

Study due to be completed in 2010. To this purpose we are attaching a brief project

description of the planned activities in Sierra Leone.



AML are committed to maintaining the highest corporate and ethical standards throughout the

life of this project. It is anticipated that the EIA will address not only environmental but also

social and health aspects, subject to EPA’s determination. We would therefore kindly request

the EPA to consider the project and advise on the appropriate screening and further

procedures to obtain an EIA licence, if required.

We believe this project will be of national significance and convey significant benefits to Sierra

Leone through increasing local employment, infrastructure, government revenue, institutional

capacity building and commitment to high standards of environmental and social practice.

AML has already invested significantly in the exploration activities at Tonkolili and are

confident of developing a world-class iron project. The project is aiming to produce 45 Mtpa

of iron ore from a resource that has currently has been proven to contain more than 5.1 Bt of

recoverable ore making it one of the world’s largest magnetite deposits.

We have nominated the company WorleyParsons as EIA contractor for this project who will

be represented in Sierra Leone by a local agent to facilitate the regulatory approval and

maintain in-country continuity. We request that your response is emailed to the following:

Mr Steve Allard (AML) – steve.allard@african-minerals.com

Mr Philip Burris (WorleyParsons) – philip.burris@worleyparsons.com

We sincerely look forward to working with the EPA on this project and developing good

environmental outcomes by furthering the opportunities for sustainable development in

conjunction with the Government of Sierra Leone.

Yours sincerely,



Steve Allard

VP Infrastructure - African Minerals Limited



TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT DESCRIPTION

African Minerals Limited (AML) is developing a new iron ore mine identified as the Tonkolili

Iron Ore mine in Sierra Leone. The Project is planned to produce 45 Mtpa of iron ore

comprising:

o



Predominantly magnetite with a grade containing 68% to 70% Fe with a

minimum particle size of 38 µm from a resource deposit identified containing 5.1

Billion tonnes of recoverable ore.



o



Some Hematite (lump and fines)



The mine project area is located approximately 200 km east of Freetown, the capital city of

Sierra Leone.

The project will comprise the mine and process plant facilities supported by a rail network to

transfer the concentrate product to the stockyards and handling facilities at the port area

which is to be located in the Tagrin Point area, North of Freetown and South of the Lungi

airport.

Three ore bodies have been identified for production and it is envisaged that staged

development will be undertaken, dependent on the exploration activities which are currently

underway to maximize return on the investment. It is likely that additional ore bodies will

subsequently be developed as the understanding of the geological conditions and the mine

reserves mature.

To commercialise the Tonkolili Resource, AML will execute an integrated greenfield

development through the construction of new facilities which include:





A new mine and ore processing plant at Tonkolili, to produce 45 Mtpa of magnetite;







A new deepwater port and associated infrastructure at Tagrin Point suitable for loading

Cape size vessels for the export of 45 Mtpa iron ore;







Approximately 200km of new standard gauge, heavy haul railway from Tonkolili to Tagrin

Point, and







All associated support infrastructure to deliver and operate the project safely and

successfully.



At the mine the project development will comprise three open cast mines, ROM pads, the

central minerals processing facilities and support infrastructure such as power, water, access

roads, air terminal, accommodation facilities, workshops, warehouses, laboratories,

administration buildings and train loading facility.

The port will initially be capable of 45MTPA which will be expandable to 90MTPA plus. At the

port a rotary train unloader will convey the concentrate to stockpiles. Reclaimers in the 2

stockyards will collect the product and convey to the open water port which will then be

loaded onto a ship via the ship loader.



Mine and Process Plant

The Mine and Process Plant will be sited to enable the extraction and processing of the iron

ore resource body to enable overland transport by rail to the Port for the export of the iron

concentrate. Current mine processing site selection is about to commence and as such

various options are to be investigated. The facilities to be provided for the overall

development include:





Development of three open cast pits to access the ore deposits at Simbili, Marampon and

Numbara;







Overburden waste management;







Location of the Run of Mine (ROM) pad;







Primary Crushing facilities







Secondary Crushing facilities;







Product Screening facilities;







Tertiary Crushing facilities;







Primary and Fine Grinding;







Flotation;







Tailings Storage Facility;







Product Handling;







Train Loading Facility;







Reagent Storage Facility;







Laboratory and Sample Stations;







Airport;







Power Plant;







Water Treatment Plant;







Waste Water Treatment Plant; and







Administration, Training, Maintenance and Warehousing Facilities.



Rail

The Tonkolili rail encompasses the construction of approximately 200km of heavy haulage

railway and associated infrastructure from the Tonkolili mine to Tagrin Port. The aim is to

develop the rail infrastructure with a minimum capacity of 45 Mtpa. The design of the railway

and associated facilities needs to be able to be readily expanded to 90 Mtpa while ensuring

sufficient space is available to expand the operation to an ultimate development capacity of

200 Mtpa plus.

The rail alignment will be designed to best suit the project with regards to construction costs

and social impact.

Key areas of the rail are the Port, Mine and marshalling yards.



Access Roads

An access road will run the full length of rail alignment from port to mine. The utilisation of this

road is to be determined whether it will be the main Tonkolili mine access road or be a rail

maintenance road.

Construction of a temporary haul road for hauling product from Tonkolili to the existing railway

at Marampa is envisaged as a separate project to the current Project. Synergies however will

need to be encompassed and it would seem likely that the temporary haul road will follow the

proposed Tonkolili rail alignment and the balance between rail and road will be optimized

once the heavy haul rail system is operational.



Port Facilities

A port facility with a capacity of 45 Mtpa will be developed. The design of the facilities needs

to ensure sufficient capacity for increased expansion in future. This port facility will likely

become the paramount Port facility in the West African region. The overall port layout needs

to provide sufficient space to enable an ultimate development of a total capacity of 200 Mtpa.



The port is separated into In-Loading and Out-Loading circuits separated by the product

stockpiles. There is the ability to through load built into this system, i.e. there is a direct ore

path from the Car Dumpers to the Ship loaders.

-



The In-Loading circuit is defined as the area and equipment between the ore wagon

and the stockpiles. There is one In-Loading circuit constructed as part of initial port

with a second In-loading circuit (for the 90 Mtpa) being incorporated in the design of

the facilities.



-



The stockpiles rows will consist of 5 stockpiles each of a nominal 200 kt live capacity.

The length of the live stockyard is nominally 1,100 m. The 45 Mtpa yard will require 2

live stockyard rows which will result in 4 total stockyard rows, the outer two being

dead rows (which can be stacked but not reclaimed). The 90 Mtpa expansion will

add an additional 2 live stockyard rows which will result in 6 stockyard rows, the outer

two will be dead rows (which can be stacked but not reclaimed).



-



The Out-Loading circuit is defined as from the stockpiles to the ship. There is one

Out-Loading circuits constructed as part of 45 Mtpa. The Out-Loading circuit will

have the ability to be able to feed either ship loader from either reclaimer for the 90

Mtpa design.



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PHASE 1 ESHIA



APPENDIX 2

Environmental Aspects Register



Draft ENVID Table - Construction

Project

Component



Port



Project Activity

Development of

port infrastructure/

rehabilitation

activities



Action/ Aspect

Resettlement



Consequence/related

issues

Relocation of families,

homesteads, villages and

community infrastructure



Potential impacts - Bio-physical

Disturbance on terrestrial and coastal

ecosystems due to relocation

Loss of biodiversity



Potential impacts - Social

Loss of access to common property

resources

Loss of access to cultural resources.

Human rights abuses (related to

resistance of displacement).

Psychological impacts on individuals

manifesting as apathy, helplessness

and a sense of inadequacy.

Breakdown of social networks and

community cohesion (community

disarticulation)

Food insecurity.

Civil unrest and instability.

Exacerbation of inequality.

Increase in availability of jobs



Land clearance



Disturbance of the ecosystem



Changes in wetland pattern



Changes in food stock

General health



Vehicles and

machinery

Cranes and

equipment



Changes in air quality

Disturbance of ecosystem



Lighting



Disturbance of ecosystem



Construction Noise



Noise



Disturbance of ecosystem



Habitat changes

Loss of information and values to

current and future generations.

Impoverishment of land users

Disturbance of ecosystem

Problems with public health



Respiratory health



Disturbance of surrounding land users.



Dust and particulate

Clearance of area

(Ore stock piles and

scrap metal)

Noise

Rainwater run-off & oil spills



Disposal of contaminated

soils



Changes in air quality

Disturbance of ecosystem

Disturbance of ecosystem

Disturbance Marine ecosystem

Water and sediment quality

Groundwater quality

Groundwater contamination

Soil contamination



Handling of acid sulphate soils



Expansion of Fuel

F

f iliti



General health



Loss of biodiversity & sensitive habitat



Variation of Microclimatic

conditions

Disturbance archaeological,

historic or cultural important

sites

Loss of biodiversity and

agricultural land

Dust and particulate

emissions



Borrow pits



Potential impacts Health



soil contamination

Potential spillage from



General health

Disturbance of sensitive receptors in

the community

Problems with public health



Respiratory health



Disturbance of sensitive receptors in

the community

Problems with public health

General health

Problems with public health

Problems with public health



Project

Component



Project Activity



Action/ Aspect

Farm facilities.



Marine structures

construction/

rehabilitation



Consequence/related

issues

Potential spillage from

refuelling /leakage

Physical presence



Potential impacts - Bio-physical



Changes in Sediment transport & coastal

landforms

Disturbance of estuary hydrodynamics &

changes in habitats



Disturbance Marine ecosystem

Water and sediment quality

Disturbance Marine ecosystem



Preservatives in installed

structures

Capital dredging



Dredging



Increased turbidity

Contaminated sediments

Disturbance of seabed

Changes in bathymetry



Contamination of water body

Reduced visibility, available oxygen &

sunlight penetration

Changes in water quality

Changes in bottom biota

Changes in hydrodynamics

Changes in salt wedge intrusion and

consequent change in ground water quality



Disposal at sea



Ship discharges & oil spills

Smothering of benthos

changes in current patterns



Workers Camp



Resettlement

Workers

accommodation



Contaminated sediments

Relocation of families



Presence of workers

Land clearance

Water resources



Abstraction of

groundwater



Changes in fisheries



temporary displace fisheries and other

estuary resources

Problems with public health

Changes in fisheries

Contamination of fish resource with

heavy metals

Effect on fisheries



Deterioration of habitats and biota in

freshwater streams & creeks



Food resources,

general health



Food resources,

general health



Problems with public health



Food resources,

general health



Food resources,

general health

Population uncontrolled influx; increase (immigration issues)

of prostitution and STD



Loss of biodiversity

Changes in groundwater quality (saline

intrusion)



Food resources



Effect on navigation



Changes in sediment transport (erosion and

Effect on fisheries

deposition pattern)

changes in downstream shoreline

Changes in water quality

Problems with public health

loss of bottom biota

biological recolonization rates

Effect on navigation

Changes in hydrodynamics

Accelerated shoaling

Changes in water quality

Loss of access to common property

Problems with surrounding

communities; Disturbance of

community structures.

Impact on habitat / resources



Food resources



Changes in navigation



Disturbance of the ecosystem

Reduction in groundwater

discharge to creeks and

estuary



Potential impacts Health



estuary contamination

groundwater contamination



Increase nearby bottom scouring

Rainwater run-off & oil spills



Potential impacts - Social



Deterioration of water quality for potable

and agricultural use in local

communities



Project

Component



Project Activity



Action/ Aspect



Consequence/related

issues

Lowering of groundwater

levels



Potential impacts - Bio-physical



Reduction of water availability from

shallow wells in local communities - e.g.

dry out earlier in dry season



Potential destabilization of the Ground subsidence

ground due to water

extraction

Use of surface water Reduced river flows

Deterioration of habitats and biota in

freshwater streams & creeks



Sanitation and

waste production



Waste water



discharges to estuary



Solid waste



Odour

Discharges to estuary



Implementing site Resettlement



Changes in water quality



Problems with public health



Disturbance Marine ecosystem



Effect on fisheries



Changes in air quality

Disturbance of marine ecosystem

Water quality



Disturbance of surrounding

Problems with public health



Odour



Changes in air quality



Land disposal



Groundwater contamination



Problems with public health



Habitat disruption / Land occupation



Reduction of agricultural land



Relocation of families,

homesteads, villages and



Potential impacts Health

General health



Reduction of water availability from

rivers for local community potable and

agricultural use



Effect on fisheries

Disturbance of surrounding

communities



Fly tipping

Inappropriate storage



Mine



Potential impacts - Social



Effect in agriculture & human health

Problems with public health

Problems with public health / vermin

control

Loss of access to common property

Disturbance on ecosystems due to relocationresources.

Loss of biodiversity

Loss of access to cultural resources.

Human rights abuses (related to

resistance of displacement).

Psychological impacts on individuals

manifesting as apathy, helplessness

and a sense of inadequacy.

Breakdown of social networks and

community cohesion (community

Food insecurity.

Civil unrest and instability.

Exacerbation of inequality.

Increase in availability of jobs



General health



Food resources,

general health



Soil contamination

Soil / Groundwater contamination

Soil / Groundwater contamination



General health



Positive health impact



Disturbance of the ecosystem

Land clearance



Loss of biodiversity

Disturbance of artisanal

mining activity

Disturbance archaeological,

historic or cultural important

sites



Deterioration in health

Loss of information and values to

current and future generations.



Food resources,

general health



Project

Component



Project Activity



Action/ Aspect



Consequence/related

issues



Potential impacts - Bio-physical



Food resources

Food insecurity.

Impacts on nomads that traverse the

mine site.



Disruption of migration routes



Excavations and

structures



Blasting & earth

movement



Impacts on animals that migrate across the

mine site.

Loss of habitats and species of

conservation importance.

Disturbance of ecosystem

Potential injuries



Risk of accidents

Disturbance of ecosystem



Visual



Noise

Intrusive effect on landscape



Lighting

Changes in drainage Sedimentation of

watercourses

patterns



Disturbance of ecosystem



Changes in water quality

Availability to downstream water to

ecosystems

Loss of groundwater storage Reduction in river baseflows through dry

due to removal of material

season

above bedrock

Local reduction in

Disturbance of ecosystems

groundwater levels and

discharge to rivers

Increased erosion

Changes in water quality

Disturbance of ecosystem

Leakage through and Contaminated (caustic) water Contamination of rivers and wetland areas

below tailings dam

enters groundwater

Resettlement



Potential impacts Health



Destruction of cultural resources and

sacred sites.

Inability to perform usual rites.

Loss of cultural values.

Offended descendants

Impoverishment of land users.



Disturbance of grave sites

Loss of agricultural land

capability



Loss of biodiversity and/or

ecological function



Potential impacts - Social



Relocation of families



Food resources,

general health



Safety



Disturbance of surrounding

General health

communities

Adversely affect other land uses such

as tourism

Disturbance of surrounding land users.

General Health

Changes in stability of land and land

capability.

Water availability to downstream users

Water availability to downstream users

General health

Reduction in water available for local

agriculture and potable use

Loss of land

Deterioration of well and river water

quality for potable and agricultural use

in local communities

Loss of access to common property

resources.

reduction of resources



Workers Camp

Disturbance of the ecosystem

Loss of biodiversity / increased pressure



Problems with surrounding

communities? Disturbance of

community structures?



Workers

accommodation

Disturbance of the ecosystem

Land clearance



Loss of biodiversity



General health

(immigration issues)

Food resources



Project

Component



Project Activity



Action/ Aspect



Consequence/related

issues



Construction of

Blasting & earth

water supply dam movement



Potential impacts - Bio-physical

Disturbance of ecosystem



Potential impacts - Social



Potential impacts Health



Potential injuries

Safety



Risk of accidents

Disturbance of ecosystem

Noise

Sedimentation of

watercourses



Disturbance of surrounding

communities



Changes in water quality downstream

General health



Water capture



Groundwater

resources



Abstraction of

groundwater



Change in sediment transport Disturbance of estuary dynamics

Increased erosion downstream

Availability to downstream water to

Changes in river flows

ecosystems

Reduced availability of

Disturbance of ecosystem

groundwater

Changes in water quality

Potential destabilization of the Ground subsidence

ground

Odour

Changes in air quality



Waste Generation

Land disposal



Rail /

road



Implementing

route



Resettlement



Opening of new

routes



Fly tipping

Inappropriate storage



Groundwater contamination

Soil contamination

Soil / Groundwater contamination

Soil / Groundwater contamination



Relocation of families,

homesteads, villages and

community infrastructure



Disturbance on ecosystems due to

relocation

Loss of biodiversity



Access for vehicles



Disturbance of ecosystem

Potential increase of hunting patterns /

increase pressure from poachers



Water availability to downstream users

Disturbance of surrounding land users



Disturbance of surrounding

communities

Problems with public health

Effect in agriculture

Problems with public health

Problems with public health / vermin

control

Loss of access to common property

resources.

Loss of access to cultural resources.

Human rights abuses (related to

resistance of displacement).

Psychological impacts on individuals

manifesting as apathy, helplessness

and a sense of inadequacy.

Breakdown of social networks and

community cohesion (community

disarticulation)

Food insecurity.

Deterioration in health.

Civil unrest and instability.

Exacerbation of inequality.

Increase in availability of jobs

Access to remote locations



General health



General health



Positive impact on

general health

Positive impact due to

increased access.



Project

Component



Project Activity



Action/ Aspect



Consequence/related

issues

Protection fences

construction



Potential impacts - Bio-physical



Potential impacts - Social



Barriers for fauna moves: rupture of

migration routes for mammals, fauna

communities isolation and amphibian

displacements



Food resources,

general health



Disturbance of the ecosystem

Land clearance



Deterioration in health

Loss of information and values to

current and future generations.

Destruction of cultural resources and

sacred sites.

Inability to perform usual rites.

Loss of cultural values.

Offended descendants

Impoverishment of land users.



Disturbance of grave sites

Loss of agricultural land

capability

Disruption of routes



Loss of biodiversity and/or

ecological function

Borrow / construction Loss of biodiversity and

agricultural land

materials

Vehicle emissions



Stack emissions

Excavations and

structures



Blasting & earth

movement



Dust and particulate

emissions

Dust and particulate

emissions

Risk of accidents

Dust generation

Vibration



Changes in drainage Sedimentation of

watercourses

patterns



Increase erosion



Noise

Resettlement

Workers Camp



Food resources,

general health



Loss of biodiversity

Disturbance of artisanal

mining activity

Disturbance archaeological,

historic or cultural important

sites



Noise

Relocation of families



Potential impacts Health



Impacts on animals migration routes



Food insecurity

Impacts on nomads that traverse the

mine site.

Loss of access to food/crop resources. Food resources,

general health



Loss of habitats and species of

conservation importance.

Impoverishment of land users

Potential injuries

Problems with public health

Deterioration of air quality

Disturbance of ecosystem

Reduced visibility

Disturbance of ecosystem

Changes in Air Quality

Disturbance of ecosystem



Changes in water quality

Availability to downstream water to

ecosystems

Changes in water quality

Disturbance of ecosystem

Disturbance of ecosystem



Problems with public health

Potential injuries



Food resources,

general health

Food resources,

respiratory health

Respiratory health

Safety

Respiratory health



Damage of structures & dwellings near

General health

to construction sites

Changes in stability of land and land

capability.

Water availability to downstream users Food resources,

general health

Loss of land

Disturbance of sensitive receptors in

the vicinity of the development.

Loss of access to common property

resources.



General health



Project

Component



Project Activity



Action/ Aspect



Consequence/related

issues



Potential impacts - Bio-physical



Potential impacts - Social

Problems with surrounding

communities? Disturbance of

community structures?



Workers

accommodation



Potential impacts Health

Food resources,

general health



Disturbance of the ecosystem

Land clearance

Construction of

bridges



Loss of biodiversity



Reduction of Resources



Disturbance of the ecosystem

Land clearance

Earth movement



Risk of accidents



Loss of biodiversity

Disturbance of ecosystem

Disturbance of ecosystem



Noise



Potential injuries

Disturbance of surrounding

communities



Food resources,

safety, general health



Disturbance of watercourses Changes in water quality downstream

disturbance for river ecosystem

Water resources



Abstraction of

groundwater



Lowering of groundwater

levels



Disturbance of ecosystems (wetlands)



Reduction in water available for local

agriculture and potable use



Changes in water quality



Disturbance of ecosystems



Deterioration of water quality for potable

and agricultural use in local

communities



Potential destabilization of the Ground subsidence

ground due to water

extraction

Use of surface water Reduced river flows

Disturbance of ecosystems (particularly

river ecosystems and wetlands)

Search for water

sources



Abstraction of water Reduced availability of water Disturbance of ecosystem

Changes in water quality



Waste

General - Waste

Generation



Odour

Land disposal

Fly tipping

Inappropriate storage



Disturbance of ecosystems (particularly

river ecosystems and wetlands)

Changes in air quality

Groundwater contamination

Soil contamination

Soil / Groundwater contamination

Soil / Groundwater contamination



Reduction of water availability from

rivers for local community potable and

agricultural use

Disturbance of surrounding land users

Lowering water table below current well

depths



Disturbance of surrounding

communities

Problems with public health

Effect in agriculture

Problems with public health

Problems with public health / vermin

control



General health



Draft ENVID Table - Operations

Project

Component



PORT



Project Activity



Action/ Aspect



Consequence/related issues



Potential impacts - Bio-physical



Potential impacts - Social



Presence of the Marine structures and

Changes in coastal morphology and habitat

Footprint and Sediment Transport

Changes in fisheries

e.g. beach, mangrove

port

causeway

Changes to estuary hydrodynamics, salinity Changes in navigation

Changes in public resources such as

Increase nearby bottom scouring

beaches

Increase in turbidity and reduction in light in

water column and at seabed impacts on

marine ecosystems e.g. mangrove

Loss of land

Increased availability of jobs

Water and sediment quality

Rainwater run-off

Problems with public health

Changes in fisheries

Disturbance Marine ecosystem/ biodiversity

Reduction in quality of swimming/bathing

areas

Contamination of fish resource with heavy

Paints/anti-fouling on marine

Contamination of water body

metals

structures

Maintenance

Bulk handling



Motor exhausted gases emission.

Stockpiling, processing Iron ore dust and particulate

& materials handling

emissions



Noise

Rainwater run-off



Disposal of contaminated soils



Water and sediment quality



Presence of piles



Land occupation



Cooling water system



Thermal discharge



Engines



Intake of seawater

Physical presence

Air emissions

Noise



Waste generation



Disposal of fly ash



Impact on food

resources, recreation,

and general public health



Impact on food

resources, recreation,

and general public health

Impact on food

resources

Impact on food

resources



Changes in air quality

Respiratory impacts

Changes in air quality

Increased primary production in marine

environment due to input of iron

Disturbance of terrestrial ecosystem

Disturbance Marine ecosystem

Water and sediment quality

Groundwater quality

Groundwater contamination

Soil contamination



Handling of toxic material



Power

generation



Changes in fisheries



Potential impacts Health



Disruption of terrestrial habitats

Changes in ecology due to temperature

increase

Changes in water quality

Intake (fish)

Changes in air quality

Disturbance of ecosystem

Disturbance of ecosystem



Problems with public health due to

increased dust

Impact on fish supplies

Disturbance of community

Problems with public health



Problems with public health

Problems with public health

Problems with public health



Respiratory impacts

Impact on food

resources

general public health

Impact on food

resources, and general

public health

general public health

Safety



Disturbance of community/agriculture land

Effect on fisheries



Reduction in air quality

Disturbance of sensitive receptors in the

community

Problems with public health



Impact on food

resources



Respiratory impacts

general public health

general public health



Project

Component



Project Activity

Maintenance

dredging



Action/ Aspect

Dredging



Consequence/related issues

Increased turbidity

Contaminated sediments

Disturbance of seabed

Changes in bathymetry



Potential impacts - Bio-physical

Reduced visibility, available oxygen &

sunlight penetration

Changes in water quality

Changes in bottom biota

Changes in hydrodynamics

Changes in salt wedge intrusion and

consequent change in ground water quality



Noise

Ship discharges & oil spills

Disposal at sea



Vessels



loss of bottom biota



changes in current patterns



biological recolonization rates

Changes in hydrodynamics

Accelerated shoaling

Changes in water quality

Disturbance of marine ecosystem



Marine activities



Creation of new channels

Refuelling oil spill

Wastewater to estuary

Ballast water

Noise

Vessels cargo



Exhaust emissions

Iron ore dust dispersion



Accidental discharge of iron ore



Navigation aids

Trans-shipment



Lights

Accidental discharge of iron ore



Iron ore dust dispersion



Changes in water quality

Changes in water quality

Disturbance of marine ecosystem

Changes in water quality

Invasion of new species

Disturbance of ecosystem

Changes in air quality

Changes in air quality

Water and sediment quality

Disturbance of terrestrial ecosystem

Disturbance of marine ecosystem

Water and sediment quality

Disturbance of terrestrial ecosystem

Disturbance of marine ecosystem

Disturbance of marine ecosystem

Water and sediment quality

Disturbance of terrestrial ecosystem

Disturbance of marine ecosystem

Changes in air quality



Potential impacts Health



Effect on fisheries

Effect on fisheries

Effect on fisheries

Effect on navigation

Problems with public health



Changes in sediment transport (erosion and

Effect on fisheries

deposition pattern)

Effect on tourism

changes in downstream shoreline

Disturbance of sensitive receptors in the

Fauna disturbance

community

Changes in water quality

Problems with public health



Smothering of benthos



Contaminated sediments

Increased marine traffic



Potential impacts - Social



Effect on fisheries



Impact on food

resources, and general

public health

Are there cattle/farming

activities ??

general public health

Impact on food

resources



Effect on navigation

general public health

disturbance of marine users

changes in fishing and ship traffic patterns

Problems with public health

Problems with public health

Effect on fisheries

Problems with public health

Effect on fisheries

Disturbance of sensitive receptors in the

community

Problems with public health

Effect on fisheries



Effect on fisheries

Problems with public health

Increase night navigation

Effect on fisheries

Problems with public health

Problems with public health



Impact on food

resources, recreation,



Impact on food

resources, and general

public health

Respiratory impacts



Impact on food

resources



Impact on food

resources

Respiratory impacts



Project

Component



Project Activity



Action/ Aspect



Consequence/related issues



Potential impacts - Bio-physical

Water and sediment quality

Disturbance of terrestrial ecosystem

Disturbance of marine ecosystem



General port

operations



Vehicle emissions



Physical presence

Dust and particulate emissions



Changes in air quality



Potential impacts - Social



Potential impacts Health



Effect on fisheries

Impact on food

resources

disturbance of marine users

Problems with public health

Respiratory impacts



Staff presence



Consumption of resources



Lighting



Occupation of land

Visual impact



Noise



Noise



Disturbance of ecosystem

Increased impact on resources (water,

wood, food)

Disturbance of ecosystem

Disturbance of ecosystem



Impact on communities - Influx pressure

Disturbance of surrounding land users.

Disturbance of sensitive receptors in the

community



Workers from other areas

Workers

Workers Camp accommodation

Water use

Abstraction of

groundwater



Reduction in groundwater

discharge to creeks and estuary



Changes in groundwater quality (saline

intrusion)

Deterioration of habitats and biota in

freshwater streams & creeks



Use of surface water



Sanitation and

waste

production



discharges to estuary



Ground subsidence

Deterioration of habitats and biota in

freshwater streams & creeks



Odour

Discharges to estuary

Odour

Land disposal



Fly tipping

Inappropriate storage



Reduction of water availability from rivers

for local community potable and agricultural

use



Changes in water quality



Waste water



Solid waste



general public health



Reduction of water availability from shallow

wells in local communities - e.g. dry out

earlier in dry season



Lowering of groundwater levels



Potential destabilization of the

ground due to water extraction

Reduced river flows



Problems with surrounding communities?

Disturbance of community structures?

Deterioration of water quality for potable

and agricultural use in local communities



Disturbance Marine ecosystem

Changes in air quality

disturbance of marine ecosystem

Water quality

Changes in air quality

Groundwater contamination

Land occupation / Habitat disruption

Soil contamination

Soil / Groundwater contamination

Soil / Groundwater contamination



Problems with public health

Effect on fisheries

Disturbance of surrounding communities

Problems with public health

Effect on fisheries

Disturbance of surrounding communities

Problems with public health

Pressure on settlements / agriculture land

Effect in agriculture

Problems with public health

Problems with public health / vermin control

general public health



Mine



Presence of the Industrial mining

activity

mine



Disturbance of existing artisanal

mining



Loss of land



Project

Component



Project Activity



Action/ Aspect



Consequence/related issues



Potential impacts - Bio-physical



Potential impacts - Social



Potential impacts Health



loss of livelihood



Excavations

activity



Mine area



Disruption of migration routes

Habitat disruption



Disturbance of animal migration routes

Fragmentation of plant and animal habitats



Visual



Intrusive effect on landscape

Lighting



Disturbance of ecosystem



Risk of accidents

Altered stability of land



Disturbance of ecosystem



Noise & vibrations



Disturbance of ecosystem



Dust creation



Disturbance of ecosystem



Sedimentation of watercourses



Changes in water quality

Availability to downstream water to

ecosystems

Reduction in river baseflows through dry

season



Blasting & earth

movement



Changes in drainage

patterns



Loss of groundwater storage due

to removal of material above

bedrock

Increase erosion



Point sources



Vehicle emissions



Dust and pollutant emissions



Stack emissions



Dust emissions



Changes in water quality

Disturbance of ecosystem

changes in air quality

impact on photosynthesis of plants due to

dust deposition

Reduced visibility



Engine and generators Gaseous emissions– sulphur

Changes in air quality

emissions

dioxide (SO2), nitrous oxides

(NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and Transboundary impacts – acid precipitation

(SO2 and NOx) & greenhouse (CO2 and

carbon dioxide (CO2)

Nox)

Runoff / seepage

Seepage from mine and mineral- Pollution of surface water resources and

processing residue disposal

wetland areas downstream of the project

Pollution of groundwater resources

downgradient of the project site.

Impact on biota

Discharges from the project site

during storm events



Water contamination

Soil contamination



Disturbance of nomads



Adversely affect on tourism

Disturbance of surrounding land users.

availability of jobs and expectations related

general public health

to employment

Potential injuries

safety

Potential risk to mine & surrounding

safety

communities

Disturbance of surrounding communities

general public health and

Damage of structures near to sites

respiratory

Disturbance of surrounding communities

Changes in stability of land and land

capability

Water availability to downstream users

general public health

Water availability to downstream users



Loss of land

disturbance of surrounding community



Health problems from inhalable and

respirable dust.

Public Health problems



Respiratory impacts

Deterioration of well and river water quality

for potable and agricultural use in local



Public Health problems



Project

Component



Project Activity



Action/ Aspect



Consequence/related issues



Potential impacts - Bio-physical



Potential impacts - Social



Potential impacts Health



Disturbance of ecosystem



Dam



Operation of Dam



Workers

Workers Camp accommodation

Generation of

domestic waste



Exposure to polluted water in dirty Water contamination

Disturbance of ecosystem

water holding facilities

Risk of eutrophisation

Disturbance of ecosystem

water contamination

Change in sediment transport

Changes in water quality downstream

Disturbance of estuary dynamics

Disturbance of marine ecosystem

Increased erosion downstream

Availability to downstream water to

Changes in river flows

ecosystems

Workers from other areas

Odour

Land disposal

Fly tipping

Inappropriate storage



Groundwater

resources



Generation of sewage Inappropriate disposal in soil

discharges to estuary

Abstraction of

Reduced availability of water

groundwater



Waste rock and

Industrial Waste tailings dumps



Potential destabilization of the

ground due to water extraction

Rock geochemistry is unsuitable

for vegetation growth



Changes in air quality

Groundwater contamination

Soil contamination

Soil / Groundwater contamination

Soil / Groundwater contamination

Soil / Groundwater contamination

Changes in water quality

Disturbance of ecosystems (wetlands)

Changes in water quality

Ground subsidence



Disturbance of terrestrial ecosystem

Potential impact on future land recovery

Disturbance of river ecosystems.



Waste rock and/or tailings are

potentially acid forming resulting in

long term environmentally

hazardous run off.

Disturbance of routes

Disturbance on animals migration routes



Presence of the

railway



Adverse effects on public health

general public health

Public Health problems



Water availability to downstream users

general public health

Problems with surrounding communities?

Disturbance of community structures?

Disturbance of surrounding communities

Problems with public health

Effect in agriculture

Problems with public health

Problems with public health / vermin control

Problems with public health

Problems with public health

Reduction in water available for local

agriculture and potable use

Disturbance in agriculture



Public Health problems



general public health

Disturbance in access to food/crop

resources.



Railway tracks



Rail /

road



Rail Formation



Visual



Damming effect of surface water

run off during periods of high

rainfall

Intrusive effect on landscape



barrier effect on herpethofauna population

Increase erosion

Changes in drainage patterns



general public health



Food resources, general

public health, positive increased accessibility



Loss or damage to property

Loss/damage to crops

Human safety

Adversely affect on tourism



general public health,

safety



Project

Component



Project Activity



Railway



Railways

crossings



Action/ Aspect



Consequence/related issues



Maintenance

vegetation clearance

Vehicle emissions



Lighting

Loss of biodiversity and/or

ecological function

Dust and pollutant emissions



Trains



Accidents



Waste

Presence of crossing



Waste oils discharge

Access for vehicles



Trains run-offs



accidental discharge & spills



Iron ore dust



Iron ore dust dispersion



landscape clearance

landscape

maintenance clearance Increased erosion patterns



Potential impacts - Bio-physical

Disturbance of ecosystem

Loss of habitats and species of conservation

importance.

Deterioration of air quality

Disturbance of ecosystem

Injured/killed live stock and native wildlife

Soil / Groundwater contamination

Disturbance of ecosystem

Potential increase of hunting patterns

Water and sediment quality

Impact on aquatic fauna

changes in estuary downstream

Changes in air quality

Water and sediment quality

Disturbance of terrestrial ecosystem

Disturbance of marine ecosystem

disturbance of ecosystem

increased sediment volumes downstream



Potential impacts - Social



Potential impacts Health



Disturbance of surrounding land users.

Loss of vegetation with ethnobotanical

significance

Problems with public health



general public health

Respiratory impacts



Injury / death to humans using track as

Diseases associated with killed animals

Problems with public health



safety, general public

health



Effect on fisheries

general public health

Problems with public health

Effect on fisheries



Respiratory impacts,

food



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PHASE 1 ESHIA



APPENDIX 3

Preliminary Concepts for Solid Waste



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project



Preliminary Concepts for Solid Waste



305000-00006-2440-EN-REP-0001

13 April 2010



Parkview, Great West Road

Brentford Middlesex TW8 9AZ London

United Kingdom

Telephone: +44 (0) 20 8326 5000

Facsimile: +44 (0) 20 8710 0220

www.worleyparsons.com



© Copyright 2010 WorleyParsons



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



SYNOPSIS

This document is provided as a preliminary guide to the waste infrastructure proposals, for both

operational and construction phases of the Tonkolili Mine project. This document should be treated as

a guide only in order that adequate provision is made at the earliest stage for waste infrastructure.



Disclaimer

This report has been prepared on behalf of and for the exclusive use of African Minerals Limited,

and is subject to and issued in accordance with the agreement between African Minerals Limited

and WorleyParsons Europe Limited. WorleyParsons Europe Limited accepts no liability or

responsibility whatsoever for it in respect of any use of or reliance upon the whole or any part of

the contents of this report by any third party.

Copying this report without the express written permission of African Minerals Limited or

WorleyParsons Europe Limited is not permitted.



PROJECT 305000-00006 - PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

REV



DESCRIPTION



A



Issued for Internal Review



B



Re issued for Internal

Review



ORIG



REVIEW



WORLEYPARSONS

APPROVAL



R Smyth



E Carey



N/A



R Smyth



E Carey



N/A



DATE



CLIENT

APPROVAL



04-Mar-10



N/A



13-Apr-10



N/A



DATE



N/A



q:\mandm select\aml - tonkolili\10.0 engineering\10.13 es - environmental and social\aml - tonkolili\eshia\tonkolili

scoping report\appendices\appendix 2 305000-000006-2440-en-rep- 0001 - tonkolili preliminary concepts for

waste rev b.doc

Document No: 305000-00006-2440-EN-REP-0001 Page ii



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



CONTENTS

1



ADMINISTRATION AND PLANNING .................................................................................1

1.1



Introduction .........................................................................................................................1



1.2



Site Location .......................................................................................................................2



1.3



Proposed Development Description ...................................................................................2



1.4



Project Information..............................................................................................................4



1.5



Local Legislation .................................................................................................................4



2



WASTE MANAGEMENT ....................................................................................................6

2.1



Existing Waste Management Settling .................................................................................6



2.2



Waste Generation Forecasting ...........................................................................................6

2.2.1



Workers Camps .....................................................................................................7



2.2.2



Rail .........................................................................................................................7



2.2.3



Haul Road ..............................................................................................................8



2.2.4



Pepel Port ..............................................................................................................8



2.2.5



Targin Port .............................................................................................................9



2.2.6



Power ...................................................................................................................10



2.3



Proposals for minimization................................................................................................10



2.4



Construction Resource Efficiency.....................................................................................11



2.5



Waste Storage and Collection ..........................................................................................12

2.5.1



Waste Segregation ..............................................................................................13



2.5.2



Hazardous Waste ................................................................................................13



2.6



Re-use of Materials...........................................................................................................14



2.7



Waste Disposal Categorization.........................................................................................14



2.8



Disposal and Treatment Options ......................................................................................14

2.8.1



Base Case............................................................................................................14



3



REFERENCED DOCUMENTS.........................................................................................19



4



RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................................20

4.1



Procurement/Development ...............................................................................................20



q:\mandm select\aml - tonkolili\10.0 engineering\10.13 es - environmental and social\aml - tonkolili\eshia\tonkolili scoping

report\appendices\appendix 2 305000-000006-2440-en-rep- 0001 - tonkolili preliminary concepts for waste rev b.doc

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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



4.2



Further Work .....................................................................................................................22



Appendices

APPENDIX 1



CONSTRUCTION WASTE TABLES



APPENDIX 2



PEPEL PORT, REFURBISHMENT STUDY



APPENDIX 3



ACCOMODATION WASTE MODEL



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



1



ADMINISTRATION AND PLANNING



1.1



Introduction



This document has been produced for the development of the Tonkolili project on behalf of African

Minerals Limited (AML). To ensure that were possible all waste is managed, stored and disposed of in

an appropriate manner in accordance with all relevant in-country legislation and global best practice.

This is a live document and requires ongoing review and revision. Given the extent and complexity of

the project, the project scope is subject to change and the concepts will require to be updated to

reflect any changes as necessary.

The purpose of this report is to enable the issue of operational and construction waste production to

be dealt within a structured and auditable manner from the commencement of the project during the

design stage, through construction to its operation and monitoring and beyond. This ensures that the

aim of waste minimisation is emphasised from the outset of the project, in addition to ensuring that

the waste produced is dealt with in accordance with the principles outlined within the Waste Hierarchy

(reduction, reuse, recovery and recycling). Given the absence of any existing in-country infrastructure

the report will also look to recommend a waste management infrastructure development base case,

for the project.

Construction waste will arise from either surplus materials imported to site, those generated on site or

day to day operational activities. Imported materials are those which are brought to the project for

inclusion into the permanent works. Generated materials are those which exist on the project such as

topsoil, sub-soil, stabilized fill, trees and materials from demolition works etc. An overview of waste

arising from workers construction and operational camps is also addressed in this report.

Operational wastes will vary per facility, although will predominate around the port and mine facilities

and are described within this report.

This document should be read in conjunction with the “ECF Solid Waste Management Practice

Guidelines” and the “Tonkolili Accommodation Waste Management Strategy”, although it should be

understood that the recommendations of this document superceed the recommendations made in

these documents.



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



1.2



Site Location



The following figure provides an indication of the mine site location relative to the coast and the

borders with Guinea and Liberia. The mine site at Tonkolili is approximately 200 km ENE of the

capital of Freetown.



Figure 1-1 Sierra Leone Map



1.3



Proposed Development Description



African Minerals Limited (AML) is developing a new iron ore mine identified as the Tonkolili Iron Ore

mine in Sierra Leone on the west coast of Africa. The Project is planned to produce 45 Mtpa of

magnetite concentrate with a grade containing 68% - 70% Fe with a minimum particle size to be

confirmed from a resource deposit identified containing approximately 5.1 Billion tonnes of

recoverable ore.

The mine project area is located approximately 200 km north east of Freetown, the capital city of

Sierra Leone.

The project will comprise the mine and process plant facilities supported by a rail network to transfer

the concentrate product to the stockyards and handling facilities at the port area which is located at

Tagrin Point adjacent to Lungi airport to the north of Freetown.



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Three ore bodies have been identified for production; Simbili, Marampon and Numbara. It is

envisaged that staged development will be undertaken dependent on the exploration activities which

are currently underway, to maximize the return on the investment. It is likely that additional ore bodies

will subsequently be developed as the understanding of the geological conditions and the mine

reserves mature.

To commercialise the Tonkolili Resource, AML will execute an integrated Greenfield development

through the construction of new facilities which include:

 A new mine and ore processing plant at Tonkolili, to produce 45 Mtpa of magnetite

concentrate;

 Approximately 200km of new standard gauge, heavy haul railway from Tonkolili to Tagrin Point;

 A new deepwater port and associated infrastructure at Tagrin Point suitable for loading vessels

up to Cape, sized for the export of 45mtpa of iron ore concentrate; and;

 All associated support infrastructure to deliver and operate the project safely and successfully.

The port will initially be capable of handling 45 Mtpa which will be expandable to 90 Mtpa plus.

The rail component encompasses the construction of approximately 200km of heavy haulage railway

and associated infrastructure from the Tonkolili mine to Tagrin Port.

For the purposes of this report the development elements have been broken down into the following

areas:

 Rail

 Haul Road

 Pepel Port

 Targin Port

 Workers Camps

SRK Consulting have been engaged to undertake the mine pit waste design, as such it is anticipated

that they will develop a separate waste management plan for this element of the works. All process

waste issues will be addressed by Ausenco Ltd and are excluded from this report. Issues associated

with sewage waste are also excluded.



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



1.4



Project Information



Client



African Minerals Limited



Principal Contractor



TBC



Person in charge of project



TBC



Author of SWMP



Ryan Smyth



Project title/reference



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project



Project location



Sierra Leone



Project cost (estimated)



TBC



Start date



Day



TBC



Month



TBC



Year



2010



Completion date



Day



TBC



Month



TBC



Year



TBC



Description of project scope



See section 1.3



Waste Management Champion



TBC from AML



Document controller



TBC



Version number and date



V1_Tonkolili_03/10



1.5



Local Legislation



Irrespective of the lack of waste management infrastructure in-country, a high level legislative review

has been undertaken. The following in-country legislation is considered applicable to the

development:

- The Environment Protection Agency Act, 2008

With respect to waste management the act sets out very general guidance and policy statements as

listed below, detailing the Agency’s responsibilities with respect to permitting and control of facilities.

“Subject to the Act, the Agency shall perform the following functions:-



Secure, in collaboration with such persons it may determine the control and prevention of

discharge of waste into the environment and the protection and improvement of the quality of

the environment;



-



Issue environmental permits and pollution abatement notices for controlling volume, types,

constituents and effects of waste discharges, emissions, deposits or other sources of

pollutants and of substance which are hazardous or potentially dangerous to the quality of the

environment or any segment of the environment;



-



Prescribe standard and guidelines relating to ambient air, water and soil quality, the pollution

of air, waste land and other forms of environmental pollution including discharge of wastes

and the control of toxic substances;



-



The Agency shall take all necessary and appropriate measures to monitor, control and

regulate the manufacture, sale, transportation, handling or disposal of toxic and hazardous

substances including toxic and hazardous wastes;



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



-



The introduction or importation of toxic or hazardous wastes into Sierra Leone for storage of

disposal by any means whatsoever if prohibited;



A license if required for the projects whose activities involve or include the following

(g) Waste management and disposal (e.g. sewerage systems and treatment plants, landfills,

treatment plants for house hold and hazardous waste.)

No specific waste management regional strategies or directives were determined; this is not untypical

of developing regions. Although research indicates that there are moves by development agencies

such as the United Nations to further understand the waste management issues in-country, and

ultimately fund improvement schemes. These schemes are in their infancy and there is no visibility of

what assets are likely to be delivered if any.

Irrespective of the legislation it should be recognised that good waste management practice through

both the construction and operation of facilities will provide heath, social and economic benefits to the

project.



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



2



WASTE MANAGEMENT



2.1



Existing Waste Management Settling



There is very limited information with respect to the national waste picture. It is understood that there

is currently no or limited waste management throughout Sierra Leone with most waste simply being

discarded in unregulated dumping areas around cities or burnt in make shift pits. WorleyParsons is

unaware of any regulated landfill facilities in-country.

It is envisaged that there will be immature markets for dry recyclates in the local community, focusing

around metals and larger plastic containers. It is unclear if these will be re-use or recycling,

irrespective it should be a priority to maximise recycling/re-use where possible and to benefit the local

community. It is anticipated that there will be no market for other dry recyclates such as paper, card,

plastics and certain types of wood, due to the level of development within Sierra Leone, although this

should remain under constant review.



2.2



Waste Generation Forecasting



In the absence of a definitive description for some elements of works to be undertaken as part of the

project at the time of this report, it is not possible to generate an accurate waste model for the entire

scheme. A waste model has been developed for both construction and operational workers camps

and is included in Appendix 3. For construction waste, tables included in Appendix 1 should be

populated by the contractors who are better placed to advise of waste generation based on

construction materials to be used, construction methods etc. Detailed in the preceding sections is a

generic summary of the types of waste that are likely to be generated by the different elements of the

work.

Whilst not a specific waste issue it is noted that the proposals are likely to generate issues with

respect to dust, further details of dust management should be provided in the Dust Management Plan.

Figure 2-1 Project Location Plan



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



2.2.1



Workers Camps



There will be six camps developed for construction activities including:





Rail Workers Camp (1) – 355 persons;







Rail Workers Camp (2) – 355 persons;







Rail Workers Camp (3) – 355 persons;







Mine Workers Camp (1) – 8000 persons;







Mine Workers Camp (2) – 2000 persons;







Port Workers Camp – 2250 persons



In addition there will be two operational camps at both the Mine and the Port, housing 1644 and 367

people respectively. It is envisaged that these camps will reduce in population as the operations are

progressively run by indigenous population, resident in the surrounding area.

Based on the projected camp’s population at full capacity, a waste arisings model has been

generated the output of which is shown in table 2-1. Full waste composition and a list of assumptions

used developing the model are included within Appendix 3.

Table 2-1 Camp Waste Arisings



Rail Const Camps Workers (1)

Rail Const Camps Workers (2)

Rail Const Camps Workers (3)

Mine Const Camp 1 Workers

Mine Const Camp 2 Workers

Port Const Camp Workers

Mine Operations Camp

Port Operations Camp



2.2.2



Residential Waste

Generation (T/yr)

179

179

179

4030

1007

1133

833

185



Commercial and

Industrial Waste

Arisings (T/yr)

89

89

89

2015

504

567

417

92



Total Waste

arisings (T/yr)

268

268

268

6044

1511

1700

1250

277



Rail



A 6km wide corridor from the proposed mine to Targin port has been approved by the Sierra Leone

government for the construction of the proposed railway. The rail route is proposed to run from the

Tonkolili mine site, south through the Tonkolili Valley before turning west at the end of the ranges of

Targin Port.

AML wish to undertake early construction of the mine access road to Lunsar for the early shipment of

ore through Pepel Port. This will be achieved by refurbishing elements of the existing railway from

Lunsar to Pepel Port. To minimize costs the haul road is proposed to be constructed along the

proposed rail access road.



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Primary waste types arising from the construction of the new railway and refurbishment of the existing

railway line include:





off cuts from rail;







broken sleepers;







contaminated ballast;







existing rail wagons (some containing full loads of ore)



In addition there are four bridge crossings required in excess of 25m spans and a further seven minor

bridge crossings. The likely primary waste type arising from construction of these crossings is

concrete depending on the construction method adopted.

There is anticipated to be limited wastes arising from operational activities of the railway. These are

likely to be focused around refurbishment of equipment and waste oils; there may also be a small

element of municipal waste arisings from passengers.



2.2.3



Haul Road



As detailed in section 2.2.2, the haul road is to be constructed between the Mine and Lunsar to

facilitate early extraction of the ore. Whilst there is no definitive route available and it is understood

that the route of the haul road is under constant refinement, cut and fill calculations have been

undertaken.

Quantum analysis undertaken by WorleyParsons indicates that the proposed haul road development

will generate 1,500,000m3 of cut and 810,000m3 of fill. This is based on a 12.5m wide haul road, with

2m shoulders on fills and 4m shoulders in cuts. Whilst there is still significant uncertainly around these

numbers and the percentage of material that could potentially be re-used is unknown, there will based

on the current proposal be significant spoil arising that will require management and disposal.

The construction detail of the haul road is unknown, but it is considered that there will also be an

element of waste generated from contaminated, unsuitable and surplus materials.

There is anticipated to be no waste waste arisings from the operation of the haul road.



2.2.4



Pepel Port



Construction

At the Port, the project development will comprise a materials handling facility, and relevant support

infrastructure such as power, water, access roads, accommodation facilities, workshops, warehouses,

laboratories and administration buildings, train unloading facility, stockyard and wharf. This will

comprise a combination of existing asset refurbishment and new development.

Mayer International Machines South Africa has been commissioned by AML and visited the

inoperative Iron Ore plant at Pepel port producing a study detailing the works required to reinstate the

plant included components that should be refurbished, replaced or where a totally new installation is



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



appropriate. An extract from the study detailing the structures to be refurbished or replaced is shown

in Appendix 2. It is anticipated that the primary component of these wastes will be metals that will

have a residual scrap value either locally or could be readily exported in sufficient quantities. There is

also likely to be significant quantities of hazardous waste in the form of oils and other industrial

wastes which should be disposed of to a suitable facility, this is discussed further in section 2.5.2.

Operation

Waste will be generated by the ongoing process activities at the port. Primary waste generated from

these activities will include:

-



Waste oils;



-



Metals from refurbishment of plant;



-



Packaging, plastics and pallets;



-



Lead acid batteries;



-



Waste electrical and electronic equipment waste.



In addition there is estimated to be 367 operational staff at the Port (AML Camp Site Locations &

Accommodation Requirements Summary (7 Apr 10, 0800 hours).xls), that will generate general office

and municipal waste, for the purposes of this report it is assumed that they will be equally split

between Targin and Pepel.



2.2.5



Targin Port



Construction

The works to be undertaken in the port marine at Targin Port are extensive including the development

of a new Port facility with consideration for navigation and ship-handling, this will include Port

structures for a ship-loader jetty at the primary port and structures for service berths at the secondary

port, in addition to Navigation aids. Waste generation from these activities are likely to be concrete,

rubble, metals etc, refer to Appendix 1 for full details.

The proposed works at Targin port will generate significant dredged material that will be addressed

through a separate disposal strategy, at the time of this report it is understood that the dreging may

be suitable for offshore disposal. No additional consideration has been made for waste dredging

within this report.

Operation

It is anticipated that the same types of waste will be generated from the ongoing operations as that of

Pepel Port, notably:

-



Waste oils;



-



Metals from refurbishment of plant;



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



-



Packaging, plastics and pallets;



-



Lead acid batteries;



-



Waste electrical and electronic equipment waste.



2.2.6



Power



Dependent on the ability to attract external investment, a Power plant may be constructed to meet

some of the projects power requirements; however there is almost no detail available on this aspect

and as such it is excluded from this report. Depending on the type of plant to be adopted this may

present a disposal route for some of the operational wastes, this should remain under constant

review.



2.3



Proposals for minimization



Given the lack of available appropriate in-country disposal routes, a strong focus should be placed on

waste minimization at source. Although waste types will vary significantly between the different

elements of the project. Generally by volume the majority of the waste will arise mainly from

construction through demolition and site clearance, excavation and any unavoidable construction

waste. The proposed scheme will require specific construction materials (such as rail, railway sleeper,

ballast, specialist components etc) to be imported to the site.

Actions to be taken to facilitate resource efficiency throughout the project and therefore minimise the

waste produced are detailed below:





Excavated soils and clay will be carefully stored in segregated piles for subsequent reuse on

the site. The soils and clay will be reused as deposition material for infilling or landscaping.

Any surplus soils and clay will be removed from site for direct beneficial use elsewhere;







Concrete waste will be source segregated, for subsequent separation and re-use were

appropriate e.g. as hardcore;







Wood will be source segregated for subsequent recovery through the local community,

contaminated woods such as shuttering and metal film pallets should be disposed of to an

appropriate facility (see section 2.8);







Hazardous wastes including any contaminated soil materials will be identified, removed and

kept separate from other Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste materials in order to avoid

further contamination and will be disposed of to an appropriate licensed facility;







Metals will be collected in receptacles, for subsequent recovery through the local community;







Plastic container (for example anything above 2 litres) will be collected in receptacles, for

subsequent recovery through the local community.



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PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

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2.4



Construction Resource Efficiency



This section outlines the actions to be taken for material resource efficiency during each construction

phase of the project. Table 2.2 highlights the resource efficiency actions to be taken during the life of

the project and gives a designated person the responsibility to ensure this is undertaken.

Table 2-2 Resource Efficiency Actions

Planning waste minimisation

during construction

Design



Waste

minimisation

decisions taken

Enabling the

purchase of

materials in

shape/dimension

and form that

minimises the

creation of offcuts/waste.



Resource saving



Responsibility



Date action

commenced



Minimal waste

produced 1



Project manager



From the design

outset



Minimal waste

produced



Project manager



Prevents lost time

in re-ordering of

damaged

equipment, reduces

need for storage if

over ordering takes

place.



Project

manager/Principal

contractor



During design and

planning stages

and implemented

during the

construction.

During construction

planning and

throughout the

project

construction.



Specifying

materials and

producing the Bills

of Quantities that

allow wastage to be

minimised.

Due to potential

contamination,

chemical testing

would need to be

undertaken to

determine

composition of the

material and

subsequent

opportunities for reuse or remediation.

Construction methods



Sequencing the

works such that reuse of materials

can be undertaken.



Materials

Assess the

quantities of

materials required

on site.

Just in time delivery

(as needed basis)

to prevent over

supply.



1



This table demonstrates the components and decisions involved in ensuring a reduction in the amount of waste and surplus

materials being produced during any works on site. This has the effect of minimising the amount of material which would

traditionally be sent to landfill and to ensure a cradle to cradle approach.



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Planning waste minimisation

during construction



Waste

minimisation

decisions taken

Secure storage to

minimise the

generation of

damaged

materials/theft.



Resource saving



Responsibility



Date action

commenced



Keeping deliveries

packaged until they

are ready to be

used. Inspection of

deliveries on

arrival.

Increase the use of

recycled content;

this could include

traditional use of

recovered material

such as crushed

concrete demolition

waste and by

procuring

mainstream

manufactured

products with

higher recycled

content than their

peers. Quick win

areas of the project

in which to

implement this for

could be concrete

frames, flooring

and brick/block

work.



2.5



An increase in the

demand for such

products would

reduce the quantity

of waste going to

landfill.



Project manager



During design and

throughout the

procurement/constr

uction stages of the

project.



Recycled material

use results in a

reduction in

demand for

extraction of virgin

materials and

subsequently the

carbon and

environmental

footprint.



Waste Storage and Collection



Appropriate consideration should be made for waste storage through the scheme, particularly the

workers camps and it is suggested that should the recommendations of this report be adopted that all

waste infrastructure, consolidation centers, incinerators and recycling areas be co-located. Thought

should be made early in the design for the location of the waste consolidation centers, making

consideration of living quarters, easy access for removal of recyclates and proximity to surrounding

villages. It is likely that recyclates will be removed from camps and work areas on a site by site basis.

All waste storage areas should be adequately sized taking account of the estimated waste generation

presented in this report. Waste storage and collection provision should also take account of local

climate and in particular pest and odour control.



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PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



2.5.1



Waste Segregation



It is essential that the construction and operational activities are carried out closely with the waste

management contractors, in order to determine the best “on the ground” techniques for managing

waste and ensure a high level of recovery of materials for recycling. WorleyParsons is not aware of

any global waste management companies operating in the region as a result due diligence is

recommended on any proposed contractor in order to ensure that wastes are dealt with in a manner

that is compliant with in-country legislation and the best practice outlined in this document.

Alternatively the project may employ operatives directly to collect and transport waste to an

appropriate facility.

On a site by site basis set down areas should be developed and labeled to facilitate the separation of

materials, where possible, for potential recycling, salvage, reuse and return. Recycling and waste bins

are to be kept clean and clearly marked in order to avoid contamination of materials. Skips for

segregation of waste identified currently are:





Mixed Inert (e.g. concrete and rubble), for re-use in construction;







Hazardous (e.g. asbestos, Poly Chlorinated Bi-phenols), for disposal to an appropriate facility;







Mixed non-hazardous (biodegradable waste), for disposal to an appropriate facility;







Metal (e.g. copper and iron), for return to the local community, or re-use;







Wood (e.g. fencing/hoarding), for re-use in construction or return to the local community



It is recommended that waste is removed regularly, perhaps daily, depending on the phasing of the

project. As such there should be a robust process in place for removing waste from site prior to the

commencement of the project.



2.5.2



Hazardous Waste



It is likely that different elements of the project will generate small quantities of hazardous wastes

such as healthcare, waste oils and some electronic equipment. Solid hazardous waste should be

stored in sealable clip-top drums (25-205 liter capacity) and hazardous liquid wastes stored in

sealable bung-top drums (25-205 liter capacity). Hazardous wastes must remain in their original,

labeled containers. Bulking of hazardous wastes should not occur in storage areas.

The small quantities of Hazardous waste that are generated should be disposed to an incineration

unit were possible (see section 2.8), were this is not the case they may require temporary storage

prior to shipping to an appropriate facility. It is understood that there are small local crushing mills that

can be used for disposal of medical waste, specifically syringes.



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PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



2.6



Re-use of Materials



Uncontaminated material will be reused where possible within the proposed construction works for

site leveling and fill.

Any contaminated materials, which will not be re-used on-site, will be treated in accordance with all

relevant legislation and best practice guidelines at the point of origin or at an alternative suitable site

prior to disposal.

Surplus inert excavated materials with some engineering strength (e.g. stone, bricks, clay, rubble,

rock) can be suitable for crushing and re-use as hardcore through the project.



2.7



Waste Disposal Categorization



Global best practice, classifies waste streams as Inert, Non-Hazardous, and Hazardous.

Responsibility for the basic classification of waste rests with the producer and waste operator.



2.8



Disposal and Treatment Options



The inherent difficult with dealing with waste within Sierra Leone is the lack of an appropriate disposal

routes, coupled with a lack of recyclate markets, requires a waste infrastructure solution be developed

specifically for this project.

WorleyParsons have developed a base case for the DFS, which should be reviewed and refined as

more information becomes available.



2.8.1



Base Case



From this study it is recognised that there will be significant wastes generated during primarily the

construction of the project but also during operation. In developing the base case it is important to

consider the “Tonkoliil Accommodation Solid Waste Management Strategy”, summary

recommendations of which are shown in Table 2.3, also identified within the table is the anticipated

spare capacity of the recommended infrastructure proposals to address waste arisings from the

accommodation camps, which could be utlised to address some of the waste resulting from

operational and construction activities.



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Table 2-3 Accommodation Camps Waste Infrastructure Proposal

Treatment /

Procurement / Facility

Residual Disposal

Development

t/year

Uncontaminated

organics to jungle

Rail Const

or suitable site

Initially 500m3 lined landfill cell

Camps Workers

178

landfill residual

(1)

(No 1) per year

Uncontaminated

organics to jungle

Rail Const

or suitable site

Initially 500m3 lined landfill cell

Camps Workers

178

landfill residual

(2)

(No 2) per year

Uncontaminated

organics to jungle

Rail Const

or suitable site

Initially 500m3 lined landfill cell

Camps Workers

178

landfill residual

(3)

(No 3) per year

Uncontaminated

Incinerator A, for the purposes

organics to jungle

of DFS FS1000 should be

or suitable site,

costed, 1000m3 Lined landfill

Mine Const

incinerate residual

cell (No 4)

Camp 1 Workers 4012

Uncontaminated

Incinerator A, for the purposes

organics to jungle

of DFS FS1000 should be

or suitable site,

costed, 1000m3 Lined landfill

Mine Const

incinerate residual

cell (No 4)

Camp 2 Workers 1003

Uncontaminated

organics to jungle

Incinerator B, for the purposes

or suitable site,

of 2 No DFS FS200 should be

incinerate residual

costed, 1000m3 lined landfill

Port Const

r

Camp Workers

1128

cell

Uncontaminated

Incinerator A, for the purposes

organics to jungle

of DFS FS1000 should be

or suitable site,

costed, 500m3 Lined landfill

Mine Operations

829

incinerate residual

cell (4)

Camp

Uncontaminated

Incinerator B, for the purposes

organics to jungle

of 2 No DFS FS200 should be

or suitable site,

costed, 1000m3 lined landfill

Port Operations

184

incinerate residual

cell

Camp



Spare Capacity



322m3 / yr



322m3 / yr



322m3 / yr

241t/yr

Incinerator,

approx 250m3

landfill

241t/yr

Incinerator,

approx 250m3

landfill

138t/yr

Incinerator,

approx 850m3

Landfill

4427t/yr

Incinerator,

approx 400m3

landfill

999t/yr

Incinerator,

approx 950m3

Landfill



Notes:

Assumed Metals are recovered from waste stream. Plastic containers will also be removed for

recovery back into the locally community, although no allowance is made within the table.

No consideration has been made for diversion factors (due to contaminated recyclates) given the

fluidity of the population within the accommodation camps.

Plant down time assumed to be 10%, median processing rate over median maximum daily operating

time, has been used in calculation

Spare capacity based on a worst case i.e. when all camps are fully populated.



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PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Residual ash from incineration assumed to be 15%.

Assumed there is no overlap between Construction and Operational camps

Assumed no in-country landfill lining available, or skills to weld liners. Concrete or butyl liners will be

used in landfill cell construction. Similar approved lining system can be adopted at discretion of waste

engineer and regulatory body.

“Uncontaminated organics” excludes food waste, which will be targeted at the incinerator. This may

require mixed with drier wastes such as wood chip.

Discussed in the preceding sections are the primary waste arisings from both construction and

operational activities, they are by no means exhaustive but intended to give sufficient information for

pricing to be generated for the DFS.

Rail

It is not anticipated that the operation of the rail facility will generate significant waste arisings.

Municipal waste arisings are likely to be in order of 100’s of tones per year and will be accommodated

by the temporary landfill cells proposed as part of the rail workers construction camps. Construction

waste arisings and proposed disposal targets are shown in table 2.4.

Table 2-4 Rail Construction Waste Arisings

Primary Waste

arisings



Volume



Treatment / Disposal



Rail off cuts



Unknown, estimated 0.1% of all

rail laid



Residual scrap value through community



Broken Sleepers



Unknown



Concrete sleepers to be crushed and reused as hardcore in other areas of the

project. Wooden sleepers to be returned

to the community, or chipped and

transported to camp incinerator



Contaminated

Ballast



Unknown, likely to be negligible

volume



Utilise landfill cells developed for rail

workers construction camps



Existing rail

wagons



Unknown, estimated 25 No.



Residual scrap value through local

community, or may require shipped

depending on number



Ore within, rail

wagons



Unknown



Processed through new ore facilities



Broken Pallets



Unknown, potentially in the order

of 100's of tonnes



Chipped and transported to closest camp

incinerator



Waste Oils



Unknown, likely negligible volume



Waste oil burner (1 unit per workers camp)



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PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Miscellaneous



Utilise temporary landfill's for rail workers

construction camps



Unknown



There is currently 1005t/yr of spare capacity within the temporary landfill cells proposed as part of the

Rail construction workers camps which coupled with the proposed incineration unit at the mine are

anticipated to accommodate the majority of waste arisings. Landfill cell volumes should remain under

constant review, with further cells to be developed should the need arise.

Haul Road

It is anticipated that the haul road will generate negligible operational waste. The primary waste

arising from the construction will be spoil potentially in the region of 800,000m3 based on preliminary

cut and fill calculations. This waste is considered to be inert and does not require an engineered

facility for disposal; however areas should be outline at outset for stockpiling and bunding. Where

possible the road should be designed to achieve a cut and fill balance. As minimum land areas should

be set aside for spoil disposal, there may be an opportunity to re-use spoil in some any port

reclamation works.

Pepel Port

Construction waste arisings and proposed disposal targets are shown in table 2.5 below:

Table 2-5 Primary Waste Arisings, volumes and disposal routes from Pepel Construction

Primary Waste

arisings

Volume

Treatment / Disposal



Concrete



Unknown



Waste Oils

Broken Palletting /

Formwork



Unknown

Unknown, volume may be

significant



Metals

Packaging



Unknown

Unknown, volume may be

significant



Miscellaneous



Unknown



To be crushed and re-used as hardcore on

other areas of the project. Proximity principle to

be applied

Waste Oil burners for workshops, larger

volumes, decommissions etc to be sent to

incinerator

Chipped and transported to closest camp

incinerator

Residual scrap value through local community,

or may require shipped depending on number

Were possible utilise incineration, other

unsuitable to landfill

Were possible utilise incineration, other

unsuitable material to landfill



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PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Table 2-6 Primary Waste Arisings, volumes and disposal routes from Pepel Operation

Primary Waste

arisings

Volume

Treatment / Disposal

Approximately 55 tonnes

/year

Municipal Solid Waste

Camp Incinerator, residual ash to landfill

Waste Oil burners for workshops, larger

volumes, decommission etc to be sent to

Waste Oils

Unknown

camp incinerator

Residual scrap value through local

community, or may require shipped

Metal from plant

refurbishment

Unknown

depending on volume

Unknown, volume may be

Packaging

significant

Camp Incinerator, residual ash to landfill

Unknown, anticipated small

Lead acid batteries

volumes

Send to camp landfill or shipped

Unknown, anticipated small

volumes

Waste Electronic

Send to camp landfill or shipped

Targin Port

It is understood that there will be significant dredging undertaken during the development of Targin

port, this will be disposed of to sea. In the absence of detailed information it is assumed that the

waste generation rates and composition during the construction and operation will not be dissimilar to

that produced at Pepel, and the same treatment and disposal routes should be adopted.



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



3



REFERENCED DOCUMENTS



Document Number



Document Title



830-REP-002 Rev C



Mayer “Pepel Project Refurbishment Study Report”



SLE/RFO/2010/003



Unite Nations Development Programme, Notices and

Documents



305000-00006-00-PM-RPT-0001,

REV C



Tonkolili Iron Ore – Concept Definition Report



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



4



RECOMMENDATIONS



4.1



Procurement/Development



On review, the infrastructure recommendations for the construction and operational camps will go

some way to addressing the waste arisings of both the construction and operation of the proposed

facilities.

The volumes of waste generated by the operation and construction of the ports and mine in particular

remain a relative unknown, but will progress with the development of the project. By increasing the

landfill capacity at each of the camps and re-sizing the incineration unit at the Port Operation camp to

a unit capacity of 1-1.25t/hr over a 10-16hr shift, we believe that this we meet the initial waste

management demands of the facilities. It should also be considered that as the construction

population and activities decrease the operational activities will increase presenting fluctuating waste

generation volumes and type, several years into the project .The facilitates that have been

recommended have been developed with this is mind.

In addition given Allterrain Services will be managing the camps, its is recommended that an

integrated approach is adopted to avoid replication of infrastructure and other equipment. A summary

of the procurement / delivery items to support waste management is shown in table 4.1 below:

Table 4.1 Waste Infrastructure Procurement Development Items

Procurement / Development Items

Location



Collection



Storage



Disposal



Rail Construction

Workers Camp 1



Waste collection operator



4 No, 6 cubic yard skips



500m3 landfill cell



Temporary transfer station

Rail Construction

Workers Camp 2



Waste collection operator



4 No, 6 cubic yard skips



500m3 landfill cell



Temporary transfer station

Rail Construction

Workers Camp 3



Waste collection operator



4 No, 6 cubic yard skips



500m3 landfill cell



Temporary transfer station

Mine Construction

Camp 1



Waste collection operator



8 No, 12 cubic yard skips



None



Temporary transfer station



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PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Compactor / Baler

Mine Construction

Camp 2



Waste collection operator



4 No, 12 cubic yard skips



None



Temporary transfer station

Compactor / Baler

Port Construction

Camp



Waste collection operator



5 No, 12 cubic yard skips



None



Temporary transfer station

Mine / Mine

Operations Camp



Waste collection operator



5 No, 12 cubic yard skips



Incinco DFS 1000

Incinerator



Transfer station



1 No waste oil burner

per workshop



Wood Chipper



1 No 2000m3 landfill

cell



Compactor / Baler

Port / Port Operations

Camp

Waste collection operator



4 No, 6 cubic yard skips



Incinco DFS 1000

Incinerator



Transfer station



1 No waste oil burner

per workshop



Wood Chipper



1 No 2000m3 landfill

cell



Compactor / Baler

Targin and Pepel Ports



10 No, 12 cubic yard skips

Concrete crusher, with



Miscellaneous



Rebar magnet



Notes: Skip sizes are provided for the purposes of pricing only and should be advised by the waste

operator.

Procurement items exclude all supporting civils, e.g. concrete plinths, foundations etc.

Information provided in Table 4.1 is for information only and in no way a recommendation or

validation by WorleyParsons on the technology vendor to be selected.



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PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Any incineration unit proposed must comply with EU Waste Incineration Directive, or similar approved

regulator standard.

Given the issues associated with in-country infrastructure particualry to accommodate hazardous

waste, any incineration units should be specified to include addressing as much of the hazardous

waste stream as possible.



4.2



Further Work



It should be noted that in the absence of detailed material take offs, significant assumptions have

been made in the waste infrastructure recommendation in the report. It is recommended that on

completion of Appendix 1, by the contractors that this report and recommendations are reviewed and

the infrastructure recommendations amended accordingly. A comprehensive waste strategy should

also be developed with respect to the operation of the facilities particularly the ports.

Given the uncertainly surrounding the permitting process for any waste infrastructure in-country, all

proposals should be afforded adequate time in the programme and dialogue commenced with the

local regulatory bodies at the earliest opportunity. The delivery process associated with waste

infrastructure, as shown indicative figure 4.2 should not be under estimated.



Preliminary Studies to support site selection



Site Selection and Acquisition



Asset Design



Regulatory Design Approval



Construction



Regulatory Approval



Asset Operation



Figure 4-1 Waste Infrastructure Delivery Methodology

Programme for the delivery of these facilities will be key. There will be a feasibility entry point for the

incineration technologies, which should be understood based on the construction programme. Lead

and procurement times should also be clearly understood in the delivery of these facilities. Once the



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PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



construction programme is known consideration may also be given to leasing, for example

incineration units during construction, to benefit from a lower cost based during operation.

There may be an opportunity for the local community to benefit from the installation of waste

infrastructure, given the currently lack of in-country provision.



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PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Appendix 1



Construction Waste Tables



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Example table to be completed by contractors

Type



Materials



Inert



Concrete



TBC



TBC



TBC



TBC



Timber



TBC



TBC



TBC



TBC



Rubble



TBC



TBC



TBC



TBC



Topsoil/Subsoils



TBC



TBC



TBC



TBC



Sand and gravel



TBC



TBC



TBC



TBC



Boulder clay



TBC



TBC



TBC



TBC



Soils (suitable for reuse onsite)



TBC



TBC



TBC



TBC



Bricks and blocks



TBC



TBC



TBC



TBC



Mixed waste



TBC



TBC



TBC



TBC



Metal



TBC



TBC



TBC



TBC



Timber



TBC



TBC



TBC



TBC



Plasterboard



TBC



TBC



TBC



TBC



Packaging



TBC



TBC



TBC



TBC



Cable & wiring



TBC



TBC



TBC



TBC



Glass



TBC



TBC



TBC



TBC



Green waste/vegetation



TBC



TBC



TBC



TBC



Other



TBC



TBC



TBC



TBC



Asbestos



TBC



NA



NA



TBC



Contaminated soils- unsuitable

for reuse



TBC



NA



NA



TBC



Other



TBC



TBC



TBC



TBC



Non-hazardous



Hazardous



Forecast estimated quantities

(m3)



On-site reuse/recycling (%)



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Recovery (%)



Disposal (%)



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Appendix 2



PEPEL PORT, REFURBISHMENT STUDY



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PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS FOR SOLID WASTE

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Appendix 3



ACCOMODATION WASTE MODEL



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PHASE 1 ESHIA



APPENDIX 4

Solid Wastes Management Practice Guidelines



AFRICAN MINES LIMTED



Tonkolili Early Cash Flow Project

Solid Wastes Management Practice Guidelines



305000-00006-0000-EN-REP-0019

01 March 2010



Parkview, Great West Road

Brentford Middlesex TW8 9AZ

London

UK

Telephone: +44 (0) 20 8326 5000

Facsimile: +44 (0) 20 8710 0220

www.worleyparsons.com

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AFRICAN MINES LIMTED

TONKOLILI EARLY CASH FLOW PROJECT

SOLID WASTES MANAGEMENT PRACTICE GUIDELINES



Do not delete this line

Disclaimer

This report has been prepared on behalf of and for the exclusive use of African Mines

Limted, and is subject to and issued in accordance with the agreement between African

Mines Limted and WorleyParsons. WorleyParsons accepts no liability or responsibility

whatsoever for it in respect of any use of or reliance upon this report by any third party.

Copying this report without the permission of African Mines Limted or WorleyParsons is

not permitted.



PROJECT - TONKOLILI EARLY CASH FLOW PROJECT

REV



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Issued for internal review



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q:\mandm select\aml - tonkolili\10.0 engineering\10.13 es - environmental and social\aml - ecf\eshia\appendices\appendix 4 ecf

solid waste management practice guidelines.doc

Document No : 305000-00006-0000-EN-REP-0019

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AFRICAN MINES LIMTED

TONKOLILI EARLY CASH FLOW PROJECT

SOLID WASTES MANAGEMENT PRACTICE GUIDELINES



CONTENTS

1.



INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1

1.1



Project Description ............................................................................................ 1



1.2



Project Location................................................................................................. 2



2.



3.



PRACTICE GUIDELINES ....................................................................................... 3

2.1



Waste Arisings................................................................................................... 3



2.2



High level Guidelines ......................................................................................... 4



2.3



Specific Recommendations ................................................................................ 6

2.3.1



Waste Minimisation ................................................................................ 6



2.3.2



Resource Efficiency................................................................................. 6



2.3.3



Waste Segregation.................................................................................. 8



2.3.4



Waste Re-use .......................................................................................... 8



REFERENCE ........................................................................................................ 9



Appendices



=

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SOLID WASTES MANAGEMENT PRACTICE GUIDELINES



1.



INTRODUCTION



1.1



Project Description



African Minerals Limited (AML) is developing a new iron ore mine identified as the Tonkolili

Iron Ore mine in Sierra Leone on the west coast of Africa. The Project is planned to produce

45 Mtpa of magnetite concentrate with a grade containing 68% - 70% Fe with a minimum

particle size to be confirmed from a resource deposit identified containing approximately

5.1 Billion tonnes of recoverable ore.

The mine project area is located approximately 200 km north east of Freetown, the capital

city of Sierra Leone.

The Early Cash Flow Element (ECF) of the project will comprise the select development of the

mine, approximately 100km of haul road to Lunsar, were ore will be transported by the

Delco rail line which will ultimately be refurbished to Pepel Port were it will be shipped. It is

anticipated that the immediate works will comprise the haul road construction through the

surrounding jungle and the existing processing facilities at Pepel port would be refurbished

to accept the ore.

This report provides high level waste management principles that should be adopted

throughout the project but given the immediately of the construction of the haul road and

refurbishment of infrastructure and processing plant at Pepel Port, is targeted at driving

waste management best practice through these elements of the work. Given the uncertainly

and availability of time for the development of these guidelines they should be treated as a

guide only and are anticipated to be supplemented by more comprehensive guidance in due

course.



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SOLID WASTES MANAGEMENT PRACTICE GUIDELINES



1.2



Project Location



The following figure provides an indication of the mine site location relative to the coast and

the borders with Guinea and Liberia. The mine site at Tonkolili is approximately 200 km ENE

of the capital of Freetown.



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SOLID WASTES MANAGEMENT PRACTICE GUIDELINES



2.



PRACTICE GUIDELINES



The objectives of the practice guidelines are to:

1. Reduce waste arisings from all activities associated with the Tonkolili development

resulting in economic and environmental benefit;

2. To provide a framework to ensure development for facilities, that would enable

waste to be managed in accordance with the waste hierarchy;

3. To encourage the sustainable use of waste, in terms of benefit for both the local

community and for the project;

4. To begin the process of developing an integrated mix of techniques with respect to

managing waste in accordance with the proximity principle. Delivering the optimum

balance of environmental and economic costs and benefits, whilst minimising the

risk of immediate and future environmental pollution and harm to human health

(Best Practicable Environmental Option, BPEO);

5. To ensure compliance with local regulatory waste legislation environmental

legislation and international best practice, and

6. To protect the immediate health of the construction workers

In the absence of detailed waste generation rates, the guidelines are intend to provide a

generic high level guide to deal with the types of waste likely to arising from the

construction proposals.



2.1



Waste Arisings



Given the relatively unknown scope of the project waste forecasting is difficult at this stage.

However we would anticipate the following waste types will be generated, with construction

of the Haul Road and refurbishment of Pebel Port:

-



Jungle Clearance, considered 100% organic, elements of hardwood may be present



-



Spoil arising



-



Construction waste

- Packaging (Wood, Plastics, Metals, Cardboard)

- Contaminated stone

- Potential for contaminated land

- Hydraulic Oils

- Fuel



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SOLID WASTES MANAGEMENT PRACTICE GUIDELINES



- Worker Municipal Solid Waste

- Demolition waste, concrete and steel

- Hazardous Wastes from plant decommission / refurbishment

Given the extent of the project and the potential for wastes arising it is recommended that a

Waste Management Strategy be developed for the entire scheme, part of which a

comprehensive waste modelling exercise will be required, detailing volume and waste types.



2.2



High level Guidelines



1. Waste management consideration should be made at the earliest opportunity in the

project in order to be effectively implemented on site;

2. Decisions regarding waste management, should in broad terms , be based on that of

the waste hierarchy shown below:



Image Courtesy of: Wasteonline



The aim of the guidelines is to focus waste management throughout all activities at the

top of the hierarchy;

3. A detailed set of waste Key Performance Indicators (KPI) based on the waste

hierarchy should be adopted.

4. Waste collection will be key to the successful delivery of the project. An integrated

approach should be adopted throughout all waste collection activities eliminating the

in-efficiencies caused by a piecemeal approach;



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SOLID WASTES MANAGEMENT PRACTICE GUIDELINES



5. Early and continued engagement of local regulatory bodies should be adopted

throughout the project;

6. Reduction in waste generation is key to the financial and environmental success of

the project. As part of the overarching strategy education measures should be

implemented in waste minimisation techniques;

7. A reuse strategy should be developed including:

a. Identify opportunities for re-use and repair;

b. Stimulate / create in-country markets for re-use and recycling;

c. Help facilitate reuse partnerships between the construction activates and the

local community;

8. There should be review of existing and consideration for provision of new waste

facilities, targeted at the waste forecast;

9. Separation of wastes should be adopted at source through the project, given the

type of waste and availability of cheap labour in the region this is likely to be

undertaken by hand;

10. Engagement with the local community should be sought at the earliest opportunity

and a partnering approach developed;

11. Incentives should be provided to contractors who meet or exceed waste KPI targets;

12. As part of the ongoing engagement, the client or clients representative will work

proactively with the local regulatory body to reduce the amount of fly tipping

generated by the project;

13. The client will take steps to enure that waste produced by its own organisation on

site is minimised and recycling opportunities are maximised;

14. All intended disposal facilitates should be named at outset and verified as suitable

for use, by a suitably experience practitioner;

15. Responsibilities for all waste management activities should be clearly set out at the

outset of the project;

16. A spoil movement methodology should be developed by earthworks contractors or

as part of the waste management strategy, this will include detailed calculation of

spoil generated, targets and movement patterns;

17. There will be a Waste Management Strategy produced which will form the framework

for the management of all wastes arising from the development of Tonkolilli Mines

and associated infrastructure from construction, through to operation and final

closure. This Strategy should be reviewed and updated at appropriate intervals to be



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SOLID WASTES MANAGEMENT PRACTICE GUIDELINES



determined during the development of the strategy to include changes in waste

management legislation, best practice and reviewing waste generation forecasts.



2.3



Specific Recommendations



2.3.1



Wast e Minim isat ion



Waste will arise from the project mainly from demolition and site clearance, excavation and

any unavoidable construction waste. The proposed scheme will require specific construction

materials to be imported to the site. Actions to be taken to facilitate resource efficiency

throughout the project and therefore minimise the waste produced are non-exhaustively

detailed below:

ƒ



Excavated soils and clay should be carefully stored in segregated piles for

subsequent reuse during construction. The soils and clay will be reused as

deposition material for infilling or landscaping. Any surplus soils and clay will be

removed from site for direct beneficial use elsewhere.



ƒ



Concrete waste will be source segregated, for subsequent separation and recovery;



ƒ



Masonry and wood will be source segregated for subsequent separation and

recovery;



ƒ



Any packaging waste will be source segregated for recycling or returned to

suppliers;



ƒ



Hazardous wastes including any contaminated soil materials will be identified,

removed and kept separate from other Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste

materials in order to avoid further contamination and will be disposed of in

accordance with all relevant legislation and best practice guidelines at point of orgin

or at an alternative suitable site prior to disposal



ƒ



Other C&D waste materials will be collected in receptacles with mixed C&D waste

materials, for subsequent separation and disposal;



ƒ



Given the volume or organic waste likely to be produced, the market for compost

should be investigated and potential for mobile composting units considered.



2.3.2



Resource E fficiency



Table 2.1 below highlights various resource efficiency actions to be taken during the life of

the project and gives a designated person the responsibility to ensure this is undertaken as

much as possible. Responsibilities are shown for the purposes of example only and should

be confirmed in the Strategy.



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TONKOLILI EARLY CASH FLOW PROJECT

SOLID WASTES MANAGEMENT PRACTICE GUIDELINES



Table 2.1

Planning waste

minimisation during

construction



Waste minimisation

decisions taken



Resource saving



Responsibility



Date action

commenced



Design



Enabling the purchase of

materials in shape/dimension

and form that minimises the

creation of off-cuts/waste.



Minimal waste

produced1



Project manager



From the design

outset



Specifying materials and

producing the resulting Bills of

Quantities that allow wastage

to be minimised.



Construction

methods



Sequencing the works such

that re-use of materials can be

undertaken.



Materials



Assess the quantities of

materials required on site.

Just in time delivery (as

needed basis) to prevent over

supply.

Secure storage to minimise

the generation of damaged

materials/theft.

Keeping deliveries packaged

until they are ready to be

used. Inspection of deliveries

on arrival.

Increase the use of recycled

content; this could include

traditional use of recovered

material such as crushed

concrete demolition waste and

by procuring mainstream

manufactured products with

higher recycled content than

their peers. Quick win areas of

the project in which to

implement this for could be

concrete frames, flooring and

brick/block work.



1



Minimal waste

produced



Project manager



During design and

planning stages

and implemented

during the

construction.



Prevents lost time

in re-ordering of

damaged

equipment, reduces

need for storage if

over ordering takes

place.



Project

manager/Principal

contractor



During construction

planning and

throughout the

project

construction.



In increase in the

demand for such

products would

reduce the quantity

of waste going to

landfill or similar

disposal.



Project manager



During design and

throughout the

procurement/constr

uction stages of the

project.



Recycled material

use results in a

reduction in

demand for

extraction of virgin

materials and

subsequently the

carbon and

environmental

footprint.



This table demonstrates the components and decisions involved in ensuring a reduction in the amount of waste and surplus

materials being produced during any works on site. This has the effect of minimising the amount of material which would

traditionally be sent to landfill and to ensure a cradle to cradle approach.



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AFRICAN MINES LIMTED

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SOLID WASTES MANAGEMENT PRACTICE GUIDELINES



2.3.3



Wast e S egregat ion



It is essential that the construction and demolition/refurbishment work is carried out closely

with the waste management contractors, in order to determine the best techniques for

managing waste and ensure a high level of recovery of materials for recycling. This is also

true of community engagement as it recognised that there is high level of re-use and

recycling often referred to as scavenging in this region.

Specific areas shall be laid out and labelled to facilitate the separation of materials, where

possible, for potential recycling, salvage, reuse and return. Recycling and waste bins are to

be kept clean and clearly marked in order to avoid contamination of materials. Skips / set

down areas for segregation of waste identified currently are:

ƒ



Mixed Inert (e.g. concrete and rubble)



ƒ



Hazardous (e.g. asbestos, Poly Chlorinated Bi-phenols)



ƒ



Mixed non-hazardous (biodegradable waste)



ƒ



Metal (e.g. copper and iron)



ƒ



Wood (e.g. fencing/pallets)



ƒ



WEEE (Waste electrical/electronic equipment e.g. cables, very limited volumes

anticipated)



It is recommended that waste is removed regularly, depending on the phasing of the

project. As such the contractor should ensure that they have a robust process in place for

recording any waste that is removed from site.



2.3.4



Wast e Re-use



Uncontaminated material will be reused where possible within the proposed works for site

levelling and fill. It is unlikely that there will be a requirement for importation of additional

bulk fill materials for the project although this should be confirmed on receipt of further

design information.

Any contaminated materials, which will not be re-used on-site, will be treated in accordance

with all relevant legislation and best practice guidelines at the point of origin or at an

alternative suitable site prior to disposal.



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SOLID WASTES MANAGEMENT PRACTICE GUIDELINES



3.



REFERENCE



The Sierra Leone Environmental Protection Agency was created by an act of Parliament in

2008. All waste management practice must comply with local legislative and regulatory

standards and this is reflected in the practice guidelines.

It is currently unclear to what extent they have been able to develop waste management

guidance and regulatory framework. In the absence of local guidance, US EPA guidance

should be referenced including:

US EPA Part 260 - 282 – Hazardous Waste Management System: General

US EPS Part 239 - 258 – Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Management: General



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PHASE 1 ESHIA



APPENDIX 5

List of Legislation Applicable to Environmental and Social Impacts from Phase

1 of the Tonkolili Project



Table 1: Sierra Leone legislation pertinent to the environment and sustainable

development

Issue

addressed



Legislation



Policy



Environment and



The Environment Protection Agency Act, 2008 (No. 11 of



National Environmental



sustainable



2008)



Policy (1994)



Mineral resources



National Reconstruction and Development Act, 1999 (No. 5



Core Mineral Policy of



and mining



of 1999)



the Government of Sierra



Mines and Minerals Act, 2009



Leone (2008)



The Water (Control and Supply) Act, 1963



National Water and



Sierra Leone Water Company Act, 2001 (No. 6 of 2001)



Sanitation Policy (August



development



Water



2008)



Biodiversity and



Wildlife Conservation Act, 1972 (No. 27 of 1972)



National Biodiversity



biological



Strategy and Action Plan



resources



(developed in



Forestry



Forestry Regulations, 1989 (P.N. No. 17 of 1990)

Forestry Act, 1988



Marine



Sierra Leone Maritime Administration (Amendment) Act,



environment



2007 (No. 14 of 2007)

Merchant Shipping Act, 2003 (No. 3 of 2003)

Sierra Leone Maritime Administration Act, 2000 (No. 11 of

2000

Maritime Zones (Establishment) Decree, 1994 (N.P.R.C.

Decree No. 11 of 1996)

Registration of Shipping Act, 1965 (Act No. 26)



Fishing and

marine

resources



Sierra Leone Fisheries (Management and Development)

(Amendment) Act, 2007 (No. 10 of 2007)

Fisheries Regulations, 1995

Fisheries (Management and Development) Decree, 1994

Fisheries (Amendment) Regulations, 1994 (P. N. No. 4 of

1994)

Fisheries Management and Development (Amendment) Act,

1992 (No. 7 of 1992)

Fisheries Regulations, 1990 (Public Notice No. 15 of 1990)

Fisheries Management and Development (Amendment) Act,

1990 (Act No. 9 of 1990)



accordance with the

requirements of the

convention on

biodiversity)



Fisheries Management and Development Act, 1988 (Act No.

4)

Fisheries (Operation of Foreign Motor Fishing Vessels)

Regulations, 1985 (P.N. No. 1 of 1986)

Land



Devolution of Estates Act, 2007 (No. 21 of 2007)

Land Commission Act (not promulgated yet)



National Lands Policy

(2005)



Commercial Lands Act (not promulgated yet)

Radiation



Protection from Radiation Act, 2001 (No. 14 of 2001)



Occupational



The Factories Act, 1974 (1974) deals with the safety, security



environment



and welfare of factory employees



Local government



Local Government Act, 2004 (2004): An Act which enables

the establishment of nineteen local councils and provides for

decentralisation and devolution of functions, powers and

services to local councils.



Resettlement



Mines and Minerals Act 2009



MTAP Resettlement

Policy Framework



Consultation



Public Lands Act (Cap 166). The Unoccupied Lands Act

(Cap 117) and the Provincial lands Act (Cap 122).



Table 2: United Nations treaties on human rights and endorsement of these by

Sierra Leone (SRK Consulting, 2009)

United Nations Treaties

(List from from the United Nations Treaty Series

(http://untreaty.un.org/ )



Date



In

force



Endorsement

by

Sierra Leone

Ratification,

Accession (a),

Signature (s)



1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the

Crime of Genocide

2. International Convention on the Elimination of All

Forms of Racial Discrimination

2.a. Amendment to article 8 of the International

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial

Discrimination



1948



1951



1966



1969



1992



Not yet



1966



1976



1996(a)



4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights



1966



1976



1996(a)



5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on



1966



1976



1996(a)



1968



1970



1968 1970

7. International Convention on the Suppression and

Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid



1973



1976



11.b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights



2000



2002



2002



2000



2002



2001



3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and



1967



Cultural Rights



Civil and Political Right

6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory

limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity



of the Child on the involvement of children in armed

conflict

11.c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights

of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and

child pornography

12. Second Optional Protocol to the International

Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the

abolition of the death penalty

13. International Convention on the Protection of the

Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their

Families

14. Agreement establishing the Fund for the

Development of the Indigenous Peoples of Latin

America and the Caribbean



1990



1992



1993



15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with



2006



Not yet



2007 (s)



Disabilities

15.a. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights

of Persons with Disabilities



2006



Not yet



2007 (s)



16. International Convention for the Protection of All

Persons from Enforced Disappearance



2006



Not yet



2007 (s)



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PHASE 1 ESHIA



APPENDIX 6

Literature Review of Available Information and Data - Stage 1 -Prepared by the

Met Office



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project



Literature Review of Available

Information and Data - Stage 1 Prepared by the Met Office



305000-00006 – 305000-00006-0000-EN-REP-0004

08 Apr 2010



Parkview, Great West Road

Brentford Middlesex TW8 9AZ London

United Kingdom

Telephone: +44 (0) 20 8326 5000

Facsimile: +44 (0) 20 8710 0220

www.worleyparsons.com



© Copyright 2010 WorleyParsons



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

LITERATURE REVIEW OF AVAILABLE INFORMATION AND DATA - STAGE 1 - PREPARED BY THE MET

OFFICE



TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Disclaimer

This report has been prepared on behalf of and for the exclusive use of African Minerals Limited,

and is subject to and issued in accordance with the agreement between African Minerals Limited

and WorleyParsons Europe Limited. WorleyParsons Europe Limited accepts no liability or

responsibility whatsoever for it in respect of any use of or reliance upon the whole or any part of

the contents of this report by any third party.

Copying this report without the express written permission of African Minerals Limited or

WorleyParsons Europe Limited is not permitted.



PROJECT 305000-00006 - LITERATURE REVIEW OF AVAILABLE INFORMATION AND DATA - STAGE 1 PREPARED BY THE MET OFFICE



REV



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Issued for Internal Review



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O Fuertes



P Burris



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DATE



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c:\documents and settings\alinne.hoffner\desktop\tonkolili project template_report.doc

Document No: 305000-00006-0000-EN-REP-0004 Page ii



CLIENT

APPROVAL



N/A



DATE



Climate studies for Tonkolili,

Sierra Leone: Stage 1 –

Literature review of available

information and data

For: Worley Parsons

Date: March 2010

Authors: Matthew Perry and James Dent



stage_1_literature_review_v1.1.doc

© Crown copyright 2008



-1–



Prepared by: Matthew Perry (Scientific Consultant)

and James Dent (Senior Hydrologist)



Reviewed by: Catrina Johnson (Manager, Scientific Consultancy)



Authorised for issue by: Philip Beauvais (International Business Manager)



Contents



1. Background .................................................................................................................2

2. Climate Overview ........................................................................................................3

3. Review of Other Relevant Literature .............................................................................. 5

4.1 Data Sources: Land Observations.............................................................................6

4.2 Data Sources: Numerical Model ................................................................................... 8

5. Area 1: Mine Site.........................................................................................................8

6. Area 2: Pepel Port and Tagrin Point ............................................................................9

7. Area 3: Railway Alignment ........................................................................................10

8. Area 4: Sierra Leone River Catchment: Hydrological Applications.............................12

9. Conclusions...............................................................................................................14

10. References..............................................................................................................15

Appendix 1: Digitised station data .................................................................................17



1

© Crown copyright 2010



1. Background

Worley Parsons are undertaking a Definitive Feasibility Study for the Tonkolili Iron Ore

Project on behalf of African Minerals Limited. The proposed mine site is located in the

Sula Mountain range in the Tonkolili District of Sierra Leone. A railway line is planned

between the mine site and Tagrin Point, which includes the refurbishment of an existing

railway from Lunsar. Tagrin Point is the location for a proposed new deep water port

within Freetown Harbour at the estuary of the Sierra Leone River.



In addition, the



refurbishment of existing port facilities at Pepel and mine works at Marampa are

planned.



A weather and climate study is required as part of the Environmental and Social Impact

Assessment (ESIA). This study needs to cover four geographic areas as follows:

Area 1: The mine and mine-infrastructure area.

Area 2: Tagrin Point and Pepel Port, including the marine conditions at offshore and

estuary locations.

Area 3: The railway alignment zone.

Area 4: The Sierra Leone River catchment area.



Information on the spatial and temporal variations in rainfall is particularly important, with

the aim of estimating rainfall quantities for different durations and recurrence intervals.

This is required in order to estimate the supply of water available to the planned water

impoundment for processing at the mine site, and for the design of structures, e.g.

tailings, dams and cross-drainage. Information on mean wind speed and direction and

gust speeds are also required for the design of storage and stockpiling facilities, both at

the mine site and at the port. Also included in the study are averages of air temperature,

wet-bulb and dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity and evaporation.



Finally



information on dust levels during Harmattan Winds is required.



In this first stage of the meteorological study, a literature review has been carried out to

determine what data and information is already available, and its integrity and reliability.

This report will be split into sections covering each of the four areas specified above, and

will provide an overview of the climate of each of these areas as well as details about

the sources of data available.



2

© Crown copyright 2010



Figure 1: Map of the area of interest, showing the mine site, Pepel Port and Tagrin Point as red

triangles, joined by the railway alignment. Meteorological stations are marked, with relevant

stations labelled.



2. Climate Overview

This section has been synthesised from standard texts on West African climate, for

example Ojo (1977) and Hayward & Oguntoyinbo (1987), as well as reports and papers



3

© Crown copyright 2010



specific to Sierra Leone including Mukharjee and Massaquoi (1973), and a 1941 report

from the Sierra Leone Meteorological Service.



Sierra Leone has a tropical monsoon climate, modified by local influences such as

decrease in temperature with altitude and variation in rainfall distribution induced by

topography. Characteristic of ‘monsoon’ climates are a wet season and a dry season

each year - driven by the annual cycle in the latitude at which the sun’s diurnal sky

trajectory passes directly overhead. Latitudinal and smaller-scale spatial differentials in

the sun’s heat energy distribution are the fundamental driving force for all weather and

seasons. In the case of West African countries close to the Gulf of Guinea, the latitude

of overhead sun-path (and hence maximum heating potential) lies out to sea to the south

in the northern hemisphere winter but over the Sahara Desert to the north in the northern

hemisphere summer. Given that air density is inversely proportional to temperature, the

latitude of maximum heating becomes a zone of rising air into which surface winds

converge. This zone is known as the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Hence,

in the northern hemisphere winter, the ITCZ lies out to sea to the south and dry northeasterly winds, originating over the Sahara desert, blow towards it across Sierra Leone.

Conversely, in the northern hemisphere summer, the ITCZ lies to the north and moist

south-westerly winds from the Gulf of Guinea are drawn across Sierra Leone.



Between March and November, a broad, east-west-aligned, rain-prone belt associated

with the moist air from the Gulf of Guinea advances northwards across Sierra Leone and

then retreats southwards again, drawn in the direction of the ITCZ.



However, this



simplistic explanation for Sierra Leone’s wet season fails to explain all of its features.

For instance, the axis of rain-prone belt is not co-incidental with the surface position of

the ITCZ, but displaced some 300-400 km to the south. In some years there is a brief lull

in the rains in the middle of the wet season while the entire rain-belt lies to the north,

despite there being a plentiful supply of moist Gulf air. The assumed direct coupling

between the ITCZ and the position of main seasonal rain belt has been questioned, and

the factors involved are complex and still not fully understood. To the north of the main

monsoon rain belt is a zone where thunderstorms and line squalls develop, and move

from east to west with the tropospheric winds.



Hayward and Oguntoyinbo (1987) provide an overview of the climatology of the different

weather elements experienced in West Africa which results from the mechanisms

discussed above. Sunshine duration is greatest in the winter period, and much reduced



4

© Crown copyright 2010



in the rainy season as cloudy days predominate. There is a slight increase in sunshine

from the south to the north in Sierra Leone. There is little seasonal variation in mean air

temperatures, with slightly hotter conditions in April and May.



Altitude influences



temperature as well as other weather variables, with temperatures generally decreasing

with altitude. Mean wind speeds are generally low, and high impact gusts are rare. The

greatest wind speeds in the dry season occur when the ‘Harmattan’ wind blows from the

east or north-east, while in the wet season higher wind speeds are associated with

storms and squalls. The prevailing wind direction is from the south-west for most of the

year, especially near to the coast and especially during the monsoon. Annual average

rainfall is greatest along the coast, and decreases with distance inland. The authors

make a rough estimate of mean annual potential evaporation of 1000 mm for the Sierra

Leone area, with a peak in March. This is likely to be higher for inland areas than on the

coast.



3. Review of Other Relevant Literature



Kamara and Jackson (1997a) apply a classification of rain days and dry days based on

soil-moisture to 8 stations in Sierra Leone. Days are divided into rain days ( 0.25 mm)

and dry days and sub-divided into “deficit”, “limiting”, “adequate” and “surplus” soil

moisture. In order to classify days based on soil moisture, a simple water balance model

based on rainfall and estimated evapotranspiration was used. The results, based on the

1948 to 1977 period, show that the most frequently occurring days are dry days with

deficit soil moisture and rain days with surplus soil moisture. This indicates a climatic

regime characterised by extreme conditions of dryness and wetness, which has

hydrological implications. The percentage of days in each category for three stations,

representative of the mine area, the railway and the port respectively, are shown in

Table 1. The percentage of dry days ranges from 54 % at Makeni to 62 % at Kabala.

There is also some analysis of seasonality in the different types.

Station

Kabala

Makeni

Freetown



Dry,

deficit

41

34

39



Dry,

limiting

5

4

4



Dry,

adequate

16

16

13



Rain,

deficit

5

4

4



Rain,

limiting

3

1

2



Rain,

adequate

15

13

14



Rain,

surplus

17

28

24



Table 1: Percentage of rain and dry days, based on 1948 to 1977 data, categorised by soil

moisture.



5

© Crown copyright 2010



In a companion paper, Kamara and Jackson (1997b) use the classification above

together with maximum spells of these categories to divide Sierra Leone into eight agrohydrologic regions using cluster analysis. The mine site is located near to the boundary

between their Eastern Highlands region and Mid West region. Most of the railway is

covered by the Mid West region, except a small area around Port Loko which is in the

Northwest region. The port area is in their West Coast region.



Le Barbé et al (2002) analyse rainfall variability over West Africa during the 1950 to 1990

period. Although they do not include any data from Sierra Leone in their study, their

results that the 1951 to 1970 period was wet while the 1971 to 1990 period was dry are

likely to apply also to Sierra Leone. They estimate that the rainfall deficit of the latter

period compared to the former is 180 mm per year, which is fairly consistent over the

area. A similar result is obtained by Owusu and Waylen (2009), who find a 200 mm

deficit in the 1981 – 2000 period compared to the 1951 – 1970 period in Ghana.

Nicholson el al (2000) found that West African rainfall from 1968 to 1997 was 10 to 20 %

lower than that for 1931 to 1960.



However, the greatest decreases have occurred



further north in the Sahel and sub-humid areas. For the Soudano-Guinean region which

includes Sierra Leone, 29 out of 30 years from 1969 to 1998 had annual rainfall below

the long term mean. Most of the decrease was concentrated in the months of June and

September. Bowden (1980) analysed rainfall data from Sierra Leone for the 1949 to

1976 period, also finding a decreasing trend with a particularly dry period from 1970 to

1975 compared to a wet period from 1949 to 1955. Since 2000, however, the rainfall

has shown signs of increasing again (Owusu and Waylen, 2009).



4. Data Sources

4.1 Land Observations

The National Meteorological Library in Exeter holds a significant amount of

meteorological records from Sierra Leone in its archives. This is mostly in the form of

bound hard copy paper records. The records relate mainly to the period from 1874 to

1968; Sierra Leone was a British Colony until 1961 when it gained its independence.

The records are of observations of a range of weather variables including air

temperature, rainfall, wind speed and direction, humidity, thunderstorms, sunshine and

evaporation. There are records for many stations throughout Sierra Leone, but most of

the records are only at monthly time resolution, and many are only recorded for short



6

© Crown copyright 2010



periods of time and have periods of missing or unreliable data.



Daily records are



available for some stations, especially for Freetown and the airport at Lungi. A selection

of the available records has been digitised as part of this project, and full details of these

data can be found in Appendix 1.



The data is of high quality as it has been recorded by professional observers using

standard recording instruments. This is especially true for the main synoptic stations at

Freetown, Lungi, Makeni and Kabala. The digitisation of the paper records has been

carried out using double entry which has enabled careful quality checks to be made.



A weakness of this data is that the most recent records we currently have available to us

are over 50 years old, so that recent trends such as those caused by human-induced

climate change will not be accounted for. In particular, in light of the results of Le Barbe

et al (2002) and Nicholson et al (2000), it seems that the period for which we have most

data was significantly wetter than has been experienced in more recent decades. Some

more recent data has been obtained from contacts in the country however, and this has

enabled the data from Makeni and Lungi to be updated to 2009 (albeit with some

missing data). In addition, the spatial and temporal resolution of the observations is not

generally as high as is required for the applications involved in this project.



There is little data available for direct measurement of evaporation; the only data we

have is for 23 years from Lungi, and 3 years from Kortright. Hayward and Oguntoyinbo

(1987) explain the difficulties with measuring evaporation, with significant differences

depending on the measurement method used (Piché evaporimeters or raised or sunken

tank evaporimeters). Lungi used a Piché evaporimeter, while Kortright has data from all

three methods.



Piché measurements generally underestimate evaporation in high



humidity conditions.



Three Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) have been set up for this project, two at the

mine site (Farangbaya and Numbara), and one at Pepel Port. They only have very short

data records so are likely to be of limited use, but could be useful for storm analysis if

10-minute rainfall data can be obtained. Griffiths (2010) presents graphically data for

September to November 2009. This report also mentions the intention to monitor dust

levels.



7

© Crown copyright 2010



4.2 Numerical Model

Another source of data used in this study is numerical model data. The model used is

the Met Office Unified Model® (the MetUM), the forecast model used operationally by

the Met Office to produce numerical weather forecasts both regionally and across the

entire globe. The Global model has a horizontal resolution of approximately 50 km in the

region of interest, and analysis data from this model was extracted for four grid points,

for the port, two locations along the railway and the mine site. The period for which data

is available is 2000 to 2009.



Numerical model data provides a full representation of atmospheric conditions for a

recent time period. It will be particularly useful for variables such as wind, temperature

and humidity. The coarse resolution of the global model means, however, that small

scale features and local orography will not be well represented. It would be possible to

carry out high resolution modelling simulations of the area to generate much more

accurate results, but this would be an extremely computer intensive exercise.



5. Area 1: Mine site

5.1 Climate overview

The mine site is located 165 km inland from the coast at Lungi in an ENE direction, and

is shown on the map (Figure 1) by red triangles marking the SW and NE extents of the

mine site. The Sula mountain range rises up to about 1000 m above sea level from an

extensive, gently undulating plateau of 300 m to the west and 400 m to the east.



The dry season runs from December to March, with very little rain or cloud. Especially

during December and January, the ‘Harmattan’ wind may occur, a dry wind blowing from

the east or north-east which leads to poor visibility due to the dust which it carries, as

well as a reduction in humidity.



Rainfall at the mine site is spread much more evenly throughout the wet season than at

the coast. In the early wet season, thunderstorms start to develop in the highlands,

particularly during the afternoons. These thunderstorms are accompanied by strong

easterly squalls which may occasionally reach gale force in gusts. The monsoon rains

are shorter and less intense than further south and towards the coast, but there are still



8

© Crown copyright 2010



some longer periods of rain during July and August. Thundery activity resumes from

September to November as the wet season recedes.



5.2 Data Sources

There is very little observed data available for the mine site itself as it is a very remote

and mountainous area. We have short records of monthly data from Sakasakala (1936

to 1937), located at 576 masl (metres above sea level) in the centre of the mine site, and

from Tonkolili Farangbaira (1957 to 1961), also located in the mine area at 852 masl. To

supplement this, we have longer records from sites which are likely to be representative

of the mine area. The longest record comes from Kabala, which is 50 km to the north of

the mine site at an altitude of 444 masl. From this site we have a 50 year record (1913

to 1968) for a range of weather variables including rainfall, temperature, humidity and

wind. We also have 25 years of data from Mabonto, which is just to the south-west of

the mine area at the foot of the mountain range (129 masl).



In addition, we have



monthly rainfall data from two sites on the plateau to the east, Sumbaria and Kaiyima.

The Sumbaria record has been extended from 20 years to a reconstituted series of 50

years for a study related to the Bumbuna Hydroelectric Project.



There is very limited daily data representative of the mine site, although the initial

hydrological assessment of the Tonkolili iron ore project (Griffiths, 2010) states that daily

rainfall data are available for Bumbuna (1991 – 1992) and Kabala (1951 – 1979). We

have not found any evaporation data representative of the mine area, or any solar

radiation data which would be required for its calculation. There is also no data available

on dust levels.



6. Area 2: Tagrin Point and Pepel Port

6.1 Climate overview

Tagrin Point and Pepel Port, marked by red triangles on the map (Figure 1) are located

on the northern side of the Sierra Leone harbour, opposite the Freetown peninsula. The

Freetown peninsula reaches an altitude of 800 m and provides some shelter to the

harbour. Tagrin Point is at the end of the railway alignment, 165 km WSW from the mine

site.



9

© Crown copyright 2010



Sea temperatures off the coast of Freetown are around 27 °C with little seasonal

variation. Air temperatures also have little seasonal variation as the location is only 8.5°

north of the Equator. They remain hot throughout the year with a peak in April and May.



The dry season runs from December to March, and is characterised by fine days, with

perhaps a little cloud drifting in from the sea. The Harmattan wind sometimes reaches

the coast from the east, causing a reduction in visibility. Land breezes (from the northeast) often occur after sunrise, before the flow reverts to the prevailing south-westerly by

noon, reaching its peak speed in the early afternoon.



April to June is the early wet season or the ‘pre-monsoon’ season. Some convective

thunderstorms start to develop (but less than further inland), carried from the east by the

easterly winds at mid-levels. These storms are often accompanied by strong easterly

winds which can cause choppy seas in the harbour. The rain showers in June and

October can be particularly intense. From July through to September is the monsoon

season, with large amounts of cloud and long periods of rain, at times occurring with

high intensity. The south-west (ocean-facing) side of the Freetown peninsula has an

annual average rainfall of 5000 - 6800 mm, while the north-eastern side of the peninsula

and the area on the opposite side of the harbour receive only an annual average of 3000

– 3500 mm due to the rain shadow effect of the peninsula’s orography.



Rainfall



increases with altitude, especially in the rain shadow, and decreases with distance from

the coast (Hayward and Clarke, 1996; Kamara and Jackson, 1997b).



Humidity is high throughout the year, but is especially high during the monsoon season.

The steady prevailing wind flows from the south-west during this period, especially

during the afternoon and evening. The persistence of SW winds may cause large waves

(swell). During October and November the wet season rapidly subsides, with further

convective showers occurring.



6.2 Data Sources

We have data from a weather station which operated at Pepel Port from 1933 to 1967,

recording observations of rainfall, temperature and humidity.



There is a significant



amount of missing data within this record however, and a better record comes from the

site at Lungi Airport which is 12 km north of Tagrin Point. We have a 60 year record for

the 1947 to 2007 period, which includes daily and monthly rainfall and wind speed and

direction data, as well as monthly averages of temperature and humidity. Freetown is



10

© Crown copyright 2010



located just on the opposite side of the harbour entrance from Tagrin Point, and we have

a long record of daily rainfall data from here, running from 1916 to 1948. We also have

a 60 year record of monthly data from Freetown, covering rainfall, temperature, humidity

and wind speed. Other nearby stations for which we have shorter records include Kissy

Dockyard and Cline Town.



The availability and analysis of any relevant marine data will be investigated in the next

stage of the project.



7. Area 3: Railway alignment

7.1 Climate overview

The railway alignment will run from the south-west of the mine area WSW for about 170

km to Tagrin Point, at the entrance to the harbour.



It goes from the edge of the



highlands, at an altitude of about 400 masl, and passes through the interior low plains

which are rolling lowlands of swampy grasslands to the coastal lowland plain. The

proposed railway is marked on the map (Figure 1) as a black crossed line.



The decrease in altitude, the move towards the coast, and the movement to the WSW

with respect to the ITCZ means that there is a gradual change in the climate along the

length of the railway. Annual average rainfall decreases towards the coast, but most of

this decrease occurs during the height of the rainy season in July and August due to a

decreasing influence of the south-west monsoon.



However, there is an increase in



rainfall in the centre of the country around Makeni, as the escarpment which forms the

mine area triggers instability in the moist south-westerly winds (Kamara and Jackson,

1997b). There is also a slight increase in average cloudiness and humidity closer to the

coast. During February to April, fog sometimes forms in valleys after a calm night.



7.2 Data Sources

There are several meteorological stations for which we have some data records located

near to the railway alignment at fairly regular spatial intervals. Starting from the mine

site and proceeding to the coast, we have a good rainfall record from Mabonto, near to

the mine site. The railway then passes through Makeni, a large city of around 100,000

people from where we have a long record (over 50 years) of rainfall, temperature and

humidity data, as well as a short record of wind speed and direction. Further rainfall



11

© Crown copyright 2010



data is available from Teko, just to the south of Makeni. The next major stop for the

railway is Marampa, the location of existing mine works. We have a 34 year record of

rainfall, temperature and humidity data from here. The railway next passes Port Loko,

which is situated on Port Loko Creek, which flows into the Sierra Leone River. We have

a good record of rainfall data form here, as well as a shorter record of temperature and

humidity.



8. Area 4: Sierra Leone River catchment

The Rokel River is the largest river in Sierra Leone, and passes near to the mine area as

it flows in a south-westerly direction down to the Sierra Leone River estuary (Freetown

Harbour). It follows a similar path to the railway but further to the south. A smaller river,

Port Loko Creek, also feeds into the estuary, having crossed the railway at Port Loko.

Consequently the climate overview and data sources from the previous sections,

especially section 7 on the railway alignment, are also applicable to the river catchment.

This section provides a review of hydrological methods relevant to the applications

required and the data available.



8.1 Hydrological Applications

The hydrometeorological and climate data that has been acquired has potential for a

number of uses to assist the hydrological design and planning of the different facets of

the Tonkolili Mine Project.



The extensive historic rainfall record is useful in a number of respects. The availability of

long records of daily rainfall at Freetown and Lungi will provide useful information on

rainfall frequency and the estimation of probabilities (return periods). Aspects such as

persistence of wet and dry periods can be extracted from such data, which will be helpful

in determining the significance of dry season duration for water supply requirements.

However, both sites are close to the coast (Area 2), and may not be directly applicable to

the river catchment.



The extensive array of monthly rainfall should prove useful for the examination of the

range of seasonal conditions which will be important in planning water supply to the

mine camp, and broader aspects of water management, such as effluent disposal and

runoff control. These can be of particular importance to ecological management, where

tailings disposal to rivers is involved. An empirical means of estimating catchment runoff



12

© Crown copyright 2010



from annual average rainfall and catchment area is available from studies by the former

UK Institute of Hydrology (Meigh et al 1997). The basic equation produces an estimate

of mean annual flood (MAF), which can be adjusted by growth factor to return periods of

5 to 200 years. These will provide good first estimates for design floods at a range of

infrastructure, including cross-drainage along the railway line.



The monthly data provided (see Appendix 1) also include the maximum daily fall in each

month. At least one station within each area of interest has records of 50 years or more.

These record lengths should be capable of producing estimates of rainfall probabilities at

20-year and 50-year with some confidence. These data should also produce reasonable

estimates out to the 100-year probability, which may in turn provide verification and

refinement of estimates from empirical relationships.



The estimation of runoff from small catchments where no flow or rainfall measurements

are available commonly uses the well-established US Soil Conservation Service method

(WMO 2009). Selection of rainfall input in the estimating method allows for the rainfall to

be distributed over time, i.e. a storm profile. The example of data so far provided from

the AWS’s at the mine site present rainfall integrated over 10-minute intervals. Although

there is only a short record, if they contain a selection of discrete storm events these

data should provide some information to assist in identifying a representative storm

profile for local conditions. The data could also confirm or otherwise whether standard

design storm rainfall profiles, e.g. SCS or FSR (NERC 1975), could be applied. There

are also two published papers with storm hyetographs for locations on the Freetown

Peninsula which may be used for comparison (Davies et. al., 1966; Barrie, 2007).

Davies et. al. used sub-daily data from Freetown, while Barrie used annual maximum

daily rainfall amounts from Guma Valley, converted into shorter durations using a

reduction formula.



Some critical infrastructure such as tailings dams, which require a high level of safety in

their design, will require an estimate of extreme rainfall. For large dams, or those where

failure presents a high risk to life, it is common practice to estimate a probable maximum

flood (PMF). This requires the estimation of probable maximum precipitation (PMP), and

a recognised means of providing this is done by the Herschfield method (WMO 2009),

which uses the following equation:



Rmax = Rmean + KSd



13

© Crown copyright 2010



where;



Rmax is the PMP for a given duration

Rmean is the mean of the annual maximum rainfall series

K is a factor determined by Rmean and duration

Sd is the standard deviation of the annual maximum rainfall series.



Annual maximum daily rainfall from the longest available records at Freetown, Makeni

and Kabala should prove suitable for this estimation.



9. Conclusions

This report reviews the currently available literature on the climate of Sierra Leone, and

describes a range of data sources which have been found to be available. The report

focuses especially on four areas of interest; the mine area, the port area, the railway

alignment linking the mine to the port, and the river catchment.



The data and methods described in this report will be used to provide more detailed

analysis of the climate of the areas of interest. This further analysis will focus on the

requirements of Worley Parsons as stated in the proposal. Although a large amount of

information has been obtained, data on some aspects are not sufficient to meet the

requirements. The types of analysis expected to be included in the next stage of the

project are as follows:

Rainfall: Long-term averages of monthly rainfall representative of each of the areas of

interest. Recent trends will be incorporated using data form Makeni and Lungi. Analysis

of intra-annual variability of rainfall, including return periods of wet and dry years.

Extreme value analysis of daily data, using annual maximum values, and PMP

estimation. Estimation of design storm profiles (return periods for sub-daily durations),

making use of limited daily and sub-daily rainfall data together with estimation methods.

Wind: Frequency analysis of wind speed and direction, which will include seasonal

variations and the likelihood of occurrence of winds speeds exceeding certain

thresholds. Data from Kabala, Makeni, Lungi and Freetown will be used to make

inferences about the areas of interest.



14

© Crown copyright 2010



Temperature and humidity: Long-term averages of daily maximum, minimum and

mean temperature and relative humidity representative of each of the areas of interest,

including seasonal variations. Recent trends will be incorporated using data from

Makeni and Lungi.

Evaporation: Long-term averages of monthly evaporation from Lungi (as measured by

a Piché evaporimeter).



10. References

Barrie A. 2007. Intensity Duration Frequency relationship in a data scarce environment

for urban storm water management: a case study of the Guma catchment. Fourah Bay

College.



Bowden DJ. 1980. Rainfall in Sierra Leone. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography

1: 31-39.



Davies EJ, Barber NJ, Harleston AE. 1966. Design storm hyetographs from studies of

rainfall in the western area of Sierra Leone. Journal of the Institution of Water Engineers

and Scientists 20: 67-74.



Flood Studies Report.



1975.



Vol II, Meteorological Studies.



Natural Environment



Research Council, UK.



Griffiths J. 2010. Initial hydrological assessment of mine, port and transport corridor –

Tonkolili iron ore project. Report prepared by SRK Consulting for African Minerals Ltd.



Hayward DF, Clarke RT. 1996. Relationship between rainfall, altitude and distance

from the seas in the Freetown Peninsula, Sierra Leone. Hydrological Sciences 41: 377384



Hayward DF, Oguntoyinbo JS. 1987. Climatology of West Africa. Hutchinson.



15

© Crown copyright 2010



Kamara SI, Jackson IJ. 1997a. A new soil-moisture based classification of rain days

and dry days and its application to Sierra Leone. Theorotical and Applied Climatology

56: 199-213.



Kamara SI, Jackson IJ. 1997b. Identification of agro-hydrologic regions in Sierra Leone.

Theorotical and Applied Climatology 57: 49-63.



Le Barbé L, Lebel T, Tapsoba D. 2002. Rainfall variability in West Africa during the

years 1950 – 90. Journal of Climate 15: 187-202.



Meigh JR, Farquharson FAK, Sutcliffe JV. 1997. A worldwide comparison of regional

flood estimation methods and climate. Hydrological Sciences Journal 42: 225-244.



Mukherjee AK, Massaquoi. 1973. Rainfall in Sierra Leone. Scientific Note No.3, Sierra

Leone Meteorological Department.



Nicholson SE, Some B, Kone B. 2000. An analysis of recent rainfall conditions in West

Africa, including the rainy seasons of the 1997 El Niño and the 1998 La Niña years.

Journal of Climate 13: 2628-2640.



Ojo O. 1977. The Climates of West Africa. Hutchinson.



Owusu K, Waylen P. 2009. Trends in spatio-temporal variability in annual rainfall in

Ghana (1951-2000). Weather 64: 115-120.



Sierra Leone Meteorological Service, 1941. Meteorology of Sierra Leone River Area.

WMO. 2009. Guide to Hydrological Practices. Vol. II Management of Water Resources

and Application of Hydrological Practices. WMO No 168, Sixth Edition.



16

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Appendix 1

Hourly Data

Station

Freetown



Variables



Date from



Date to



Length of record



Rainfall



1944



1948



5 years



Table 2: Digitised hourly data



Daily Data

Station



Variables



Date from



Date to



Length of record



Rainfall



1921



1948



25 years



Rainfall, wind



1949



1968



20 years



Makeni



Rainfall



1943



1948



6 years



Kabala



Rainfall, wind



1943



1944



1 year



Freetown

Lungi



Table 3: Digitised daily data



Monthly Data (Mine Area)

Station



Variables



Date



Date to



from

Kabala



Length of

record (yrs)



Rainfall, temperature, humidity, wind



1913



1968



50



Mabonto



Rainfall



1936



1962



25



Sumbaria



Rainfall



1948



1968



21



Rainfall, temperature, humidity



1957



1961



5



Rainfall



1936



1937



2



Rainfall, temperature, humidity



1950



1955



5



Rainfall



1927



1931



5



Tonkolili

Sakasakala

Makali

Kaiyima



Table 4: Digitised monthly data from the mine area



17

© Crown copyright 2010



Monthly Data (Port Area)

Station



Variables



Date



Date to



from

Lungi



Rainfall, temperature, humidity,



Length of

record (yrs)



1947



2007



59, 23 (evap)



Rainfall, temperature, humidity, wind



1909



1968



59



Pepel



Rainfall, temperature, humidity



1933



1967



29



Kissy



Rainfall, temperature, humidity



1949



1959



10



Rainfall



1949



1960



12



wind, Piché evaporation

Freetown



Dockyard

Cline Town



Table 5: Digitised monthly data from the port area



Monthly Data (Railway Alignment)

Station



Variables



Date



Date to



Length of record (yrs)



2009



74 (rain), 67 (RH), 55



from

Makeni



Rainfall, temperature, humidity,



1923



wind



(temp), 18 (wind)



Marampa



Rainfall, temperature, humidity



1934



1968



34



Port Loko



Rainfall, temperature, humidity



1936



1968



27 (rain), 13 (temp,

RH)



Teko



Rainfall



1942



1968



17



Katonga



Rainfall



1957



1966



9



Rainfall, temperature, humidity



1954



1960



2



Magburaka



Table 6: Digitised monthly data from the area of the railway alignment and the river catchment



18

© Crown copyright 2010



Met Office

FitzRoy Road, Exeter

Devon EX1 3PB

United Kingdom



Tel: 0870 900 0100

Fax: 0870 900 5050

enquiries@metoffice.gov.uk

www.metoffice.gov.uk



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PHASE 1 ESHIA



APPENDIX 7

Stage 2 – Climate Assessment and Data Analysis - Prepared by the Met Office



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project



Stage 2 - Climate Assessment and Data

Analysis - Prepared by the Met Office



305000-00006 – 305000-00006-0000-EN-REP-0006

08 Apr 2010



Parkview, Great West Road

Brentford Middlesex TW8 9AZ London

United Kingdom

Telephone: +44 (0) 20 8326 5000

Facsimile: +44 (0) 20 8710 0220

www.worleyparsons.com



© Copyright 2010 WorleyParsons



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

STAGE 2 - CLIMATE ASSESSMENT AND DATA ANALYSIS - PREPARED BY THE MET OFFICE



TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Disclaimer

This report has been prepared on behalf of and for the exclusive use of African Minerals Limited,

and is subject to and issued in accordance with the agreement between African Minerals Limited

and WorleyParsons Europe Limited. WorleyParsons Europe Limited accepts no liability or

responsibility whatsoever for it in respect of any use of or reliance upon the whole or any part of

the contents of this report by any third party.



PROJECT 305000-00006 - STAGE 2 - CLIMATE ASSESSMENT AND DATA ANALYSIS - PREPARED BY

THE MET OFFICE



REV



DESCRIPTION



A



Issued for Internal Review



ORIG



REVIEW



WORLEYPARSONS

APPROVAL



O Fuertes



P Burris



N/A



DATE



08 Apr 2010



c:\documents and settings\alinne.hoffner\desktop\tonkolili project template_report.doc

Document No: 305000-00006-0000-EN-REP-0006 Page ii



CLIENT

APPROVAL



N/A



DATE



Climate studies for Tonkolili,

Sierra Leone: Stage 2 – Climate

assessment and data analysis

For: Worley Parsons

Date: March 2010

Authors: Matthew Perry and James Dent



stage_2_final_report_v1.1.doc

© Crown copyright 2008



-1–



Prepared by: Matthew Perry (Scientific Consultant)

and James Dent (Senior Hydrologist)



Reviewed by: Catrina Johnson (Manager, Scientific Consultancy)



Authorised for issue by: Helen Bye (Senior Business Manager)



Contents



1. Background .................................................................................................................2

2. Climate Overview ........................................................................................................3

3. Review of Other Relevant Literature .............................................................................. 5

4. Data Sources: 4.1 Land Observations .........................................................................6

4.2 Numerical Model......................................................................................... 8

5. Hydrological Methods ..................................................................................................... 8

6. Area 1: Mine Site: 6.1 Climate Overview ...................................................................13

6.2 Data Sources..........................................................................................13

6.3 Rainfall ...................................................................................................14

6.4 Temperature ...........................................................................................18

6.5 Relative Humidity....................................................................................21

6.6 Evaporation ............................................................................................22

6.7 Wind .......................................................................................................23

7. Area 2: Pepel Port and Tagrin Point: 7.1 Climate Overview.......................................25

7.2 Data Sources..........................................................................................26

7.3 Rainfall ...................................................................................................27

7.4 Temperature ...........................................................................................32

7.5 Relative Humidity....................................................................................34

7.6 Evaporation ............................................................................................36

7.7 Wind .......................................................................................................36

7.8 Marine ....................................................................................................38

8. Area 2: Railway Alignment: 8.1 Climate Overview .....................................................39

8.2 Data Sources..........................................................................................40

8.3 Rainfall ...................................................................................................40

8.4 Temperature ...........................................................................................46

8.5 Relative Humidity....................................................................................49

8.6 Evaporation ............................................................................................51

8.7 Wind .......................................................................................................51

9. Area 4: Sierra Leone River Catchment ......................................................................53

10. Conclusions.............................................................................................................53

11. References..............................................................................................................54

Appendix 1: Digitised station data .................................................................................56

Appendix 2: Design Storm Profiles ................................................................................57



© Crown copyright 2010



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1. Background

Worley Parsons are undertaking a Definitive Feasibility Study for the Tonkolili Iron Ore

Project on behalf of African Minerals Limited. The proposed mine site is located in the

Sula Mountain range in the Tonkolili District of Sierra Leone. A railway line is planned

between the mine site and Tagrin Point, which includes the refurbishment of an existing

railway from Lunsar. Tagrin Point is the location for a proposed new deep water port

within Freetown Harbour at the estuary of the Sierra Leone River.



In addition, the



refurbishment of existing port facilities at Pepel and mine works at Marampa are

planned.



A weather and climate study is required as part of the Environmental and Social Impact

Assessment (ESIA). This study needs to cover four geographic areas as follows:

Area 1: The mine and mine-infrastructure area.

Area 2: Tagrin Point and Pepel Port

Area 3: The railway alignment zone.

Area 4: The Sierra Leone River catchment area.



Information on the spatial and temporal variations in rainfall is particularly important, with

the aim of estimating rainfall quantities for different durations and recurrence intervals.

This is required in order to estimate the supply of water available to the planned water

impoundment for processing at the mine site, and for the design of structures, e.g.

tailings, dams and cross-drainage. Information on mean wind speed and direction and

gust speeds are also required for the design of storage and stockpiling facilities, both at

the mine site and at the port. Also included in the study are averages of air temperature,

relative humidity and evaporation. Also required if available is information on dust levels

during Harmattan Winds, and marine conditions offshore from Tagrin Point.



In the first stage of the meteorological study, a literature review was carried out to

determine what data and information is already available, and its integrity and reliability.

This second stage report will be split into sections covering each of the four areas

specified above, and will provide an overview of the climate of each of these areas,

details about the sources of data available, and a summary of analysed data.



© Crown copyright 2010



2



Figure 1: Map of the area of interest, showing the mine site, Pepel Port and Tagrin Point as red

triangles, joined by the railway alignment. Meteorological stations are marked, with relevant

stations labelled.



2. Climate Overview

This section has been synthesised from standard texts on West African climate, for

example Ojo (1977) and Hayward & Oguntoyinbo (1987), as well as reports and papers

specific to Sierra Leone including Mukharjee and Massaquoi (1973), and a 1941 report

from the Sierra Leone Meteorological Service.



© Crown copyright 2010



3



Sierra Leone has a tropical monsoon climate, modified by local influences such as

decrease in temperature with altitude and variation in rainfall distribution induced by

topography. Characteristic of ‘monsoon’ climates are a wet season and a dry season

each year - driven by the annual cycle in the latitude at which the sun’s diurnal sky

trajectory passes directly overhead. Latitudinal and smaller-scale spatial differentials in

the sun’s heat energy distribution are the fundamental driving force for all weather and

seasons. In the case of West African countries close to the Gulf of Guinea, the latitude

of overhead sun-path (and hence maximum heating potential) lies out to sea to the south

in the northern hemisphere winter but over the Sahara Desert to the north in the northern

hemisphere summer. Given that air density is inversely proportional to temperature, the

latitude of maximum heating becomes a zone of rising air into which surface winds

converge. This zone is known as the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Hence,

in the northern hemisphere winter, the ITCZ lies out to sea to the south and dry northeasterly winds, originating over the Sahara desert, blow towards it across Sierra Leone.

Conversely, in the northern hemisphere summer, the ITCZ lies to the north and moist

south-westerly winds from the Gulf of Guinea are drawn across Sierra Leone.



Between March and November, a broad, east-west-aligned, rain-prone belt associated

with the moist air from the Gulf of Guinea advances northwards across Sierra Leone and

then retreats southwards again, drawn in the direction of the ITCZ.



However, this



simplistic explanation for Sierra Leone’s wet season fails to explain all of its features.

For instance, the axis of rain-prone belt is not co-incidental with the surface position of

the ITCZ, but displaced some 300-400 km to the south. In some years there is a brief lull

in the rains in the middle of the wet season while the entire rain-belt lies to the north,

despite there being a plentiful supply of moist Gulf air. The assumed direct coupling

between the ITCZ and the position of main seasonal rain belt has been questioned, and

the factors involved are complex and still not fully understood. To the north of the main

monsoon rain belt is a zone where thunderstorms and line squalls develop, and move

from east to west with the tropospheric winds.



Hayward and Oguntoyinbo (1987) provide an overview of the climatology of the different

weather elements experienced in West Africa which results from the mechanisms

discussed above. Sunshine duration is greatest in the winter period, and much reduced

in the rainy season as cloudy days predominate. There is a slight increase in sunshine

from the south to the north in Sierra Leone. There is little seasonal variation in mean air

temperatures, with slightly hotter conditions in April and May.



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Altitude influences



temperature as well as other weather variables, with temperatures generally decreasing

with altitude. Mean wind speeds are generally low, and high impact gusts are rare. The

greatest wind speeds in the dry season occur when the ‘Harmattan’ wind blows from the

east or north-east, while in the wet season higher wind speeds are associated with

storms and squalls. The prevailing wind direction is from the south-west for most of the

year, especially near to the coast and especially during the monsoon. Annual average

rainfall is greatest along the coast, and decreases with distance inland. The authors

make a rough estimate of mean annual potential evaporation of 1000 mm for the Sierra

Leone area, with a peak in March. This is likely to be higher for inland areas than on the

coast.



3. Review of Other Relevant Literature



Kamara and Jackson (1997a) apply a classification of rain days and dry days based on

soil-moisture to 8 stations in Sierra Leone. Days are divided into rain days ( 0.25 mm)

and dry days and sub-divided into “deficit”, “limiting”, “adequate” and “surplus” soil

moisture. In order to classify days based on soil moisture, a simple water balance model

based on rainfall and estimated evapotranspiration was used. The results, based on the

1948 to 1977 period, show that the most frequently occurring days are dry days with

deficit soil moisture and rain days with surplus soil moisture. This indicates a climatic

regime characterised by extreme conditions of dryness and wetness, which has

hydrological implications. The percentage of days in each category for three stations,

representative of the mine area, the railway and the port respectively, are shown in

Table 1. The percentage of dry days ranges from 54 % at Makeni to 62 % at Kabala.

There is also some analysis of seasonality in the different types.

Station

Kabala

Makeni

Freetown



Dry,

deficit

41

34

39



Dry,

limiting

5

4

4



Dry,

adequate

16

16

13



Rain,

deficit

5

4

4



Rain,

limiting

3

1

2



Rain,

adequate

15

13

14



Rain,

surplus

17

28

24



Table 1: Percentage of rain and dry days, based on 1948 to 1977 data, categorised by soil

moisture.



In a companion paper, Kamara and Jackson (1997b) use the classification above

together with maximum spells of these categories to divide Sierra Leone into eight agrohydrologic regions using cluster analysis. The mine site is located near to the boundary



© Crown copyright 2010



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between their Eastern Highlands region and Mid West region. Most of the railway is

covered by the Mid West region, except a small area around Port Loko which is in the

Northwest region. The port area is in their West Coast region.



Le Barbé et al (2002) analyse rainfall variability over West Africa during the 1950 to 1990

period. Although they do not include any data from Sierra Leone in their study, their

results that the 1951 to 1970 period was wet while the 1971 to 1990 period was dry are

likely to apply also to Sierra Leone. They estimate that the rainfall deficit of the latter

period compared to the former is 180 mm per year, which is fairly consistent over the

area. A similar result is obtained by Owusu and Waylen (2009), who find a 200 mm

deficit in the 1981 – 2000 period compared to the 1951 – 1970 period in Ghana.

Nicholson el al (2000) found that West African rainfall from 1968 to 1997 was 10 to 20 %

lower than that for 1931 to 1960.



However, the greatest decreases have occurred



further north in the Sahel and sub-humid areas. For the Soudano-Guinean region which

includes Sierra Leone, 29 out of 30 years from 1969 to 1998 had annual rainfall below

the long term mean. Most of the decrease was concentrated in the months of June and

September. Bowden (1980) analysed rainfall data from Sierra Leone for the 1949 to

1976 period, also finding a decreasing trend with a particularly dry period from 1970 to

1975 compared to a wet period from 1949 to 1955. Since 2000, however, the rainfall

has shown signs of increasing again (Owusu and Waylen, 2009).



4. Data Sources

4.1 Land Observations

The National Meteorological Library in Exeter holds a significant amount of

meteorological records from Sierra Leone in its archives. This is mostly in the form of

bound hard copy paper records. The records relate mainly to the period from 1874 to

1968; Sierra Leone was a British Colony until 1961 when it gained its independence.

The records are of observations of a range of weather variables including air

temperature, rainfall, wind speed and direction, humidity, thunderstorms, sunshine and

evaporation. There are records for many stations throughout Sierra Leone, but most of

the records are only at monthly time resolution, and many are only recorded for short

periods of time and have periods of missing or unreliable data.



Daily records are



available for some stations, especially for Freetown and the airport at Lungi. A selection



© Crown copyright 2010



6



of the available records has been digitised as part of this project, and full details of these

data can be found in Appendix 1.



The data is of high quality as it has been recorded by professional observers using

standard recording instruments. This is especially true for the main synoptic stations at

Freetown, Lungi, Makeni and Kabala. The digitisation of the paper records has been

carried out using double entry which has enabled careful quality checks to be made.



A weakness of this data is that the most recent records we currently have available to us

are over 50 years old, so that recent trends such as those caused by human-induced

climate change will not be accounted for. In particular, in light of the results of Le Barbe

et al (2002) and Nicholson et al (2000), it seems that the period for which we have most

data was significantly wetter than has been experienced in more recent decades. Some

more recent data has been obtained from contacts in the country however, and this has

enabled the data from Makeni and Lungi to be updated to 2009 (albeit with some

missing data). In addition, the spatial and temporal resolution of the observations is not

generally as high as is required for the applications involved in this project.



There is little data available for direct measurement of evaporation; the only data we

have is for 23 years from Lungi, 3 years from Bumbuna and Kortright. Hayward and

Oguntoyinbo (1987) explain the difficulties with measuring evaporation, with significant

differences depending on the measurement method used (Piché evaporimeters or raised

or sunken pan evaporimeters). Lungi used a Piché evaporimeter and Bumbuna used a

‘Class A’ pan, while Kortright has data from all three methods. Piché measurements

generally underestimate evaporation in high humidity conditions.



Three Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) have been set up for this project, two at the

mine site (Farangbaya and Numbara), and one at Pepel Port. Five months of 10-minute

data is available for Farangbaya (400 masl) and Numbara (800 masl). Due to the short

data records currently available these are of limited use, but will provide an indication of

likely conditions and data for storm analysis. Griffiths (2010) presents graphically data

for September to November 2009. This report also mentions the intention to monitor

dust levels, which was not proceeded with.



4.2 Numerical Model

Another source of data used in this study is numerical model data. The model used is

the Met Office Unified Model (the MetUM), the forecast model used operationally by the



© Crown copyright 2010



7



Met Office to produce numerical weather forecasts both regionally and across the entire

globe. The Global model has a horizontal resolution of approximately 50 km in the

region of interest, and analysis data from this model was extracted for four grid points,

for the port, two locations along the railway and the mine site. The period for which data

is available is 2000 to 2009.



Numerical model data provides a full representation of atmospheric conditions for a

recent time period. It was particularly useful for variables such as wind and humidity.

The coarse resolution of the global model means, however, that small scale features and

local orography will not be well represented. It would be possible to carry out high

resolution modelling simulations of the area to generate much more accurate results, but

this would be an extremely computer intensive exercise.



5. Hydrological Methods

The hydrometeorological and climate data that has been acquired has potential for a

number of uses to assist the hydrological design and planning of the different facets of

the Tonkolili Mine Project.



The extensive array of monthly rainfall is useful for the examination of the range of

seasonal conditions which will be important in planning water supply to the mine camp,

and broader aspects of water management, such as effluent disposal and runoff control.

These can be of particular importance to ecological management, where tailings

disposal to rivers is involved. An empirical means of estimating catchment runoff from

annual average rainfall and catchment area is available from studies by the former UK

Institute of Hydrology (Meigh et al 1997). The basic equation produces an estimate of

mean annual flood (MAF), which can be adjusted by growth factor to return periods of 5

to 200 years. These will provide good first estimates for design floods at a range of

infrastructure, including cross-drainage along the railway line.



The monthly data provided (see Appendix 1) also include the maximum daily fall in each

month. At least one station within each area of interest has records of 50 years or more.

These record lengths are capable of producing estimates of rainfall probabilities at 20year and 50-year with some confidence.



These data can also produce reasonable



estimates out to the 100-year probability, and the 500-year probability with higher



© Crown copyright 2010



8



uncertainty. The Generalised Extreme Value (GEV) distribution has also been used to

analyse extremes of annual rainfall totals in order to provide estimates of wet and dry

years for probabilities ranging from 5 years to 500 years.



The estimation of runoff from small catchments where no flow or rainfall measurements

are available commonly uses the well-established US Soil Conservation Service method

(WMO 2009). Selection of rainfall input in the estimating method allows for the rainfall to

be distributed over time, i.e. a storm profile.



The analysis of hourly rainfall data from Freetown (1944-47) and of 10-minute data from

automatic weather stations (AWS) operating at the mine site since September 2009

have given some insight into the intensity-duration characteristics of storm rainfall. The

data from Freetown suggests that there are two main types of rainfall event.



Firstly there are heavy downpours lasting a few hours, where one hour, usually in the

early part of the storm has a significantly high rainfall. The rainfall in a single hour can

amount to 70% of the storm total.



It would appear that this type of storm is most



prevalent in the early part of the rainy season, late May or early June, and at the end of

the rains, in September and October. These convective rains are associated with the

advancing and retreating ITCZ.



The second type of storm is of longer duration, from 8 to 15hours, where individual peak

hourly intensities are lower than in convective storms, and moderate intensities may

persist for 2 to 3 hours in a longer period of light rainfall. Peak hourly intensities are only

20-30% of the storm total. This type of storm appears typical of the main part of the wet

season, July and August, when the ITCZ is to the north, and the equatorial rain band

predominates, with large depressions being the main rainfall producing mechanism.



The recent data obtained from AWS records provide examples of heavy rainfalls in

September and October. These are characteristically of short duration, matching the

end of season pattern noted at Freetown. However, it cannot be assumed that the midseason pattern will be the same, as orographic and local influences at the mine site may

affect rainfall intensities. Analysis of the data has produced information on durations

from 10 minutes to 3-4 hours. Neither source of data is sufficient to produce probability

estimates at different durations, but maximum or “envelope” values have been obtained.



© Crown copyright 2010



9



In the absence of enough recorded data, rainfall intensity-duration data may be obtained

from generalised methods. Two are considered here:

1: From the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO, 1993). This reference provides a

graph of intensity vs duration for a 1 in 10 event, compiled from data from Africa and

Australia.



Growth factors for 1 in 20 and 1 in 50 events are also provided.



This



information is summarised in Table 2. It may be noted that peak recorded intensities for

the Numbara AWS have been 135.6 mm/hr in 10 minutes and 88.5 mm/hr for 20

minutes.

Return

Period

1 in 10

1 in 25

1 in 50



5-min

120

150

180



Duration

20-min

82

103

123



10-min

101

137

151



30-min

70

88

105



60-min

47

59

70



Table 2. Rainfall Intensity (mm/hr) for different durations



2: From the Flood Studies Report (FSR, 1975). The FSR carried out a detailed study of

rainfall intensity and duration for the UK, and related the peaked-ness of profiles to

frequency of occurrence. The more “peaky” profiles are related to convective activity,

and it is suggested that the 90 percentile “summer” profile is suitable to apply to Sierra

Leone.



The information is presented as proportion of time relative to proportion of



rainfall, as in Table 3.



FSR notes that there is little change of the proportional



distribution of rainfall with duration, so the profile could be applied to different lengths of

design storm.



Cumulative percentage of storm duration

Cumulative percentage of rainfall



4

36



10

63



20

82



40

92



60

96



80

98



100

100



Table 3. Relationship between rainfall and duration (FSR, 1975)



Applying the distribution in Table 3 to the maximum recorded storm with hourly data at

Freetown, 220mm in 5 hours, gives the depth duration statistics in Table 4. Compared

with the recorded rainfall this gives confidence that the synthetic profile would be

suitable for design applications.

Duration, minutes

Rainfall depth, mm

Rainfall recorded

13/9/44



12

79

-



30

139

-



60

180

150



120

202

206



Table 4: Rainfall depth (mm) and duration for a 5-hour storm



© Crown copyright 2010



10



180

211

212



240

216

-



300

220

220



These theoretical profiles can be adapted to apply to the conditions in Sierra Leone.

From the characteristics of sub-daily rainfall information available, two storm durations

are considered, of 15-hours and 8-hours. These profiles are applied to estimates from

the annual maximum series of 1-day rainfalls, on the evidence that the 1-day data

almost invariably represents a rainfall event which has duration of less than 24-hours.

The examples from the Freetown record showed that heavy rainfall events can be of a

short duration with intense peaks, or of longer duration with a more extended period of

heavier rainfall.



The general intensity-duration relationship of the FSR profile (Table 4) has been

distributed centrally to produce a 15-hour storm profile summarised in Table 5. Some

slight reduction of the peak 1-hour proportion has been made, with the adjustment

distributed to produce a “flatter” period of heavy rainfall, more representative of observed

conditions.



Hour no.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8



% rainfall

0.5

1

2

3

4

6

11

45



Hour no.

9

10

11

12

13

14

15



% rainfall

11

6

4

3

2

1

0.5



Table 5: Hourly rainfall profile (%) for 15-hour storm



It has been noted that short duration storms are characterised by having the peak hourly

rainfall intensity occurring in the first part of the storm. For the 8-hour storm, the FSR

profile has been subjectively apportioned to give 90% of the storm occurring within the

first 3 hours of the storm, and the peak rainfall occurring in hour 2. This is summarised

in Table 6.

Hour no.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8



% rainfall

8

69

13

3

2

2

1

1



Table 6: Hourly rainfall profile (%) for 8-hour storm



© Crown copyright 2010



11



To obtain estimates of typical sub-hourly rainfall depths, the intensity-duration

relationship of the FAO curve has been used. This has been converted to a centrally

distributed profile of 5-minute time-steps, as in Table 7. This profile has been applied to

the estimates of the peak 1-hour rainfall for the 8-hour duration storms, for return periods

of 10 and 50 years.



5-minute interval

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12



% rainfall

3

4

8

9

14

21

14

9

8

5

3

2



Table 7: 5-minute rainfall profile (%) for 1-hour storm



Some critical infrastructure such as tailings dams, which require a high level of safety in

their design, will require an estimate of extreme rainfall. For large dams, or those where

failure presents a high risk to life, it is common practice to estimate a probable maximum

flood (PMF). This requires the estimation of probable maximum precipitation (PMP), and

a recognised means of providing this is done by the Herschfield method (WMO 2009),

which uses the following equation:

Rmax = Rmean + KSd

where Rmax is the PMP for a given duration, Rmean is the mean of the annual

maximum rainfall series, K is a factor determined by Rmean and duration, and Sd is the

standard deviation of the annual maximum rainfall series.



Annual maximum daily rainfall from the longest available records at Freetown, Makeni

and Kabala should prove suitable for this estimation.



© Crown copyright 2010



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6. Area 1: Mine site

6.1 Climate overview

The mine site is located 165 km inland from the coast at Lungi in an ENE direction, and

is shown on the map (Figure 1) by red triangles marking the SW and NE extents of the

mine site. The Sula mountain range rises up to about 1000 m above sea level from an

extensive, gently undulating plateau of 300 m to the west and 400 m to the east.



The dry season runs from December to March, with very little rain or cloud. Especially

during December and January, the ‘Harmattan’ wind may occur, a dry wind blowing from

the east or north-east which leads to poor visibility due to the dust which it carries, as

well as a reduction in humidity.



Rainfall at the mine site is spread much more evenly throughout the wet season than at

the coast. In the early wet season, thunderstorms start to develop in the highlands,

particularly during the afternoons. These thunderstorms are accompanied by strong

easterly squalls which may occasionally produce gusts at gale force. The monsoon

rains are shorter and less intense than further south and towards the coast, but there are

still some longer periods of rain during July and August. Thundery activity resumes from

September to November as the wet season recedes.



6.2 Data Sources

There is very little observed data available for the mine site itself as it is a very remote

and mountainous area. We have short records of monthly data from Sakasakala (1933

to 1937), located at 576 masl (metres above sea level) in the centre of the mine site, and

from Tonkolili Valley / Farangbaya (1957 to 1960), also located in the mine area at 400

masl.



There is also a short record of monthly rainfall and evaporation data from



Bumbuna (1972 to 1975). The mining will take place at a higher altitude of about 800

masl, and we have 11 months of data from a site at 850 masl in the mine area, as well

as 5 months of data from the AWS at Numbara.



To supplement this, we have longer records from sites which may be representative of

the mine area. The longest record comes from Kabala, which is 50 km to the north of

the mine site at an altitude of 444 masl. From this site we have a 50 year record (1913

to 1968) for a range of weather variables including rainfall, temperature, humidity and

wind. We also have 25 years of data from Mabonto, which is just to the south-west of



© Crown copyright 2010



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the mine area at the foot of the mountain range (129 masl). In addition, we have rainfall

data from two sites on the plateau to the east, Sumbaria and Kaiyima.



6.3 Rainfall

The recent data from the AWS sites at Farangbaya and Numbara provide examples of

heavy rainfall in September and October. These are characteristically of short duration,

but it cannot be assumed that the mid-season pattern will be the same, as orographic

and local influences at the mine site may affect rainfall intensities. Maximum values for

durations from 10 minutes to one hour are shown in Table 8.



Duration

Depth



10min

22.6



AWS data

20min

30min

29.5

29.7



60min

32.3



Table 8: Maximum rainfall depths for given durations from analysed records at AWS sites



Extreme value analysis of annual maximum daily totals has been carried out on historic

data from Sumbaria and Kabala to obtain daily rainfall totals for a range of return periods

(Table 9). There is not enough daily or annual maximum data from the mine area itself

to carry out similar analysis. Of the 7 years of annual maxima data available from the

mine area, the average is 141 mm, with a range from 102 mm to 173 mm.



This



suggests that Sumbaria and Kabala are not representative of the mine area, having

significantly lower rainfall intensities. The daily intensities from Makeni (Table 43) are

most likely to be representative of the mine area, but rainfall intensities at the mining

altitude of around 800 masl may be greater than those recorded at around 400 masl.

The annual maximum series have also been used to estimate a Probable Maximum

Precipitation of 566 mm for Makeni and 459 mm for Kabala.



© Crown copyright 2010



14



Sumbaria



Return



Kabala



95 %



95 %



95 %



95 %



confidence



confidence



confidence



confidence



lower limit



upper limit



lower limit



upper limit



141.4



120.6



162.1



131.2



117.1



145.2



20



157.0



130.8



183.3



146.9



129.2



164.6



50



177.2



143.5



211.0



167.3



144.4



190.1



100



192.5



153.3



231.6



182.6



156.1



209.0



500



227.5



176.2



278.8



217.8



183.2



252.5



Period



Estimate



(years)



(mm)



10



Estimate

(mm)



Table 9: Estimated daily rainfall totals with 95 % confidence intervals for a range of return

periods. Sumbaria analysis based on 20 years from 1948 to 1968 and Kabala based on 45 years

from 1913 to 1968.



The theoretical profiles for 15 and 8 hour storms (Tables 5 and 6) have been applied to

the estimates of 10 and 50 year return period 1-day rainfalls at Makeni and Kabala. The

maximum 1-hour rainfall during these design storms is shown in Table 10, while the full

design storms are provided in Appendix 2.



Location



1 in 10-year



1 in 50-year



8-hour



15-hour



8-hour



15-hour



Makeni



115.6



76.5



147.6



97.7



Kabala



88.4



50.5



113.6



75.2



Table 10: Maximum 1-hour rainfall (mm) for design storms of 8 and 15 hours



The theoretical profile of 5-minute rainfall (Table 7) has been applied to the maximum 1hour rainfall from the 8-hour storm, giving the estimates of maximum 5-minute rainfall in

Table 11 (the full profile is provided in Appendix 2).



Location

Makeni

Kabala



Rainfall, mm

10-year

24.3

18.6



50-year

31.0

23.8



Table 11: Estimates of maximum 5-minute rainfall at Makeni and Kabala



Monthly averages of rainfall for the 1923 to 1968 period are shown in Table 12 for

Mabonto, Sumbaria and Kabala. Where possible, missing monthly values have been

estimated by linear regression against the best correlated neighbour stations. Mabonto



© Crown copyright 2010



15



has a surprisingly high rainfall, and is probably affected by rainfall which develops due to

the orographic uplift of the mountain range of the mining area, which is just to the northeast.



Sumbaria, and especially Kabala, have much less rainfall during the June to



September period.



Month



Mabonto



Sumbaria



Kabala



January



14.0



9.7



9.1



February



20.8



21.0



13.1



March



59.0



81.3



47.1



April



111.4



122.0



102.4



May



240.8



268.0



196.4



June



403.0



329.8



318.3



July



570.4



404.4



316.5



August



746.4



421.3



381.3



September



600.8



420.7



407.3



October



426.4



390.2



343.6



November



208.5



184.1



111.2



December



29.5



32.4



17.7



3431.0



2684.8



2263.9



Annual



Table 12: Monthly averages of rainfall (mm) for Mabonto, Sumbaria and Kabala, 1923 to 1968.



Table 13 provides monthly rainfall averages for the short data records from the mine

area itself. As these records are no more than 5 years in length, the values have high

uncertainty, but they give an indication of the annual cycle of rainfall in the area and the

different short records generally agree well. The combined series of these short records

has an annual average rainfall of just over 3000 mm. This series has been correlated

against other long periods stations (Table 14), and the best correlation is with Makeni.

There is not enough data from the mine area to analyse trends over time, but there is

very little trend at Makeni (Figure 7) so this may also be the case for the mine area.



© Crown copyright 2010



16



Month



Sakasakala

(1933 – 1937)



Farangbaya

(1937; 1957 –

1960)



Bumbuna

(1972 – 1975)



Combined

mine area

series



January



0.0



3.4



0.0



1.1



February



14.1



12.3



0.0



9.3



March



52.9



56.6



19.7



46.0



April



126.6



68.7



54.0



93.2



May



209.2



245.7



155.2



213.7



June



281.8



327.0



286.0



317.2



July



481.0



588.2



563.0



516.7



August



659.9



878.3



724.0



731.6



September



522.6



661.3



457.0



562.2



October



350.6



322.9



417.3



368.9



November



192.2



185.7



114.3



182.6



December



38.6



14.2



16.1



24.1



2929.3



3364.1



2806.6



3066.6



Annual



Table 13: Monthly averages of rainfall (mm) for locations in the mine area for different short

periods, and a combined series.



Station



Correlation Coefficient (r)



Makeni



0.91



Mabonto



0.85



Sumbaria



0.83



Kabala



0.79



Table 14: Correlation coefficients of neighbour stations with the combined series of monthly

rainfall for the mine area.



The combined series of annual rainfall values from the mine area has been extended by

regression against data from Makeni, and extreme value analysis has been carried out

on the resulting series in order to obtain estimated rainfall amounts for a range of

recurrence intervals, both for wet years and dry years. The results, including 95 %

confidence intervals for the estimates, are shown in table 15.



© Crown copyright 2010



17



Dry year



Dry year



Wet year



Wet year



95 %



95 %



95 %



95 %



confidence



confidence



confidence



confidence



lower limit



upper limit



lower limit



upper limit



2991



2907



3060



3398



3340



3456



10



2864



2746



2944



3488



3433



3548



20



2752



2583



2847



3552



3500



3621



50



2620



2371



2741



3611



3563



3697



100



2530



2216



2673



3643



3596



3736



500



2347



1855



2552



3690



3644



3802



Return



Dry year



Period



estimate



(years)



(mm)



5



Wet year

estimate

(mm)



Table 15: Annual rainfall dry year and wet year totals for a range of return periods, for a mine

area series, extended by regression against data from Makeni (1923 to 2005).



6.4 Temperature

As the temperature varies much less from year to year than rainfall, it is possible to

make good estimates of average temperature from only a few years of data. Table 16

and Figure 2 provide averages of daily maximum and minimum temperature for the mine

area and for Kabala, which is 50 km to the north. Temperature is strongly dependant on

altitude, so data from the mine area has been split into records coming from an altitude

of 400 – 500 masl (4 - 5 years of data), and records coming from about 800 masl (1 - 2

years of data). The values compare well with those from Kabala (for the 30 year period

1939 to 1968), with the main differences being that Kabala get a bit hotter in the daytime in February and March, and colder at night in December and January. As the high

altitude record is only 1 – 2 years, it has less confidence, but still gives a good indication

of the effect of altitude in lowering the daily maximum temperatures by approximately 2

°C. Daily minimum temperatures are also lower in t he wet season.



© Crown copyright 2010



18



Mean daily maximum

Month



Mine



Mine



(c. 400m)



(c. 800m)



January



32.2



30.6



February



33.1



March



Mean daily minimum

Mine



Mine



(c. 400m)



(c. 800m)



32.1



18.7



19.7



16.6



30.3



34.3



19.6



19.3



19.2



33.6



30.7



34.7



20.6



19.3



20.8



April



32.8



29.9



33.1



21.3



19.2



21.5



May



30.2



26.7



31.3



20.3



18.2



21.3



June



29.9



25.8



29.5



20.8



18.8



20.6



July



27.3



24.4



27.5



20.8



18.4



20.4



August



26.1



23.8



26.9



20.0



19.2



20.4



September



28.1



25.1



28.6



20.0



18.7



20.3



October



30.1



27.3



30.0



20.1



18.4



20.1



November



29.8



27.7



30.6



20.3



19.2



19.6



December



30.8



28.4



30.8



19.4



19.2



16.6



Annual



30.3



27.5



30.8



20.1



19.0



19.8



Kabala



Kabala



Table 16: Monthly mean daily maximum and daily minimum air temperatures for sites in the mine

area at around 400 masl (4-5 years of data) and at around 800 masl (1-2 years of data), and for

Kabala (1939 to 1968 period).



© Crown copyright 2010



19



35

33

31



Temperature (deg C)



29

27

Mine (c. 400 m)

Mine (c. 800 m)

Kabala



25

23

21

19

17

15

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun



Jul



Aug Sep Oct



Nov Dec



Figure 2: Monthly mean daily maximum and minimum air temperatures for Kabala (1939 to 1968),

and for short records from the mine area at approx 400 masl and 800 masl.



Table 17 provides monthly statistics of mean temperature for Kabala. The 20th and 80th

percentile values show that there is very little inter-annual variability.

th



th



Month



20 %ile



Median



Mean



80 %ile



January



23.9



24.5



24.5



25.0



February



26.3



26.7



26.8



27.1



March



27.5



27.9



27.9



28.2



April



27.1



27.6



27.5



27.9



May



26.1



26.4



26.6



27.2



June



24.7



25.1



25.2



25.6



July



23.7



24.2



24.2



24.7



August



23.3



23.8



23.9



24.3



September



24.2



24.4



24.6



24.9



October



24.7



25.0



25.1



25.4



November



24.7



25.2



25.2



25.5



December



23.1



23.6



23.8



24.6



Table 17: Monthly statistics of mean temperature for Kabala (1923 to 1968).



© Crown copyright 2010



20



6.5 Relative Humidity

Table 18 shows monthly averages of morning (usually measured at 09 GMT) and

afternoon (usually measured at 15 GMT) relative humidity (RH). The data from Kabala

is for the period 1955 to 1968, while data from Farangbaya (a site in the mine area at

400 masl) is for 1957 to 1961. AWS data from the mine site for the period October 2009

to January 2010 has been added to this. According to model data for the mine area

(Figure 3), 15 GMT is the time of minimum RH in the diurnal cycle, while 09 GMT is just

after the time of maximum RH, which occurs at around 06 GMT. The maximum daily RH

would be expected to be between 8 – 10 % higher than the 09 GMT values shown. The

annual cycle of RH reaches a peak in August, while the time of lowest RH is in the

afternoons of January to February when dry air is often brought from the north by the

Harmattan wind.



Month



Morning (09 GMT)



Afternoon (15 GMT)



Kabala



Farangbaya



Kabala



Farangbaya



January



73.7



78.1



28.1



48.0



February



75.4



80.7



29.3



42.7



March



77.6



83.3



35.3



49.0



April



80.0



79.7



47.4



56.3



May



86.3



89.0



61.4



69.0



June



90.6



91.0



69.1



80.0



July



93.0



95.3



74.4



83.3



August



94.6



96.0



78.6



88.3



September



93.0



94.0



72.6



79.5



October



90.8



86.9



67.3



74.3



November



91.8



89.2



58.6



73.5



December



81.6



77.9



39.0



59.1



Annual



85.7



86.8



55.1



66.9



Table 18: Monthly averages of morning (09 GMT) and afternoon (15 GMT) relative humidity at

Kabala (1955 to 1968) and Farangbaira (1957 to 1961; 2009 to 2010)



Comparison of the very short data records available from higher altitude sites in the mine

area suggests that RH is much lower in the December to March period at an altitude of

approximately 800 masl. In the wet season, however, RH is similar to, and sometimes

higher than at the lower altitude sites.



© Crown copyright 2010



21



July



January



100

90



Average RH (%)



80

70

60

50

40

30

20

0



2



4



6



8



10



12



14



16



18



20



22



Hour of Day

Figure 3: Average diurnal cycle of relative humidity (%) in the mine area (from model data), for

July and January.



6.6 Evaporation

Monthly averages of evaporation for Bumbuna are given in Table 19. This shows that

evaporation reaches a peak in the monthly cycle in March, and dips to a low in

September. The actual values cannot be relied upon due to the short duration of the

record and uncertainty in differences between the measuring methods.



Month

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Annual



Bumbuna

185

200

242

193

182

135

125

106

102

115

143

164

1891



Table 19: Average monthly total evaporation (mm) from a ‘Class A’ land pan at Bumbuna (1972

to 1975)



© Crown copyright 2010



22



6.7 Wind

Wind speed and direction data is available from Kabala for the period 1955 to 1968, but

the speed is only recorded in categories of Beaufort Force. For details of the Beaufort

Scale, see http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/marine/guide/beaufortscale.html. Model

data has been extracted for the mine area, and monthly averages are shown in Table 20

along with those from Kabala. Kabala has its highest mean wind speeds from January

to March, while the model data has a double peak in the annual cycle, in March to April

and July to August. The lowest mean speeds occur in November.



Month



Kabala



Mine area (model)



January



3.5



2.7



February



3.6



3.1



March



3.4



3.7



April



3.2



4.0



May



3.1



3.2



June



3.0



3.2



July



3.1



3.6



August



3.1



3.7



September



2.9



3.1



October



3.0



2.5



November



2.8



2.0



December



3.2



2.2



Annual



3.2



3.1



Table 20: Monthly mean wind speed (knots) at Kabala (1955 to 1968) and from model data for

the mine area (200 to 2009).



Wind data from the AWS sites which have been operating since September 2009 is

shown in Table 21. This clearly shows the effect of altitude and local exposure, as the

exposed site at Numbara (800 masl) has much greater mean wind speeds than the site

at Farngbaya (400 masl). The wind speeds at Numbara are also significantly greater

than those which would be expected for Kabala or Makeni (the mean wind speed for

November 2009 at Makeni was recorded as 1.3 knots). The maximum gust speeds at

the two sites are similar, however. This is the only gust speed data available, and is not

sufficient for further analysis, but does give an indication of the likely gust speeds in this

mountainous area.



© Crown copyright 2010



23



Farangbaya

Month



Numbara



Mean wind



Max gust speed



Mean wind



Max gust speed



speed (knots)



(knots)



speed (knots)



(knots)



15-30 Sep 2009



1.7



44



4.7



41



Oct 2009



1.6



47



4.1



40



Nov 2009



1.1



33



4.0



25



Dec 2009



1.0



26



4.6



38



Jan 2010



0.7



27



4.7



32



Table 21: Monthly mean wind speed and maximum gust speed (knots) from the AWS sites in the

mine area at Farangbaya and Numbara, September 2009 to January 2010.



The frequency of high wind speeds at Kabala is provided in Table 22, alongside

comparative frequencies from the AWS sites. The short record at the AWS sites means

that these values should not be considered at all robust, especially as they do not cover

the windiest times of year.

Wind speed



Kabala



Farangbaya



Numbara



> 11 knots



2.85 %



0.46 %



2.58 %



> 17 knots



n/a



0.13 %



0.33 %



> 22 knots



0.02 %



0.03 %



0.06 %



> 28 knots



n/a



0.00 %



0.00 %



> 34 knots



0.00 %



0.00 %



0.00 %



Table 22: Percentage frequency of mean wind speeds exceeding certain thresholds at Kabala

(1955 to 1968), Farangbaya and Numbara (Sep 2009 to Jan 2010).



Table 23 provides the monthly frequency of directions from which the wind blows at

Kabala.



The dominant directions are southerly and south-westerly (February to



November) and northerly and north-easterly (December to January). These northerly

Harmattan winds bring dry air which lowers the humidity.



© Crown copyright 2010



24



Month



N



NE



E



SE



S



SW



W



NW



Jan



35



19



3



6



11



11



3



5



Feb



17



12



2



10



22



25



4



5



Mar



6



6



3



13



29



30



3



5



Apr



5



4



2



15



35



29



2



4



May



7



6



1



12



31



30



3



5



Jun



8



5



2



14



31



28



2



4



Jul



5



2



0



9



38



37



2



2



Aug



2



1



0



6



40



43



2



1



Sep



8



6



2



11



30



29



3



6



Oct



14



11



4



14



22



19



3



7



Nov



15



11



3



14



22



19



3



6



Dec



30



21



2



6



10



13



1



7



Annual



13



9



2



11



27



26



3



5



Table 23: Monthly percentage frequencies of wind direction for Kabala (1955 to 1968).



7. Area 2: Tagrin Point and Pepel Port

7.1 Climate overview

Tagrin Point and Pepel Port, marked by red triangles on the map (Figure 1) are located

on the northern side of the Sierra Leone harbour, opposite the Freetown peninsula. The

Freetown peninsula reaches an altitude of 800 m and provides some shelter to the

harbour. Tagrin Point is at the end of the railway alignment, 165 km WSW from the mine

site.



Sea temperatures off the coast of Freetown are around 27 °C with little seasonal

variation. Air temperatures also have little seasonal variation as the location is only 8.5°

north of the Equator. They remain hot throughout the year with a peak in April and May.



The dry season runs from December to March, and is characterised by fine days, with

perhaps a little cloud drifting in from the sea. The Harmattan wind sometimes reaches

the coast from the east, causing a reduction in visibility. Land breezes (from the northeast) often occur after sunrise, before the flow reverts to the prevailing south-westerly by

noon, reaching its peak speed in the early afternoon.



© Crown copyright 2010



25



April to June is the early wet season or the ‘pre-monsoon’ season. Some convective

thunderstorms start to develop (but less than further inland), carried from the east by the

easterly winds at mid-levels. These storms are often accompanied by strong easterly

winds which can cause choppy seas in the harbour. The rain showers in June and

October can be particularly intense. From July through to September is the monsoon

season, with large amounts of cloud and long periods of rain, at times occurring with

high intensity. The south-west (ocean-facing) side of the Freetown peninsula has an

annual average rainfall of 5000 - 6800 mm, while the north-eastern side of the peninsula

and the area on the opposite side of the harbour receive only an annual average of 3000

– 3500 mm due to the rain shadow effect of the peninsula’s orography.



Rainfall



increases with altitude, especially in the rain shadow, and decreases with distance from

the coast (Hayward and Clarke, 1996; Kamara and Jackson, 1997b).



Humidity is high throughout the year, but is especially high during the monsoon season.

The steady prevailing wind flows from the south-west during this period, especially

during the afternoon and evening. The persistence of SW winds may cause large waves

(swell). During October and November the wet season rapidly subsides, with further

convective showers occurring.



7.2 Data Sources

We have a high quality, long period record from Lungi Airport, which can be considered

representative of Tagrin Point, although being 12 km to the north it may be less affected

by the rain shadow of the Freetown Peninsula than Tagrin Point. The data runs from

1947 to 2007, although some variables are only available for part of this time. The

record includes daily and monthly rainfall; wind speed and direction, as well as monthly

averages of temperature, humidity and evaporation. Freetown is located just on the

opposite side of the harbour entrance from Tagrin Point and we have a long record of

daily rainfall data from here, running from 1916 to 1948, as well as 60 years of monthly

data for a range of variables from 1909 to 1968. Other nearby stations for which we

have shorter records include Kissy Dockyard and Cline Town.



We also have data from a weather station which operated at Pepel Port from 1933 to

1967, recording observations of rainfall, temperature and humidity.



Although this



stations is possible less reliable, and is a shorter record with some missing data, it will

be useful for assessing the climate of Pepel Port.



© Crown copyright 2010



26



7.3 Rainfall

The analysis of hourly rainfall data from Freetown (1944-47) has given some insight into

the intensity-duration characteristics of storm rainfall. The maximum values for durations

from 1 hour to 8 hours are shown in Table 24.



Duration

Depth



1hr



2hr



3hr



5hr



8hr



150.0



206.2



212.5



220.4



226.6



Table 24: Maximum rainfall depths at Freetown for given durations from analysed records



Extreme value analysis of annual maximum daily totals has been carried out on historic

data from Freetown, Lungi and Pepel to obtain daily rainfall totals for a range of return

periods. Values for Freetown and Lungi (Table 25) are very similar, which places good

confidence in using these results for Tagrin Point. The results show that Pepel is likely

to experience less intense rainfall on a daily timescale (Table 26). The annual maximum

series from Freetown has also been used to estimate a Probable Maximum Precipitation

of 799 mm.



Freetown



Return



Lungi



95 %



95 %



95 %



95 %



confidence



confidence



confidence



confidence



lower limit



upper limit



lower limit



upper limit



249.1



224.6



273.6



251.5



207.7



295.3



20



280.0



249.1



310.9



285.2



229.8



340.6



50



320.0



280.2



359.8



328.8



257.7



400.0



100



350.1



303.9



396.2



361.5



278.9



444.2



500



419.2



358.8



479.7



436.9



328.7



545.2



Period



Estimate



(years)



(mm)



10



Estimate

(mm)



Table 25: Estimated daily rainfall totals with 95 % confidence intervals for a range of return

periods. Freetown analysis based on 59 years from 1909 to 1968 and Lungi based on 21 years

from 1948 to 1968.



© Crown copyright 2010



27



Return

Period



Estimate

(mm)



(years)



95 %



95 %



confidence



confidence



lower limit



upper limit



10



199.9



165.3



234.5



20



227.9



184.2



271.6



50



264.1



207.8



320.3



100



291.3



226.0



356.5



500



353.9



268.5



439.3



Table 26: Estimated daily rainfall totals with 95 % confidence intervals for a range of return

periods, for Pepel (based on 23 years data from 1941 to 1965).



The theoretical profiles for 15 and 8 hour storms (Tables 5 and 6) have been applied to

the estimates of 10 and 50 year return period 1-day rainfalls at Freetown. The maximum

1-hour rainfall during these design storms is shown in Table 27, while the full design

storms are provided in Appendix 2.



Location



Freetown



1 in 10-year



1 in 50-year



8-hour



15-hour



8-hour



15-hour



152.7



101.1



190.5



126.1



Table 27: Maximum 1-hour rainfall (mm) for design storms of 8 and 15 hours



The theoretical profile of 5-minute rainfall (Table 7) has been applied to the maximum 1hour rainfall from the 8-hour storm, giving the estimates of maximum 5-minute rainfall in

Table 28 (the full profile is provided in Appendix 2).



Location

Freetown



Rainfall, mm

10-year

32.1



50-year

40.0



Table 28: Estimates of maximum 5-minute rainfall at Freetown



Monthly averages of rainfall for the 1923 to 1968 period are shown in Table 29 for

Freetown, Lungi, Kissy Dockyard, Cline Town and Pepel.



Where possible, missing



monthly values have been estimated by linear regression against the best correlated

neighbour stations. The table shows the strong seasonal cycle of rainfall, peaking in

July and August, and with very little rainfall from December to March. The values for

Freetown and Lungi are very similar, although Lungi had more rainfall in May and



© Crown copyright 2010



28



August, while Freetown had more in July. Pepel stands out as having significantly less

rainfall than the other locations in the June to September period. This may be because it

is more sheltered from the monsoon rains by the Freetown Peninsula than the other

locations.



Table 30 gives further monthly statistics for Freetown for the 1923 to 1968 period. The

20th and 80th percentile values give an indication of dry and wet months that have been

experienced, equivalent to a 5 year return period.



Month



Freetown



Lungi



Kissy Dock



Cline Town



Pepel



January



10.2



10.0



9.4



7.9



6.5



February



8.8



4.0



8.1



4.6



5.3



March



19.2



24.5



16.6



12.0



20.2



April



67.3



73.1



54.5



62.4



64.8



May



179.0



219.4



210.4



189.4



189.8



June



396.4



390.1



371.6



378.4



302.8



July



848.1



789.9



773.8



809.8



538.5



August



829.6



861.8



825.6



786.8



620.6



September



599.2



606.9



603.6



599.6



431.3



October



277.2



307.6



298.8



276.2



289.8



November



134.8



148.7



171.1



159.0



137.6



December



34.1



38.7



30.3



28.8



27.2



3403.8



3474.4



3373.9



3314.9



2634.3



Annual



Table 29: Monthly averages of rainfall (mm) for stations in the port area, 1923 to 1968.



© Crown copyright 2010



29



th



th



Month



20 %ile



Median



Mean



80 %ile



January



0.0



0.0



10.2



19.0



February



0.0



0.0



8.8



8.4



March



0.2



5.2



19.2



35.3



April



20.4



55.5



67.3



109.3



May



113.6



182.5



179.0



232.1



June



267.4



346.5



396.4



505.4



July



691.4



816.5



848.1



1037.5



August



860.3



829.6



1011.6



September



622.8

462.4



610.8



599.2



727.8



October



190.1



248.2



277.2



363.3



November



80.5



129.9



134.8



170.1



December



2.4



22.6



34.1



57.2



Table 30: Monthly statistics of rainfall for Freetown, 1923 to 1968.



Table 31 shows monthly statistics from Lungi for the 1971 to 2005 period. This shows

that there was considerably less rainfall during this period than during the earlier period

of 1923 to 1968. During the May to October period, the rainfall amount was 81 % of the

1923 to 1968 average, while for the November to April period it was just 56 %. The wet

season has become shorter and less intense on average compared to the earlier period.

Figure 4 shows that there has been a clear decreasing trend in rainfall over the whole

period since 1923, and annual rainfall has rarely exceeded 3000 mm in the last 20

years.



© Crown copyright 2010



30



th



th



Month



20 %ile



Median



Mean



80 %ile



January



0.0



0.0



5.1



0.2



February



0.0



0.0



3.8



4.5



March



0.0



0.6



5.9



11.4



April



3.5



34.1



41.6



78.6



May



109.0



159.6



160.1



213.3



June



244.8



303.8



322.7



401.7



July



494.7



605.3



628.0



747.9



August



712.7



700.0



868.3



September



539.7

355.8



419.3



468.3



626.7



October



207.8



278.5



296.6



329.2



November



49.4



83.5



90.7



137.3



December



0.0



5.3



20.2



36.0



2446.6



2764.9



2743.1



3099.1



Annual



Table 31: Monthly statistics of rainfall for Lungi, 1971 to 2005.



5000



4500



Annual rainfall (mm)



4000



3500



3000



2500



2000



1500

1923



1933



1943



1953



1963



1973



1983



1993



2003



Y ear



Figure 4: Time series graph of annual rainfall at Lungi, showing the variability and trend from

1923 to 2005.



© Crown copyright 2010



31



An extreme value analysis of annual rainfall totals at Lungi and Pepel was carried out in

order to obtain estimated rainfall amounts for a range of recurrence intervals, both for

wet years and dry years.



The results, including 95 % confidence intervals for the



estimates, are shown in tables 32 and 33. The annual rainfall at Lungi for 1999 of just

1502 mm is estimated to be a very rare event of approximately 1 in 500 years. This is

such an outlier (see Figure 4) that it may possibly be in error.



Dry year



Dry year



Wet year



Wet year



95 %



95 %



95 %



95 %



confidence



confidence



confidence



confidence



lower limit



upper limit



lower limit



upper limit



2704



2550



2842



3635



3515



3803



10



2444



2257



2592



3890



3759



4078



20



2229



1995



2390



4092



3952



4317



50



1998



1680



2176



4306



4152



4594



100



1853



1473



2045



4436



4273



4762



500



1592



1078



1818



4661



4474



5088



Return



Dry year



Period



estimate



(years)



(mm)



5



Wet year

estimate

(mm)



Table 32: Annual rainfall dry year and wet year totals for a range of return periods, for Lungi

(based on data for 1923 to 2005)



Dry year



Dry year



Wet year



Wet year



95 %



95 %



95 %



95 %



confidence



confidence



confidence



confidence



lower limit



upper limit



lower limit



upper limit



2294



2070



2454



2909



2775



3055



10



2111



1802



2286



3034



2914



3220



20



1958



1571



2151



3119



3011



3313



50



1787



1249



2010



3196



3095



3437



100



1676



999



1926



3235



3136



3522



500



1467



426



1788



3289



3187



3673



Return



Dry year



Period



estimate



(years)



(mm)



5



Wet year

estimate

(mm)



Table 33: Annual rainfall dry year and wet year totals for a range of return periods, for Pepel

(based on data for 1939 to 1965)



7.4 Temperature

Monthly averages of daily maximum and daily minimum air temperature for the 30 year

period from 1939 to 1968 are shown in Table 34 and Figure 5. Again missing values

have been estimated where possible.



Pepel has the greatest diurnal variation and



© Crown copyright 2010



32



Freetown the least. These differences could be partly due to the local exposure of the

sites. There is little variability throughout the annual cycle, especially at Freetown. The

highest temperatures occur in April.

Month



Mean daily maximum



Mean daily minimum



Freetown



Lungi



Pepel



Freetown



Lungi



Pepel



January



29.2



30.5



31.5



24.1



22.3



21.8



February



29.6



30.6



32.3



24.4



23.4



22.2



March



30.1



30.8



32.7



24.8



24.2



23.0



April



30.3



31.0



32.7



25.2



24.6



23.1



May



30.2



30.6



32.1



24.7



23.9



22.9



June



29.6



29.4



30.5



23.7



23.0



22.3



July



28.2



27.8



28.9



23.1



22.7



22.0



August



27.7



27.2



28.3



23.1



22.9



22.2



September



28.4



28.3



29.4



23.3



22.9



22.3



October



29.2



29.4



30.7



23.4



22.6



22.3



November



29.4



30.1



31.2



24.0



22.9



22.4



December



29.2



30.3



31.3



24.5



22.6



22.5



Annual



29.3



29.7



31.0



24.0



23.2



22.4



Table 34: Monthly mean daily maximum and daily minimum air temperatures for the 1939 to 1968

period, for stations in the port area.



34



Temperature (deg C)



32

30



Freetown

Lungi

Pepel



28

26

24

22

20

Jan



Feb Mar



Apr May



Jun



Jul



Aug Sep Oct



Nov Dec



Figure 5: Monthly mean daily maximum and daily minimum air temperatures for the 1939 to 1968

period, for stations in the port area.



© Crown copyright 2010



33



Table 35 provides mean temperature statistics for Lungi. The 20th and 80th percentile

values show that there is very little inter-annual variability in mean temperature. Data for

the 1991 to 2009 period from Lungi (also in Table 35) shows an increase in daily

maximum temperature of 0.7 °C compared to the earli er period, but no increase in daily

minimum temperature. The greatest increase has occurred in the July to December

period.



th



th



Mean



Month



20 %ile



Median



Mean



80 %ile



January



26.1



26.4



26.4



26.8



26.8



February



26.6



27.1



27.0



27.4



27.2



March



27.2



27.6



27.5



27.8



27.5



April



27.5



27.8



27.8



28.2



27.6



May



26.9



27.2



27.3



27.6



27.5



June



25.8



26.2



26.2



26.4



26.6



July



25.0



25.3



25.3



25.5



25.8



August



24.8



25.2



25.1



25.3



25.5



September



25.3



25.7



25.6



26.0



26.1



October



25.8



26.1



26.0



26.3



26.6



November



26.2



26.6



26.5



26.9



27.1



December



26.1



26.5



26.5



26.9



27.0



(1991-2009)



Table 35: Monthly statistics of mean temperature for Lungi (1939 to 1968), and monthly mean

temperature for 1991 to 2009 for comparison.



7.5 Relative Humidity

Table 36 shows monthly averages of morning (usually measured at 09 GMT) and

afternoon (usually measured at 15 GMT) relative humidity (RH).



The data from



Freetown and Pepel is for the 30 year period 1939 to 1968, while data from Lungi is for

1947 to 1968 and 1991 to 2009. There is less data for the afternoon, however, as these

values were not recorded from 1939 to 1942 nor from 1943 to 1946. According to model

data for the port area, 15 GMT is the time of minimum RH in the diurnal cycle, while 09

GMT is just after the time of maximum RH, which occurs at around 06 GMT. The

maximum daily RH would be expected to be between 2 – 3 % higher than the 09 GMT

values shown. The annual cycle of RH reaches a peak in August to September, while

the time of lowest RH is in the afternoons of January to February.



© Crown copyright 2010



34



Month



Morning (09 GMT)



Afternoon (15 GMT)



Freetown



Lungi



Pepel



Freetown



Lungi



Pepel



January



82.0



87.4



88.2



69.7



59.7



61.9



February



80.6



84.1



88.0



69.2



62.2



59.6



March



80.7



79.7



85.9



70.7



64.3



59.5



April



81.1



78.5



83.8



71.5



65.7



64.2



May



83.2



82.7



86.1



74.7



70.2



70.2



June



87.2



88.1



88.4



77.8



77.9



77.0



July



89.9



91.0



89.9



80.9



81.6



80.8



August



90.2



91.0



91.4



81.9



83.5



81.7



September



90.5



91.1



90.1



80.7



80.4



79.6



October



87.7



88.6



88.6



77.4



75.5



73.4



November



85.7



87.6



88.4



76.4



72.7



71.6



December



83.1



88.3



87.7



71.9



65.1



66.8



Annual



85.2



86.5



88.0



75.2



71.6



70.5



Table 36: Monthly mean morning (09 GMT) and afternoon (15 GMT) relative humidity (%) for

Freetown (1939 – 1968), Lungi (1948 – 1968; 1991 – 2009) and Pepel (1939 – 1968)



In a similar way to temperature, there is little inter-annual variability in RH, and can be

seen in the regularity and consistency of the annual cycle from Lungi shown in Figure 6.



Mean monthly 09 GMT RH



100



90



80



70



60



50

Sep-47



Sep-51



Sep-55



Sep-59



Sep-63



Sep-67



Figure 6: Monthly mean 09 GMT (blue line) and 15 GMT (green line) relative humidity at Lungi,

1947 to 1968.



© Crown copyright 2010



35



7.6 Evaporation

Table 37 provides monthly averages of evaporation. Although the data from the Piche

evaporimeters at Lungi and Kortright are expressed in different units, they seem to be

roughly comparable.



These values give a good indication of the annual cycle of



evaporation, but are not directly comparable to free water measurements made using a

pan or tank, and should only be considered as an index of evaporation. The annual

cycle of evaporation at Lungi (Table 37) has a maximum in March and a minimum in

August. Free water evaporations measurements such as those from the raised tank are

known to be susceptible to over-reading during heavy rainfall events, and this seems to

have occurred at Kortright giving dubious high values for July to September.



Lungi



Kortright



Kortright



(Piché)



(Piché)



(raised tank)



January



145



91



129



February



142



147



210



March



174



121



219



April



152



104



180



May



122



65



142



June



86



49



116



July



67



35



337



August



59



32



189



September



72



37



169



October



85



49



148



November



95



52



106



December



112



50



99



Annual



1310



832



2045



Month



Table 37: Monthly averages of total evaporation at Lungi (1970 to 2007) from a Piché

3



evaporimeter in cm ; and Kortright (1968 to 1970) from a Piché evaporimeter and a raised tank

(both in mm).



7.7 Wind

Wind speed and direction data recorded at three times during the day is available from

Lungi for the period 1947 to 1968, but the speed is only recorded as a Beaufort Force.

Although this makes precise analysis difficult, the Beaufort Force values have been

converted into knots and monthly mean wind speeds are shown in Table 38. These

values are higher than the monthly mean wind speeds for the 1984 to 2007 period, also

from Lungi. The model data for the port area is more similar to the data from Lungi for



© Crown copyright 2010



36



the earlier period. Both of these sources show a double peak in the annual cycle, in

March – April and July – August. The lowest mean speeds occur during the November

to January period.



Monthly maximum gust speeds are also recorded at Lungi from 1954 to 1968, and

averages of these are also shown in Table 38. May and June are the months with the

highest gust speeds; these are the months when regular squalls pass through the area.

The highest recorded gust speed was 62 knots in June 1966.



Month



Lungi



Lungi



(1947-1968)



(1984 – 2007)



January



4.8



3.3



4.1



19



February



5.8



3.4



5.1



17



March



6.5



3.6



5.9



22



April



6.4



3.9



5.9



30



May



5.7



4.0



4.7



37



June



5.5



3.8



5.1



38



July



5.6



4.0



6.1



29



August



6.1



3.5



6.5



21



September



5.5



4.0



5.1



30



October



4.9



3.8



3.9



34



November



4.2



3.6



3.4



33



December



4.0



3.1



3.6



23



Annual



5.4



3.7



5.0



28



Model Data



Lungi

Max Gust



Table 38: Monthly average mean wind speeds (knots) for Lungi (1947 to 1968; converted from

Beaufort scale), Lungi (1984 to 2007) and model data (2000 to 2009); average monthly maximum

gust speed (knots) for Lungi (1954 to 1968).



The data from Lungi for 1947 to 1968 has been analysed for the frequency of high wind

speeds (Table 39).



This shows that high wind speeds of over 17 knots are rare



(occurring less than once a year on average). Most of the occurrences of winds > 22

knots (forces 6+) were in May or June, but most of the force 5 winds (17 – 21 knots)

were in July and August, especially in the afternoon. There were three events with wind

speed of at least 28 knots recorded in the 20 year period.



© Crown copyright 2010



37



Wind speed



Frequency



> 11 knots



11.9 %



> 17 knots



0.6 %



> 22 knots



0.1 %



> 28 knots



0.01 %



Table 39: Cumulative frequency of high wind speeds recorded at Lungi from 1947 to 1968.



Table 40 provides the monthly frequency of directions from which the wind blows at

Lungi. The dominant directions are westerly (October to May) and south-westerly (June

to September).

Month



N



NE



E



SE



S



SW



W



NW



Jan



3



10



13



5



1



14



40



9



Feb



3



5



7



4



1



17



49



11



Mar



2



3



4



2



2



17



51



18



Apr



3



3



4



3



1



15



52



18



May



3



6



9



6



3



17



39



13



Jun



2



6



13



11



6



27



25



5



Jul



2



3



9



12



12



33



20



4



Aug



1



1



5



8



12



43



22



5



Sep



2



3



10



8



7



32



27



5



Oct



2



6



16



11



5



24



27



5



Nov



2



7



15



9



3



18



35



6



Dec



2



12



17



6



2



15



33



7



Annual



2



5



10



7



5



23



35



9



Table 40: Percentage frequency of wind direction (from 8 sectors) by month for Lungi (1947 to

1968)



7.8 Marine

Significant wave heights have been extracted from model data for a grid point just off the

coast from Freetown, and a summary of the analysis of this data is provided in this

section.



© Crown copyright 2010



38



Annually, most waves approach from the southwest or west-southwest, most of these

(87%) 2.0 metres or less. Wave periods range from zero to 11 seconds with most waves

(77%) having periods between 5 and 7 seconds.



Monthly frequencies of wave heights are provided in Table 41. The roughest month is

July, with seas in the rough category: (2.6 metres to no higher than 3.5 metres) making

up 0.6 % of the time. There is more directional spread in July and August with more

waves approaching from the south or south-southwest (23% in July, 29% in August,

reducing to 14% in September).



Even during these months, the majority of waves



approach from the southwest or west-southwest. The quietest month is December with

69% of waves heights modelled at 1 metre or below, compared to 9% in this category in

July.



Month



0.6 to 1.0



1.1 to 1.5



1.6 to 2.0



2.1 to 2.5



2.6 to 3.0



3.1 to 3.5



Jan



64.4



35.6



0.0



0.0



0.0



0.0



Feb



33.6



63.8



2.2



0.5



0.0



0.0



Mar



26.0



70.4



3.6



0.0



0.0



0.0



Apr



12.4



81.2



6.4



0.0



0.0



0.0



May



20.2



69.6



10.2



0.0



0.0



0.0



Jun



16.2



67.2



15.4



1.2



0.0



0.0



Jul



9.0



60.2



27.3



2.9



0.5



0.1



Aug



3.9



55.2



33.2



7.3



0.4



0.0



Sep



13.3



67.4



18.4



0.8



0.0



0.0



Oct



41.6



55.0



3.4



0.1



0.0



0.0



Nov



56.5



41.8



1.7



0.0



0.0



0.0



Dec



69.3



30.2



0.5



0.0



0.0



0.0



Annual



30.2



58.0



10.6



1.1



0.1



0.0



Table 41: Monthly frequency of wave heights (m) off the coast of Freetown (from model data)



8. Area 3: Railway alignment

8.1 Climate overview

The railway alignment will run from the south-west of the mine area WSW for about 170

km to Tagrin Point, at the entrance to the harbour.



It goes from the edge of the



highlands, at an altitude of about 400 masl, and passes through the interior low plains



© Crown copyright 2010



39



which are rolling lowlands of swampy grasslands to the coastal lowland plain. The

proposed railway is marked on the map (Figure 1) as a black crossed line.



The decrease in altitude, the move towards the coast, and the movement to the WSW

with respect to the ITCZ means that there is a gradual change in the climate along the

length of the railway. Annual average rainfall decreases towards the coast, but most of

this decrease occurs during the height of the rainy season in July and August due to a

decreasing influence of the south-west monsoon.



However, there is an increase in



rainfall in the centre of the country around Makeni, as the escarpment which forms the

mine area triggers instability in the moist south-westerly winds (Kamara and Jackson,

1997b). There is also a slight increase in average cloudiness and humidity closer to the

coast. During February to April, fog sometimes forms in valleys after a calm night.



8.2 Data Sources

There are several meteorological stations for which we have some data records located

near to the railway alignment at fairly regular spatial intervals. Starting from the mine

site and proceeding to the coast, we have a good rainfall record from Mabonto, near to

the mine site. The railway then passes through Makeni, a large city of around 100,000

people from where we have a long record (over 50 years) of rainfall, temperature and

humidity data, as well as a short record of wind speed and direction. Further rainfall

data is available from Teko, just to the south of Makeni. The next major stop for the

railway is Marampa, the location of existing mine works. We have a 34 year record of

rainfall, temperature and humidity data from here. The railway next passes Port Loko,

which is situated on Port Loko Creek, which flows into the Sierra Leone River. We have

a good record of rainfall data form here, as well as a shorter record of temperature and

humidity.



8.3 Rainfall

Extreme value analysis of annual maximum daily totals has been carried out on historic

data from Port Loko, Marampa and Makeni to obtain daily rainfall totals for a range of

return periods, and the results are shown in Tables 42 and 43. The annual maximum

series at Makeni has also been used to estimate a Probable Maximum Precipitation of

566 mm.



© Crown copyright 2010



40



Port Loko



Return



Marampa



95 %



95 %



95 %



95 %



confidence



confidence



confidence



confidence



lower limit



upper limit



lower limit



upper limit



161.8



137.2



186.5



146.3



129.5



163.1



20



182.1



150.9



213.2



161.5



140.3



182.7



50



208.2



168.2



248.2



181.2



153.9



208.5



100



227.9



181.4



274.3



196.0



164.3



227.7



500



273.1



212.3



333.9



230.1



188.6



271.6



Period



Estimate



(years)



(mm)



10



Estimate

(mm)



Table 42: Estimated daily rainfall totals with 95 % confidence intervals for a range of return

periods. Port Loko analysis based on 24 years from 1937 to 1968 and Marampa based on 30

years from 1935 to 1968 (some years are missing).



Return

Period



Estimate

(mm)



(years)



95 %



95 %



confidence



confidence



lower limit



upper limit



10



169.9



151.0



188.9



20



190.4



166.4



214.3



50



216.8



186.0



247.5



100



236.6



200.9



272.3



500



282.3



235.6



329.1



Table 43: Estimated daily rainfall totals with 95 % confidence intervals for a range of return

periods, for Makeni (based on 42 years data from 1923 to 1968; some years are missing).



The theoretical profiles for 15 and 8 hour storms (Tables 5 and 6) have been applied to

the estimates of 10 and 50 year return period 1-day rainfalls at Makeni. The maximum

1-hour rainfall during these design storms is shown in Table 44, while the full design

storms are provided in Appendix 2.



Location



Makeni



1 in 10-year



1 in 50-year



8-hour



15-hour



8-hour



15-hour



115.6



76.5



147.6



97.7



Table 44: Maximum 1-hour rainfall (mm) for design storms of 8 and 15 hours



© Crown copyright 2010



41



The theoretical profile of 5-minute rainfall (Table 7) has been applied to the maximum 1hour rainfall from the 8-hour storm, giving the estimates of maximum 5-minute rainfall in

Table 45 (the full profile is provided in Appendix 2).



Location



Rainfall, mm



Makeni



10-year



50-year



24.3



31.0



Table 45: Estimates of maximum 5-minute rainfall at Makeni



Monthly statistics of rainfall for the 1923 to 1968 period are shown in Tables 46, 47 and

48 for the same three locations. Where possible, missing monthly values have been

estimated by linear regression against the best correlated neighbour stations.



The



tables show the strong seasonal cycle of rainfall, peaking in August and with very little

rainfall from December to March. Rainfall during the wet season is less than for the port

area however, and is more evenly spread over the wet season months. The three

locations have similar annual rainfall profiles, although Makeni has more rainfall, and

Port Loko peaks slightly earlier in the year as it is closer to the port area. The 20th and

80th percentile values give an indication of dry and wet months that have been

experienced, equivalent to a 5 year return period.

th



th



Month



20 %ile



Median



Mean



80 %ile



January



0.0



0.2



7.8



17.1



February



0.0



0.0



8.8



7.4



March



6.0



19.5



23.6



38.2



April



20.0



46.4



63.1



117.1



May



146.2



212.5



209.1



263.7



June



270.4



370.2



367.8



430.1



July



424.6



506.0



526.3



657.0



August



396.6



558.7



553.4



682.8



September



329.9



412.5



421.4



507.3



October



288.9



348.8



352.5



414.5



November



101.2



152.9



157.1



202.8



December



1.0



16.7



27.3



49.5



Table 46: Monthly statistics of rainfall for Port Loko, 1923 to 1968.



© Crown copyright 2010



42



th



th



Month



20 %ile



Median



Mean



80 %ile



January



0.0



0.0



8.0



9.4



February



0.0



0.5



5.6



9.3



March



6.2



25.2



34.2



54.2



April



33.3



76.8



88.2



132.4



May



168.7



214.0



221.4



300.4



June



254.2



319.8



318.0



362.1



July



371.7



426.2



443.9



547.6



August



354.3



546.8



532.4



682.8



September



374.0



483.1



458.0



549.3



October



313.8



386.4



386.2



459.7



November



111.7



180.4



195.1



261.2



December



4.5



17.2



19.9



37.9



Table 47: Monthly statistics of rainfall for Marampa, 1923 to 1968.

th



th



Month



20 %ile



Median



Mean



80 %ile



January



0.0



0.0



9.0



21.1



February



0.0



2.2



9.1



20.2



March



8.9



32.3



39.7



63.9



April



54.4



98.3



101.5



162.3



May



163.5



227.5



235.6



316.7



June



307.8



393.7



402.2



471.1



July



382.3



457.2



493.2



613.5



August



490.7



602.7



614.5



733.7



September



468.5



520.7



538.6



627.4



October



324.2



421.6



415.1



490.8



November



142.4



190.7



203.8



276.2



December



1.7



23.0



26.7



49.1



Table 48: Monthly statistics of rainfall for Makeni, 1923 to 1968.



Table 49 shows monthly statistics from Makeni for the 1971 to 2009 period (note that

this period has some missing data – 19% of months are missing – for example 1999 to

2002). In contrast to Lungi, this shows that there was very little difference in average

annual rainfall compared to the earlier period of 1923 to 1968. However, like Lungi,

there has been a decrease in rainfall during the dry season, with 68 % of the 1923 to

1968 period falling during the November to April period. This was compensated by a



© Crown copyright 2010



43



small increase in rainfall for the months of July and August in the recent period. Figure 7

shows that there has been no overall significant trend in rainfall over the whole period

since 1923. Note however that the two driest years in the Lungi record (1999 and 2000)

are missing from Makeni. There does seem to have been a greater variability of annual

rainfall in the last 20 years.

th



th



Month



20 %ile



Median



Mean



80 %ile



January



0.0



0.0



1.6



0.6



February



0.0



0.7



8.5



17.6



March



0.2



8.9



17.2



27.8



April



48.6



75.6



84.6



115.9



May



150.7



219.6



217.1



274.2



June



300.8



373.9



398.4



465.9



July



472.2



543.2



566.4



686.8



August



532.5



680.6



672.7



802.5



September



379.8



504.8



536.8



674.0



October



324.6



387.1



398.8



468.6



November



74.1



132.4



137.8



178.5



December



0.0



2.6



17.0



25.7



2706.2



3074.0



3060.0



3330.5



Annual



Table 49: Monthly statistics of rainfall for Makeni, 1971 to 2009.



© Crown copyright 2010



44



4000



3800



3600



Annual Rainfall (mm)



3400



3200



3000



2800



2600



2400



2200



2000

1923



1933



1943



1953



1963



1973



1983



1993



2003



Y ear



Figure 7: Time series graph of annual rainfall at Makeni, showing the variability and trend from

1923 to 2005.



An extreme value analysis of annual rainfall totals at the three sites was carried out in

order to obtain estimated rainfall amounts for a range of recurrence intervals, both for

wet and dry years. The results, including 95 % confidence intervals for the estimates,

are shown in tables 50, 51 and 52.



Dry year



Dry year



Wet year



Wet year



95 %



95 %



95 %



95 %



confidence



confidence



confidence



confidence



lower limit



upper limit



lower limit



upper limit



2431



2302



2545



2954



2834



3112



10



2303



2144



2416



3105



2973



3325



20



2205



2012



2318



3231



3085



3506



50



2109



1888



2222



3370



3204



3727



100



2053



1805



2167



3460



3277



3891



500



1964



1644



2082



3627



3400



4252



Return



Dry year



Period



estimate



(years)



(mm)



5



Wet year

estimate

(mm)



Table 50: Annual rainfall dry year and wet year totals for a range of return periods, for Port Loko

(based on data for 1937 to 1968)



© Crown copyright 2010



45



Dry year



Dry year



Wet year



Wet year



95 %



95 %



95 %



95 %



confidence



confidence



confidence



confidence



lower limit



upper limit



lower limit



upper limit



2480



2416



2553



2874



2772



3021



10



2415



2347



2474



3006



2887



3231



20



2376



2305



2423



3128



2982



3452



50



2345



2271



2382



3278



3080



3793



100



2330



2248



2363



3385



3137



4081



500



2314



2210



2340



3616



3332



4833



Return



Dry year



Period



estimate



(years)



(mm)



5



Wet year

estimate

(mm)



Table 51: Annual rainfall dry year and wet year totals for a range of return periods, for Marampa

(based on data for 1934 to 1968)



Dry year



Dry year



Wet year



Wet year



95 %



95 %



95 %



95 %



confidence



confidence



confidence



confidence



lower limit



upper limit



lower limit



upper limit



2792



2686



2881



3373



3284



3468



10



2636



2502



2731



3518



3428



3629



20



2511



2329



2614



3629



3537



3771



50



2378



2132



2497



3740



3643



3926



100



2296



1998



2429



3805



3703



4020



500



2153



1723



2323



3910



3794



4199



Return



Dry year



Period



estimate



(years)



(mm)



5



Wet year

estimate

(mm)



Table 52: Annual rainfall dry year and wet year totals for a range of return periods, for Makeni

(based on data for 1923 to 2005)



8.4 Temperature

Monthly averages of daily maximum and minimum air temperature for the 30 year period

from 1939 to 1968 are shown in Table 53 and Figure 8. Again missing values have

been estimated where possible.



Maximum temperatures are higher and minimum



temperatures lower compared to the port area, meaning that there is a greater diurnal

range. The highest temperatures occur in March, especially further inland at Makeni.

The lowest minimum (night-time) temperatures occur in January and the highest in May.



© Crown copyright 2010



46



Month



Mean daily maximum



Mean daily minimum



Port Loko



Marampa



Makeni



Port Loko



Marampa



Makeni



January



32.8



32.3



33.1



20.0



20.3



19.0



February



33.8



33.9



34.7



20.7



20.9



20.1



March



34.4



34.7



35.6



21.5



21.8



21.6



April



34.3



34.4



34.9



22.4



22.4



22.5



May



32.5



32.9



33.0



22.6



22.4



22.8



June



31.0



31.1



31.6



21.8



21.9



22.4



July



29.5



29.1



29.7



21.5



21.8



22.3



August



28.4



28.3



28.7



21.7



22.0



22.2



September



29.3



29.9



30.3



21.5



22.0



22.3



October



31.3



31.1



31.4



21.0



21.6



21.8



November



31.8



31.3



31.8



21.1



21.6



21.9



December



31.9



31.3



31.9



21.0



21.1



20.4



Annual



31.7



31.7



32.2



21.4



21.7



21.6



Table 53: Monthly mean daily maximum and daily minimum air temperatures for the 1939 to 1968

period, for stations in the railway alignment.



36

34



Temperature (deg C)



32

30

Port Loko

Marampa

Makeni



28

26

24

22

20

18

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun



Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec



Figure 8: Monthly mean daily maximum and daily minimum air temperatures for the 1939 to 1968

period, for stations in the railway alignment.



© Crown copyright 2010



47



Table 54 provides monthly statistics of mean temperature for Marampa. The 20th and

80th percentile values show that there is very little inter-annual variability.

th



th



Month



20 %ile



Median



Mean



80 %ile



January



25.6



26.4



26.3



27.1



February



26.8



27.4



27.4



28.1



March



27.9



28.2



28.3



28.6



April



28.0



28.5



28.4



28.8



May



27.3



27.6



27.7



28.1



June



26.3



27.5



26.5



26.8



July



25.1



25.6



25.5



25.9



August



24.7



25.2



25.2



25.7



September



25.7



26.0



25.9



26.3



October



25.8



26.4



26.3



26.7



November



26.0



26.3



26.5



27.0



December



25.8



26.3



26.2



26.8



Table 54: Monthly statistics of mean temperature for Marampa (1939 to 1968).



There is some temperature data available for Makeni from 1980 to 2009, but 30 % of

months are missing. A time series of annual mean temperature is shown in Figure 9,

which shows that there was very little inter-annual variability until recent years, when the

temperature appears to have decreased.



It seems most likely that this is due to



inhomogeneity in the temperature measurement (e.g. changes in instrumentation or

exposure) rather than a shift in the climate.



© Crown copyright 2010



48



28.0



Annual mean temperature (deg C)



27.5

27.0

26.5

26.0

25.5

25.0

24.5

1925



1935



1945



1955



1965



1975



1985



1995



2005



Figure 9: Time series of annual mean temperature at Makeni, 1925 to 2005.



8.5 Relative Humidity

Table 55 shows monthly averages of morning (usually measured at 09 GMT) and

afternoon (usually measured at 15 GMT) relative humidity (RH). Values are provided for

Port Loko (1954 to 1968), Marampa (1939 to 1968) and Makeni (1939 to 1968 and 1980

to 2009). There is less data for the afternoon, however, as these values were not

recorded from 1939 to 1942 or from 1943 to 1946. According to model data for the

Makeni area (Figure 10), 15 GMT is the time of minimum RH in the diurnal cycle, while

09 GMT is just after the time of maximum RH, which occurs at around 06 GMT. The

maximum daily RH would be expected to be between 7 – 9 % higher than the 09 GMT

values shown. The annual cycle of RH reaches a peak in August, while the time of

lowest RH occurs in the afternoons from January to March. At this time, the humidity

can vary considerably from year to year depending on the prevalence of the dry

Harmattan wind. In January 1986, for example, the average RH at 15 GMT at Makeni

was only 21 %, and model data shows the RH dropping below 10 % on occasions.



© Crown copyright 2010



49



Month



Morning (09 GMT)



Afternoon (15 GMT)



Port Loko



Marampa



Makeni



Port Loko



Marampa



Makeni



January



87.9



90.3



82.4



49.3



50.9



48.6



February



88.3



90.0



83.9



50.8



47.7



48.2



March



82.6



86.2



83.7



49.1



49.4



50.0



April



81.7



84.1



84.1



53.1



53.4



54.6



May



85.7



87.3



86.7



61.3



62.7



64.3



June



89.3



90.8



89.8



70.5



70.9



70.6



July



91.5



92.1



91.4



79.7



78.3



74.2



August



92.5



93.2



92.4



82.5



81.3



79.0



September



92.0



92.6



91.0



77.6



76.3



73.8



October



88.8



90.6



89.5



69.8



70.4



70.0



November



88.5



90.8



89.2



65.9



67.3



66.3



December



87.3



89.5



85.5



58.6



60.2



56.3



Annual



88.0



89.8



87.5



64.0



64.1



63.0



Table 55: Monthly mean morning (09 GMT) and afternoon (15 GMT) relative humidity (%) for Port

Loko (1954 – 1968), Marampa (1939 – 1968) and Makeni (1939 – 1968; 1980 – 2009)



July



January



100

90



Mean RH (%)



80

70

60

50

40

30



0



2



4



6



8



10



12



14



16



18



20



22



Hour of Day



Figure 10: Diurnal cycle of relative humidity at Makeni (from model data) for January and July.



© Crown copyright 2010



50



8.6 Evaporation

No evaporation data is available for stations along the railway alignment.



Average



evaporation is likely to be between that for Lungi (Table 37) and Bumbuna (Table 19).



8.7 Wind

Monthly wind speed and direction data is available from Makeni for the period 1949 to

1954, but the speed is only recorded in Beaufort Force categories. Also available are

mean wind speeds for 1990 to 2009, but 40% of months are missing in this period.

Model data has been extracted for Port Loko and Makeni areas. The model data is

probably the best source of data for mean wind speeds, but it does not capture extremes

well. The recent recorded data at Makeni gives surprisingly low wind speeds, possibly

due to poor exposure of the anemometer. Table 56 shows that the model data has a

double peak in the annual cycle, in March – April and July – August. The lowest mean

speeds occur in November to December. The model mean wind speed at Makeni is

lower than that at Port Loko, which in turn is lower than the mean wind speed at Lungi.

This suggests that the mean wind speed decreases inland (in an easterly direction), and

that the mean wind speed for Marampa is likely to be between that for Lungi and

Makeni.



Makeni



Port Loko



(model)



(model)



1.2



2.6



3.3



February



1.2



3.2



4.1



March



1.4



3.8



4.9



April



1.5



4.0



5.0



May



1.5



3.1



3.8



June



1.4



3.0



3.9



July



1.6



3.3



4.4



August



1.7



3.5



4.5



September



1.4



2.9



3.8



October



1.6



2.3



3.1



November



1.3



1.9



2.7



December



1.2



2.0



2.7



Annual



1.4



3.0



3.8



Month



Makeni



January



Table 56: Monthly mean wind speed (knots) at Makeni (1990 to 2009), and using model data for

Makeni and Port Loko (2000 to 2009).



© Crown copyright 2010



51



The data from Makeni for 1949 to 1954 has been analysed for the frequency of high

wind speeds (Table 57). This shows that high wind speeds of over 22 knots are very

rare (occurring once every two years on average). Most of the occurrences of winds >

11 knots (forces 4+) were in February or March.



Wind speed



Frequency



> 11 knots



0.67 %



> 22 knots



0.05 %



Table 57: Cumulative frequency of high wind speeds recorded at Makeni from 1949 to 1954.



Table 58 provides the monthly frequency of wind directions at Makeni. The dominant

directions are south-westerly (March to October) and north-easterly (December to

February). Important secondary directions are southerly and south-easterly (June to

November) and westerly and north-westerly (March to April).



Month



N



NE



E



SE



S



SW



W



NW



Jan



4



15



7



12



11



12



7



7



Feb



6



14



8



10



9



12



11



13



Mar



8



9



2



12



7



20



15



16



Apr



8



9



3



11



6



21



14



19



May



8



7



3



12



10



20



12



14



Jun



3



8



2



14



13



28



10



7



Jul



3



3



2



17



15



33



9



7



Aug



2



3



1



15



21



31



12



6



Sep



4



5



3



14



17



28



10



8



Oct



5



9



5



15



15



20



7



11



Nov



9



11



5



16



11



14



8



11



Dec



7



17



8



11



7



8



6



7



Annual



5



9



4



13



12



21



10



11



Table 58: Percentage frequency of wind direction (from 8 sectors) by month for Makeni (1949 to

1954).



© Crown copyright 2010



52



9. Area 4: Sierra Leone River catchment

The Rokel River is the largest river in Sierra Leone, and passes near to the mine area as

it flows in a south-westerly direction down to the Sierra Leone River estuary (Freetown

Harbour). It follows a similar path to the railway but further to the south. A smaller river,

Port Loko Creek, also feeds into the estuary, having crossed the railway at Port Loko.

Consequently the climate overview and data sources from the previous sections,

especially section 8 on the railway alignment, are also applicable to the river catchment,

depending on which part of the catchment is of interest.



10. Conclusions

A large amount of information and data on the weather and climate of Sierra Leone has

been gathered, and much of it digitised. This report presents a summary of the analysis

which has been carried out on this data.



Although a large amount of data has been obtained, there are limitations in the data

which may affect the results. In particular for the mine area, there is a lack of long series

of data in the area, with the closest long period stations being Kabala and Makeni.

Analysis has shown that Makeni is fairly representative of the mine area for rainfall, and

that Kabala is fairly representative for relative humidity and wind. However, the mine

area is mountainous and the climate is likely to change considerably on a small spatial

scale. In particular, the climate at the mining site itself, which is approximately 800 masl,

may be quite different to that at an elevation of 400 masl. The two AWS sites which are

at different elevations in the mine area currently only have five months of data available,

and it would be beneficial to re-visit the analysis once a record of at least one year has

built up.



Available long series of rainfall data has enabled extreme value analysis to be carried

out, both on annual maximum daily rainfall totals and on annual totals. Using the results

from this analysis, rainfall estimates for return periods from 5 years to 500 years have

been made, with increasing uncertainty as the return period increases. Theoretical

storm profiles, corroborated by evidence from the small amount of available sub-daily

data, have been used together with the estimated return levels of daily rainfall, to



© Crown copyright 2010



53



generate design storm profiles. These have been used to estimate maximum 1 hour

and 5-minute rainfalls for 10 and 50 years return periods.



Monthly averages of mean, daily maximum and minimum air temperature, and relative

humidity have been provided. Wet bulb temperature is not included as it was generally

not recorded separately, but it can be derived from air temperature and relative humidity

if required. Evaporation data is limited, and the measurement methods used have their

weaknesses. Monthly averages have been included for the port and mine areas; these

give a good indication of variations in the annual cycle but their accuracy cannot be

relied upon.



In some cases, data from Met Office numerical models has been used to supplement

available observations, and this has provided useful information on seasonal variations

in mean wind speed and wave height. The available wind data is not suitable for

extreme value analysis due to the short records available of precise, short duration

values. The data has been used to provide guidance on frequencies of wind speed and

direction. No data on dust levels is available, but the wind direction results give an

indication of the frequency of occurrence of the Harmattan wind at different times of

year.



11. References

Davies EJ, Barber NJ, Harleston AE. 1966. Design storm hyetographs from studies of

rainfall in the western area of Sierra Leone. Journal of the Institution of Water Engineers

and Scientists 20: 67-74.



Flood Studies Report.



1975.



Vol II, Meteorological Studies.



Natural Environment



Research Council, UK.



Food and Agriculture Organisation. 1993. Field measurement of soil erosion and runoff.

FAO Soils Bulletin 68.



Griffiths J. 2010. Initial hydrological assessment of mine, port and transport corridor –

Tonkolili iron ore project. Report prepared by SRK Consulting for African Minerals Ltd.



© Crown copyright 2010



54



Hayward DF, Clarke RT. 1996. Relationship between rainfall, altitude and distance

from the seas in the Freetown Peninsula, Sierra Leone. Hydrological Sciences 41: 377384



Hayward DF, Oguntoyinbo JS. 1987. Climatology of West Africa. Hutchinson.



Kamara SI, Jackson IJ. 1997a. A new soil-moisture based classification of rain days

and dry days and its application to Sierra Leone. Theorotical and Applied Climatology

56: 199-213.



Kamara SI, Jackson IJ. 1997b. Identification of agro-hydrologic regions in Sierra Leone.

Theorotical and Applied Climatology 57: 49-63.



Le Barbé L, Lebel T, Tapsoba D. 2002. Rainfall variability in West Africa during the

years 1950 – 90. Journal of Climate 15: 187-202.



Meigh JR, Farquharson FAK, Sutcliffe JV. 1997. A worldwide comparison of regional

flood estimation methods and climate. Hydrological Sciences Journal 42: 225-244.



Mukherjee AK, Massaquoi. 1973. Rainfall in Sierra Leone. Scientific Note No.3, Sierra

Leone Meteorological Department.



Nicholson SE, Some B, Kone B. 2000. An analysis of recent rainfall conditions in West

Africa, including the rainy seasons of the 1997 El Niño and the 1998 La Niña years.

Journal of Climate 13: 2628-2640.



Ojo O. 1977. The Climates of West Africa. Hutchinson.



Owusu K, Waylen P. 2009. Trends in spatio-temporal variability in annual rainfall in

Ghana (1951-2000). Weather 64: 115-120.



Sierra Leone Meteorological Service, 1941. Meteorology of Sierra Leone River Area.

WMO. 2009. Guide to Hydrological Practices. Vol. II Management of Water Resources

and Application of Hydrological Practices. WMO No 168, Sixth Edition.



© Crown copyright 2010



55



Appendix 1: Digitised data

Hourly Data

Station



Variables



Date from



Date to



Length of record



Rainfall



1944



1948



5 years



Farangbaya



Full range



Sep-2009



Jan-2010



5 months



Numbara



Full range



Sep-2009



Jan-2010



5 months



Freetown



Table A1: Digitised hourly data



Daily Data

Station



Variables



Date from



Date to



Length of record



Rainfall



1916



1948



30 years



Rainfall, wind



1949



1968



20 years



Makeni



Rainfall



1943



1948



6 years



Kabala



Rainfall, wind



1943



1944



1 year



Freetown

Lungi



Table A2: Digitised daily data



Monthly Data (Mine Area)

Station



Variables



Date



Date to



from

Kabala



Length of

record (yrs)



Rainfall, temperature, humidity, wind



1913



1968



50



Mabonto



Rainfall



1936



1962



25



Sumbaria



Rainfall



1948



1968



21



Farangbaya



Rainfall, temperature, humidity



1957



1961



5



Sakasakala



Rainfall



1933



1937



4



Rainfall, evaporation



1972



1974



3



Rainfall, temperature, humidity



1950



1955



5



Rainfall



1927



1931



5



Bumbuna

Makali

Kaiyima



Table A3: Digitised monthly data from the mine area



© Crown copyright 2010



56



Monthly Data (Port Area)

Station



Variables



Date



Date to



Length of



from

Lungi



Rainfall, temperature, humidity, wind,



record (yrs)



1947



2007



59, 23 (evap)



Rainfall, temperature, humidity, wind



1909



1968



59



Pepel



Rainfall, temperature, humidity



1933



1967



29



Kissy Dockyard



Rainfall, temperature, humidity



1949



1959



10



Rainfall



1949



1960



12



Piché evaporation

Freetown



Cline Town



Table A4: Digitised monthly data from the port area



Monthly Data (Railway Alignment)

Station



Variables



Date



Date to



Length of record (yrs)



2009



74 (rain), 67 (RH), 55



from

Makeni



Rainfall, temperature, humidity,



1923



wind



(temp), 18 (wind)



Marampa



Rainfall, temperature, humidity



1934



1968



34



Port Loko



Rainfall, temperature, humidity



1936



1968



27 (rain), 13 (temp, RH)



Teko



Rainfall



1942



1968



17



Katonga



Rainfall



1957



1966



9



Rainfall, temperature, humidity



1935



1960



10 (rain), 2 (temp, RH)



Magburaka



Table A5: Digitised monthly data from the area of the railway alignment and the river catchment



Appendix 2: Design storm profiles

Hr of storm



1



2



3



4



5



6



7



8



9



10



11



12



13



14



15



% of total



0.5



1



2



3



4



6



11



45



11



6



4



3



2



1



0.5



10-yr rain



0.9



1.7



3.4



5.1



6.8



10.2



18.7



76.5



18.7



10.2



6.8



5.1



3.4



1.7



0.9



50-yr rain



1.8



2.2



4.3



6.5



8.7



13.0



23.9



97.7



23.9



13.0



8.7



6.5



4.3



2.2



1.8



Table A6: 15-hour design storm for Makeni



© Crown copyright 2010



57



Hr of storm



1



2



3



4



5



6



7



8



9



10



11



12



13



14



15



% of total



0.5



1



2



3



4



6



11



45



11



6



4



3



2



1



0.5



10-yr rain



0.7



1.3



2.6



3.9



5.2



7.8



14.3



58.5



14.3



7.8



5.2



3.9



2.6



1.3



0.7



50-yr rain



1.1



1.7



3.3



5.0



6.7



10.0



18.4



75.2



18.4



10.0



6.7



5.0



3.3



1.7



1.1



Table A7: 15-hour design storm for Kabala

Hr of storm



1



2



3



4



5



6



7



8



9



10



11



12



13



14



15



% of total



0.5



1



2



3



4



6



11



45



11



6



4



3



2



1



0.5



10-yr rain



1.1



2.2



4.5



6.7



9.0



13.5



24.7 101.1 24.7



13.5



9.0



6.7



4.5



2.2



1.1



50-yr rain



1.4



2.8



5.6



8.4



11.2



16.8



30.8 126.1 30.8



16.8



11.2



8.4



5.6



2.8



1.4



Table A8: 15-hour design storm for Freetown

Hour of storm



1



2



3



4



5



6



7



8



% of total



9



68



13



3



2



2



1



1



10-year rain



15.3



115.6



22.1



5.1



3.4



3.4



1.7



1.7



50-year rain



33.2



147.6



28.2



6.5



4.3



4.3



2.2



2.2



Table A9: 8-hour design storm for Makeni

Hour of storm



1



2



3



4



5



6



7



8



% of total



9



68



13



3



2



2



1



1



10-year rain



11.7



88.4



16.9



3.9



2.6



2.6



1.3



1.3



50-year rain



19.5



113.6



21.7



5.0



3.3



3.3



1.7



1.7



Table A9: 8-hour design storm for Kabala

Hour of storm



1



2



3



4



5



6



7



8



% of total



9



68



13



3



2



2



1



1



10-year rain



20.2



152.7



29.2



6.7



4.5



4.5



2.2



2.2



50-year rain



56.6



190.5



36.4



8.4



5.6



5.6



2.8



2.8



Table A9: 8-hour design storm for Freetown



5-minute interval



1



2



3



4



5



6



7



8



9



10



11



12



10-year rain



3.5



4.6



9.2



10.4



16.2



24.3



16.2



10.4



9.2



5.8



3.5



2.3



50-year rain



4.4



5.9



11.8



13.3



20.7



31.0



20.7



13.3



11.8



7.4



4.4



3.0



Table A10: Peak one-hour design rainfall at Makeni



© Crown copyright 2010



58



5-minute interval



1



2



3



4



5



6



7



8



9



10



11



12



10-year rain



2.7



3.5



7.1



8.0



12.4



18.6



12.4



8.0



7.1



4.4



2.7



1.8



50-year rain



3.4



4.5



9.1



10.2



15.9



23.8



15.9



10.2



9.1



5.7



3.4



2.3



Table A11: Peak one-hour design rainfall at Kabala

5-minute interval



1



2



3



4



5



6



7



8



9



10



11



12



10-year rain



4.6



6.1



12.2



13.7



21.4



32.1



21.4



13.7



12.2



7.6



4.6



3.1



50-year rain



5.7



7.6



15.2



17.1



26.7



40.0



26.7



17.1



15.2



9.5



5.7



3.8



Table A12: Peak one-hour design rainfall at Freetown



© Crown copyright 2010



59



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PHASE 1 ESHIA



APPENDIX 8

Preliminary Report on Phase 3 Vegetation Fieldwork - Prepared by SRK



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project



Preliminary Report on Phase 3

Vegetation Fieldwork - Prepared by

SRK



305000-00006 – 305000-00006-0000-EN-REP-0005

08 Apr 2010



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© Copyright 2010 WorleyParsons



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PRELIMINARY REPORT ON PHASE 3 VEGETATION FIELDWORK - PREPARED BY SRK



TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Disclaimer

This report has been prepared on behalf of and for the exclusive use of African Minerals Limited,

and is subject to and issued in accordance with the agreement between African Minerals Limited

and WorleyParsons Europe Limited. WorleyParsons Europe Limited accepts no liability or

responsibility whatsoever for it in respect of any use of or reliance upon the whole or any part of

the contents of this report by any third party.

Copying this report without the express written permission of African Minerals Limited or

WorleyParsons Europe Limited is not permitted.



PROJECT 305000-00006 - PRELIMINARY REPORT ON PHASE 3 VEGETATION FIELDWORK - PREPARED

BY SRK



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SRK MEMO TO WORLEY PARSONS - PRELIMINARY REPORT ON

PHASE 3 VEGETATION FIELDWORK



FT



SUBJECT:



DATE:



Dear Phil



RA



Please find attached the preliminary report on the Phase 3 vegetation fieldwork, as prepared by Xander van

der Burgt & Ben Pollard of the Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Yours sincerely,



D



Craig Watt

Principal Environmental Engineer

SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd

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Mob: +447841800102

Email: cwatt@srk.co.uk



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Summary of report, Phase 3 of the vegetation studies 

at the Tonkolili mine site, Sierra Leone 



D



RA



FT



Xander van der Burgt & Benedict John Pollard

Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew



Riverine forest and river with rocky areas suitable for rheophytes



March 2010



THIS REPORT IS PRELIMINARY AND CONFIDENTIAL



 



1



Executive Summary  

Four habitats of high conservation value were identified by this study and the two preceding

vegetation studies:

1. The strips of forest along the Tonkolili River and the river bed of this river, from Kegbema

and Farangbaia up to the confluence with the Rokel River, and the strips of forest along the

Rokel River near this confluence.

2. The forest patch to the southwest of the village Kegbema.

3. The summits of the Numbara deposit, due to the presence of a sizeable population of the

conservation priority species Pseudovigna sp. nov.

4. The seasonally wet (seepage) grassland on the southern slopes of Marampon, which is host

to a concentration of high conservation priority species.



FT



The conservation status of the summit of the Numbara deposit may be lowered if further areas

hosting Pseudovigna sp. nov. are identified outside the mining license area. Opportunities

may exist for African Minerals to establish conservation measures for this species, e.g. seed

collection and translocation of specimens from Numbara to a suitable locality outside the

mining license area, which may also lower the conservation status of the species. Similar

approaches may be relevant to the grassland on the southern slopes of Marampon.



D



RA



Unlike the summits of Numbara, the high conservation status of the forest strips and forest

patch noted above is now fixed and will not change as a result of further field studies.

Translocation of tree species is not feasible; therefore infrastructure should be planned outside

these areas where at all possible. Where work is essential in these areas, river crossings should

be made with the greatest care, especially if there are trees present, or rocks in the river bed.

Planned river crossing sites should be surveyed for plant species of conservation concern by a

botanist and well in advance of construction work to allow the crossing location to be

modified based on survey results (i.e. the proximity of haul road already constructed to the

river should not be such that it constrains adjustments to the crossing point).

Apart from mining infrastructure, the forest patches are also threatened by an increase in

construction wood extraction by local people. The increased demand for houses in the study

area seems to be a cause of increased logging activities. Since the increased pressure on the

last remaining forest patches seems at least partly linked to the activities of African Minerals,

the company may wish to identify options with appropriate partners (e.g. the government of

Sierra Leone) to prevent further damage to these forest patches. As part of this process,

opportunities to compensate villagers for preserving the forest patch could be explored.

In addition, there are also several habitats of medium conservation value identified, including

a forest strip along a small stream in the rail loop area; forests around Nerekoro; the forest

patch on the western slopes of the Simbili deposit; mangroves in the Tagrin and Pepel Port

lease areas and Port Loko; inland valley swamps in the Tagrin port camp and infrastructure

area, railroad marshalling yard, Petifu Junction, Port Loko area and along the haul road route

between Lunsar and the western bank of Rokel River, and forest in the area of the River Toka

rail and road crossing points. The construction of any infrastructure in these habitats must be

carefully planned and managed.



 



2



D



RA



FT



The results and recommendations in this summary are subject to changes based on the

outcome of confirmatory identification of the 461 botanical samples collected. The

conservation status of some habitats may also change as a result of any further detailed field

studies that are undertaken.



 



3



1. Introduction 

This is a summary of the Phase 3 vegetation studies for Tonkolili mine, Sierra Leone. For

more information the reader is referred to the full fieldwork report (in preparation) and to the

previous two reports on the vegetation studies at Tonkolili by the Royal Botanic Gardens,

Kew (van der Burgt, 2009; Darbyshire & van der Burgt, 2010).

The Phase 3 vegetation survey was divided into two tasks:

• Phase 3a – detailed characterisation of baseline conditions at the mine site and the first 20

km of the haulage road.

• Phase 3b – rapid assessment field surveys of the preferred tailings option, remainder of the

haulage road to Lunsar, existing rail corridor, Pepel port, railroad marshalling yards, Petifu

Junction and Tagrin port.



FT



Collectively the sites surveyed comprised key areas for the Early Cash Flow (ECF) project

and the Tonkolili project.



RA



Fieldwork was undertaken between 23 February and 12 March 2010, by Abdulai Feika and

Matthew James from the Njala University Herbarium; Kabbie Kanu and Julius Sesay from the

Fourah Bay College Herbarium; and Xander van der Burgt, Benedict Pollard and Sue Frisby

from the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

A total of 461 botanical samples were collected during the present study. Most samples were

preliminarily identified in the field; with confirmatory identification taking place at Kew. This

report is based on the preliminary field identification data. The full report will describe

species based on confirmed identification data.



D



2. Methods 



The methodology of the present study is similar to that described in the two previous reports

(van der Burgt, 2009; Darbyshire & van der Burgt, 2010). In summary, the Phase 3a

methodology resembles that of Phase 2 and Phase 3b methodology resembles that of Phase 1.

Aerial photography, satellite imagery and drawings were used to pre-identify different

vegetation types. These were visited methodically to characterise each major habitat type

identified from the maps and identify key plant species. Habitat types of potential

conservation concern were then assessed in more detail. Limited botanical specimen sampling

was carried out to enable identification of typical or unusual species, and to record the

presence of species thought to be of conservation concern. The conservation importance of a

habitat (described here as high, medium or low) is preliminarily assessed in this report

according to two factors, as described below.

1) The presence/absence of plant species assessed as being globally threatened, following

the criteria set out in IUCN (2001):





 



HIGH if there are Endangered (EN) plant species present.



4









Medium if there are Vulnerable (VU) plant species present.

Low if there are no plant species of conservation concern present.



2) The ecological structure and function of a habitat (assessed qualitatively). Three habitat

types that represent original vegetation are considered as being or as likely to be of

medium conservation concern, especially where levels of disturbance are low:







FT







Forest vegetation, which, in the study area and indeed in the whole of Sierra Leone,

has become so rare that any more or less natural forest vegetation must be considered

to be at least of medium conservation importance.

Mangroves are a species-poor habitat type botanically, but are of considerable

ecological value in terms of their structure and function, and are likely to harbour a

wide variety of avifaunal and other animal assemblages.

Inland valley swamps represent an ecologically rich habitat with a valuable

structure and function, containing some rare plant species (notably Aeschynomene

deightonii) and providing habitat for a broad range of plant species and other taxa,

such as invertebrate groups (e.g. Coleoptera, Odonata etc). Further detailed surveys

of selected inland valley swamps are required to better understand the overall plant

species composition and more fully assess the presence/absence of potential species

of conservation concern. Water flow and drainage within these valleys should not be

significantly altered by AML during construction in this habitat type.



RA



Three plant species from the list of conservation species (all VU) were found to be both

common in the study area and to regenerate easily in disturbed habitats. Therefore, the

presence of one or more of these species would not necessarily classify the habitat as being of

medium conservation importance:



D



• Afzelia africana (IUCN: VU) is a tree that was often found near villages and in farmbush.

• Hallea stipulosa (IUCN: VU) is a tree that colonises inland valley swamps, and is

expected to invade the tailings area and other swampy disturbed areas as once the level of

disturbance declines.

• Terminalia ivorensis (IUCN: VU) is a secondary forest tree that was found to be abundant

in some parts of the secondary vegetation in the study area.



3. Limitations and assumptions 

• The results and recommendations in this summary are subject to changes based on the

outcome of confirmatory identification of the 461 botanical samples collected.

• For some study areas aerial photography and/or satellite imagery was not available or of

insufficient resolution to enable targeting of sampling locations likely to be of conservation

concern.

• Phase 3b consisted of rapid assessment field surveys only. These rapid assessments should

be followed by a detailed botanical inventory of the areas that were found to be of potential

conservation concern. The conservation status of habitats may change subject to further

detailed field studies.

• The survey was somewhat restrained by ongoing changes in the haul road alignment

during the survey and by logistical constraints (limited time for fieldwork, limited



 



5



telecommunications facilities and a period of fuel shortages which prevented or delayed

planned travel).

• Further limitations and assumptions are noted in the previous two reports (see van der

Burgt, 2009 and Darbyshire & van der Burgt, 2010).



4. Preliminary results 

Preliminary results for each of the Phase 3 locations are summarised in Table 1 below. The

overall conservation importance has been assessed in terms of the actual or likely presence of

plant species of conservation concern. Further information for each location is available in

Appendix A.

Table 1: Summary of locations surveyed

Recommendations



Riverine forest, river channel

communities and various

secondary habitats. The forest

is one of the last remaining

examples of the original forest

vegetation in the study area.

Riverine forest, river channel

communities and various

secondary habitats.



HIGH



Select tree-free

routes where

possible. Minimise

tree felling (for

clearance and

utilisation purposes).



Riverine forest, river channel

communities and various

secondary habitats.



D



Haul road, Nerekoro

to Farangbaia



Conservation importance



FT



Haul road, Rokel

River to Nerekoro;

airport, mine village,

rail loop



Description



Farangbaia Forest

Reserve



Kegbema forest patch



Forest, the best preserved

example of the original forest

vegetation in the area.



Numbara deposit



Natural grassland.



 



HIGH (riverine forest)

Medium (forest strip along

small stream in rail loop

area, 8° 59' 40''N; 11° 46'

56''W; 120 m)

Low (remaining area).

HIGH (riverine forest)

Medium (forests around

Nerekoro, e.g. 8° 54' 38''N;

11° 43' 08''W; 260 m and

8° 54' 37''N; 11° 43' 18''W;

250 m)

Low (remaining area)

Medium (Cryptosepalum

population, e.g. at 9° 00'

38''N; 11° 42' 53''W; 880 m

and 9° 00' 33''N; 11° 42'

50''W; 790 m)

HIGH



RA



Location

Survey type: Phase 3a

River Rokel crossing

points



HIGH



6



For river crossings,

select tree-free

routes where

possible. Planned

river crossings

should be surveyed

for species of

conservation concern

by a botanist.



Avoid. Explore (with

appropriate partners,

such as

governments)

options for

preventing further

damage at this

location.

Assess whether the

endangered species

found on Numbara is

also found elsewhere

in significant

numbers. Collect

seeds and translocate

to suitable sites that

will not be affected



Description



Conservation importance



Marampon deposit



Hill summit (wooded)

grassland, seasonally wet

grassland, Afrotrilepis

tussocks, secondary

herbaceous Chromolaena

scrub, secondary thicket and

woodland.



HIGH (single plant of

Pseudovigna at 8° 59' 45''

N; 11° 40' 59'' W; 650 m

and Bryaspis,

Schizachyrium and Panicum

at 8° 59' 33'' N; 11°41' 04''

W; 560 m)



Simbili deposit



Secondary forest, farmbush

and secondary grassland.



Medium (location of

Entandrophragma tree

8° 58' 42''N; 11° 41' 27''W;

710 m; Cryptosepalum

population at

8° 58' 36''N; 11° 41'

22''W; 770 m)



Tagrin potential port

camp and

infrastructure area



Petifu Junction



Pepel Port terrestrial

ecosystem

Pepel Port land lease,

including Tasso island



 



Inland valley swamps,

farmbush, plantations,

settlements, vegetable gardens,

wild oil palm and grassland

vegetation.

Inland valley swamps,

farmbush, settlements,

vegetable gardens, wild oil

palm and grassland vegetation.



D



Railroad marshalling

yard



Mangroves and associated

species, farmbush, plantations

and human settlements.



Medium (mangroves), e.g.

N 08˚ 32’ 13.6”

W 13˚ 09’ 18.8”

Low (other habitats)

Medium (inland valley

swamps), e.g.

N 08˚ 34’ 10.5”

W 13˚ 09’ 54.6”

Low (other habitats)

Medium (inland valley

swamps) , e.g.

N 08˚ 40’ 02.9”

W 13˚ 11’ 06.9”

Low (other habitats)

Medium (inland valley

swamps), e.g.

N 08˚ 42’ 15.3”

W 13˚ 06’ 33.2” &

N 08˚ 42’ 25.8”

W 13˚ 05’ 54.9”

Low (other habitats)

Low



RA



Phase 3b

Tagrin Port land lease



FT



Location



Inland valley swamps,

secondary forest, farmbush,

plantations, settlements,

vegetable gardens, wild oil

palm and grassland vegetation.



Farmbush, plantations,

settlements, vegetable gardens

and wild oil palm.

Mangroves, mangrove /

freshwater ecotone, farmbush,

oil palm and Acacia

plantations, settlements,

vegetable gardens, wild oil

palm, and grassland

vegetation.



Medium (mangroves), e.g.

N 08˚ 35’ 34.6”

W 13˚ 03’ 42.0”

Low (other habitats)



7



Recommendations

by mining.

Consider measures

to mitigate or offset

the impact of species

losses through a

combination of ex

situ conservation

measures (seed

storage and plant

nursery schemes),

translocation to

secure sites and

identification of

comparable sites for

protection and/or

management.

Undertake additional

fieldwork to fill gaps

in the seasonal

information acquired

so far. Collect seed

from the single large

Entandrophragma

tree, and sow in

secure sites.

No further botanical

surveys are required

in this area.



Further investigation

of the inland valley

swamps is required.



No further botanical

surveys are required

in this area.

Further study of

ecotones, especially

mangrove/shrub

transition, is

required. Further

land-based survey of

Tasso Island may be

required to

supplement existing



Location



Description



Conservation importance



Existing rail corridor

Pepel to Lunsar



Grassland vegetation,

farmbush, plantations,

settlements, vegetable gardens

and wild oil palm.

Mangroves, freshwater

ecosystems, inland valley

swamps, farmbush,

settlements, vegetable gardens,

wild oil palm and grassland

vegetation.



Low



Port Loko area



HIGH (colony of an

undescribed new species of

Macropodiella

(Podostemaceae) identified

from slow flowing river

with rocky pools:

N 08˚ 45’ 47.0”

W 12˚ 46’ 19.2”

Medium (mangroves and

inland valley swamps), e.g.

N 08˚ 44’ 58.0”

W 12˚ 48’ 07.1”

Low (other habitats)

Low



FT



Agroforestry plantations and

grassland vegetation.



Haul road Lunsar to

River Rokel western

bank



Grassland vegetation, inland

valley swamps, farmbush,

plantations, settlements, wild

oil palm, bamboo patches and

inselbergs.



Medium, e.g.

Nauclea diderrichii at

N 08˚ 42’ 07.5”

W 12˚ 36’ 36.8”,

and IVS at:

N 08˚ 43’ 21.0”

W 12˚ 31’ 00.7”.



D



RA



Port Loko Strict

Nature Reserve



River Toka rail and

road crossing points



Riverine/gallery forest,

swampy patches and grassland

vegetation. Forest is very rare

across the surveyed area.



Selected tailings

option



A few forest patches,

farmbush, plantations, inland



 



Several areas between

N 08˚ 50’ 00.3”

W 12˚ 13’ 22.6” &

N 08˚ 52’ 15.9”

W 12˚ 06’ 59.2” appear to

represent IVSs

Low (potentially medium)

N 08˚ 48’ 54.7”

W 12˚ 19’ 06.9” &

N 08˚ 48’ 49.0”

W 12˚ 19’ 17.5”



Low



8



Recommendations

boat-based

observations.

No further botanical

surveys are required

in this area.

The freshwater river

areas and

saline/freshwater

transition zone of

Port Loko Creek

should be surveyed

in more detail,

especially for

rheophytes. A survey

of the new species

should be conducted.

Further investigation

of the inland valley

swamps is required.

No further botanical

surveys are required

in this area.

Conduct further

survey work in

inland valley

swamps; visit

inselbergs to assess

remnant forest

patches.



Additional specimen

sampling along the

River Toka forest to

confirm absence /

presence of species

of conservation

concern. At road and

rail crossing points,

survey work of

riverine vegetation

should be extended

beyond the crossing

points for

approximately 1 km

in either direction to

determine the

presence or absence

of conservation

species.

No further botanical

surveys are required



Location



Description

valley swamps and grassland

vegetation.



Conservation importance



Recommendations

in this area (unlikely

to reveal species of

conservation

concern).



Notes:

1.

Coordinates given in Table 1 are examples of points visited in surveyed areas and are not indicative of

boundaries for the areas of high and medium conservation concern. Further work is required to accurately

define boundaries.

2.

Marampon and Farangbaia Forest Reserve were surveyed previously but are included here for

comparative purposes.



 



5. Conclusions 



RA



FT



Fieldwork has identified four habitats of high conservation value. Two of these habitats

intersect with project activities that are fixed in space (the planned open pits at Numbara and

Marampon) and for which avoidance options do not exist. Consequently, African Minerals

may need to pursue alternative conservation measures for the plant species found in the

affected habitats, such as seed collection and translocation of specimens to suitable localities

outside the mining license area. The other two habitats intersect with project activities that are

not fixed in space (e.g. construction of the haul road and related river crossings) and therefore

avoidance can play a role in minimising impacts. Where work is essential in these habitats,

care should be taken to minimise the felling of trees and to select river crossings with the least

impact.

Fieldwork has also identified a number of habitats of medium conservation value around the

mine area and along the transport corridor to the coast. The construction of any infrastructure

in these habitats must also be carefully planned and managed. Where possible, habitats of

medium conservation value should be avoided.



D



6. Recommendations 



See Table 1 (above) for location-specific recommendations.



References 

Burgt, X.M. van der, 2009. Report on the botanical reconnaissance survey of the Tonkolili

Project area, Sierra Leone. Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1 October 2009.

Darbyshire, I & Burgt, X.M. van der, 2010. Report on the vegetation survey and botanical

inventory of the Tonkolili Project area, Sierra Leone. Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens,

Kew, 8 February 2010.

IUCN (2001). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival

Commission, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, U.K.



 



9



ANNEX A

A.1 Results for Phase 3a 

Detailed characterisation of baseline conditions at the mine site and the first 20 km of the

haulage road.



A.1.1. River Rokel crossing points 



D



RA



FT



Key habitats: riverine forest, river channel communities, various secondary habitats.

Species of conservation concern: Aphanocalyx pteridophyllus, Copaifera salikounda,

Dialium pobeguinii, Gilbertiodendron sp. nov.?.

Conservation importance: the conservation value of the riverine forest strip is HIGH, not

only because of the presence of conservation species, but also because of its structure and

high species richness. This forest is one of the last remaining examples of the original forest

vegetation in the study area.

Recommendations: river crossings should be made with the greatest care, especially if

uprooting of trees is likely. During construction of bridges, tree felling should be kept to an

absolute minimum. No tree trunks should be used for the construction of the bridge itself, for

scaffolding or for temporary bridges.

Notes on the haul road crossing: The haul road crossing point selected by the South African

contractor Jeffares & Green, 9° 00’ 59.5’’ N; 11° 49’ 53.5’’ W is situated close to the point

selected by WorleyParsons. On the east side there is a large rock slab (visible on Google

Earth) which has prevented the growth of trees. There is enough space here to construct a haul

road bridge without uprooting any trees. However, in the forest strip immediately north and

south of this point conservation species do occur. On the west side there is a narrow strip of

forest with several species of conservation concern. Nevertheless, this locality seems most

appropriate from a botanical point of view.

Notes on the rail crossing: Two possible rail crossing points were selected by the botanical

teams, close to the point selected by WorleyParsons: Locality 1 at 9° 00’ 44.0’’ N; 11° 49’

49.0’’ W and locality 2 at 9° 00’ 29.0’’ N; 11° 49’ 44.5’’ W. At locality 1 there is a narrow

strip of forest on the east side. On the west side there is a palm plantation bordering the river,

but just upstream there is a Dialium pobeguinii tree (a species of conservation concern). At

locality 2 there is a small gap in the forest strip on the east side, and a strip of forest on the

west side. No conservation species were seen. A number of trees will have to be felled here; a

few of these may be of conservation concern although none were seen.



A.1.2. Haul road, Rokel River to Nerekoro; airport, mine village, rail loop 

Key habitats: riverine forest, river channel communities, various secondary habitats.

Conservation importance: HIGH (riverine forest), medium (forest strip along small stream

in rail loop area), low (remaining area).

Species of conservation concern: Dialium pobeguinii; Gilbertiodendron sp. nov.?; a number

of other species (which will be listed in the report).

Recommendations: river crossings should be made with the greatest care, especially if there

are trees or rocks in the river bed. Planned river crossings should be surveyed for species of

conservation concern by a botanist. If there are no trees and no large rocks in the river bed, a

river crossing could be made.

Notes: Most of the strip of forest along the Tonkolili River in this area contains conservation

species. Trees of Dialium pobeguinii (possibly EN) were found in most places on muddy soil



 



10



along the Tonkolili River from the village of Balaya up to the Rokel River, and along the

Rokel River. The airport area was briefly surveyed; the area appears to be of low conservation

concern. The location of the Mine village was not visited; the aerial photographs of the site do

not show any forest and it also appears to be of low conservation concern. The rail loop was

partly surveyed. The forest strip along a small stream in this area should be avoided, because

of the presence of conservation species. This forest strip is classified as medium conservation

concern, but the remaining area around the rail loop is probably of low conservation concern.



A.1.3. Haul road, Nerekoro to Farangbaia 



D



RA



FT



Key habitats: riverine forest, river channel communities, various secondary habitats.

Conservation importance: HIGH (riverine forest), medium (forests around Nerekoro), low

(remaining area).

Species of conservation concern: Neolemonniera clitandrifolia, Tessmannia baikiaeoides.

For further species see Darbyshire & van der Burgt, 2010.

Recommendations: river crossings should be made with the greatest care, especially if there

are trees, or rocks in the river bed. Planned river crossings should be surveyed for species of

conservation concern by a botanist.

Notes: During the stay of the botanical team in Farangbaia, Jeffares & Green, a contractor

from Cape Town began the construction of the haul road. They made a new crossing of the

Tonkolili River just south of Farangbaia. The contractor was determined to avoid uprooting

trees, not only because this is time-consuming, but also because they are aware of the

importance of forest in Sierra Leone from a conservation perspective. The contractor was

planning to put the road alignment south of Nerekoro and south of the forest patches around

this village. The road was then planned to turn to the northwest, towards the Rokel River, but

beyond Nerekoro the exact route was not yet determined.

The locality of the second Tonkolili River haul road crossing on the map made by Worley

parsons (issued 22 Feb 2010) is unsuitable from a botanical point of view, due to the presence

of several species of conservation concern, two of which are new to the survey:

Neolemonniera clitandrifolia (IUCN: EN) and Tessmannia baikiaeoides (possible VU or EN).

In general, plant species of conservation concern are common along the Tonkolili River, but

careful searching by a botanist may give a suitable crossing point.



A.1.4. Farangbaia Forest Reserve 

Key habitats: forest, farmland and secondary thicket.

Conservation importance: medium.

Species of conservation concern: Cryptosepalum tetraphyllum.

Notes: The Farangbaia Forest Reserve may be a good candidate for a habitat restoration

project, with translocation of forest species from the deposit sites. This could provide a high

profile positive conservation project for AML in collaboration with both national government

and local communities.

Recommendations: Explore the potential use of Farangbaia Forest Reserve as an offset site

in greater detail.

Farangbaia Forest Reserve was surveyed previously, but is summarised here for comparative

purposes.



 



11



A.1.5. Kegbema forest patch 



RA



FT



Key habitats: forest.

Conservation importance: the conservation value of this forest patch is HIGH, not only

because of the presence of conservation species, but also because of its structure and high

species richness. This forest is one of the last remaining examples of the original forest

vegetation in the study area.

Species of conservation concern: see previous report.

Coordinates: 9°00’26’’ N; 11°42’06’’W.

Notes: Plot 12, set up in the Kegbema forest patch southwest of the village of Kegbema, in

December 2009, has been partly destroyed by local people extracting wood for use in

construction. The activity of loggers in the area is increasing, supposedly because of increased

demand for timber for construction of houses and furniture. This increased demand is possible

linked to the inward migration of people to the study area in search of jobs at the Tonkolili

project. The socio-economic team visited the village of Kegbema and may be able to develop

an initial overview of the social context behind the destruction of Plot 12 (note: the socioeconomic team has not reported at the time of preparation of this botanical report).

Recommendations: The Kegbema forest patch is the best preserved example of the original

forest vegetation in the area, and is also inside the Farangbaia Forest Reserve. Since the

increased pressure on the last remaining forest patches seems at least partly linked to the

activities of African Minerals, the company may wish to identify options with appropriate

partners (e.g. the government of Sierra Leone) to prevent further damage to these forest

patches. As part of this process, opportunities to compensate villagers for preserving the forest

patch could be explored.



A.1.6. Numbara deposit 



D



Key habitats: natural grassland.

Conservation importance: HIGH.

Species of conservation concern: Pseudovigna sp. nov.

Recommendations: establishment of in-situ and ex-situ conservation measures such as seed

collecting and translocation to sites outside the mining license area. Further information is

available in van der Burgt (2009) and Darbyshire & van der Burgt (2010).

Notes: The natural grassland on the summit area of Numbara was revisited to look for

pyrophytes; plants that grow shortly after fire. Only a few were found. Some of the

Pseudovigna sp. nov. plants were resprouting, while some others were still dormant.



A.1.7. Marampon deposit 

The Marampon deposit was not visited during the present trip, but was surveyed during

previous fieldwork (see Darbyshire & van der Burgt, 2010).

Key habitats: Hill summit (wooded) grassland, seasonally wet grassland, Afrotrilepis

tussocks, secondary herbaceous Chromolaena scrub, secondary thicket and woodland.

Conservation importance: HIGH

Species of conservation importance: Pseudovigna sp. nov. (single plant), Bryaspis

humularioides subsp. falcistipulata, Schizachyrium lomaense and Panicum

glaucocladum.

Recommendations: due regard should be given to measures to mitigate or offset the impact

of species losses through a combination of ex situ conservation measures (seed storage and

plant nursery schemes), translocation to secure sites and identification of comparable sites for

protection and/or management.



 



12



Notes: The most important seasonally wet grassland for conservation identified to date is that

on the S slopes of Marampon at the north end of the Simbili-Marampon saddle. The small

area of seepage here holds three species of conservation concern including two potentially

Endangered species: Bryaspis humularioides subsp. falcistipulata and Schizachyrium

lomaense (the third, Panicum glaucocladum, is considered Vulnerable).

Marampon was surveyed previously, but is summarised here for comparative purposes.



A.1.8. Simbili deposit 

Key habitats: secondary forest, farmbush, secondary grassland.

Conservation importance: medium.

Species of conservation concern: Cryptosepalum tetraphyllum, Entandrophragma

cylindricum, Garcinia kola and Guarea cedrata.

Recommendations: further fieldwork should be considered, covering times of the year that

will supplement the timing of previous visits.



A.2. Results for Phase 3b 



A.2.1. Tagrin Port land lease 



FT



Rapid assessment field surveys of the preferred tailings option, remainder of the haulage road

to Lunsar, existing rail corridor, Pepel Port and Tagrin.



RA



Key habitats: mangroves and associated species, farmbush, plantations, settlements,

vegetable gardens, wild oil palm, grassland vegetation.

Conservation importance: mangroves: medium; other habitats: low.

Species of conservation concern: Hallea stipulosa, Terminalia ivorensis.

Recommendations: it is suggested that no further botanical surveys are required here.



A.2.2. Tagrin potential port camp and infrastructure area 



D



Key habitats: inland valley swamps, farmbush, plantations, settlements, vegetable gardens,

wild oil palm, grassland vegetation.

Conservation importance: inland valley swamps: medium, other habitats: low.

Species of conservation concern: Terminalia ivorensis.

Recommendations: further investigation of the inland valley swamps is required in this area.



A.2.3. Railroad marshalling yard 

Key habitats: inland valley swamps, farmbush, settlements, vegetable gardens, wild oil palm,

grassland vegetation.

Conservation importance: inland valley swamps: medium, other habitats: low.

Species of conservation concern: none observed, but inland valley swamps may harbour

some rare species.

Recommendations: further investigation of the inland valley swamps is required in this area.



A.2.4. Petifu Junction 

Key habitats: inland valley swamps, secondary forest, farmbush, plantations, settlements,

vegetable gardens, wild oil palm, grassland vegetation.

Conservation importance: inland valley swamps: medium, other habitats: low.

Species of conservation concern: none observed, but inland valley swamps may harbour

some rare species.



 



13



Recommendations: further investigation of the inland valley swamps is required in this area.

Note: some small patches of maturing secondary forest or possibly remnant primary forest

were located at and around 08° 42’ 15.3”N, 13° 06’ 33.2”W and 08° 42’ 16.5”N, 13° 05’

54.2”W. Confirmatory identification of plant specimens at Kew should help to further assess

the maturity and value of these very small patches, and inform any further conservation

recommendations.



A.2.5. Pepel Port terrestrial ecosystem 

Key habitats: farmbush, plantations, settlements, vegetable gardens, wild oil palm.

Conservation importance: low.

Species of conservation concern: Terminalia ivorensis.

Recommendations: no further botanical survey work is required here.



A.2.6. Pepel Port land lease, including Tasso island (brief visual assessment 

by boat) 



RA



FT



Key habitats: mangroves and associated species, mangrove/freshwater ecotone, farmbush, oil

palm and Acacia plantations, settlements, vegetable gardens, wild oil palm, grassland

vegetation.

Conservation importance: mangroves: medium; other habitats: low.

Species of conservation concern: Afzelia africana.

Recommendations: Pepel Port land lease: further study of ecotones, especially

mangrove/shrub transition where Afzelia africana was observed. Additional rare species may

occur in this partly undisturbed habitat type. Tasso Island may benefit from a land-based

survey, particularly with regards to groups of quite large unidentified trees seen growing on

the SW-facing side of the island. The area or type of usage of Tasso Island for the project is

not fully understood by the survey team, and further information is required to develop

recommendations for this area.



A.2.7. Existing rail corridor Pepel to Lunsar 



D



Key habitats: grassland vegetation, farmbush, plantations, settlements, vegetable gardens,

wild oil palm.

Conservation importance: low.

Species of conservation concern: Terminalia ivorensis.

Recommendations: no further botanical survey work is required in this area.

Notes: The project had instigated a programme of intense ‘slash and burn’ for a corridor of

vegetation c. 30 m wide along the length of the existing railroad. This process was already

well-advanced during this fieldwork.



A.2.8. Port Loko area including proposed railway bridge and Port Loko 

freshwater ecosystems 

Key habitats: mangroves and associated species, freshwater ecosystems, inland valley

swamps, farmbush, settlements, vegetable gardens, wild oil palm, grassland vegetation.

Conservation importance: HIGH (freshwater ecosystems), medium (mangroves/inland

valley swamps, and presence of potential species of conservation concern); other habitats (

low).

Species of conservation concern: an undescribed new species of Macropodiella

(Podostemaceae) has been identified from Port Loko freshwater Creek; Hallea stipulosa (in

the inland valley swamps).



 



14



Recommendations: The freshwater river areas and saline/freshwater transition zone of Port

Loko Creek should be surveyed in more detail for plant taxa of potential conservation

concern, particularly rheophytes; further survey work of inland valley swamps.



A.2.9. Port Loko Strict Nature Reserve 

Key habitats: agroforestry plantations, grassland vegetation.

This is a production forest of plantation species, with a dedicated nursery raising seedlings,

especially of Tectona grandis, Acacia mangium and Gmelina arborea.

Conservation importance: low (potentially HIGH).

Species of conservation concern: none identified in the reserve, but an undescribed species

of Macropodiella (Podostemaceae) has been identified just downstream from the reserve.

Recommendations: The river running by the reserve to be surveyed for rheophytes,

especially Macropodiella sp. nov. The Ministry of Forests should be encouraged to undertake

seed collection using local people and specialists and subsequently introduce species of

conservation concern into their propagation programme at the Port Loko Strict Nature

Reserve plant nursery facility for inclusion in planting mixes. Raise awareness of threatened

species and opportunity for reintroductions.



FT



A.2.10. Haul road Lunsar to River Rokel western bank 



RA



Key habitats: grassland vegetation, inland valley swamps, farmbush, plantations, settlements,

wild oil palm, bamboo patches, inselbergs.

Conservation importance: medium.

Species of conservation concern: Hallea stipulosa, Nauclea diderrichii.

Recommendations: conduct further survey work in inland valley swamps; visit inselbergs to

assess remnant forest patches, e.g. ‘Takobli’.

Notes: most of the haul road crosses species-poor grassland vegetation, but areas of potential

interest were noted, especially inland valley swamps.



A.2.11. River Toka rail and road crossing points 



D



Key habitats: riverine/gallery forest, swampy patches, grassland vegetation.

Conservation importance: low/potentially medium.

Species of conservation concern: none identified.

Notes: some species identified from this swampy gallery/riverine forest, e.g. Cynometra

vogelii and Uapaca guineensis, were also recorded from the Rokel River strip of forest which

suggests some affinities between these two areas. Time did not allow additional specimen

sampling along the River Toka forest, but it is possible that species of conservation concern

found at River Rokel also occur along this strip. This type of forest is very rare across the

surveyed area and, as such, merits further investigation.

Recommendations: maintain these crossing points, ensuring water flow is uninterrupted.

Extend survey work of this riverine vegetation beyond crossing points for approximately 1

km in either direction to determine presence or absence of conservation species. This could

enable better understanding of the distribution of rare forest plants across this similar, but

rarely occurring, habitat type in different locations.



A.2.12. Selected tailings option 

Key habitats: a few forest patches, farmbush, plantations, inland valley swamps, grassland

vegetation.

Conservation importance: low.

Species of conservation concern: Aeschynomene deightonii, Hallea stipulosa.



 



15



D



RA



FT



Recommendations: a detailed survey could be considered here, especially on the few forest

patches and the inland valley swamps, but such work is unlikely to reveal many species of

conservation concern.



 



16



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PHASE 1 ESHIA



APPENDIX 9

Tonkolili Vegetation Survey and Inventory Report - Final - Prepared by

Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project



Tonkolili Vegetation Survey and

Inventory Report - Final - Prepared by

Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens,

Kew



305000-00006 – 305000-00006-0000-EN-REP-0003

08 Apr 2010



Parkview, Great West Road

Brentford Middlesex TW8 9AZ London

United Kingdom

Telephone: +44 (0) 20 8326 5000

Facsimile: +44 (0) 20 8710 0220

www.worleyparsons.com



© Copyright 2010 WorleyParsons



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

TONKOLILI VEGETATION SURVEY AND INVENTORY REPORT - FINAL - PREPARED BY HERBARIUM,

ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW



TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Disclaimer

This report has been prepared on behalf of and for the exclusive use of African Minerals Limited,

and is subject to and issued in accordance with the agreement between African Minerals Limited

and WorleyParsons Europe Limited. WorleyParsons Europe Limited accepts no liability or

responsibility whatsoever for it in respect of any use of or reliance upon the whole or any part of

the contents of this report by any third party.

Copying this report without the express written permission of African Minerals Limited or

WorleyParsons Europe Limited is not permitted.



PROJECT 305000-00006 - TONKOLILI VEGETATION SURVEY AND INVENTORY REPORT - FINAL PREPARED BY HERBARIUM, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW



REV



DESCRIPTION



A



Issued for Internal Review



ORIG



REVIEW



WORLEYPARSONS

APPROVAL



O Fuertes



P Burris



N/A



DATE



08 Apr 2010



c:\documents and settings\alinne.hoffner\desktop\tonkolili project template_report.doc

Document No: 305000-00006-0000-EN-REP-0003 Page ii



CLIENT

APPROVAL



N/A



DATE



REPORT ON THE VEGETATION SURVEY &

BOTANICAL INVENTORY OF THE TONKOLILI

PROJECT AREA, SIERRA LEONE

Iain Darbyshire & Xander van der Burgt

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

8 February 2010



CONFIDENTIAL



1



REPORT ON THE VEGETATION SURVEY & BOTANICAL INVENTORY OF THE

TONKOLILI PROJECT AREA, SIERRA LEONE

8 February 2010

PREPARED FOR:

African Minerals Ltd

PREPARED BY:

Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew



AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS:

I. Darbyshire, X. van der Burgt, M. Cheek, R. Clark, G. Marchant & J. Moat. RBG, Kew

A.M.B. Feika & M.S. James. National Herbarium of Sierra Leone, Njala University

K.M.T. Kanu & J.A. Sesay. Fourah Bay College Herbarium, Freetown

Emily Robinson. SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd



2



EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

th



A vegetation and plant species survey was conducted in the Tonkolili Project area from 24 November

th

to 11 December 2009, building on the 3.5 day reconnaissance survey carried out in September. A

combination of plot-based sampling and walk-over survey was used to characterise the different

vegetation types and to record the plant species found within each habitat. A reconnaissance-scale

survey of the three potential tailings or mine-related infrastructure locations was also conducted.

Whilst the dominant vegetation cover (c. 90%) of the three iron-ore deposits and immediate

surroundings is a mosaic of farmland and fallow bushland of low conservation value, the remaining

areas are found to contain a range of natural or semi-natural vegetation types. Five of these

vegetation types are of conservation significance: hillslope forest, riverine forest, river channel plant

communities, hill summit (wooded) grassland and seasonally wet grassland.

34 plant species of conservation concern (IUCN Red list species or candidate species) have so far

been recorded on the deposits and in the potential tailings or infrastructure locations, of which nine are

considered of high conservation priority. Included within these nine are two newly discovered species,

apparently unique or nearly unique to the Project area based upon current knowledge: Pseudovigna

sp. nov., restricted to the hill summit grasslands, and Eriocaulon sp. nov., found only in the river

channel east of Farangbeya village.

The highest number of species of conservation concern is found in the riverine strip of forest east of

Farangbeya village and the nearby hillslope forest southwest of Kegbema village, both falling within

potential tailings or infrastructure option 4. These areas are considered to be of highest conservation

importance within the Project area based upon the botanical surveys conducted to date. It is

recommended that efforts are made to protect this river system and adjacent forests from any

disturbance by future mine-related activity. Although degraded, the riverine forest in potential tailings

or infrastructure option 1 has been found to contain three conservation priority species so far, with

more likely to be uncovered by more intensive survey. The reconnaissance survey of option 5

revealed no species or habitats of high conservation concern.

On the deposits themselves, the seasonally wet (seepage) grassland on the southern slopes of

Marampon contains a concentration of high conservation priority species, and the hill summit

grassland on Numbara is considered to be of importance due to its large colony of Pseudovigna sp.

nov.

Measures should be put in place to mitigate or offset the impact of these losses through a combination

of ex situ conservation measures (seed storage and plant nursery schemes), translocation to secure

sites and identification of comparable sites for protection and/or management. A range of

recommendations are provided for future plant-related survey and conservation work to meet these

requirements.

Plot data analyses indicates that our survey work to date has not been exhaustive and it is quite

possible that further survey work, particularly at different seasons, will uncover more species of

conservation concern within the Project area.



3



TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.



INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 5



2.



METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................. 7

2.1 DEPOSITS AND ADJACENT TONKOLILI RIVER VALLEY ......................................................... 7

2.2 RECONNAISANCE SURVEY OF POTENTIAL TAILINGS OR

INFRASTRUCTURE LOCALITIES ................................................................................................... 9

2.3 VOUCHER SPECIMEN IDENTIFICATIONS .................................................................................. 9

2.4 ASSESSMENT OF SPECIES CONSERVATION STATUS ......................................................... 10



3.



LIMITATIONS & ASSUMPTIONS ...................................................................................................... 10



4.



VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION & DESCRIPTIONS ...................................................................... 11

4.1 FOREST ON HILLSLOPES ......................................................................................................... 11

4.2 RIVERINE FOREST ..................................................................................................................... 12

4.3 RIVER CHANNEL COMMUNITIES .............................................................................................. 14

4.4 GRASSLAND & WOODED GRASSLAND ON WELL-DRAINED SOILS ................................... 15

4.4.1 Hill summit (wooded) grassland ......................................................................................... 15

4.4.2 Low altitude wooded grassland .......................................................................................... 18

4.5 SEASONALLY WET GRASSLAND ............................................................................................ 19

4.6 INLAND VALLEY SWAMP .......................................................................................................... 22

4.7 SECONDARY HABITATS ........................................................................................................... 23

4.7.1 Secondary grassland ........................................................................................................... 23

4.7.2 Secondary herbaceous Chromolaena scrub ..................................................................... 23

4.7.3 Secondary thicket and woodland ....................................................................................... 24

4.8 AGRICULTURAL LAND .............................................................................................................. 26



5.



SPECIES OF CONSERVATION CONCERN ..................................................................................... 26



6.



RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY OF POTENTIAL OPTIONS FOR TAILINGS OR

INFRASTRUCTURE PLACEMENT ................................................................................................ 31



7.



INITIAL SURVEY OF POTENTIAL OFFSET SITES ......................................................................... 31



8.



PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................ 32



9.



RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER BOTANICAL WORK ......................................................... 33



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... 35

REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 35

ANNEX 1: PLANT SPECIES CHECKLIST ............................................................................................... 36

ANNEX 2: DETAILED ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF CONSERVATION CONCERN ............................... 53



4



1. INTRODUCTION

This report summarises the findings of the vegetation survey and plant inventory of the Tonkolili iron

ore mining project (henceforth the Project) in Sierra Leone, under license to African Minerals Ltd. The

th

th

survey was conducted over a two week period from 24 November to 11 December and builds upon

the 3.5 day reconnaissance vegetation survey conducted at the Project site in September 2009. The

field team for the Nov-Dec visit were: Xander van der Burgt, Ruth Clark & Iain Darbyshire (RBG Kew);

Emily Robinson (SRK Consulting UK); Abdulai Feika & Matthew James (Njala University); Kabie Kanu

& Julius Sesay (Fourah Bay College), splitting into two field teams over a 10-day survey period, one

team remaining on site for an extra three days.

This report will feed into the wider Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and Feasibility

Study for the Project, being conducted by Worley Parsons Ltd and SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd. The

scope of the current phase of this work was set out by SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd, the principal points

being to:

• undertake an intensive two-week botanical survey of the three deposits on Numbara, Marampon

and Simbili Hills (figure 1) and immediate vicinity likely to be impacted by mining activity

• identify and characterise the vegetation types and inventory the plant species present on the

deposits with emphasis upon those habitats and species of key conservation concern that will need

to be taken into consideration by the Project Feasibility Study

• identify potential impacts on the vegetation in the study area and provide recommendations for

mitigation of these impacts including protection of species of conservation concern and initial

identification of potential offset areas

• undertake a reconnaissance-level survey of the vegetation of the areas potentially affected by

tailings deposits and/or mine-related infrastructure, including the identification of any sensitive or

“no go” areas.

The Project area is here defined as the area covered by the mining exploration license plus the areas

identified as potential tailings or infrastructure locations. However, the focus of the study within this

wider area is the three deposits (Numbara, Marampon and Simbili) plus the three options (1, 4 & 5)

identified to be the most likely locations for tailings and infrastructure.

Due to delays in obtaining the SPOT satellite imagery required for adequate delimitation of the

vegetation types in the Project area, the vegetation map which accompanies this document is

currently in preparation and will be delivered separately in a supplementary report.



Background information on the vegetation and environment of the Project area

The Project lies within Tonkolili District of Northern Province, Sierra Leone, in the southern portion of

the Sula mountain chain. The Sula Mts are one of a series of isolated highland regions in northern and

eastern Sierra Leone which together form the westernmost extent of the Guinea (or Loma-Man)

Highlands which extend to western Côte d’Ivoire. This is one of the richest regions in West Africa for

plant diversity, with significant numbers of endemic (unique) and rare species.

The Sula Mts coincide with a belt of higher annual rainfall than other regions of Sierra Leone with the

exception of the coastal strip. Rainfall here is highly seasonal, the wet season beginning slowly in

March–April and peaking in July–September. The dry season typically begins in mid-October with very

little rain falling from mid-November through to March.

The altitude at the Project area ranges from 120 m in the Tonkolili River valley, to 830 m on the peak

of Simbili Hill. Submontane elements of the Guinea highlands vegetation extend down to altitudes well

below 1000 m in this part of Sierra Leone, hence the vegetation of the Project area is likely to contain

some submontane elements in addition to lowland elements. Lowland and submontane forest have

suffered extensive losses throughout West Africa, resulting in large and potentially threatening

declines in the range of many species unique to this region. The Tonkolili region is no exception,

where forest, the natural climax vegetation of most of the region, is now largely restricted to narrow

strips along river valleys and on the steepest slopes, and sacred groves and community forests.



5



Figure 1: location of the three deposits and proposed tailings options at the Tonkolili mine site, reproduced with permission from SRK Consulting UK Ltd. (bold Red Line = total

area covered by the mining exploration license).



6



There has been a long history of botanical exploration in Sierra Leone, especially during the British

colonial period, with extensive historic collections held in herbaria, particularly at RBG Kew. Whilst the

larger Loma Mts and Tingi Hills close to the Guinea border have been visited by many botanists, few

previous botanical expeditions appear to have been made in the southern Sula Mts and the vegetation

of this region is not well documented.



2. METHODOLOGY

2.1 DEPOSITS AND ADJACENT TONKOLILI RIVER VALLEY

The three deposits, Simbili, Marampon and Numbara, and adjacent areas likely to be directly impacted

by the mine were surveyed in detail using a combination of walk-over survey (botanical patrol) and plot

sampling. Priority was given to the habitats identified as of potential conservation concern from the

reconnaissance survey. A total of 12 plots were surveyed (table 1, fig. 2). Different vegetation types

were sampled using different plot sizes:





Forest - 25 m × 25 m Hall & Swaine (1981) plots, used widely in West African vegetation survey,

in which every vascular plant species is recorded and, unless identified on the spot with certainty,

vouchered; additionally every tree ≥ 10 cm dbh (diameter at breast height, c. 130 cm) is recorded,

together with basic plot data. As the strip of riverine forest is too narrow to permit a 25 × 25 m

square, plot T4 in this habitat was modified to 12.5 m × 50 m.

Grassland & wooded grassland - 10 m × 10 m plots. Data recorded as above but all trees ≥ 5 cm

dbh are recorded together with estimates of % ground cover for each herb species. Plot T7 is a

composite transect of eight 10 m × 10 m plots aimed primarily at providing more data on the tree

species within this habitat.

Secondary thicket / woodland - 10 m × 10 m plots. Data recorded as for wooded grassland plots.

The three plots taken are intended to provide an overview of this vegetation type which is

considered to be of low conservation concern.











Plot



Size (m)



Vegetation type



Locality



T1



10 × 10



Grassland



Numbara summit ridge



T2



10 × 10



Wooded grassland



T3



10 × 10



Wooded grassland



T4



12.5 × 50



Riverine forest



Numbara Numbara S facing

slope of summit ridge

Numbara S facing slope of

summit ridge

Tonkolili River E of Farangbeya



T5



10 × 10



Wooded grassland



Marampon, ridge NW of summit



T6



10 × 10



Marampon summit ridge



T7



10 × 80



T8



10 × 10



T9



25 × 25



Wooded grassland

(disturbed)

Grassland / wooded

grassland

Bushland

(secondary)

Hillslope forest



Numbara, N section of summit

ridge

W slopes of saddle between

Numbara and Marampon

Simbili W slopes



T10



10 × 10



T11



10 × 10



T12



25 × 25



Bushland

(secondary)

Bushland

(secondary)

Hillslope forest



W slopes of saddle between

Numbara and Marampon

W slopes of saddle between

Numbara and Marampon

SW of Kegbema village



Geo-reference and altitude

09°01’39.0” N 11°40’07.1” W

800 m

09°01’48.4” N 11°39’54.5” W

770 m

09°01’48.2” N 11°39’54.1” W

760 m

08°59’09.6” N 11°42’09.8” W

340 m

08°59’46.1” N 11°40’55.3” W

670 m

08°59’47.1” N 11°40’49.9” W

690 m

09°01’56.4” N 11°39’51.9” W

760 m

08°59’05.6” N 11°41’21.6” W

570 m

08°58’36.2” N 11°41’21.7” W

770 m

08°59’15.3” N 11°41’26.3” W

470 m

08°59’10.9” N 11°41’42.5” W

430 m

09°00’25.7” N 11°42’05.6” W

430 m



Table 1: summary of vegetation survey plots, Nov-Dec 2009 (see figure 2).



7



Figure 2: location of vegetation survey plots, important collecting localities in the Project area and potential offset

sites surveyed.



8



Primarily for reasons of time-constraint and logistics, rather than using pre-selected random sampling

within each vegetation type, the plots were selected on the ground, choosing typical representative

areas of each habitat type.

Standard field data forms were used to collect data in each plot, the information collected including

georeference, altitude, aspect, soil type, evidence of disturbance (human influence, fire), overview

notes on the vegetation including dominant species, and photographs of the plot to record the

vegetation structure together with close-ups of species of interest. Plot forms and plot species lists are

not presented in this report but are available on request.

The survey teams did not enter any sacred forest groves (society bush) and the AML Public Relations

Officer, Atkins Koroma, was consulted prior to entering any forest areas / selecting forest plot localities

to ensure that we were not entering restricted-access areas. Sacred forests within the vicinity of the

deposits, such as that on the west side of the road between Farangbeya and Kegbema, were briefly

surveyed by use of binoculars from the roadside.

Seasonally inundated grasslands were not sampled using formal plots; instead a full species survey

was conducted within these small areas (typically less than 50 × 50 m), recording dominant species

and vouchering all flowering and fruiting species not identified with certainty in the field.

All additional herbarium voucher specimens collected and sight records made during the walk-over

surveys were georeferenced and accompanied by notes on habitat, species abundance etc. Voucher

specimens were pressed and dried using electric fan heaters. Oversized material such as large fruits

were dried separately and cross-referenced to the associated pressed specimen.



2.2 RECONNAISANCE SURVEY OF POTENTIAL TAILINGS OR INFRASTRUCTURE LOCALITIES

Of the six potential localities identified by SRK Consulting, the botanical team were asked to provide

an overview survey of the three most likely options: 1, 4 & 5 (see fig. 1). These options were mapped

onto composite aerial photograph images and locations with vegetation of potential conservation

concern were identified. Where possible within the timeframe, these areas were subsequently visited.

The degree of surveying varied depending on the site:

OPTION 1: Tonkolili River system W of the Kunsulma ridge, S of Bumbuna town

This tailings option was covered by a full day walk-over survey by one of the teams, starting at the

bridge over the Tonkolili River on the road south of Bumbuna, and following the river upstream. For

the majority of the time a village path was used; several visits were made to the river to study the

vegetation. In addition to the riverine forest, many observations were made in the farmbush adjacent

to the river.

OPTION 4: Tonkolili River system E of the Kunsulma ridge and W of the mine deposits

The northern sector of this tailings option was surveyed in detail as part of the vegetation survey of the

deposits, including plot T4, as this river system will be directly impacted by the mining activity (see

2.1). The southern sector was covered by a full day walk-over survey by one of the teams,

concentrating on the riverine strips south of Wandugu and west of Foraia, with additional observations

made of the surrounding valley floor and slopes.

OPTION 5: River system E of the mine deposits

A combination of observation from the vehicle and walk-over survey, with brief sampling of the

habitats deemed of most interest (low altitude wooded grassland and inland valley swamps) was

carried out by one of the teams during a full day. The area covered was within the triangle of villages

Numkekoro 1, Sangbaia and Fenkembaia.



2.3 VOUCHER SPECIMEN IDENTIFICATIONS

Over the combined Sept and Nov-Dec trips, a total of 1059 herbarium voucher specimens were

collected and databased, together with a further 373 species observation records (table 2).



9



Collector

Burgt, X.M. van der

Clark, R.

Darbyshire, I.

Feika, A.M.B.

James, M.S.

Kanu, K.M.T.

Robinson, E.

Sesay, J.A.

Tonkolili Plants



Number range

1346–1394

165–204

581–645

1–75

1–22

1–64

1–8

1–29

1–257 & 501–950



Total specimens

49

40

65

75

22

64

8

29

707



Table 2: herbarium voucher specimens collected during the Sept and Nov-Dec botanical surveys.



The top set of each specimen was deposited at the National Herbarium of Sierra Leone, Njala

University; duplicates, if collected, being distributed to Fourah Bay College and RBG Kew. All

specimens collected in unicate (a single sheet) were loaned to RBG Kew from Njala for identification.

Specimens were identified by the Kew contributors and a range of specialists (see

acknowledgements) through reference to relevant botanical literature and comparison to the extensive

herbarium collections from West Africa housed at RBG Kew.



2.4 ASSESSMENT OF SPECIES CONSERVATION STATUS

The Categories & Criteria of the IUCN (2001) provide the international standard for species

conservation assessment, through which species considered to be globally threatened can be added

to the IUCN Red list (2009). The Red list was consulted to check for species identified from Tonkolili

which are already assessed from Sierra Leone. All other species identified from the Tonkolili survey

were then rapidly assessed against the IUCN categories and criteria using current and historic

distribution records obtained from the available literature and existing herbarium collections. Species

considered to be globally threatened were given a provisional threat assessment.



3. LIMITATIONS & ASSUMPTIONS

• The vegetation has only been studied in two seasons to date: briefly during the wet season

(September) and more extensively at the on-set of the dry season (late November–early December).

It is certain that a more complete coverage over the year, including the dry season (December–

March) and onset of the wet season (April–May), would reveal a range of additional species which

may well include further species of conservation concern.

• Some plant groups remain under-represented in the species inventory. Of particular note are the

orchids for which CITES permits are required for specimen export; as we were unable to arrange

these permits within the short timeframe, only photographs were taken and non-flowering plants

(frequently encountered) could not be identified. The survey of large forest trees has not been

exhaustive to date and the species accumulation curve derived from the forest plot data (see section

4.2) indicates that our coverage of the forest plant species in general is still some way from

complete. In addition, weed species are under-represented in the checklist as we did not survey

weedy habitats in detail, as it was assumed that these species are very unlikely to be of

conservation value and priority was given to “natural” habitat types.

• Sacred forest patches were not surveyed in detail due to strict restrictions on access. These may

well contain additional populations of the species of conservation concern found elsewhere in the

Project area.

• As many of the herbarium voucher specimens collected were sterile (lacking flowers and fruits),

complete and confident identifications could not be made for all the material. It is quite possible that

some of the preliminary identifications will be changed if fertile material is collected in future visits.



10



• The IUCN conservation assessments listed in this report for the rare species found must be

considered provisional at present in view of the incomplete information we have on the current

distributions of the majority of the species.

• The survey of the three potential tailings or infrastructure locations must be considered highly

provisional in view of the very limited time available and the incomplete coverage.



4. VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION & DESCRIPTIONS

This section details the structure and composition of the eight vegetation types recognised within the

Project area. This classification is based upon the combination of general overview survey and

analyses of the plot data collected to date.



4.1 FOREST ON HILLSLOPES

As has been remarked in the reconnaissance survey report, the natural climax vegetation of the

majority of the study area is likely to be lowland rainforest. Presently, only a few small patches of

forest remain, with most of the area now being used for the cultivation of rice by slash-and-burn

agriculture (see 4.7 & 4.8). The two largest forest patches found on aerial photographs were studied in

detail: the forest patch on the western slopes of Simbili (fig. 3), and the forest patch on the slopes to

the southwest of Kegbema village (fig. 4). A 25 m × 25 m plot was made in each of these two patches

(plots T9 and T12), and the forest surrounding these plots was studied by way of a walk-over survey.

Several other small forest patches in the study area were also visited, but more briefly.



Figure 3: the forest patch on the western slopes of Simbili, Nov. 2009 (X. van der Burgt).



Plot T9 in the forest patch on the western slopes of Simbili is situated in a small grove of

Cryptosepalum tetraphyllum (IUCN: VU) trees. All medium sized trees were coppiced several decades

ago by farmers, but there are no signs of any damage by fire. Lower on the slopes on Simbili a large

single tree of Entandrophragma cylindricum (in the centre of Fig. 3; IUCN: VU) is surrounded by a

diverse and little-disturbed patch of forest. Other parts of this forest patch are more degraded, with

tree species such as Piptadeniastrum africanum and Pycnanthus angolensis, characteristic of

secondary forest.



11



Figure 4: the forest patch on the slopes to the southwest of Kegbema village, Nov. 2009 (X. van der Burgt).



The forest patch surrounding Plot T12 on the slopes to the southwest of Kegbema village is of good

quality. The canopy is unbroken and consists of a diverse range of tree species characteristic of West

African forests, for example Daniellia thurifera (the large tree in the centre of Fig. 4), Guibourtia

leonensis and Newtonia aubrevillei. The understory is in good condition and consists of a variety of

forest herbs, shrubs and small trees as well as seedlings and saplings of the large trees. The structure

in this patch is characteristic of primary forest, and there are no signs of any damage by fire in the

central portion. The only signs of damage by humans inside the plot are four stumps of medium sized

trees logged several decades ago. Three of these are of the species Baphia nitida, of which the wood

is used for carving, turning and making red dye (Burkill 1985–2004). A single medium sized tree of the

species Afzelia bella was also logged several decades ago, probably for construction wood. Mature

specimens of both species are still present within the forest patch. The absence of grove-forming tree

species from the Legume subfamily Caesalpinioideae, in contrast to their presence in the strip of

forest along the river near Farangbeya village (see below), does not necessarily indicate a higher

degree of disturbance. Primary forests in Africa can have a high percentage of grove-forming

Caesalpinioideae trees, as well as an absence of these.

The Kegbema forest is probably inside the Farangbeya Forest Reserve (demarcation of eastern

boundary is uncertain), which would give it a national protected status. This forest must also have

some kind of protected status given by the local villagers, or it would be much more degraded or lost.



4.2 RIVERINE FOREST

Maps of the study area indicate that the rivers in the Project area are usually bordered by a strip of

forest. The forest strip along the river near Farangbeya village, which is the largest and most intact

area identified from aerial photographs, was studied in detail. A 12.5 m x 50 m plot (T4) was made,

and the forest surrounding the plot was studied by way of a walk-over survey. Several other riverine

forest strips in the study area were also visited, but more briefly.

The strip of forest along the river near Farangbeya village (Fig. 5) is approximately 10 m to 50 m

(occasionally more) wide on both sides of the river and bordered by almost treeless farmland. The

forest here is of good quality, both in terms of species composition and structure, despite its proximity

to the village. The canopy of this forest also consists of a diverse sample of tree species characteristic

of West African forests. In addition, there are species characteristic of riverine forest, e.g. Heisteria

parvifolia and Strephonema pseudocola. Four grove-forming tree species from the Legume subfamily

Caesalpinioideae were found: Aphanocalyx pteridophyllus, Brachystegia leonensis, Gilbertiodendron

aylmeri and Copaifera salikounda. These four species are all of conservation concern (see tables 7 &

8). The presence of these grove-forming species indicates that this forest strip is a remnant of

species-rich primary rainforest. The understory is in good condition and contains a variety of forest

species of herbs, shrubs and small trees as well as seedlings and saplings of the large trees. There



12



are no signs of fire in most parts of the forest strip, though fire damage was observed in some areas

especially along the forest edges bordering farmland.



Figure 5: the strip of forest along the river near Farangbeya village, Nov. 2009 (X. van der Burgt).



Discussion on hillslope and riverine forests

The edges of the forest patches in the study area are more degraded compared to their interior; fires

have penetrated during the dry season, destroying the shrub layer and damaging the large trees. This

process slowly decreases the size of the forest patches in the study area. These forest patches are

and have been used for the collection of construction wood and firewood, for hunting, fruit gathering

and medicinal plant gathering.

Of the three forest patches studied in detail, the strip of riverine forest near Farangbeya and the patch

to the southwest of Kegbema village have the highest conservation value. This is indicated by the

structure of these forest patches, their species richness, their general species composition and the

presence of species of conservation concern. Both patches are equally rich in species, and richer than

the forest patch on the western slopes of Simbili (Table 3). Plot T4 in the strip of riverine forest near

Farangbeya has four conservation species compared to six such species in plot T12 in the forest

patch to the southwest of Kegbema village (Table 3). Eight conservation species were found in the

whole forest patch to the southwest of Kegbema village compared to 14 such species in the strip of

forest near Farangbeya. The reason for the higher number in the latter site is probably that several

days were spent here on the walk-over survey, while only one day was spent on the walk-over survey

in the Kegbema forest patch. Although the three forest plots do not show large differences in their

species composition, the separation of natural forest vegetation in the study area into forests on hill

slopes and riverine forest is still maintained on the basis of their structural differences.

Forest patch locality



Plot



Number of species

Total



Of conservation concern



In plot



In plot



In forest

patch



Along river near Farangbeya



T4



128



4



13



Western slopes of Simbili



T9



86



2



7



Southwest of Kegbema village



T12



127



7



9



Table 3: number of species in the three forest plots.



13



A species accumulation curve was made for the three plots (Fig. 6). Although three plots is too low a

number for a good analysis of a species accumulation curve, some conclusions can be drawn from the

figure. The total number of species in all three plots is 257. At the third plot the species accumulation

curve still climbs, indicating that not all forest species were found by the present survey. A fourth plot

in forest would on average have an estimated number of 46 species new to the forest plot survey,

bringing the total to an estimated number of 303 species (some of these species may, of course,

already have been found by the walk-over survey). The total number of forest species in the study

area can only be estimated very roughly from this curve, but is expected to have been between 500

and 800 species prior to the loss and disturbance of much of the forest cover. Since much of the forest

between and around the three plots has now been converted to farmland, a proportion of these

species will have disappeared from the study area and a species count towards the lower end of this

estimate is most likely.



Figure 6: species accumulation curve for the three forest plots. If a fourth plot is made it can be expected to have

an average of 46 species new to the forest plot survey.



4.3. RIVER CHANNEL COMMUNITIES

Stretches of the Tonkolili River between Farangbeya and Foraia (potential tailings or infrastructure

option 4) are fast-flowing with a series of rapids and small falls over a rocky bed (fig. 7). These

potentially support a rheophytic plant community (plants adapted to fast flowing, clear, welloxygenated water, usually with narrow leaves and strong anchoring rootstocks). Two rheophytic

species have been uncovered to date: the widespread Marsdenia oblanceolata and a probable new

species to science, Eriocaulon sp. nov. nr. E. varians. This latter species is known only from one other

collection, having been collected over 50 years ago from the same locality at Farangbeya. We are

currently awaiting confirmation of its status from the specialist in this plant group.

A more complete survey of the Tonkolili River channel when water levels are lower (late Dec-March)

will almost certainly reveal further rheophytes. Amongst these, we are likely to find species of the

Podostemaceae family, a group of tiny herbs highly specialised to this environment and easily

overlooked, particularly when water levels are high as in the Nov-Dec visit. Many species in this family

are highly localised and scarce; it is therefore anticipated that further species of conservation concern

will be revealed from this habitat.

Rheophytes can be sensitive to environmental change such as changing water levels and increased

sedimentation, processes which may be exacerbated by mining activities. On the other hand, the

population of the Eriocaulon at Farangbeya has clearly survived the large-scale deforestation of the

surrounding hillslopes which will have had a significant impact upon water run-off volumes and

particularly sedimentation rates; the extent to which this species can cope with further environmental

change is unknown and requires further consideration.



14



Figure 7: potential rheophyte habitat on the Tonkolili River W of Foraia village, proposed tailings option 4, Dec.

2009 (I. Darbyshire).



The shallow rocky bed along the river margin becomes exposed as the water level falls in the dry

season. These areas support a community of water-loving herbs which are less specialised than

rheophytes. The common species are Anubias afzelii / barteri (no flowers or fruits seen to date, these

being required to separate these two species) and the highly pungent Hygrophila odora which can

form carpets amongst the exposed rock beds. Also recorded in this habitat W of Farangbeya was the

rare Anubias gracilis.



4.4. GRASSLAND AND WOODED GRASSLAND ON WELL-DRAINED SOILS

Grassland (characterised by a tree canopy cover of less than 10%) and wooded grassland (canopy

cover 10–40%), often together referred to as “savanna”, are widespread habitats in Sierra Leone.

Although sometimes treated as two distinct vegetation types, the natural grasslands and wooded

grasslands in the Project area form a mosaic, variable over a matter of a few tens of metres

dependent upon subtle changes in slope and soil depth. They are therefore treated as a single entity

here, but are subdivided into two distinct types (secondary grassland is treated separately in section

4.7.1):



4.4.1 Hill summit (wooded) grassland

The summit ridges (over c. 650 m alt.) of the higher peaks in the southern Sula Mts hold extensive

areas of a natural fire-prone grassland / lightly wooded grassland, with the canopy cover varying from

0% to c. 30%, this figure typically increasing on the steeper ridge slopes. This grassland develops

over thin soils, with regular outcrops of iron-rich bedrock. This vegetation type has been surveyed in

plots T1, 2, 3, 5, 6 & 7.

The most intact and extensive examples of this habitat type on the mine site are to be found on

Numbara (fig. 8). Whilst the numerous exporation tracks and drill pads have impacted upon this

habitat to some extent, the effects are localised and the majority of the habitat remains undisturbed.

Whilst these grasslands are also extensive on Marampon, some areas show evidence of recent rice

farming and some invasion of secondary grassland species (see 4.7.1). The summit of Simbili holds

degraded forest, but the subridge to the north of the summit is largely covered by grass with scattered

tree species typical of the natural wooded grassland habitat. However, all the grasslands on Simbili

are much disturbed with secondary grassland species dominant and with evidence of recent farming.

Beyond the mine site, we found a good further example of this hill summit grassland on Sakonke Hill

to the NW of Numbara and outside the mine concession. Viewed through binoculars from the summit

of Numbara, many of the larger hills in the northern sector of the licensed mining exploration area

appear to hold similar habitat, although these have not yet been surveyed on the ground.



15



Figure 8: hill summit Loudetia grassland and lightly wooded grassland on Numbara, Nov 2009; the burnt summmit

grasslands of Sakonke Hill can be seen in the top left (I. Darbyshire).



Woody species diversity is low in this habitat, with only 13 tree species recorded (table 4), all being

common species typical of the West African (Guinean) “savannas”. By far the most common is

Pterocarpus erinaceus, with Bridelia micrantha, Lophira lanceolata and Parkia biglobosa also

frequently encountered. The mature trees typically reach a height of 3–7 m. Many tree saplings were

recorded in the plots, including forest/woodland pioneer species such as Allophylus africanus,

Anisophyllea laurina and Albizia zygia but many of these are likely to be lost during dry season

burning (see Fire Regime below) – certainly, very few mature trees of these species were recorded

during our surveys of this habitat.

Tree species



Pterocarpus erinaceus

Bridelia micrantha

Parkia biglobosa

Lophira lanceolata

Anisophyllea laurina

Albizia zygia

Cussonia arborea

Allophyllus africanus fa. africanus

Ochna afzelii

Erythrina senegalensis

Hymenocardia acida

Psorospermum febrifugum

Syzygium guineense subsp. macrocarpum



Number of mature individuals

recorded in the 13 plots

5 - 10 cm dbh



> 10 cm dbh



2

3

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0



11

4

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0



Number of plots in

which species was

recorded, including

immature individuals

12

8

2

3

4

3

2

1

1

0

0

0

0



Table 4: tree species recorded in the hill summit Loudetia grassland / wooded grassland, with summary plot data

(for the purpose of this table, the composite plot T7 is subdivided into eight 10 × 10 m plots).



The ground cover is usually 100% except in areas of bare rock exposure. In the majority of this

habitat, the grass cover is dominated (70–95%) by 2–2.5 m tall Loudetia arundinacea. This is a

widespread species, typical of dry thin soils over rock outcrops. Other common grasses (usually at ≤

5% cover) are Hyparrhenia diplandra, Chasmopodium afzelii, Andropogon gayanus and/or A.

tectorum, typically at 2–3.5 m height. In areas of deeper soils and/or some disturbance, Andropogon

tectorum can dominate (e.g. 75% ground cover in plot T6). Areas of recent and regular disturbance,



16



most notably along the fringes of the mining exploration tracks and drill pads, are dominated by the 1–

1.5 m grasses Pennisetum hordeioides and/or P. polystachion.

The herb flora is more varied. Robust perennial herbs and subshrubs are scattered amongst the

grass, common species including Aedesia glabra, Dolichos dinklagei, Droogmansia scaettaiana,

Melastomastrum theifolium, Psorospermum alternifolium and Vernonia guineensis. In areas of loose

rock, the fleshy Cissus caesia can form large sprawling tangles. Common annual herbs, flowering

early in the dry season, include Alectra sessiliflora, Hypoestes cancellata, Polygala multiflora, P.

rarifolia, Sopubia parviflora and the twining Vigna venulosa. A community of small ephemeral herbs

develop on the exposed rocky areas, flowering towards the end of the wet season when surface

moisture is available before setting seed and quickly dying off as the grassland dries; common species

include the widespread Bulbostylis congensis, Cyanotis longifolia, Mesanthemum prescottianum,

Neurotheca loeselioides, Scleria hirtella and Spermacoce pusilla, together with the more localised and

uncommon Osbeckia decandra and Spermacoce bambusicola. The fern Nephrolepis undulata is very

common on exposed rock between the grass tussocks.

Of particular note amongst the herb flora is the discovery of a new species to science: Pseudovigna

sp. nov., a perennial of the pea family. This species has an underground, fire-resistant rootstock.

During the rainy season it develops a series of large trailing stems over exposed rocks where the

grass cover is more sparse. It is particularly numerous on the summit of Numbara but has also been

found on Marampon (a single plant) and was successfully located beyond the Project area on the

summit of Sakonke Hill to the NW of Numbara.

Two rather scarce species restricted to submontane grassland have been recorded from Numbara:

Cyperus (tenuiculmis var.) guineensis and Crassocephalum guineense. It therefore seems that the

Numbara summit is sufficiently high to capture some submontane grassland elements, an important

habitat for rare species in the wider Guinea (Loma-Man) Highlands. Indeed, it is possible that

Pseudovigna sp. nov. is a submontane species which just extends onto these peaks; it is certainly

absent from the lower altitude wooded grasslands.



Fire regime

The presence of several range-restricted species, in particular the apparent endemic Pseudovigna sp.

nov., clearly indicates that the ridge-top wooded grasslands are a natural habitat and have been in

place for some time. Whilst the thin soils with frequent outcrops of bedrock may limit the

encroachment of woodland or forest, it is certain that annual burning plays an important role in

maintaining these grasslands. All the mature tree species found in this habitat have fire resistant bark

and physiology and evidence for regular burning is clear from the blackened trunks.

The grasses grow quickly during the wet season and flower at the end of the rains in November. As

conditions dry, burning (through lightning strikes or often deliberate setting by man) typically

commences in Nov–Dec. Indeed, during our visit the Loudetia grassland on Sakonke Hill had already

been deliberately burnt (fig. 9). It is at this point that many of the woody saplings will be killed off. On

both Marampon and Numbara several deep channels have been cut along the ridge and slopes,

presumably geological sample trenches. Saplings growing in these ditches are protected from fire and

we found several maturing plants or colonies of woodland / forest pioneers such as Alchornea

cordifolia, Margaritaria discoidea and Anthocleista nobilis.

Within a few weeks of burning, fire-resistant herbs with perennial underground rootstocks (pyrophytes)

are likely to emerge to flower and fruit – as we have not visited these sites at the appropriate season,

this set of species remains little-surveyed in the Project area.

Conservation value

Of the hill summit grasslands on the deposits, those on Numbara are considered to be of highest

conservation value in terms of quantity and quality of habitat, species richness and the presence of a

sizable population of the conservation priority species Pseudovigna sp. nov.



17



Figure 9: recently burnt Loudetia grassland on the summit of Sakonke Hill, Dec. 2009 (I. Darbyshire).



4.4.2 Low Altitude Wooded Grassland

Some areas of the valley floors beyond the riverine fringe and the adjacent lower hillslopes are

occupied by wooded grassland which looks superficially similar to that on the ridge summits. As this

habitat is not recorded on the three mine deposits, it has not been surveyed in detail. However, it is

frequently encountered in the potential tailings or infrastructure locations (particularly option 5) and an

initial assessment has therefore been made on several representative patches of this habitat.

The ground cover is again ± 100% and is dominated by Hyparrhenia-Loudetia grassland. Conspicuous

amongst the grasses are stands of the ginger Aframomum sp. 1 of Tonkolili (unidentifiable to species

at this time of year as not in flower). The woody component in these areas is often more dense than

on the hill summits and, although many of the species encountered are the same (e.g. Pterocarpus

erinaceus, Parkia biglobosa) the dominant species differ, often being Lophira lanceolata, Crossopteryx

febrifuga and/or Hymenocardia acida, the Crossopteryx being apparently absent from hill summit

sites. In several areas within option 5, the native woody species are supplemented by planting of

Gmelina arborea Roxb., a fast growing Asian tree planted here in rows perhaps as a boundary

marker; it is also used locally as a shade tree.

These wooded grasslands are used for cattle grazing by local communities and it is likely that

browsing of tree and shrub saplings by the domestic livestock plays an important role in halting the

succession to thicket and closed woodland. Regular burning is, however, also likely to be significant in

this process as on the ridge summits.

The examples of this habitat found between Numkekoro and Sangbaia (e.g. 8° 58’ 54.1” N, 11° 38’

37.1” W) and between Numkekoro and Fenkembaia (e.g. 8° 58’ 03.3” N, 11° 38’ 30.5” W) in tailings

option 5 have a more diverse woody flora than on the hill summits (fig. 10) and should be surveyed in

more detail if this option is selected for development. However, this is a common habitat type in Sierra

Leone and, from the brief survey, appears to be typical of the widespread “Guinean” wooded

grasslands which extend all the way from West Africa to Sudan and NW Uganda, which is not known

to contain a large number of rare or localised species. The conservation value of this habitat type is

therefore provisionally assessed as low.



18



Figure 10: low altitude wooded grassland between Numkekoro and Sangbaia, proposed tailings option 5, Dec.

2009 (I. Darbyshire).



4.5. SEASONALLY WET GRASSLAND

Areas of seasonally wet grassland can develop in shallow depressions over flat bedrock (fig. 11) and

in areas of seepage over bedrock on hillslopes (figs. 12 & 13). These sites support an ephemeral

wetland community quite distinct from that supported by the surrounding free-drained soils. They are

usually wet only during the latter part of the wet season and into the earliest part of the dry season.

Many of the herbs have a short life-cycle, dying off quickly after setting seed as the seasonal wetland

dries out. This habitat is widespread in the Guinea Highlands and often contains highly localised and

rare species.

Four such areas were located during the reconnaissance visit in Sept 2009; the Nov-Dec visit

resurveyed these sites and also found two further significant sites for this habitat, one within the

Project area and one beyond the mine concession area (table 5). Unfortunately, the delay in timing of

the Nov-Dec visit meant that several of these sites had dried out and many of the species had

therefore died off. The combined survey from the two visits will not therefore have provided an

exhaustive inventory of this habitat. However, our findings to date confirm that this is a habitat of high

conservation value.

Location



Georeference



Description



Numbara summit,

drill platform

NURC005



09° 01’ 48.5” N

11° 40’ 00.3” W



a small (c. 30 × 15 m) shallow depression on the summit ridge with

stagnant water over flat bedrock; most of the water had evaporated

by the Nov-Dec visit but still with wet mud and small pools of water

remaining.



Marampon

summit

crossroads



08° 59’ 47.1” N

11° 40’ 49.8” W



a small shallow depression (c. 10 × 5 m) clearly derived from the

creation of the crossroads and completely dry by the Nov-Dec visit



Marampon

southern slopes



08° 59’ 33.5” N

11° 41’ 03.9” W



an area of downslope seepage (c. 100 × 50 m), bisected by the

main route up to Marampon summit. Much of this area had dried out

by the Nov-Dec visit but a small area of surface run-off remained

with a diverse herb community found



Depression ESE

of Marampon



08° 59’ 40.5” N

11° 40’ 34.9” W



a large area of seepage on the slopes of Marampon and adjacent

hill to the southeast with a central depression. This area was found

in the Nov-Dec visit by which time it had dried completely



NE slopes of

Sakonke Hill

(outside the mine

concession area)



09° 03’ 45.3” N

11° 38’ 45.6” W &

09° 04’ 09.2” N

11° 38’ 51.7” W



A series a small (typically less than 30 m ) seepage areas formed at

the decline in slope gradient; these sites are all close to farmbush

and may be subject to disturbance. They were mainly dry at the time

of our visit.



2



Table 5: seasonally inundated and seepage grassland sites in the Tonkolili region.



19



Although the range of species varies considerably from site to site in response to differences in water

depth and whether stagnant or seeping, several species are common and characteristic of this habitat.

The margins of these wetlands are typically dominated by the c. 1 m tall grass Schizachyrium sp. 1

(identity unconfirmed as it had finished flowering by the Nov-Dec visit) and the sedge Nemum

spadiceum which often forms dense carpets 10−20 cm tall (fig. 12). Areas of bare mud hold a

community of diminutive herbs, common species including Adelostigma senegalense, Cyanotis lanata,

Cyclocarpa stellaris, Eriocaulon spp., Polygala lecardii, Rotala stagnina and Utricularia spp. Woody

species are absent.



Figure 11: seasonally inundated shallow depression on summit ridge of Numbara, drill platform NURC005; above:

Sept 2009 (X. van der Burgt), below: late Nov 2009; the green tussocks in the latter photo are of the rare

Schoenoplectiella oxyjulos (I. Darbyshire).



The shallow depression on Numbara (drilling platform NURC005) contains a set of species not

recorded in the seepage areas. Dominant in the areas of wet mud are Panicum humile, Cyperus

pustulatus, Pycreus capillifolius and the rare Schoenoplectiella oxyjulos (fig. 11), with Aponogeton

vallisnerioides, Dopatrium senegalense and Xyris barteri all common here. The drill platform is

situated within this site and it was at first thought that the wetland was created by scraping away of the

topsoil in preparation for the drilling. However, there is no evidence of surface scraping (we would

expect to see mounds of earth around the edge of the site) and the range of species recorded

suggests that the site is a natural depression; in other areas on the ridge summit disturbed by mine

exploration activity there are many weedy species present but these are absent at NURC005.



20



The most important seasonally wet grassland for conservation identified to date is that on the S slopes

of Marampon at the north end of the Simbili-Marampon saddle (figs. 12 and 13). The small area of

seepage here holds three species of conservation concern including two potentially Endangered

species: Bryaspis humularioides subsp. falcistipulata and Schizachyrium lomaense (the third, Panicum

glaucocladum, is considered Vulnerable). The survey of this site during Nov-Dec visit was not

exhaustive - a second day visit was planned to conduct a full survey of the grasses at this site but the

area was burnt before this could be conducted (see below).



Figure 12: seepage grassland on the S slopes of Marampon, with abundant Nemum spadiceum in the foreground,

Nov 2009 (I. Darbyshire).



Figure 13: the same site, viewed looking S towards Simbili peak, showing open wet mud with surface seepage;

the rare Bryaspis humularioides subsp. falcistipulata can be seen in the foreground, Nov. 2009 (I. Darbyshire).



Afrotrilepis tussocks

The seasonally wet grasslands on the slopes of Marampon are surrounded by patches of the tussockforming sedge Afrotrilepis pilosa. Regular burning appears to be an important element of this species’

ecology, the plants developing a tough raised and blackened fire-resistant perennial base. Indeed, the

Afrotrilepis tussocks and adjacent Schizachyrium grassland around the seepage site on the S slopes



21



of Marampon was burnt (apparently deliberately) during the Nov-Dec visit. This species is commonly

found growing on exposed rock faces and is often associated with granite inselbergs (indeed, it is

much in evidence on granite hills to the west and south of the mine concession area) but on

Marampon it grows on slopes over thin soils which are seasonally wet. It therefore forms a transition

between the freely drained grasslands and the seasonally wet grasslands. On the summit of

Marampon, Afrotrilepis dominates in shallow drainage ditches dug along the ridge-top tracks.



4.6. INLAND VALLEY SWAMP

Where river valleys and cut-off former river meanders (ox-bows) are flooded during and following the

wet season, freshwater swamps develop. Some of these swamps are maintained artificially for rice

cultivation. Only small areas of this habitat are to be found in the vicinity of the mine deposits, along

the Tonkolili River east of Farangbeya and at the southern foot of Numbara. This habitat is, however,

common in proposed tailings option 5, with several large examples observed between Numkekoro,

Sangbaia and Fenkembaia (fig. 14).



Figure 14: inland valley swamp with rice cultivation S of Numkekoro in tailings option 5; Raphia palma-pinus and

Hallea stipulosa are frequent in the swamp (I. Darbyshire)



Many of these swamps are intensively cultivated for rice. However, more natural vegetation is to be

found at some sites, though perhaps this develops during fallow periods. A typical shallow-water valley

swamp was surveyed in some detail at the foot of Numbara. It supports a dense sedge community,

most commonly Fuirena stricta var. stricta together with Cyperus haspan, Fuirena umbellata,

Rhynchospora corymbosa and Scleria melanomphala. Wetland herbs interspersed within the sedge

communities include Ludwigia abyssinica, Mesanthemum radicans and the rare Aeschynomene

deightonii.

Some of the swamps in tailings option 5 contain deeper water (to c. 1.5 m or more) and can contain a

range of aquatic species. A reconnaissance survey of one of the less disturbed sites recorded

Eichhornia natans, Limnophila dasyantha, Limnophyton angolense, Nymphaea maculata, Ottelia

ulvifolia and Utricularia gibba. All are widespread species at least in West Africa, only the Limnophila

being at all uncommon, and with none being considered threatened.

Woody species are very few in this habitat. The small palm Raphia palma-pinus is frequent and all the

valley swamps seen contained groves of Hallea stipulosa, a timber species considered Vulnerable on

the IUCN Red list due to over-exploitation. This species is locally very common, acting as a pioneer

tree, and in view of the large extent of valley swamps in this region of Sierra Leone, the Hallea is not

considered a conservation priority.



22



Whilst the conservation importance of this habitat is provisionally assessed as low, the presence of

Aeschynomene deightonii, a species considered to be globally threatened based on current evidence,

suggests that further rare species may be uncovered if this habitat is surveyed further.



4.7 SECONDARY HABITATS

The slash-and-burn farming practiced by local communities, with long periods of fallow, result in a

mosaic of farmbush and degraded secondary habitats over the majority of the Project area. Increased

recent migration into the area may have exacerbated the rate of slash and burn farming here.



4.7.1 Secondary grassland

Extensive areas of the hillslopes on the three mine deposits are covered by dense stands of

Andropogon tectorum grassland 3–3.5 m tall (fig. 15). Very few other herbaceous species are able to

compete for light and nutrients, with the exceptions of the twining Vigna venulosa and the root parasite

Striga macrantha which presumably parasitises the Andropogon here. In some areas on Simbili, the

Andropogon is accompanied by Setaria megaphylla (again to 3 m tall), whilst particularly along

recently disturbed forest margins the shorter (c. 1.5–2 m) Melinis minutiflora can dominate.



Figure 15: extensive Andropogon tectorum secondary grassland on Numbara, Nov 2009. The transition to the hill

summit lightly wooded grassland can be seen in the top right (E. Robinson).



The large stands of Andropogon almost certainly indicate recent human slash and burn activity and

are quite likely the initial stage of a secondary succession. This habitat is of minimal conservation

concern.

The transition from Andropogon grassland to hill summit natural Loudetia grassland is usually gradual

and partially dependent upon the degree of disturbance. However, soil depth may also play an

important role in this transition and it is possible that Andropogon would also dominate on deeper soils

in this region even in the absence of human disturbance.

From a vegetation mapping perspective, it is very difficult to separate areas of secondary grassland

from the “natural” grassland habitats.



4.7.2 Secondary herbaceous Chromolaena scrub

Extensive stands 2–2.5 m tall of the invasive introduced weed Chromolaena odorata are recorded on

some hillslopes on the deposits (fig. 16). This is a native of South and Central America and has



23



spread rapidly in tropical Africa within the last few decades. Here, it represents an early stage in the

succession following abandonment of agricultural land. Other species commonly associated with this

habitat type are Aspilia africana and the fern Pteridium aquilinum (bracken). It is unclear as to why

some areas are dominated by this species as opposed to Andropogon grassland (see 4.4.3) which

seems to occupy a similar stage in the post-disturbance succession. This habitat is of no conservation

value.



Figure 16: extensive stands of Chromolaena odorata on the saddle between Simbili and Marampon, Dec 2009

(I. Darbyshire).



4.7.3 Secondary thicket and woodland

The term “thicket” is precisely defined as a closed stand of bushes and climbers usually between 3–7

m tall, whilst “woodland” is defined as an open stand of trees at least 8 m tall with a canopy cover ≥

40%. The woody secondary growth widespread in the Tonkolili region is intermediate in character.

Within a short period of fallow (estimated at 1–3 years), the hillslopes revert to a dense secondary

thicket of bushes, small trees and lianas with a broken canopy cover, later (estimated at within 5

years) developing into a tree/bush thicket with a canopy cover of over 80%. Good examples of this

habitat type were surveyed on the slopes of the saddle between Marampon and Simbili and the three

plots T8, T10 and T11 provide a snapshot of this vegetation type (fig. 17). Of these, plot T10 contained

the most mature thicket whilst T8 contained the least mature. Table 6 provides a list of the trees with

dbh 5–10 cm and ≥10 cm and gives a good overview of the most commonly encountered species. The

dominant species vary somewhat from site to site, but particularly abundant are Dichrostachys

cinerea, Anisophyllea laurina, Sterculia tragacantha and Alchornea cordifolia (the latter often dominant

along roadsides and margins of disturbed habitat). Immature treelets or shrubs of these species are

also common in the understorey of this habitat. All these species are widespread and common

species and typical fast-growing pioneers of secondary regrowth. Other pioneer species commonly

encountered, though only as immature treelets (or absent) in the three plots surveyed, are Bersama

abyssinica, Napoleonaea cf. heudelotii, Newbouldia laevis and Trema orientalis, the lattermost

abundant along forest margins.

Particularly at the early stages of succession, a shrub layer is also present, with characteristic species

including Chassalia kolly, Diospyros heudelotii, Mareya micrantha, Microdesmis keayana, Solanum

erianthum and S. torvum (both abundant along disturbed forest margins) and Tetracera alnifolia (later

climbing).

Both herbaceous and woody climbers are abundant in this habitat, often forming dense tangles.

Common species include Cardiospermum grandiflorum, Clerodendron splendens, Combretum spp.

including the vivid scarlet C. grandiflora, Entada rheedei, Ipomoea involucrata, Leptoderris fasciculata,

Merremia pterygocaulos, Smilax anceps and Tiliacora louisii.



24



Figure 17: mature secondary thicket / woodland on the saddle between Simbili and Marampon, plot T10, Dec.

2009 (I. Darbyshire).

Plot 8



Species

Dichrostachys cinerea

Sterculia tragacantha

Anisophyllea laurina

Margaritaria discoidea

Baphia nitida vel. aff.

Rauvolfia mannii

Harungana

madagascariensis

Alchornea cordifolia

Mareya micrantha

Myrianthus libericus

Nauclea latifolia

Pancovia pedicellaris

Blighia cf. welwitschii

Milicia regia



Plot 10



Plot 11



Number*



Max. height



Number*



Max. height



Number*



Max. height



2/1

0/0

3/0

1/1

2/0

0/0

0/0



9m

7m

8m

6m

-



5/5

1/0

1/1

0/0

0/0

1/0

0/1



11 (15) m

6m

9m

7m

10 m



0/0

5/1

0/0

2/1

0/0

1/0

0/0



12 m

10 m

6m

-



0/0

0/0

0/0

0/0

0/0

0/0

0/0



-



1/0

1/0

1/0

1/0

1/0

0/0

0/0



7m

7m

7m

6m

6m

-



0/0

0/0

0/0

0/0

0/0

1/0

1/0



5m

5m



Table 6: mature tree species recorded in the 10 × 10 m secondary thicket plots; *number = number of trees with

dbh 5–10 cm / > 10 cm. Max. height is only recorded for trees with dbh 5 cm or more (saplings and treelets are

discounted).



Nearly all the mature trees and shrubs in these thickets display evidence of past cutting to the base

and dead trees through excessive cutting and burning are a frequent site. However, in the areas of

thicket surveyed, there was no evidence of recent felling of larger trees. Therefore, whilst it is almost

certain that these hillslopes were once forested, it is likely that the majority of forest loss is not recent

(but see discussion on forest margin disturbance in section 4.2).

In the early stages of thicket development, as in plot T8, a rather dense herb layer persists, typically

with the species recorded in the Chromolaena scrub together with Ageratum conyzoides, Desmodium

velutinum, Triumfetta spp. and several Acanthaceous herbs including Justicia ladanoides and

abundant Hypoestes forskaolii. However, as the bushland matures, light availability decreases and the



25



ground cover becomes sparse, with secondary forest species such as Psychotria subglabra and the

grass Olyra latifolia being most common.



4.8 AGRICULTURAL LAND

Agriculture within the Project area is varied. Farming in the valley bottoms and particularly the swampy

areas consists of monocultures of rice (see fig. 14) or occasionally peanuts. Hill slopes and freedrained valley bottoms are usually farmed at a low intensity subsistence level, the principal crops

being rice and cassava, with maize, okra, pepper, pigeon pea and sorghum also commonly grown. A

variety of fruits as well as oil palms are commonly grown around villages. Hillslope farms are

established following slash and burn, with the crop plants often scattered amongst the regenerating

secondary growth. Cattle are also reared, with grazing on the natural wooded grassland (savanna);

this was only observed in the low-altitude wooded grasslands, with no evidence of grazing on the hill

summit grasslands at least during our visit.

Many weedy plant species are associated with these agricultural lands. Whilst a full weed survey has

not been conducted, we can be confident that there are no species of high conservation concern in

this habitat.



5. SPECIES OF CONSERVATION CONCERN

The IUCN Red list (2009) currently lists 46 globally threatened plant species occurring in Sierra Leone,

of which 42 are assessed as Vulnerable (VU), three as Endangered (EN) and one as Critically

Endangered (CR). Nearly all these species are timber trees, assessed on the basis of overexploitation for commercial use coupled with habitat loss and so qualifying as threatened under

criterion A of IUCN (2001); many are widespread in the forests of wet tropical Africa. Of these 46

species, 15 have been recorded in the Tonkolili region through the current survey work, with a further

Red listed species (Placodiscus oblongifolius) recorded in Sierra Leone for the first time (table 7).

Species



Family



Habit



Afzelia africana

Amanoa bracteosa

Anopyxis klaineana

Copaifera salikounda

Cryptosepalum tetraphyllum

Drypetes afzelii

Entandrophragma cylindricum

Garcinia kola

Guarea cedrata

Hallea stipulosa

Heritiera utilis

Nauclea diderrichii

Placodiscus oblongifolius

Placodiscus pseudostipularis



Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae

Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae)

Rhizophoraceae

Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae

Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae

Putranjivaceae (Euphorbiaceae)

Meliaceae

Clusiaceae

Meliaceae

Rubiaceae

Sterculiaceae

Rubiaceae

Sapindaceae

Sapindaceae



T

T

T

T

T

S/T

T

T

T

T

T

T

T

T



Terminalia ivorensis

Turraeanthus africanus



Combretaceae

Meliaceae



T

T



IUCN

VU A1d

VU A1c, B1+2c

VU A1cd

VU A1d

VU A1c, B1+2c

VU A1c, B1+2c

VU A1cd

VU A2cd

VU A1c

VU A1cd

VU A1cd

VU A1cd

VU A1c, B1+2c

EN B1+2c (but

see Annex 2)

VU A1cd

VU A1cd



Habitat at

Tonkolili

HF, ST

RF

RF

RF

HF, RF

HF

HF

HF

HF

VS

HF, RF

HF

HF

HF

RF

HF



Table 7: IUCN Red listed species recorded at Tonkolili. Habit abbreviations: T = tree; S = shrub; L – liana/climber;

H = herb. Habitat abbreviations: HF = hillslope forest; RF = riverine forest; VS = valley swamp; ST = secondary

thicket and woodland. High priority species for conservation are highlighted in bold.



However, only 3–5% of the world’s plant species have been assessed using the IUCN (2001) protocol

to date and therefore this list of 46 species represents only a very small proportion of the true number

of Sierra Leonean plant species threatened with extinction. Most species of no commercial value have

never been evaluated, even if they are extremely rare and/or localised in distribution. Following the

current botanical survey work, a further 18 species recorded within the Tonkolili area (mine deposits



26



and wider mining concession) are here recognised for the first time as Red list candidate species

(table 8). These include two species completely new to science and currently known only from the

Project area and/or immediate surroundings: Pseudovigna sp. nov. and Eriocaulon sp. nov.

Species



Family



Habit



No. of

previously

known

localities



Potential IUCN

status based upon

current knowledge



Habitat

at

Tonkolili



Aeschynomene deightonii



LeguminosaePapilionoideae



H



9



VU under criterion B



VS



Anthonotha explicans vel. sp.

aff.



LeguminosaeCaesalpinioideae



T



c. 8



VU under criterion B



ST



Anubias gracilis



Araceae



H



c. 7



VU under criterion B



RC



Aphanocalyx pteridophyllus



LeguminosaeCaesalpinioideae



T



9



VU under criteria A &

B



RF



Brachystegia leonensis



T



c. 15



VU under criterion A



RF



Bryaspis humularioides

subsp. falcistipulata



LeguminosaeCaesalpinioideae

LeguminosaePapilionoideae



H



1



EN under criterion

B



IG



Dactyladenia smeathmannii



Chrysobalanaceae



T



3



EN under criterion

B



RF



Dialium pobeguinii



LeguminosaeCaesalpinioideae



T



5



VU under criterion

B (potentially EN

under criterion A)



RF



Eriocaulon sp. nov.*



Eriocaulaceae



H



1 (same

as this

survey)



CR under criterion

B



RC



Gilbertiodendron aylmeri



LeguminosaeCaesalpinioideae



T



6



VU under criterion

B (potentially EN

under criterion A)



RF



Guibourtia leonensis



LeguminosaeCaesalpinioideae



T



5



VU under criterion

B (potentially EN

under criterion A)



HF, RF



Leptoderris micrantha



LeguminosaePapilionoideae



L



3



EN under criterion

B



RF



Nemum bulbostyloides



Cyperaceae



H



9



VU under criterion B



IG



Panicum glaucocladum



Gramineae



H



c. 7(–9)



VU under criterion B



IG



Pavetta platycalyx



Rubiaceae



S



c. 7



VU under criterion B



HF



Pseudovigna sp. nov.



LeguminosaePapilionoideae



H



-



EN under criterion

B



HG



Schizachyrium lomaense



Gramineae



H



2



EN under criterion

B



IG



Schoenoplectiella oxyjulos



Cyperaceae



H



c. 8



VU under criterion B

(or possibly NT)



IG



Table 8: IUCN Red list candidate species recorded at Tonkolili, with the provisional IUCN category and criteria

based upon current knowledge. Habit abbreviations: T = tree; S = shrub; L – liana/climber; H = herb. Habitat

abbreviations: HF = hillslope forest; RF = riverine forest; RC = rheophytic community; HG = hill summit grassland

/ woody grassland; IG = seasonally inundated grassland; VS = inland valley swamp; ST = secondary thicket and

woodland. Highest priority species for conservation are highlighted in bold.

*note: identification of Eriocaulon sp. nov. is subject to confirmation as it is closely allied to the E African species

E. varians.



Of the three threat categories recognised by IUCN, EN and CR species are of particular importance

since these currently trigger the requirement for critical habitat assessment under IFC Performance

Standard 6. However, following the current modification of this standard, it is likely that species



27



assessed as VU under criterion B (number of localities / populations) will also fall under the critical

habitat definition in the near future. As the species of conservation concern listed in table 8 are, in the

main, assessed under criterion B, these should therefore be considered of the highest priority with

regard to the IFC standards. The nine species considered of highest priority are highlighted in bold in

the table.

A further potential new species to science, Dilophotriche sp. ?nov., has been collected from the

nearby Sakonke Hill (9° 04’ 09.2” N 11° 38’ 51.7” W, fig. 2) but not yet found within the mine

concession. However, this species may well occur in suitable habitat on the mine site and should be

sought for in the seepage grasslands on Marampon.

Whilst we can be confident that all the species listed in table 8 are genuinely scarce, the conservation

status applied to each must be considered provisional in view of our incomplete knowledge of the

current distribution of most of these species. It is quite probable that further survey work in the

montane regions of northern Sierra Leone will reveal additional sites for many of these species and

that their IUCN threat category may then be downgraded. On the other hand, in view of the

surprisingly high number of species of conservation concern already identified, it is quite likely that

some further threatened species will be uncovered by more detailed survey work within the Project

area.

The maps in figs. 18 & 19 pinpoint the distribution of the species of conservation concern in the

Tonkolili region. As anticipated, the four most “natural” habitats identified in the reconnaissance study,

together with the rheophytic community, contain the highest number of conservation species (table 9).

Based upon our current sampling, the highest concentrations of these species can be found:

a) in the riverine forest E of the village of Farangbeya in proposed tailings option 4

b) in the hillslope forest W of the village of Kegbema on the edge of proposed tailings option 4

c) in the small seepage grassland area on the S slopes of Marampon



No. of IUCN Red

listed spp.



No. of IUCN Red list

candidate spp.



No. of potential EN

or CR spp.



Hillslope forest



11



2



1



Riverine forest



6



7



2



Rheophytic (river channel)

communities



-



2



1



Hill summit (wooded)

grassland



-



1



1



Low altitude wooded

grassland



-



-



-



Seasonally inundated

grassland



-



6



3



Inland valley swamp



1



1



-



Secondary habitats



1



1



-



Agricultural land



-



-



-



Habitat



Table 9: Number of listed and candidate Red-data (threatened) species per habitat at Tonkolili.



More detailed information on each of the conservation species, together with photographs to aid

identification, are given in Annex 2.



28



Figure 18: map of the study area showing all plant collecting localities (green dots). Localities where one or more

plant species of conservation concern were found, are shown in red (high conservation importance) and orange

(medium conservation importance). The many red dots on Numbara and on the summit of Sakonke Hill to the NW

of Numbara all represent a single species, Pseudovigna sp. nov.



29



Figure 19: enlargement of a portion of the map of Fig. 18, showing detail of the distribution of conservation

species on the three deposits Simbili, Marampon and Numbara, the strip of riverine forest near Farangbeya and

the forest patch to the southwest of Kegbema village.



30



6. RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY OF POTENTIAL TAILINGS OR

INFRASTRUCTURE PLACEMENT

The vegetation and species of conservation concern identified by the reconnaissance survey of the

three potential tailings or infrastructure sites have been covered in sections 4 & 5 of this report; the

current section aims to provide recommendations based upon the relative conservation importance of

the three options; these must, however, be viewed as provisional in view of the limited survey work

carried out at these sites to date:

OPTION 4: Tonkolili River system E of the Kunsulma ridge and W of the deposits

In view of the intact areas of species-rich riverine forest and the high number of conservation priority

species recorded both in the forest and in the river channel along this section of the Tonkolili River

(see sections 4.2 & 4.3), this area is viewed as the most important site for conservation in the Project

area. This area would not, therefore, be recommended for development. Concerns over the potentially

high impact of the mining activity itself upon this river system must also be considered in view of the

presence of several species of high conservation significance here.

OPTION 1: Tonkolili River system W of the Kunsulma ridge, S of Bumbuna town

Whilst much of the riverine forest of the Tonkolili River is degraded in the northern section of option 1,

three species of conservation importance have already been found within the forest remnants and

adjacent degraded habitats (Anthonotha explicans vel sp. aff., Brachystegia leonensis, Dialium

pobeguinii) and it is likely that others will be uncovered if the area is surveyed in more detail.

Furthermore, it appears from aerial photographs that the more remote stretches of the river in the

southern portion of this tailings area may hold more intact riverine forest. Due to difficulties of access,

this portion has not yet been surveyed on foot and it is recommended that this is carried out prior to

any further decision on the development of this site.

OPTION 5: River system E of the deposits

Our preliminary survey work has so far not revealed any sizable areas of conservation importance

within this option, and no species of conservation concern with the exception of the low priority Hallea

stipulosa. Patches of forest within this valley system are largely restricted to small community forests

adjacent to villages, with the riverine fringe being heavily degraded at least in the areas visited.

Further survey work is, however, required in the patches of “natural” wooded grassland and valley

swamp.



7. INITIAL SURVEY OF POTENTIAL OFFSET SITES

The identification of sites suitable for offsetting the losses of biodiversity on the proposed mine site

must be informed by the vegetation survey and the identification of conservation priority species /

habitats. It would therefore have been premature to carry out extensive searches for such sites during

the Nov-Dec 2009 visit. However, some initial work on potential offset / species translocation sites was

conducted in the immeditate vicinity of the Project area (see fig. 2):

Farangbeya Forest Reserve (c. 9°01’ N 11°43’ W)

This reserve lies along the ridge and steep slopes of the Kunsulma Range to the W of the mine

deposits down to the point at which the Tonkolili River bissects this range. Whilst nominally “protected”

as a Reserve, no practical protection is in place and the vast majority of the forest has been replaced

by farmland and regenerating secondary thicket of low conservation value. Several forest remnants

were visited towards the ridge summit and found to contain groves of Cryptosepalum tetraphyllum, a

conservation priority species (IUCN: VU). These sites were, however, degraded and had little

additional conservation value. The notable exception is the forest patch SW of Kegbema which

apparently falls just within the boundary of the Farangbeya F.R. – this site is discussed in detail in

sections 4.1 and 4.2 and should be considered a good candidate for protection as an offset against

the loss of the Simbili forest patches. The Kegbema forest clearly has significance to the local

community and so involvement of the local community in its protection would be vital.

The Farangbeya Forest Reserve may be a good candidate for a habitat restoration project, with

translocation of forest species from the deposit sites. This could provide a high profile positive



31



conservation project for the client in collaboration with both national government and local

communities.

Bantho Hill Forest (9°03’ N 11°41’ W)

This small patch of forest is located on the ridge summit of the Kunsulma Range to the north of the

Farangbeya Forest Reserve and is accessed from Bongbongba village to the north on Numbara Hill. A

day visit was made to this site by one of the botanical teams in an attempt to find some of the rare

hillslope forest species recorded at Simbili. The slopes of the ridge here are again almost completely

converted to farmbush and secondary thicket. The forest contains many large trees of

Piptadeniastrum africanum, an indicator of secondary forest, and the open canopy and dense shrubdominated understorey would support this. No Cryptosepalum tetraphyllum was found. Two species of

conservation concern were recorded here: the timber tree Heritiera utilis and the rare shrub Pavetta

platycalyx; this latter species was fairly common at this but has strangely not yet been recorded from

the forests on or adjacent to the deposits. The Bantho Forest appears to be preserved by the local

community, perhaps as a hunting area (hunting trails are certainly in evidence here).

Sakonke Hill (9°04’ N 11°39’ W)

This large hill (summit c. 860 m alt.) is situated to the N of Numbara Hill and is accessed from the

village of Sasakala. It was chosen for survey as it is the most accessible hill outside the mining

exploration license with extensive areas of hill summit grassland and so potentially holding

Pseudovigna sp. nov. A full day site visit was made by one of the botanical teams. The summit had

been recently burnt but we were still able to locate the Pseudovigna here, recording 99 plants over a

wide area. Whilst the population is not as large as on Numbara, this is still an important site for this

species and could be suitable for translocation of plants from the deposit sites.

Also found on the descent on the NE and E sides of the hill was a series of small seepage grasslands.

Whilst these had largely dried out by the time of our visit, two species of high conservation concern

were found: Dilophotriche sp. ?nov. and Bryaspis humularioides subsp. falcistipulata. These wet

grasslands should be surveyed further at the optimum time (late Oct–early Nov) and may prove to

contain a similar range of species to the seepage grasslands on Marampon.

The majority of the lower slopes of this hill are covered in a mosaic of farmland and secondary

bushland of low conservation concern.

Further work on identification of suitable offset / translocation sites will need to involve wider searches

well beyond the Project area, aided by available maps and satellite imagery. Potential sites for such

work are listed in section 9.



8. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS

Based upon the vegetation survey and plant inventory work carried out to date, we have identified five

habitats of conservation concern within the Tonkolili Project area, here listed together with the key

sites of importance:













Riverine forest (riverine strip near Farangbeya village)

Hillslope forest (forest patch SW of Kegbema village)

Seasonally wet grassland (seepage area on S slopes of Marampon)

Hill summit grassland and wooded grassland (Numbara summit)

River channel plant communities (riverine strip near Farangbeya village)



Whilst these habitats together only constitute a small percentage of the total land cover in the Project

area (the large majority being taken up by farmland and secondary vegetation communities of low

conservation concern), they together contain over 30 rare and potentially threatened plant species and

a rich plant diversity.

Wherever possible, efforts should be made to prevent the loss of these habitats and the populations of

these key species during future mining activity. Where this is unavoidable, measures should be put in

place to mitigate or offset the impact of these losses through a combination of ex situ conservation

measures and identification of comparable sites for protection and/or management as offsets.



32



The work conducted to date provides a strong baseline for recommendations on conservation

priorities and proposed conservation actions; however, a series of additional surveys are required to

supplement this work; a full list of recommendations is provided in section 9.



9. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER BOTANICAL WORK

1) Further survey work on the deposits

Whilst the survey work conducted to date has covered the vegetation on the deposits in some detail, it

cannot be considered exhaustive. In particular, it would be desirable to cover a greater range of the

seasonal variation to capture:

• dry season flowering species, including short-lived post-burning herbs in the wooded

grasslands (Jan–March)

• species triggered by the onset of the early rains (March-May)

• optimal flowering and fruiting time for the seasonally inundated grasslands (mid Oct–early

Nov)

• low water levels in the rivers for optimal study of the rheophytic communities (Jan–March)

• flowering and fruiting material for those species with currently uncertain identity

• a full survey of the weedy species, with emphasis upon potentially invasive species for

which some control measures may have to be put in place.

The species accumulation curve for the forest plots surveyed to date (fig. 6) demonstrates that our

species coverage in the forests is incomplete (see section 4.2); we would recommend further walkover survey and particularly plot work within the remaining forest patches.

2) Ethnobotanical survey

To engage with local communities, aided by the PROs employed by AML at Farangbeya, to catalogue

the plants used locally for food, medicines etc. This will provide important information on the types and

locations of natural vegetation which have social and cultural significance. It would feed into the wider

social aspects of the ESIA.

3) Further survey work in the proposed tailings options

With the exception of the northern section of option 4, only a rapid reconnaissance survey of the

proposed tailings options has been carried out to date. Further survey is therefore essential within the

chosen option.

A botanical survey of the rail corridor and site of the new port will also need to be conducted as part of

the wider EISA. Initially, a desktop study using baseline data held at RBG Kew could be used to

pinpoint any sites along the proposed route(s) that might have species of high conservation concern.

4) Follow-up surveys of the species of high conservation concern

The 34 species of conservation concern, and in particular the nine species highlighted as of highest

priority (table 8), must be addressed in detail. The first stage must be to investigate more fully their

current distribution. Maps and available satellite imagery (e.g. Google Earth, Landsat), together with

historic plant specimen data, can be used to identify potentially suitable sites for each of the species.

Subsequent site visits should be made to co-incide with peak flowering/fruiting times for each species

(forest species can be surveyed at any time of year, wooded grassland and inundated grassland

species to be targeted at the wet/dry season transition).

Potential sites to concentrate these efforts would be:

• Northern section of the Sula Mts, including Lake Sonfon National Park (c. 9°15’N 11°35’W)

• Tonkolilini Hill and Gbengbe Hills N of Bumbuna (c. 9°15’N 11°45’W)

• Kangari Hills SE of Magburaka (c. 8°30’N 11°40’W)

• Loma Mts National Park (c. 9°10’N 11°5’W)

• Tingi Mts NE of Kono (c. 8°55’N 10°47’W)

• Kekekonko and Gori Hills Se of Kono (c. 8°35’N 10°45’W)

• Nimini Hills SW of Kono (c. 8°30’N 11°10’W)

• Wara Wara Mts N of Fadugu (c. 9°35’N 11°40’W)



33



Past experience has shown that it is highly likely that we will be able to uncover additional secure sites

for many of the conservation species. This is likely to lead to a downgrading of their conservation

status. More importantly, it will help us to identify sites suitable for safe-guarding of these species and

potential areas for population translocation as future offset / mitigation for the proposed mine.

Of the two ‘unique’ species at Tonkolili, we have already had some success with Pseudovigna sp.

nov., having located a population of c. 100 plants on Sakonke Hill, beyond the mining concession. It is

anticipated that further investigation along the Sula Mts chain will reveal additional sites for this

species. Of greater concern is the (potentially) new species of Eriocaulon. Whilst our initial suggestion

is to search for other river sites suitable for this species, it is quite likely that this species will remain at

least Endangered. If so, all efforts must be made to protect the Tonkolili River against significant

environmental changes during the mining operations.

5) Identification of suitable offset localities

Where appropriate, the losses of natural vegetation on the mine site can be offset by formal protection

of equivalent (or more diverse and/or larger) site(s) within Sierra Leone. The bulk of this work would

be carried out in tandem with recommendation 4.

However, it should be noted that under the current published IFC Performance Standard 6, habitats

containing species assessed as EN or CR are not offsettable and alternative solutions would be

required. Whilst PS6 is being modified to be more flexible regarding such species, they may well still

trigger strict regulations.

6) Establishment of in-situ and ex-situ conservation measures for the species of high

conservation concern

• Collection and banking of seeds provides an ex situ conservation measure; these seeds could be

stored in country and, as a back up, at the Millennium Seedbank (MSB) at RBG Kew. Initial training

in seed collection and storage could be provided through the MSB. A portion of the seed collections

can subsequently be used for translocation of species to secure sites, post-mining habitat

restoration, growing on in botanic gardens to establish germination protocols etc.

• Establishment of an on-site tree nursery; this is particularly useful for species not suitable for longterm seed storage (usually wet forest species). These trees can again be used for translocation,

restoration etc. Following initial horticultural training, the tree nursery can subsequently be run

through the local community, providing a source of employment.

• One possibility worth exploring would be for African Minerals to work with local government on the

restoration of parts of the Farangbeya Forest Reserve as an offset against the loss of forest on the

mine deposits. This would be a high profile conservation effort which could be run in collaboration

with the local community.

7) Continued institutional capacity building in Sierra Leone

Building in-country capacity, through training and donation of essential equipment, will permit our local

institutional partners to take a more central role in the follow-up survey and conservation work. This

process was begun successfully during the Sept and Nov-Dec visits. To build upon this, it is

recommended that one staff member from each of the two partner institutions are seconded to RBG

Kew for a short intern period (c. 1 month) to train in plant identification, vegetation analysis, seed

collection and storage methods etc.

In addition, it would be highly desirable to have employed an on-site full-time Environmental Scientist

who could be trained through RBG Kew and partner institutions in Sierra Leone in plant survey and

monitoring techniques, specimen and seed collection and basic horticultural skills. This person would

be ideally placed to oversee or assist in the above recommendations, with RBG Kew playing an

advisary and supporting role.

8) Immediate / short-term conservation recommendations

In view of the continuing exploratory work at the mine site, there is a significant risk that some of the

priority habitats and species will be lost or damaged prior to any conservation measures being

implemented. It is therefore recommended that some protection measures are put in-place

immediately, for example through cordoning off the key sites and briefing the ground staff. The key

sites to be protected at present are:

• Strip of riverine forest near Farangbeya

• Forest patch to the southwest of Kegbema on the edge of the Farangbeya Forest Reserve

• Seepage grassland on S slopes of Marampon



34



• Hill summit grassland on Numbara

• Seasonally inundated depression on summit of Numbara, drill platform NURC005

• Valley swamp at foot of Numbara (to protect the colony of Aeschynomene deightonii)



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

From African Minerals Sierra Leone, we particularly thank Musa Alie Bangura for his assistance with all logistical

matters, and Terry Cheek, Barry Young and others for their assistance and hospitality at the Farangbeya camp.

Atkins Koroma, Public Relations Officer at the Farangbeya camp, was very helpful in negotiating with local

communities over access to several sites away from the mine deposits. We thank Craig Watt at SRK for

undertaking the initial negotiations with regard to this survey and for establishing the collaborative links in-country.

Mr Sheku Ahmed Mansaray and Mrs Kate Garnett at the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry & Food Security

provided the necessary research permits and specimen export permits within the short timeframe available.

Helen Fortune-Hopkins, Laura Pearce, Jonathan Ashworth and Reka Komaromi assisted greatly with the

specimen identification and databasing at RBG Kew. The following botanists named or assisted in the naming of

their specialist groups: William Baker (Palmae), Henk Beentje (Compositae), Gill Challen (Euphorbiaceae and

allies), Tom Cope (Gramineae), Sally Dawson (herbaceous Rubiaceae), Peter Edwards (ferns and fern allies),

David Goyder (Apocynaceae), Gwil Lewis (Leguminosae), Mike Lock (Xyridaceae), Barbara Mackinder

(Leguminosae), Sylvia Phillips (Eriocaulaceae), Dave Roberts (Orchidaceae), Dave Simpson (Cyperaceae), Paul

Wilkin (Dioscoreaceae), Yvette Harvey (Sapotaceae), Doug Stone (Melastomataceae - Memecylon) Maria

Vorontsova (Solanaceae), Lesley Walsingham (Lamiaceae), Odile Weber (Dracaenaceae) and Elizabeth

Woodgyer (Melastomataceae).



REFERENCES

Burkill, H.M. (1985–2004). The useful plants of West Tropical Africa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 6 volumes.

Chatelain, C.; H. Dao; L. Gautier; R. Spichiger; (2004). Forest cover changes in Côte d’Ivoire and Upper Guinea.

In: Poorter, L. et al. Biodiversity of West African Forests. CABI Publishing. Pp. 15-32.

IUCN (2001). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission, IUCN,

Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, U.K.

IUCN (2009). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. . Consulted

January 2010.

Poorter, L.; F. Bongers; F.N’.Kouamé; W.D.Hawthorne (eds.) (2004). Biodiversity of West African Forests. An

ecological atlas of woody plant species. CABI Publishing.

A wide range of literature on west African vegetation and floristics was consulted to assist with the identification of

the specimens, analyses of the data and preparation of the provisional conservation assessments. Primary

amongst these sources were:

Aké Assi, L. (2001–2002). Flore du Côte-d’Ivoire: catalogue systématique, biogeography et écologie. Boissiera 57

& 58. Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève, Switzerland.

Hawthorne, W. & C. Jongkind (2006). Woody Plants of Western African Forests. Kew Publishing. p1023.

Hutchinson, J. & J.M. Dalziel (1954–1972). Flora of West Tropical Africa, vols. I, part 1 & 2; II; III, part 1 & 2.

Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations, London.

Lisowski, S. (2009). Flore (Angiospermes) de la Republique de Guinee. Premiere partie (texte). Scripta Botanica

Belgica 41. National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Meise.



35



ANNEX 1: PLANT SPECIES CHECKLIST

The following checklist records all the flowering plants, ferns and fern allies recorded to date from the

Tonkolili Project area during the two botanical survey periods, September and November-December

2009: 658 species. The species are listed alphabetically within each plant family.

Angiospermae: Dicotyledonae

Taxon

Acanthaceae

Asystasia buettneri Lindau

Barleria oenotheroides Dum. Cours.

Brillantaisia lamium (Nees) Benth.

Eremomastax speciosa (Hochst.) Cufod.

Hygrophila odora (Nees) T.Anderson

Hypoestes cancellata Nees

Hypoestes forskaolii (Vahl) R.Br.

Justicia extensa T.Anderson

Justicia flava (Vahl) Vahl

Justicia heineana Vollesen

Justicia ladanoides Lam.

Justicia tenella (Nees) T.Anderson

Lepidagathis alopecuroides (Vahl) Griseb.

Phaulopsis cf. talbotii S.Moore

Phaulopsis ciliata (Willd.) Hepper

Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) Sweet subsp. poggei (Lindau) Mankt.

Pseuderanthemum tunicatum (Afzel.) Milne-Redh.

Rhinacanthus virens (Nees) Milne-Redh.

Thunbergia chrysops Hook.

Whitfieldia lateritia Hook.



Collector



Number



James, M.S.

Darbyshire I.

Tonkolili Plants

Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Plants

Clark, R.

Tonkolili Plants

Sesay, J.A.

Tonkolili Plants

James, M.S.

James, M.S.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

James, M.S.

Darbyshire I.

Tonkolili Plants

Darbyshire I.

Tonkolili Observations

James, M.S.



1

592

130

30

244

177

99

20

112

3

20

133

507

240

10

589

730

604

234

11



Amaranthaceae

Celosia argenta L.

Celosia trigyna L.

Cyathula prostrata(L.) Blume

Pandiaka angustifolia(Vahl) Hepper



Tonkolili Observations

Feika, A.M.B.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants



10

55

646

122



Anacardiaceae

Lannea acida A.Rich.

Sorindeia juglandifolia Planchon ex Oliver

Trichoscypha arborea (A.Chev.) A.Chev.

Trichoscypha smythei Hutch. & Dalziel



Tonkolili Plants

Clark, R.

Burgt, X.M. van der

Tonkolili Plants



Ancistrocladaceae

Ancistrocladus abbreviatus Airy Shaw

Ancistrocladus cf. barteri Scott-Elliot

Ancistrocladus sp. 1 of Tonkolili



Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants



61

245

709



Anisophylleaceae

Anisophyllea laurina R. Br. ex Sabine

Anisophyllea sp. 1 of Tonkolili

Anisophyllea sp. 2 of Tonkolili



Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants



13

638

620



Annonaceae

Annickia polycarpa (DC.) Setten & P.J.Maas

Artabotrys insignis Engl. & Diels



Tonkolili Plants

Feika, A.M.B.



614

29



186

199

1379

553



36



Friesodielsia enghiana (Diels) Verdc.

Friesodielsia gracilis (Hook.f.) Steenis

Monanthotaxis barteri (Baill.) Verdc.

Monanthotaxis whytei (Stapf) Verdc.

Piptostigma fasciculatum (De Wild.) Boutique

Uvaria afzelii Scott-Elliot

Uvaria anonoides Baker f.

Uvariodendron cf. angustifolium Engl. & Diels

Xylopia acutiflora (Dunal) A.Rich.

Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A.Rich.

Xylopia quintasii Engl. & Diels

Xylopia villosa Chipp



Tonkolili Plants

Darbyshire I.

Darbyshire I.

Sesay, J.A.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Darbyshire I.

Tonkolili Plants

Darbyshire I.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants



Apocynaceae

Alafia barteri Oliv.

Alafia landolphioides (A.DC.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex K.Schum.

Baissea baillonii Hua

Funtumia africana (Benth.) Stapf

Holarrhena floribunda (G.Don.) T. Durand & Schinz

Landolphia hirsuta (Hua) Pichon

Landolphia incerta (K.Schum.) Persoon

Landolphia sp. 1 of Tonkolili

Landolphia sp. 2 of Tonkolili

Marsdenia oblanceolata (Turrill) R.Omlor

Oncinotis gracilis Stapf

Periploca nigrescens Afzel.

Rauvolfia mannii Stapf

Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel.

Tabernaemontana africana Hook.

Tabernaemontana sp.



Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Burgt, X.M. van der

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Sesay, J.A.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Sesay, J.A.

Tonkolili Plants



Araliaceae

Cussonia arborea A.Rich.



Tonkolili Plants



138



Aristolochiaceae

Pararistolochia flos-avis (A.Chev.) Hutch. & Dalziel



Tonkolili Plants



582



Begoniaceae

Begonia cavallyensis A.Chev.

Begonia quadrialata (Warb.) Sosef subsp. quadrialata var. quadrialata

Begonia rostrata Welw. ex Hook.f.



Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Feika, A.M.B.



726

719

19



Bignoniaceae

Markhamia tomentosa (Benth.) K. Schum. ex Engl.

Newbouldia laevis (P.Beauv.) Seeman ex Bureau

Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.



Tonkolili Observations

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Observations



451

126

347



Bombacaceae

Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.



Tonkolili Observations



6



Burseraceae

Canarium schweinfurthii Engl.

Dacryodes klaineana (Pierre) H.J.Lam

Santiria trimera (Oliv.) Aubrév.



Tonkolili Plants

Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Plants



19

596

597

29

728

569

603

208

608

624

741

824



688

645

593

881

166

538

606

1371

532

502

26

172

209

7

9

662



9

57

877



37



Campanulaceae

Wahlenbergia perrottetii (A.DC.) Thulin



Tonkolili Plants



131



Capparaceae

Euadenia eminens Hook.f.



Tonkolili Plants



211



Cecropiaceae

Musanga cecropioides R.Br. ex Tedlie

Myrianthus libericus Rendle



Tonkolili Observations

Tonkolili Plants



1

561



Celastraceae

Loeseneriella africana (Willd.) Wilczek ex N.Hallé

Loeseneriella iotricha (Loes.) N.Hallé

Salacia erecta (G. Don) Walp.

Salacia lehmbachii Loes. var. leonensis (Hutch. & M.B.Moss) N.Hallé

Salacia senegalensis (Lam.) DC.

Salacia sp.

Salacia staudtiana Loes.

Salacia zenkeri Loes.

Tristemonanthus nigrisilvae (N.Hallé) N.Hallé



Robinson, E.

Tonkolili Plants

Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Darbyshire I.

Kanu, K.M.T.

Sesay, J.A.



2

736

42

573

207

509

622

53

23



Chrysobalanaceae

Dactyladenia smeathmannii (Baill.) Prance & F.White

Dactyladenia whytei (Stapf) Prance & F.White

Maranthes aubrevillei (Pellegr.) Prance ex F.White

Maranthes cf. glabra (Oliv.) Prance

Parinari excelsa Sabine



Burgt, X.M. van der

Burgt, X.M. van der

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants



1386

1375

594

597

12



Combretaceae

Combretum comosum G. Don

Combretum cuspidatum Planch. ex Benth.

Combretum grandiflorum G. Don

Combretum mucronatum Schumach. & Thonn.

Combretum paniculatum Vent.

Combretum platypterum (Welw.) Hutch. & Dalziel

Combretum rhodanthum Engl. & Diels

Strephonema pseudocola A.Chev.

Terminalia ivorensis A.Chev.



Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Darbyshire I.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

James, M.S.

Burgt, X.M. van der

Tonkolili Plants



695

542

626

225

128

844

5

1377

23



Compositae

Adelostigma senegalense Benth.

Aedesia glabra O.Hoffm.

Ageratum conyzoides L.



Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Observations



17

32

138



Anisopappus chinensis Hook. & Arn. subsp. buchwaldii (O. Hoffm.) S.

Ortiz, Paiva & Rodr. Oubiña var. buchwaldii

Aspilia africana (Pers.) C.D.Adams

Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Robinson

Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist

Crassocephalum guineense C.D.Adams

Kinghamia angustifolia (Benth.) C.Jeffrey

Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) B.L.Robinson

Vernonia guineensis Benth.



Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Observations

Robinson, E.

Clark, R.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Observations

Tonkolili Plants



89

40

335

3

178

82

50

88



Connaraceae

Agelaea pentagyna (Lam.) Baill.



Tonkolili Plants



838



38



Agelaea rubiginosa Gilg

Cnestis corniculata Lam.

Cnestis ferruginea Vahl ex DC.

Cnestis racemosa G.Don

Connarus africanus Lam.

Manotes expansa Sol. ex Planch.

Rourea cf. solanderi Baker

Rourea thomsonii (Baker) Jongkind



Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Darbyshire I.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants



644

676

873

882

642

248

790

819



Convolvulaceae

Calycobolus africanus (G.Don) Heine

Ipomoea involucrata P.Beauv.

Ipomoea ochracea G. Don

Merremia pterygocaulos (Steud. ex Choisy) Hallier f.

Merremia umbellata (L.) Hallier f.



Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Observations

Darbyshire I.

Darbyshire I.

Tonkolili Plants



671

268

621

620

152



Cucurbitaceae

Coccinia barteri (Hook.f.) Keay

Raphidiocystis chrysocoma (Schumach.) C.Jeffrey

Ruthalicia eglandulosa (Hook.f.) C.Jeffrey



Feika, A.M.B.

Darbyshire I.

Tonkolili Plants



16

600

154



Dichapetalaceae

Dichapetalum aff. heudelotii (Planch. ex Oliv.) Baill.

Dichapetalum albidum A.Chev. ex Pellegr.

Dichapetalum cf. toxicaria Baill.

Dichapetalum heudelotii (Planch. ex Oliv.) Baill.

Dichapetalum pallidum (Oliv.) Engl.



Tonkolili Plants

Feika, A.M.B.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Burgt, X.M. van der



Dilleniaceae

Tetracera alnifolia Willd.



Sesay, J.A.



Dioncophyllaceae

Triphyophyllum peltatum (Hutch. & Dalziel) Airy Shaw



Burgt, X.M. van der



Droseraceae

Drosera indica L.



Tonkolili Plants



46



Ebenaceae

Diospyros cooperi (Hutch. & Dalziel) F.White

Diospyros heudelotii Hiern

Diospyros mannii Hiern

Diospyros piscatoria Gürke

Diospyros thomasii Hutch. & Dalz.



Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Feika, A.M.B.

Tonkolili Plants



40

180

894

25

592



Euphorbiaceae

Alchornea cordifolia (Schum. & Thonn.) Müll.Arg.

Alchornea hirtella Benth.

Croton hirtus L’Hér.

Discoglypremna caloneura (Pax) Prain

Erythrococca anomala (Juss. ex Poir.) Prain

Erythrococca sp. aff. anomala (Juss. ex Poir.) Prain

Euphorbia hyssopifolia L.

Macaranga barteri Müll.Arg.

Manniophyton fulvum Müll.Arg.

Mareya micrantha (Benth.) Mull.Arg.



Tonkolili Plants

Darbyshire I.

Tonkolili Observations

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Darbyshire I.



950

623

348

603

505

691

30

905

219

625



791

26

815

16

1362



10



1394



39



Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) Pierre ex Heckel

Tetrorchidium didymostemon (Baill.) Pax & K.Hoffm.

Tragia sp. A of FWTA

Tragia tenuifolia Benth.



Tonkolili Plants

Feika, A.M.B.

Tonkolili Plants

Sesay, J.A.



951

15

162

24



Flacourtiaceae

Homalium africanum (Hook.f.) Benth.

Homalium angustifolium Sm.

Homalium cf. dewevrei De Wild. & T.Durand

Scottellia klaineana Pierre var. klaineana



Feika, A.M.B.

Darbyshire I.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants



30

628

512

576



Gentianaceae

Neurotheca loeselioides (Spruce ex Prog.) Baill.



Tonkolili Plants



51



Guttiferae

Garcinia cf. ovalifolia Oliv.

Garcinia kola Heckel

Garcinia smeathmannii (Planch. & Triana) Oliv.

Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir.

Psorospermum alternifolium Hook. f.

Psorospermum febrifugum Spach

Vismia guineensis (L.) Choisy



Tonkolili Plants

Clark, R.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Feika, A.M.B.

Tonkolili Plants

Feika, A.M.B.



621

195

936

17

58

147

3



Icacinaceae

Iodes liberica Stapf

Leptaulus daphnoides Benth.

Polycephalium capitatum (Baill.) Keay

Pyrenacantha acuminata Engl.

Pyrenacantha glabrescens (Engl.) Engl.

Rhaphiostylis beninensis (Hook.f. ex Planch.) Planch. ex Benth.

Rhaphiostylis preussii Engl.



Sesay, J.A.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Kanu, K.M.T.



25

604

182

103

543

704

41



Irvingiaceae

Irvingia robur Mildbr.

Klainedoxa gabonensis Pierre ex Engl.



Clark, R.

Tonkolili Plants



198

243



Ixonanthaceae

Phyllocosmus africanus (Hook.f.) Klotzsch



Burgt, X.M. van der



1346



Labiatae

Clerodendrum silvanum Henriq. var. buchholzii (Gürke) Verdc.

Clerodendrum silvanum Henriq. var. silvanum

Clerodendrum splendens G.Don

Clerodendrum umbellatum Poir.

Gmelina arborea L.

Hyptis lanceolata Poir.

Platostoma africanum P.Beauv.

Plectranthus africanus (Scott-Elliot) A.J.Paton

Plectranthus betonicifolius Bak.

Plectranthus occidentalis B.J.Pollard

Premna hispida Benth.

Vitex ferruginea Schum. & Thonn.

Vitex grandifolia Gürke

Vitex micrantha Gurke

Vitex oxycuspis Baker



James, M.S.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Feika, A.M.B.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Darbyshire I.

Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Darbyshire I.

Burgt, X.M. van der

Clark, R.

Tonkolili Plants



15

206

917

70

949

135

136

591

8

28

832

641

1376

186

706



40



Vitex rivularis Gürke

Vitex thyrsiflora Baker



Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants



Lecythidaceae

Napoleonaea heudelotii A.Juss.

Napoleonaea vogelii Hook. & Planch.



Kanu, K.M.T.

Kanu, K.M.T.



Leeaceae

Leea guineensis G.Don



Tonkolili Plants



Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae

Afzelia africana Sm.

Afzelia bella Harms

Anthonotha explicans vel. sp. aff. (Baill.) J.Léonard

Anthonotha macrophylla P.Beauv.

Aphanocalyx pteridophyllus (Harms) Wieringa

Brachystegia leonensis Burtt Davy & Hutch.

Bussea occidentalis Hutch.

Cassia aubrevillei Pellegr.

Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene

Chidlowia sanguinea Hoyle

Copaifera salikounda Heckel

Cryptosepalum tetraphyllum (Hook.f.) Benth.

Daniellia ogea (Harms) Rolfe ex Holl.

Daniellia thurifera Bennett

Detarium senegalense J.Gmelin

Dialium aubrevillei Pellegr.

Dialium dinklagei Harms

Dialium guineense Willd.

Dialium pobeguinii Pellegr.

Distemonanthus benthamianus Baill.

Gilbertiodendron aylmeri (Hutch. & Dalziel) J.Léonard

Guibourtia leonensis J.Léonard

Mezoneuron benthamianum Baill.

Paramacrolobium coeruleum (Taub.) J.Léonard



Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Kanu, K.M.T.

Burgt, X.M. van der

Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Observations

Tonkolili Plants

Burgt, X.M. van der

Burgt, X.M. van der

Tonkolili Plants

Clark, R.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Clark, R.

Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Plants

Burgt, X.M. van der

Burgt, X.M. van der

Clark, R.

Clark, R.



232

755

932

25

1359

63

947

231

8

63

1391

1382

64

183

752

62

928

196

62

526

1384

1393

188

203



Leguminosae-Mimosoideae

Acacia ataxacantha DC.

Acacia pentagona (Schum.) Hook.f.

Albizia adianthifolia (Schum.) W.F.Wight

Albizia altissima Hook.

Albizia zygia (DC.) J.F.Macbr.

Aubrevillea kerstingii Pellegr.

Aubrevillea platycarpa Pellegr.

Calpocalyx brevibracteatus Harms

Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn.

Entada rheedei Spreng.

Newtonia aubrevillei (Pellegr.) Keay

Newtonia duparquetiana (Baill.) Keay

Parkia bicolor A.Chev.

Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R.Br. ex G. Don

Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth.

Piptadeniastrum africanum (Hook.f.) Brenan

Samanea dinklagei (Harms) Keay

Xylia evansii Hutch.



James, M.S.

Feika, A.M.B.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Observations

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Burgt, X.M. van der

Tonkolili Plants

Darbyshire I.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Feika, A.M.B.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants



19

22

127

439

117

808

855

1368

165

587

754

796

853

72

575

8

3

733



581

95



34

44



4



41



Leguminosae-Papilionoideae

Abrus canescens Welw. ex Baker

Abrus precatorius L.

Abrus pulchellus Wall. ex Thwait. subsp. suffruticosus (Boutique) Verdc.

Aeschynomene deightonii Hepper

Aganope leucobotrya (Dunn) Polhill

Amphimas cf. Latilo FHI 28909

Amphimas pterocarpoides Harms

Baphia nitida Lodd.

Baphia spathacea Hook.f. subsp. spathacea

Bryaspis humularioides Gledhill subsp. falcistipulata Gledhill

Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.

Calopogonium mucunoides Desv.

Crotalaria doniana Baker

Crotalaria lathyoides Guill. & Perr.

Crotalaria polygaloides Welw. ex. Baker

Cyclocarpa stellaris Afzel. ex Baker

Dalbergia adamii J.Berhaut

Dalbergia afzeliana G. Don

Dalbergia hepperi Jongkind

Dalbergia oblongifolia G.Don

Dalbergia rufa G.Don

Dalbergia saxatilis Hook.f.

Desmodium linearifolium G.Don

Desmodium velutinum (Willd.) DC.

Dolichos dinklagei Harms

Droogmansia scaettaiana Chev. & Sillans

Eriosema glomeratum (Guill. & Perr.) Hook.f.

Eriosema laurentii De Wild.

Erythrina senegalensis DC.

Indigofera dendroides Jacq.

Indigofera macrocalyx Guill. & Perr.

Indigofera simplicifolia Dennst.

Kotschya ochreata (Taub.) Dewit & Duvign. var. ochreata

Leptoderris fasciculata (Benth.) Dunn

Leptoderris micrantha Dunn

Leptoderris sp. aff. fasciculata (Benth.) Dunn

Millettia chrysophylla Dunn

Millettia pallens Stapf

Millettia rhodantha Baill.

Millettia sanagana Harms

Mucuna poggei Taub. var. occidentalis Hepper

Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. utilis (Wall. ex Wight) Baker ex Burck

Pseudovigna sp. nov. Lewis

Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir.

Pterocarpus santalinoides L’Hér. ex DC.

Pterocarpus sp. aff. santalinoides L’Hér. ex DC.

Rhynchosia pycnostachya (DC.) Meikle

Vigna venulosa Baker



Feika, A.M.B.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Feika, A.M.B.

Feika, A.M.B.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

James, M.S.

Burgt, X.M. van der

Feika, A.M.B.

Tonkolili Observations

Tonkolili Observations

Tonkolili Plants

Clark, R.

Feika, A.M.B.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Burgt, X.M. van der

Tonkolili Plants

Clark, R.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Plants

Feika, A.M.B.

Clark, R.

Clark, R.

Clark, R.

Robinson, E.

Burgt, X.M. van der

Clark, R.

Feika, A.M.B.

Clark, R.

Tonkolili Plants

Burgt, X.M. van der

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Burgt, X.M. van der

Tonkolili Plants

Feika, A.M.B.

Tonkolili Plants

Kanu, K.M.T.

Darbyshire I.

Burgt, X.M. van der

Tonkolili Plants

Clark, R.

Tonkolili Plants



56

528

749

60

59

235

53

21

1378

38

70

438

134

174

49

33

239

1392

613

202

740

184

1

176

39

180

185

191

7

1356

181

57

166

168

1374

215

727

167

1365

205

45

221

9

581

1388

610

204

41



Lentibulariaceae

Utricularia gibba L.

Utricularia pubescens Sm.

Utricularia subulata L.



Darbyshire I.

Burgt, X.M. van der

Burgt, X.M. van der



616

1351

1352



42



Linaceae

Hugonia planchonii Hook.f.



Feika, A.M.B.



Linderniaceae

Lindernia schweinfurthii (Engl.) Dandy

Torenia thouarsii (Cham. & Schltdl.) Kuntze



Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Plants



Loganiaceae

Anthocleista nobilis G.Don

Anthocleista procera Lepr. ex Bureau

Spigelia anthelmia L.

Strychnos afzelii Gilg

Strychnos soubrensis Hutch. & Dalz.

Strychnos sp. 1 of Tonkolili

Strychnos usambarensis Gilg

Usteria guineensis Willd.



Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Observations

Sesay, J.A.

Burgt, X.M. van der

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Darbyshire I.



Loranthaceae

Phragmanthera leonensis (Sprague) Balle

Tapinanthus bangwensis (Engl. & K.Krause) Danser



Darbyshire I.

Feika, A.M.B.



619

2



Lythraceae

Rotala stagnina Hiern



Kanu, K.M.T.



22



Malpighiaceae

Acridocarpus plagiopterus Guill. & Perr.

Acridocarpus sp.



Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Plants



24

708



Malvaceae

Hibiscus asper Hook.f.

Hibiscus sterculiifolius (Guill. & Perr.) Steud.

Sida linifolia Juss. ex Cav.

Urena lobata L.



Clark, R.

Robinson, E.

Feika, A.M.B.

Tonkolili Observations



173

6

66

458



Melastomataceae

Amphiblemma cymosum Naudin

Dissotis brazzae Cogn.

Dissotis grandiflora (Sm.) Benth.

Dissotis rotundifolia (Sm.) Triana

Dissotis tubulosa (Sm.) Triana

Melastomastrum capitatum (Vahl) A. & R.Fern.

Melastomastrum theifolium (G.Don) A. & R.Fern.

Memecylon aylmeri Hutch. & Dalziel

Memecylon lateriflorum (G.Don) Brem.

Memecylon normandii Jacq.-Fél.

Osbeckia decandra (Sm.) DC.

Spathandra blakeoides (G.Don) Jacq.-Fél.



Feika, A.M.B.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Darbyshire I.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Clark, R.

Kanu, K.M.T.

Burgt, X.M. van der

Sesay, J.A.

Tonkolili Plants

Darbyshire I.



Meliaceae

Carapa procera DC.

Entandrophragma cylindricum (Sprague) Sprague

Guarea cedrata (A.Chev.) Pellegr.

Guarea thompsonii Sprague & Hutch.

Trichilia prieureana A.Juss.



Sesay, J.A.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants



11



16

113



943

934

72

7

1380

619

871

645



13

751

52

609

720

194

182

39

1370

12

80

635



8

725

678

60

686



43



Trichilia tessmannii Harms

Turraeanthus africanus (Welw. ex C.DC.) Pellegr.



Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants



827

851



Melianthaceae

Bersama abyssinica Fresen.



Tonkolili Plants



8



Menispermaceae

Rhigiocarya racemifera Miers

Tiliacora leonensis Diels

Tiliacora louisii Troupin

Triclisia patens Oliv.



Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants



591

607

102

549



Moraceae

Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. subsp. welwitschii (Engl.) C.C. Berg var.

africana

Dorstenia turbinata Engl.

Ficus exasperata Vahl

Ficus ovata Vahl

Ficus sagittifolia Mildbr. & Burret

Ficus sur Forssk.

Ficus umbellata Vahl

Milicia regia A.Chev.

Streblus usambarensis (Engl.) C.C.Berg

Trilepisium madagascariense DC.



Tonkolili Plants

Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Plants

Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Plants



233

58

11

711

770

510

54

701

56

937



Myristicaceae

Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw.) Warb.



Tonkolili Plants



618



Myrtaceae

Eugenia kalbreyeri Engl. & Brehmer

Eugenia leonensis Engl. & Brehmer

Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC. subsp. macrocarpum (Engl.) F.White

Syzygium staudtii (Engl.) Mildbr.



Tonkolili Plants

Burgt, X.M. van der

Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Plants



Ochnaceae

Campylospermum congestum (Oliv.) Farron

Campylospermum reticulatum (P.Beauv.) Farron var. reticulatum

Campylospermum schoenleinianum (Klotzsch) Farron

Campylospermum squamosum (DC.) Farron

Lophira lanceolata Tiegh. ex Keay

Ochna afzelii R.Br. ex Oliv.

Ochna membranacea Oliv.



Tonkolili Plants

Feika, A.M.B.

Tonkolili Plants

Darbyshire I.

Tonkolili Observations

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants



765

33

503

605

5

142

712



Olacaceae

Heisteria parvifolia Sm.

Octoknema borealis Hutch. & Dalziel

Olax gambecola Baill.

Ptychopetalum anceps Oliv.

Strombosia pustulata Oliv.



Sesay, J.A.

Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Clark, R.



4

29

149

628

201



Oleaceae

Chionanthus mannii (Soler.)

Jasminum pauciflorum Benth.



Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Plants



55

108



Onagraceae

Ludwigia abyssinica A.Rich.



Feika, A.M.B.



778

1349

59

680



65



44



Opiliaceae

Urobotrya congolana (Baill.) Hiepko subsp. afzelii (Engl.) Hiepko



Clark, R.



Orobanchaceae

Alectra sessiliflora (Vahl) Kuntze

Buchnera leptostachya Benth.

Sopubia parviflora Engl.

Striga aequinoctialis A.Chev.

Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze

Striga macrantha (Benth.) Benth.



Tonkolili Plants

Feika, A.M.B.

Kanu, K.M.T.

Burgt, X.M. van der

Kanu, K.M.T.

Feika, A.M.B.



Pandaceae

Microdesmis keayana J. Leon.



Kanu, K.M.T.



Passifloraceae

Adenia guineensis De Wilde

Smeathmannia laevigata Sol. ex R.Br. var. laevigata

Smeathmannia pubescens Soland. ex R.Br.



Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Darbyshire I.



Phyllanthaceae

Amanoa bracteosa Planch.

Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill.

Hymenocardia acida Tul.

Hymenocardia lyrata Tul.

Maesobotrya barteri (Baill.) Hutch. var. sparsiflora (Scott-Elliot) Keay

Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) Webster

Thecacoris stenopetala (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.

Uapaca corbisieri De Wild.

Uapaca guineensis Müll.Arg.

Uapaca heudelotii Baill.



Darbyshire I.

Clark, R.

Feika, A.M.B.

Darbyshire I.

Burgt, X.M. van der

Feika, A.M.B.

Sesay, J.A.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants



Piperaceae

Peperomia fernandopoiana C.DC.

Piper guineense Schum. & Thonn.

Piper umbellatum L.



Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants



Plantaginaceae

Dopatrium senegalense Benth.

Limnophila dasyantha (Engl. & Gilg) Skan

Scoparia dulcis L.



Burgt, X.M. van der

Darbyshire I.

Tonkolili Observations



Polygalaceae

Polygala lecardii Chod.

Polygala multiflora Poir.

Polygala rarifolia DC.



Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Plants

Clark, R.



11

69

175



Putranjivaceae

Drypetes afzelii (Pax) Hutch.

Drypetes cf. gilgiana (Pax) Pax & K.Hoffm.

Drypetes inaequalis Hutch.

Drypetes sp. 1 of Tonkolili



Clark, R.

Tonkolili Plants

Clark, R.

Tonkolili Plants



193

818

200

529



Rhamnaceae

Gouania longipetala Hemsl.



Burgt, X.M. van der



192



71

37

5

1347

13

51



46



222

748

637



634

179

72

631

1361

9

27

66

527

923



681

731

15



1358

618

71



1383



45



Ventilago africana Exell



Tonkolili Plants



715



Rhizophoraceae

Anopyxis klaineana (Pierre) Engl.



Tonkolili Plants



622



Rubiaceae

Aidia genipiflora (DC.) Dandy

Argostemma pumilum Benn.

Aulacocalyx jasminiflora (Hook.f.) Hook.f. subsp. jasminiflora

Bertiera bracteolata Hiern

Bertiera racemosa (G.Don) K.Schum. var. racemosa

Bertiera spicata (Gaertner) Wernh.

Chassalia corallifera (A.Chev. ex De Wild.) Hepper

Chassalia kolly (Schumach.) Hepper

Chassalia subherbacea (Hiern) Hepper

Chazaliella cf. sciadephora (Hiern) E.M.A.Petit & Verdc.

Chazaliella lophoclada (Hiern) E.M.A.Petit & Verdc.

Chazaliella sciadephora (Hiern) E.M.A.Petit & Verdc.

Coffea liberica Bull. ex Hiern

Corynanthe pachyceras K.Schum.

Craterispermum laurinum Benth.

Crossopteryx febrifuga (G.Don) Benth.

Cuviera macroura K.Schum.

Dictyandra arborescens Welw. ex Hook.f.

Didymosalpinx abbeokutae Hiern

Gaertnera paniculata Benth.

Geophila afzelii Hiern

Geophila obvallata (Schumach.) Didr.

Hallea stipulosa (DC.) Leroy

Heinsia crinita (Afzel.) G.Taylor

Hutchinsonia barbata Robyns

Hymenocoleus hirsutus (Benth.) Robbr.

Hymenocoleus neurodictyon (K.Schum.) Robbr. var. neurodictyon

Ixora nimbana Schnell

Keetia cf. mannii (Hiern) Bridson

Keetia sp. nov. aff tenuiflora (Hiern) Bridson

Massularia acuminata (G.Don) Bullock ex Hoyle

Morinda geminata DC.

Morinda longiflora G.Don

Mussaenda afzelii G.Don

Mussaenda elegans Schum. & Thonn.

Mussaenda erythrophylla Schum. & Thonn.

Nauclea diderrichii (De Wild. & T.Durand) Merrill

Nauclea latifolia Sm.

Nichallea soyauxii (Hiern) Bridson

Oldenlandia goreensis (DC.) Summerh.

Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb.

Oxyanthus formosus Hook.f. ex Planch.

Oxyanthus speciosus DC.

Pavetta platycalyx Bremek.

Pentodon pentandrus (Schum. & Thonn.) Vatke var. pentandrus

Psilanthus ebracteolatus Hiern

Psychotria brachyanthoides De Wild.

Psychotria calva Hiern

Psychotria gabonica Hiern



Feika, A.M.B.

Tonkolili Observations

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Sesay, J.A.

Darbyshire I.

Clark, R.

Tonkolili Plants

Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Feika, A.M.B.

Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Darbyshire I.

Tonkolili Plants

Feika, A.M.B.

Tonkolili Plants

Clark, R.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Burgt, X.M. van der

Darbyshire I.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Sesay, J.A.

Tonkolili Plants

Robinson, E.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Feika, A.M.B.

Feika, A.M.B.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Observations

Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Feika, A.M.B.

Darbyshire I.

Feika, A.M.B.

James, M.S.

Tonkolili Plants

Kanu, K.M.T.

Sesay, J.A.



6

13

568

504

21

636

194

187

45

635

717

28

52

557

935

612

188

32

574

184

598

599

24

1387

638

564

563

1

555

5

746

836

195

515

23

12

929

295

35

137

50

249

31

601

63

17

546

37

13



46



Psychotria limba Scott-Elliot

Psychotria peduncularis (Sal.) Steyer. var. guineensis (Schnell) Verdc.

Psychotria subglabra De Wild.

Psydrax horizontalis (K.Schum. & Thonn.) Bridson

Rothmannia urcelliformis (Hiern) Bullock ex Robyns

Rothmannia whitfieldii (Lindl.) Dandy

Rutidea parviflora DC.

Sabicea calycina Benth.

Sabicea venosa Benth.

Sacosperma paniculatum (Benth.) G.Taylor

Schizocolea linderi (Hutch. & Dalz.) Bremek.

Sherbournia calycina (G.Don) Hua

Spermacoce bambusicola (Berhaut) Lebrun & Stork

Spermacoce exilis (Williams) C.D.Adams ex W.C.Burger & C.M.Taylor

Spermacoce ivorensis Govaerts

Spermacoce pusilla Wall.

Spermacoce ruelliae DC.

Spermacoce verticillata L.

Trichostachys aurea Hiern

Uncaria africana G.Don subsp. africana

Virectaria multiflora (Sm.) Bremek

Virectaria procumbens (Sm.) Bremek



Kanu, K.M.T.

Feika, A.M.B.

Kanu, K.M.T.

Darbyshire I.

Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Plants

Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Plants

Feika, A.M.B.

Darbyshire I.

Burgt, X.M. van der

Sesay, J.A.

Feika, A.M.B.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Burgt, X.M. van der

Tonkolili Observations

Burgt, X.M. van der

Robinson, E.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants



Rutaceae

Zanthoxylum gilletii (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman



Tonkolili Plants



753



Sapindaceae

Allophylus africanus P. Beauv. forma africanus

Blighia welwitschii (Hiern) Radlk.

Cardiospermum grandiflorum Sw.

Deinbollia cuneifolia Baker

Deinbollia grandifolia Hook. f.

Lecaniodiscus cupanioides Planch. ex Benth.

Pancovia pedicellaris Radlk. & Gilg

Placodiscus oblongifolius J.B.Hall

Placodiscus pseudostipularis Radlk.



Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

James, M.S.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

James, M.S.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants



118

2

18

924

14

164

13

829

776



Sapotaceae

Chrysophyllum africanum A.DC.

Chrysophyllum perpulchrum Mildbr. ex Hutch. & Dalziel

Chrysophyllum pruniforme Pierre ex Engl.

Chrysophyllum subnudum Baker

Chrysophyllum welwitschii Engl.

Englerophytum oblanceolatum (S.Moore) T.D.Pennington

Ituridendron bequaertii De Wild.

Synsepalum brevipes (Baker) T.D.Penn.



Tonkolili Plants

Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Darbyshire I.

Kanu, K.M.T.

Burgt, X.M. van der

Kanu, K.M.T.



Simaroubaceae

Hannoa klaineana Pierre & Engl.



Tonkolili Plants



920



Solanaceae

Physalis angulata L.

Physalis micrantha Link

Solanum erianthum D.Don

Solanum torvum Sw.



Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Observations



256

254

252

49



33

27

38

630

28

109

50

516

35

588

1389

14

53

129

48

79

1348

69

1366

1

132

241



817

27

830

590

640

51

1390

60



47



Sterculiaceae

Cola chlamydantha K.Schum.

Cola lateritia K.Schum. var. maclaudi (A. Chev.) Brenan & Keay

Dombeya buettneri K. Schum.

Heritiera utilis (Sprague) Sprague

Sterculia tragacantha Lindl.



Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Darbyshire I.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants



544

67

590

944

729



Thymelaeaceae

Craterosiphon scandens Engl. & Gilg

Dicranolepis disticha Planch.



Tonkolili Plants

Sesay, J.A.



707

16



Tiliaceae

Clappertonia ficifolia (Willd.) Decne.

Glyphaea brevis (Spreng.) Monach.

Grewia pubescens P.Beauv.

Triumfetta cordifolia A.Rich.

Triumfetta pentandra A.Rich.



Tonkolili Observations

Burgt, X.M. van der

Darbyshire I.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants



Ulmaceae

Trema orientalis (L.) Blume



Feika, A.M.B.



Urticaceae

Boehmeria macrophylla Hornem.

Pouzolzia guineensis Benth.

Urera oblongifolia Benth.



Feika, A.M.B.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants



7

125

10



Verbenaceae

Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl



Tonkolili Observations



454



Violaceae

Rinorea afzelii Engl.

Rinorea aylmeri Chipp

Rinorea sp. 1 of Tonkolili

Rinorea subintegrifolia (P.Beauv.) Kuntze

Rinorea welwitschii (Oliv.) Kuntze



James, M.S.

Feika, A.M.B.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Kanu, K.M.T.



12

74

214

658

47



Vitaceae

Cayratia gracilis (Guill. & Perr.) Suesseng.

Cissus aralioides (Welw. ex Baker) Planch.

Cissus caesia Afzel.

Cissus diffusiflora (Baker) Planch.

Cissus polyantha Gilg & Brandt

Cissus producta Afzel.



Feika, A.M.B.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Feika, A.M.B.

Tonkolili Plants

Feika, A.M.B.



17

632

86

21

106

18



Alismataceae

Limnophyton angolense Buchenau



Tonkolili Plants



163



Anthericaceae

Chlorophytum orchidastrum Lindl.



Sesay, J.A.



18



Aponogetonaceae

Aponogeton vallisnerioides Baker



Kanu, K.M.T.



20



80

1373

624

185

220



1



Angiospermae: Monocotyledonae



48



Araceae

Amorphophallus cf. aphyllus (Hook.) Hutch.

Anchomanes difformis (Blume) Engl.

Anubias afzelii vel barteri

Anubias gracilis A.Chev. ex Hutch.

Cercestis afzelii Schott

Culcasia angolensis Welw. ex Schott

Culcasia cf. striolata Engl.

Culcasia liberica N.E.Br.

Culcasia parviflora N.E.Br.



Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants



Burmanniaceae

Burmannia madagascariensis Mart. & Zucc.



Burgt, X.M. van der



Colchicaceae

Gloriosa superba L.



Tonkolili Observations



Commelinaceae

Aneilema beniniense (P.Beauv.) Kunth

Commelina capitata Benth.

Commelina cf. africana L.

Cyanotis lanata Benth.

Cyanotis longifolia Benth. var. longifolia

Floscopa glomerata (Willd. ex J.A. & J.H.Schult.) Hassk. subsp.

pauciflora (C.B.Cl.) J.K.Morton

Palisota bracteosa C.B.Clarke

Palisota hirsuta (Thunb.) K.Schum.

Polyspatha paniculata Benth.



931

107

524

521

761

745

679

539

648



1353



9



James, M.S.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Kanu, K.M.T.

Kanu, K.M.T.



2

96

119

3

2



Feika, A.M.B.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants



68

821

615

665



Cyperaceae

Cyperaceae indet. 1 of Tonkolili

Cyperaceae indet. 1 of Tonkolili

Cyperaceae indet. 2 of Tonkolili

Afrotrilepis pilosa (Boeck.) J.Raynal

Bulbostylis congolensis De Wild.

Cyperus guineensis Nelmes

Cyperus haspan L.

Cyperus pustulatus Vahl

Fuirena stricta Steud. var. stricta

Fuirena umbellata Rottb.

Hypolytrum poecilolepis Nelmes

Kyllinga tenuifolia Steud.

Nemum bulbostyloides (Hooper) J. Raynal

Nemum spadiceum (Lam.) Desv. ex Ham. subsp. spadiceum

Pycreus capillifolius (A.Rich.) C.B.Clarke

Rhynchospora corymbosa (L.) Britt.

Schoenoplectiella oxyjulos (S.S.Hooper) Lye

Scleria boivinii Steud.

Scleria cf. hirtella Sw.

Scleria hirtella Sw.

Scleria melanomphala Kunth

Scleria naumanniana Boeck.



Tonkolili Observations

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Observations

Tonkolili Observations

Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Plants

Feika, A.M.B.

Kanu, K.M.T.

Feika, A.M.B.

Feika, A.M.B.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Robinson, E.

Clark, R.

Feika, A.M.B.

Feika, A.M.B.

Clark, R.

Tonkolili Plants

Feika, A.M.B.

Kanu, K.M.T.

Feika, A.M.B.

Tonkolili Plants



110

84

104

21

4

26

48

23

42

64

767

257

8

171

44

62

172

201

41

12

71

201



Dioscoreaceae

Dioscorea praehensilis Benth.



Feika, A.M.B.



4



49



Dioscorea togoensis Knuth



Tonkolili Plants



Dracaenaceae

Dracaena cristula W.Bull



Burgt, X.M. van der



1367



Eriocaulaceae

Eriocaulon cinereum R.Br.

Eriocaulon latifolium Sm.

Eriocaulon pulchellum Koern.

Eriocaulon remotum Lecomte

Eriocaulon setaceum L.

Eriocaulon sp.

Eriocaulon sp. nov. cf. varium Kimpouni

Mesanthemum prescottianum (Bong.) Koern.

Mesanthemum radicans (Benth.) Koern.



Burgt, X.M. van der

Clark, R.

Burgt, X.M. van der

Tonkolili Plants

Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Plants

Burgt, X.M. van der

Kanu, K.M.T.

Feika, A.M.B.



1357

189

1354

153

18

44

1372

6

61



Gramineae

Acroceras gabunense (Hack.) W.D.Clayton

aff. Monocymbium ceresiiforme (Nees) Stapf

Andropogon gayanus Kunth

Andropogon tectorum Schum. & Thonn.

Chasmopodium afzelii (Hack) Stapf

Dilophotriche sp. nov?

Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud.

Guaduella oblonga Hutch. ex W.D.Clayton

Hyparrhenia diplandra (Hack.) Stapf

Hyparrhenia mutica W.D.Clayton

Loudetia arundinacea (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Steud.

Loudetia simplex (Nees) C.E.Hubb.

Melinis minutiflora P.Beauv.

Olyra latifolia L.

Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P.Beauv.

Panicum congoense Franch.

Panicum glaucocladum C.E.Hubb.

Panicum humile Steud.

Panicum pilgeri Mez

Paspalum scrobiculatum L.

Pennisetum hordeoides (Lam.) Steud.

Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schult.

Rhytachne rottboellioides Desv.

Schizachyrium lomaense A.Camus

Schizachyrium sp. 1 of Tonkolili

Setaria megaphylla (Steud.) T.Durand & Schinz

Sporobolus pectinellus Mez

Streptogyna crinita P. Beauv.



Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Darbyshire I.

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Kanu, K.M.T.

James, M.S.

James, M.S.

James, M.S.

Burgt, X.M. van der

Feika, A.M.B.

Clark, R.

Darbyshire I.

Darbyshire I.

Tonkolili Plants

Feika, A.M.B.

Kanu, K.M.T.

Feika, A.M.B.

Clark, R.

Tonkolili Plants

Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Plants



652

123

90

111

76

583

45

559

75

34

74

15

9

6

7

1355

47

170

586

584

92

50

10

46

176

255

7

840



Hydrocharitaceae

Ottelia ulvifolia (Planch.) Walp.



Darbyshire I.



615



Marantaceae

Hypselodelphys sp.

Megaphrynium distans Hepper

Sarcophrynium brachystachys K. Schum.



Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants



831

584

722



124



Nymphaeaceae



50



Nymphaea maculata Schum. & Thonn.



Darbyshire I.



614



Orchidaceae

Angraecum distichum Lindl.

Brachycorythis macrantha (Lindl.) Summerh.

Bulbophyllum falcatum (Lindl.) Rchb. f.

Bulbophyllum recurvum Lindl.

Disperis thomensis Summerh.

Eulophia horsfallii (Batem.) Summerh.

Habenaria macrandra Lindl.

Habenaria sp.

Habenaria zambesina Rchb.f.

Liparis rufina (Ridl.) Rchb. f. ex Rolfe

Nervilia subintegra Summerh.

Platycoryne paludosa Rolfe



Tonkolili Observations

Tonkolili Observations

Tonkolili Observations

Tonkolili Observations

Tonkolili Observations

Tonkolili Observations

Tonkolili Observations

Tonkolili Observations

Tonkolili Observations

Tonkolili Observations

Tonkolili Observations

Tonkolili Observations



450

15

447

448

14

18

449

151

3

16

17

19



Palmae

Calamus deerratus Mann & Wendland

Elaeis guineensis Jacq.

Raphia palma-pinus (Gaertn.) Hutch.



Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Observations

Tonkolili Observations



933

334

77



Pandanaceae

Pandanus sp.



Tonkolili Observations



457



Pontederiaceae

Eichhornia natans (P.Beauv.) Solms



Darbyshire I.



617



Smilacaceae

Smilax anceps Willd.



Feika, A.M.B.



52



Xyridaceae

Xyris barteri N.E.Br.

Xyris decipiens N.E.Br.

Xyris straminea L. A. Nilsson



Clark, R.

Feika, A.M.B.

Clark, R.



168

40

167



Zingiberaceae

Aframomum cf. sceptrum K. Schum.

Aframomum sp. 1 of Tonkolili



Kanu, K.M.T.

Tonkolili Observations



26

452



Adiantaceae

Adiantum philippense L.

Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link var. calomelanos



Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants



197

523



Aspleniaceae

Asplenium dregeanum Kunze



Tonkolili Plants



640



Dennstaedtiaceae

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn subsp. capense (Thunb.) C.Chr.



Tonkolili Plants



43



Dryopteridaceae

Tectaria fernandensis (Baker) C.Chr.

Triplophyllum fraternum (Mett.) Holttum var. fraternum



Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants



721

797



Pteridophyta: Filicopsida



51



Lomariopsidaceae

Bolbitis acrostichoides (Afzel. ex Sw.) Ching



Tonkolili Plants



Oleandraceae

Nephrolepis undulata (Afzel. ex Sw.) J.Sm.



Tonkolili Observations



Osmundaceae

Osmunda regalis L.



Sesay, J.A.



216



95



2



Polypodiaceae

Platycerium stemaria (P.Beauv.) Desv.



Tonkolili Plants



710



Pteridaceae

Pteris burtoni Baker

Pteris catoptera Kunze var. catoptera



Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants



769

196



Schizaeaceae

Lygodium smithianum C.Presl. ex Kuhn



Tonkolili Plants



898



Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants

Tonkolili Plants



85

237

508

664



Pteridophyta: Lycopsida

Selaginellaceae

Selaginella sp. 1 of Tonkolili

Selaginella sp. 2 of Tonkolili

Selaginella sp. 3 of Tonkolili

Selaginella sp. 4 of Tonkolili



52



ANNEX 2: DETAILED ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF CONSERVATION CONCERN



Aeschynomene deightonii Hepper (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae)

IUCN: Not currently assessed. On the basis of current evidence, this species would qualify as Vulnerable VU

B2ab(iii). A rare herb of wetlands, it is likely to have suffered declines due to conversion of its favoured habitats to

rice cultivation; the Tonkolili site is threatened by disturbance and pollution/sedimentation from future mining

activity on the adjacent Numbara Hill.

Distribution: Guinea (2 sites); Sierra Leone (5 sites); Côte d'Ivoire; (1 site); Ghana (1 site).

Habitat: Wet grassland, ditches, marshes and shallow valley swamps.

Tonkolili: Inland valley swamp – common in shallow sedge-dominated swamp at foot of Numbara (9°0’44.7N

11°40’48.4”W).

Note: this species is also likely to occur in the valley swamps within tailings option 5.



Afzelia africana Sm. (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae)

IUCN: Vulnerable VU A1d (African Regional Workshop (Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees,

Zimbabwe) 1998). A widespread species, considered threatened by exploitation of the timber for commercial

trade.

Distribution: Senegal; Guinea-Bissau; Guinea; Sierra Leone; Côte d'Ivoire; Mali; Burkina Faso; Ghana; Togo;

Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon; Chad; Niger; Central African Republic; Congo-Brazzaville; D.R. Congo; Sudan;

Uganda.

Habitat: Tree, typically in drier types of forest and forest-wooded grassland transition; rocky areas in moist forest.

Tonkolili: Secondary Thicket – a single tree sapling 0.5 m tall found in plot T11 on the Marampon-Simbili saddle.

Hillslope forest – a tree sapling 1.5 m tall in plot 12, Kegbema forest.

Note: this very widespread species is considered of low conservation priority for the Project, particularly as it has

been found regenariting (albeit 1 plant so far) in secondary habitat.



53



Amanoa bracteosa Planch. (Euphorbiaceae)

IUCN: Vulnerable VU A1c, B1+2c (Hawthorne 1998). A local species threatened principally by habitat loss.

Distribution: Sierra Leone (8 sites); Liberia (5 sites); Côte d'Ivoire (4 sites); Ghana (1 site); Cameroon (1 site –

Korup NP).

Habitat: Tree in a range of wet evergreen forest types, particularly in swampy areas and along riverbanks.

Tonkolili: Riverine Forest - recorded from riverine forest strip between Wandugu and Foraia and W of Foraia in

proposed tailings option 4.

Note: the current IUCN assessment of this species is outdated and if re-assessed it would no longer be

considered VU under criterion B, although it is still reasonably treated as VU under criterion A.



Anopyxis klaineana (Pierre) Engl. (Rhizophoraceae)

IUCN: Vulnerable VU A1cd (Hawthorne 1998). A locally common timber species, threatened by a combination of

habitat loss, over-exploitation of its timber and poor seed viability / regeneration.

Distribution: Sierra Leone; Liberia; Côte d'Ivoire; Ghana; Nigeria; Cameroon; Congo-Brazzaville; Sudan; Ethiopia.

Habitat: Canopy tree in a range of forest types but particularly in wet evergreen forest.

Tonkolili: Riverine Forest – one 30 m tree recorded in Farangbeya riverine forest.

Note: as this species is so widespread and still reasonably common, it is considered of lesser conservation

concern to those species assessed here as VU based on criterion B.



54



Anthonotha explicans (Baill.) J.Léonard vel sp. aff. (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae)

IUCN: Not currently assessed. On the basis of current evidence, A. explicans would qualify as Vulnerable VU

B2ab(iii). This is a rare tree threatened by habitat loss throughout its range.

Distribution: for A. explicans - Senegal (unknown number of sites); Guinea (3 sites); Sierra Leone (1 site); Liberia

(3 sites); Côte d'Ivoire (1 site).

Habitat: Wet evergreen forest and wooded grassland.

Tonkolili: Secondary thicket – a colony of several small trees found in farmbush near the Tonkolili River in

proposed tailings option 1.

Note: the first priority is to confirm the identity of the population at the Project area (fertile material is desirable). As

it was found growing in farmbush, this may not be a species of high conservation priority.



Anubias gracilis A.Chev. ex Hutch. (Araceae)

IUCN: Not currently assessed. On the basis of current evidence, this subspecies would qualify as Vulnerable VU

B2ab(iii). A rare herb restricted to river channels in the Guinea (Loma-Man) Highlands. The current site and one

site in Guinea are directly threatened by proposed mining activity which would alter the river volume and

sedimentation rates significantly.

Distribution: Guinea (4 sites); Sierra Leone (3 sites); Liberia (?1 site).

Habitat: Herb of rocky streambeds, typically in sluggish and shallow water.

Tonkolili: River channel community – a single plant collected from the margins of the Tonkolili River E of

Farangbeya village.



55



Aphanocalyx pteridophyllus (Harms) Wieringa (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae)

IUCN: Not currently assessed. On the basis of current evidence, this subspecies would qualify as Vulnerable

under IUCN criteria A2c and B2ab(iii). This is a localised species and has suffered from extensive habitat loss

throughout its range; a comparison of forest cover loss maps in Chatelain et al. (2004, p.16) with the distribution

map of this species (Poorter et al. 2004) indicates that most of its former potential habitat has been lost.

Distribution: Sierra Leone (5 sites); Liberia (5 sites).

Habitat: Tree of evergreen forest including riverine fringes.

Tonkolili: Riverine forest – a common component of the riverine fringe from E of Farangbeya to W of Foraia and

probably beyond, but not recorded in the disturbed riverine forest of proposed tailings option 1. Many fruiting trees

seen and many young saplings recorded.

Note: The upper Tonkolili River must be considered a site of global significance for this species.



Brachystegia leonensis Burtt Davy & Hutch. (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae)

IUCN: Not currently assessed. On the basis of current evidence, this subspecies would qualify as Vulnerable

under IUCN criterion A2c. This is a highly localised species and has suffered from extensive habitat loss

throughout its range which is comparable with that of Aphanocalyx pteridophyllus.

Distribution: Sierra Leone (4 sites); Liberia (4 sites); W Côte d’Ivoire (c. 7 sites).

Habitat: Tree of wet evergreen forest.

Tonkolili: Riverine forest – several trees recorded along river E of Farangbeya; 15 large trees and regenerating

seedlings recorded in degraded riverine forest along Tonkolili River in proposed tailings option 1.



56



Bryaspis humularioides Gledhill subsp. falcistipulata Gledhill (Leguminosae–Papilionoideae)

IUCN: Not currently assessed. On the basis of current evidence, this subspecies would qualify as Endangered

(EN B2ab(iii)), being known from only three sites with the Marampon site being directly threatened by the

proposed mining activity. Subsp. humularioides is similarly rare, being known from a single Liberian collection,

hence the species as a whole must also be considered Endangered.

Distribution: Sierra Leone (3 sites – type locality is Gbengbe Hill, Bumban, to the NW of Bumbuna).

Habitat: Seepage grassland over bedrock.

Tonkolili: Seasonally wet grassland – one population of c. 10 plants on south slopes of Marampon peak; a

second similarly small population on NE slopes of Sakonke Hill.

Note: the wet grassland at the latter site had dried by the time of our visit (1/12/09) with only dried old stems of the

Bryaspis remaining; no herbarium voucher was therefore made and the identification is provisional, as the similar

B. lupulina also occurs in SL. This population should be revisited to confirm the identification.



Copaifera salikounda Heckel (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae)

IUCN: Vulnerable VU A1d (African Regional Workshop (Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees,

Zimbabwe) 1998). Considered threatened on the basis of exploitation of its timber and habitat loss throughout its

range causing population declines.

Distribution: Guinea; Sierra Leone; Liberia; Côte d'Ivoire; Ghana. Over 20 sites known.

Tonkolili: Riverine forest – one tree in fruit found in Farangbeya river forest.



57



Cryptosepalum tetraphyllum (Hook.f.) Benth. (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae)

IUCN: Vulnerable VU A1c, B1+2c (Hawthorne 1998). A rare forest species, threatened by habitat decline

throughout its range.

Distribution: Guinea; Sierra Leone; Liberia; Côte d’Ivoire; Ghana. Over 20 sites known, the majority in Sierra

Leone.

Habitat: Tree of wet forest and along riverine fringes in drier forest types.

Tonkolili: Hillslope forest – Simbili Forest, 14 trees over 10cm dbh and many saplings present in plot 9; several

trees in Kegbema Forest; several small groves of this species in the degraded forest of Farngbeya Forest

Reserve. Riverine forest – single tree recorded in riverine fringe between Wandugu and Foraia in proposed tailings

option 4.

Note: although clearly rare, the assessment of VU under criterion B would no longer stand if reassessed; however,

the assessment of VU under criterion A appears correct. This is an important component of the remnant forests in

the Project area and must be considered a key species for any proposed forest restoration schemes.



Dactyladenia smeathmannii (Baill.) Prance & F.White (Chrysobalanaceae)

IUCN: Not currently assessed. On the basis of current evidence, this subspecies would qualify as Endangered

under criterion B2ab(iii). A very rare species, with only 5 previous collections known, the 4 Sierra Leone

specimens being historic, two without precise locality. The current site is threatened by alteration of the Tonkolili

River system due to the proposed mining activity.

Distribution: Sierra Leone (3 known sites); Liberia (1 site).

Habitat: Tree of forest; in Liberia recorded from secondary growth and on almost bare rock but at Tonkolili

restricted to undisturbed riverine forest.

Tonkolili: Riverine forest – 3 flowering trees E of Farangbeya; a single flowering tree W of Foraia in proposed

tailings option 4.

Note: this species may prove to be more common along the Tonkolili River than currently documented as it was

not targetted as of high conservation concern during the Nov-Dec survey. A full survey of its status in the Project

area is therefore recommended as a first step. Care should be taken to separate this species from other closely

related Dactyladenia spp.



58



Dialium pobeguinii Pellegr. (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae)

IUCN: Not currently assessed. On the basis of current evidence, this subspecies would certainly qualify as

Vulnerable under criterion B2ab(iii) but may well qualify as Endangered under criterion A. This is a rare species

restricted to a very few localities. The current site is threatened by alteration of the Tonkolili River system due to

the proposed mining activity.

Distribution: Guinea (2 sites); Sierra Leone (4 sites).

Habitat: Tree restricted to riverine forest.

Tonkolili: Riverine forest – disturbed forest along the Tonkolili River in proposed tailings option 1, a single c. 12 m

high tree recorded to date.

Note: Most of the historic collections are from the Njala area; this area should be revisited to check if it is still

extant there. A survey of this species’ abundance along the Tonkolili River should be conducted.



Dilophotriche sp. ?nov. (Gramineae)

IUCN: Not currently assessed, with confirmation of the status of this species needed prior to further assessment;.

Distribution: Sierra Leone, apparently restricted to the Southern Sula Mts.

Habitat: A perennial grass of seasonal wet flushes on hillslope grassland.

Tonkolili: Seasonally wet grassland – a single sizable population in an area c. 20 × 20 m on the slopes of

Sakonke Hill.

Note: the single known site is not on the mine deposits and is actually outside the wider concession area.

However, it is quite possible that this species also occurs on the mine site - the wet flushes were drying out at the

time of the visit and flowering can end abruptly at the onset of the dry season; grasses are largely impossible to

identify when lacking flowers and fruits hence it may have been missed if not flowering e.g. on the flushes S and

SE of Marampon; this area should be thoroughly checked for this species.



59



Drypetes afzelii (Pax) Hutch. (Euphorbiaceae / Putranjavaceae)

IUCN: Vulnerable VU A1c, B1+2c (Hawthorne 1998). An uncommon species that has suffered from general

declines in its habitat because of mining, logging and commercial forestry activities.

Distribution: Sierra Leone (12 sites); Liberia (2 sites); Côte d'Ivoire (4 sites); Ghana (no. of sites unknown).

Habitat: Shrub or small (to medium) tree of wet evergreen forest, generally along rivers.

Tonkolili: Hillslope forest - several records from Kegbema Forest including disturbed areas; four small trees in plot

12.

Note: the assessment of VU under criterion B would no longer stand if reassessed; however, the assessment of

VU under criterion A may be correct; it is certainly a local species with Sierra Leone being the most important

country.



Entandrophragma cylindricum (Sprague) Sprague (Meliaceae)

IUCN: Vulnerable VU A1cd (Hawthorne 1998). A prime timber species, exploited heavily throughout its range.

Large-scale depletion of mature individuals from populations has taken place in some countries.

Distribution: Sierra Leone; Côte d'Ivoire; Ghana; Togo; Nigeria; Cameroon; Gabon; Congo-Brazzaville; D.R.

Congo; Uganda; Angola. Known from many collections.

Habitat: A canopy tree of forest, often in drier, semi-deciduous forest types.

Tonkolili: Hillslope forest – one tree to 40 m tall in Simbili Forest.

Note: as this is such a widespread species, it is considered by us to be of lower conservation priority to those

species assessed as VU under criterion B.



60



Eriocaulon sp. nov. (Eriocaulaceae)

IUCN: Not currently assessed. Based upon current knowledge, this species would qualify as Critically

Endangered CR B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii) if it is confirmed as a distinct species. The single locality is threatened by

changes in run-off quantity and reduced water clarity and oxygen-content if/when the mining operations go ahead.

It would be completely lost if proposed tailings option 4 were adopted.

Distribution: Sierra Leone, apparently restricted to the Southern Sula Mts.

Habitat: A rheophyte growing within river rapids, the foliage often submerged with only the inflorescence exposed

above the water surface.

Tonkolili: River channel community – a single population found in the river E of Farangbeya. The collection made

by Crisp c. 50 years ago is believed to be from the same locality.

Note: it is essential that the status of this species is confirmed as soon as possible; if as expected it proves to be a

new species, all efforts must be made to protect the Tonkolili River from increased disturbance. It should also be

sought for in the southern section of proposed tailings option 4.



Garcinia kola Heckel (Clusiaceae)

IUCN: Vulnerable VU A2cd (Cheek 2004). A widespread but local species, threatened by over-exploitation for use

as chewsticks (dental hygiene) and over-harvesting of the medicinal seeds (bitter cola).

Distribution: Sierra Leone; Liberia; Côte d'Ivoire; Ghana; Benin; Cameroon; Gabon; D.R. Congo.

Habitat: Tree of evergreen forest.

Tonkolili: Hillslope forest – one record from Simbili Forest; frequent in Kegbema Forest, where the fruits are

harvested by the local community.

Note: This species could be used within a forest restoration programme in view of its value to local communities.



61



Gilbertiodendron aylmeri (Hutch. & Dalz.) J.Léonard (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae)

IUCN: Not currently assessed. On the basis of current evidence, this subspecies would qualify as Vulnerable

under criterion B2ab(iii) but may well qualify as Endangered under criterion A2c. It is a rare and very localised

species and is likely to have experienced a serious range decline due to habitat loss.

Distribution: Sierra Leone (5 sites); Liberia (1 site).

Habitat: A grove-forming canopy tree of wet forest.

Tonkolili: Riverine forest – at least 44 trees found in 3 groups in Farangbeya riverine forest; many in fruit.

Note: This is an important species of the Tonkolili riverine forest and in view of its rarity this should be a high

conservation priority in the Project area.



Guarea cedrata (A.Chev.) Pellegrin (Meliaceae)

IUCN: Vulnerable VU Alc (World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998). A timber species with moderate

exploitation; it has also suffered declines due to its similarity to the prime timber tree Entandrophragma angolense.

Distribution: Sierra Leone; Liberia; Côte d'Ivoire; Ghana; Nigeria; Cameroon; Congo-Brazzaville; D.R. Congo;

Uganda.

Habitat: A canopy tree of moist semi-deciduous forest and in drier areas of evergreen forest; it can be locally

abundant.

Tonkolili: Hillslope forest – 3 trees in plot 12 in Kegbema Forest, 1 tree in plot 9 in Simbili Forest.

Note: as this is such a widespread and locally common species, it is considered by us to be of lower conservation

priority to those species assessed as VU under criterion B.



62



Guibourtia leonensis J.Léonard (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae)

IUCN: Not currently assessed. On the basis of current evidence, this subspecies would qualify as Vulnerable

under criterion B2ab(iii) but may well qualify as Endangered under criterion A2c. It is a very rare species and is

likely to have experienced a serious range decline due to habitat loss. Part of the population on the Project area

will be lost if/when the SImbili-Marampon deposits are mined.

Distribution: Guinea Bissau (1 site); Guinea (1 site); Sierra Leone (3 sites); Liberia (1 site); Côte d'Ivoire; Ghana;

Nigeria; Cameroon; Congo-Brazzaville; D.R. Congo; Uganda.

Habitat: A canopy tree of moist semi-deciduous forest and in drier areas of evergreen forest; it can be locally

abundant.

Tonkolili: Hillslope forest – saddle between Simbili and Marampon (1 tree seen); Kegbema forest (2 trees seen).

Riverine forest – Tonkolili river at Farangbeya (2 trees seen). All fruiting.

Note: As for the Gilbertiodendron, this should be considerd a high conservation priority species at the Project area

and it is essential to look for additional secure populations.



Hallea stipulosa (DC.) Leroy (Rubiaceae)

IUCN: Vulnerable VU A1cd (World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998). An important timber species, overexploited in many areas.

Distribution: Gambia; Senegal; Guinea; Sierra Leone; Ghana; Nigeria;Cameroon; Gabon; Central African

Republic; Congo-Brazzaville; D.R. Congo; Sudan; Uganda; Zambia; Angola.

Habitat: Tree of swamp forest, also growing as a pioneer in open valley swamps including areas cultivated for

rice.

Tonkolili: Inland valley swamp – foot of Numbara peak, numerous in small swamp; common as a pioneer tree in

valley swamps in proposed tailings option 5

Note: this species grows as a common pioneer in all valley swamps in this area of Sierra Leone and in view of this

fact, together with its broad distribution, its threatened status must be questioned. It is not considered to be a high

conservation priority here.



63



Heritiera utilis (Sprague) Sprague (Sterculiaceae)

IUCN: Vulnerable VU A1cd (Hawthorne 1998). A timber species, threatened by unsustainably high extraction

rates.

Distribution: Sierra Leone; Liberia; Côte d'Ivoire; Ghana; Gabon.

Habitat: Canopy tree usually in evergreen forest where it can be common.

Tonkolili: Hillslope forest – Bantho Hill (1 tree seen). Riverine forest - Farangbeya river forest (1 tree seen).



Leptoderris micrantha Dunn (Leguminosae–Papilionoideae)

IUCN: Not currently assessed. On the basis of current evidence, this subspecies would qualify as Endangered EN

B2ab(iii). Despite its wide distribution, it appears to be extremely rare and is threatened by habitat loss.

Distribution: Sierra Leone (1 site); Ghana (1 site); Nigeria (2 sites).

Habitat: A liana of forest and thicket including riverine forest.

Tonkolili: Riverine forest – several lianas seen east of Farangbeya in strip of forest along river bank, collected in

flower.

Note: This is the first record for Sierra Leone, representing a major range expansion for this rarity.



64



Nauclea didderrichii (De Wild. & T.Durand) Merrill (Rubiaceae)

IUCN: VU A1cd (African Regional Workshop (Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees,

Zimbabwe)1998). It is heavily exploited for its timber, which is used in general construction work.

Distribution: Sierra Leone; Liberia; Côte d'Ivoire; Ghana; Nigeria; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Gabon;

Congo-Brazzaville; D.R. Congo; Angola; Uganda; Mozambique.

Habitat: An evergreen forest tree.

Tonkolili: Hillslope forest – one large tree seen in Kegbema forest.



Nemum bulbostyloides (S.S.Hooper) J.Raynal (Cyperaceae)

IUCN: Not currently assessed. Based upon current knowledge, this species would qualify as Vulnerable VU

B2ab(i, ii, iii, iv, v). It is a rare submontane species, restricted to the Guinea (Loma-Man) Highlands. The current

site and two sites in the Simandou area of Guinea are directly threatened by planned mining activity.

Distribution: Guinea (6 sites); Sierra Leone (1 site); Liberia (1 site); Côte d'Ivoire (2 sites).

Habitat: Perennial herb of seasonal wet flushes over rock outcrops or laterite.

Tonkolili: Seasonally wet grassland – locally common in an area of seasonal wet grassland SE of Marampon Hill

but entirely absent from the well-surveyed seepage area on the S slope of that hill.

Note: This is the first record of this species from Sierra Leone.



65



Panicum glaucocladum C.E.Hubb. (Gramineae)

IUCN: Not currently assessed. Based upon current knowledge, this species would qualify as Vulnerable VU

B2ab(i, ii, iii, iv, v), being known from fewer than 10 sites and with direct threat to the Tonkolili site.

Distribution: Guinea (1 site); Sierra Leone (4 sites); Liberia (1 site); Côte d'Ivoire (2 sites).

Habitat: An annual grass of seasonal wet flushes, growing on shallow bare mud over bedrock.

Tonkolili: Seasonally wet grassland – one large population in a small seepage area on S slopes of Marampon.

Note: Several collections have been made from the Loma Mts where it is unlikely to be threatened.



Pavetta platycalyx Bremek.

IUCN: Not currently assessed. Based upon current knowledge, this species would qualify as Vulnerable VU

B2ab(iii), the principal threat being destruction of its forest habitat.

Distribution: Guinea-Bissau (1 site); Guinea (2 sites); Sierra Leone (2 known sites); Côte d'Ivoire (2 sites).

Habitat: An understorey shrub of wet forest.

Tonkolili: Hillslope forest – common in the remnant forest patch on Bantho Hill N of the Farangbeya Forest

Reserve.

Note: This species has not so far been found on the potential mine footprint area, being apparently absent from

the Simbili and Kegbema forests which is curious in view of the proximity of these sites to Bantho hill.



66



Placodiscus oblongifolius J.B.Hall (Sapindaceae)

IUCN: Vulnerable VU A1c, B1+2c (Hawthorne 1998). A local species (though apparently fairly common in

Ghana), much of this species’ habitat has been lost to mining, logging and commercial forestry.

Distribution: Sierra Leone (1 site); Liberia (3 sites); Côte d'Ivoire (5 sites); Ghana (3 sites at Kew).

Habitat: Tree of wet evergreen forest.

Tonkolili: Hillslope forest – a single tree 12 m tall in plot 12, Kegbema forest.

Note: This is the first record of this species for Sierra Leone and as it is based on a sterile collection, it requires

confirmation. However, the range extension to SL is not unexpected. This species can no longer be considered VU

under criterion B but its assessment of VU based on criterion A is reasonable.



Placodiscus pseudostipularis Radlk. (Sapindaceae)

IUCN: Endangered EN B1+2c (Hawthorne 1998) – but see note. Losses of its favoured habitats of lowland

coastal and riverine forest have been severe. Hawthorne & Jongkind (2006) however record it as a “common small

tree…across the region”.

Distribution: Sierra Leone (6 sites); Liberia (1 site); Côte d'Ivoire (4 sites); Ghana (1 site).

Habitat: A small tree of wet forest, typically in coastal forest remnants and in riverine forest.

Tonkolili: Hillslope forest – a single tree 6 m tall in plot 12, Kegbema forest.

Note: Although currently listed as Endangered, this species no longer qualifies as such under criterion B and in

fact would not be considered threatened if reassessed under that criterion; however, it can reasonably considered

as Vulnerable under criterion A.



67



Pseudovigna sp. nov. (Leguminoae–Papilionoideae)

IUCN: Not currently assessed. Based upon current knowledge, this species would qualify as Endangered EN

B1ab(i, ii, iii, iv, v)+B2ab(i, ii, iii, iv, v). It appears to be restricted to the Sula Mts, with two of the three sites found

to date being directly on the potential mine deposits.

Distribution: Sierra Leone, apparently restricted to the Southern Sula Mts.

Habitat: A perennial herb of hill-summit lightly wooded fire-prone grassland with exposed iron-rich bedrock.

Tonkolili: Natural (wooded) grassland – 3 populations currently known: Numbara peak, estimated population of

several hundred plants; Marampon peak, only one plant found; Sakonke Hill, population survey recorded 99 plants

(but almost certainly not exhaustive).

Note: The successful location of this species on Sakonke Hill bodes well for its discovery on other similar sites

along the Sula Mts chain.



Schizachyrium lomaense A.Camus (Gramineae)

IUCN: Not currently assessed. On the basis of current evidence, this subspecies would qualify as Endangered

under criterion B2ab(iii). Previously known only from Mt Bintumane and a single site in the Tingi Mts, Sierra Leone.

The site on the Project area would be destroyed by the proposed mining.

Distribution: Sierra Leone (3 sites).

Habitat: Perennial grass of wet flushes in montane and submontane grassland.

Tonkolili: Seasonally wet grassland – a small population in the seepage area on the S slopes of Marampon.

Note: This species has previously been recorded from higher altitude sites – it is likely to be a submontane

species that just extends into the highest parts of the Sula Mts. This must be considered a high priority

conservation species.



68



Schoenoplectiella oxyjulos (S.S.Hooper) Lye (Cyperaceae)

IUCN: Not currently assessed. Based upon current knowledge, this species would qualify as Vulnerable VU

B2ab(iii). Although very widespread, it is very rare, being known from less than 10 sites globally. The Tonkolili site

would be destroyed by the proposed mining activity.

Distribution: Guinea (2 sites); Sierra Leone (2 sites); Nigeria (2 sites); Cameroon (1 site); Central African

Republic (?1 site); Sudan (1 site).

Habitat: Annual herb of seasonal wet flushes over rock outcrops or laterite.

Tonkolili: Seasonally wet grassland – common in a small (c. 10 × 15 m) seasonal wetland on summit of Numbara

Hill.

Note: it is possible that further sites for this species will be uncovered following a visit to the Paris herbarium,

which may result in a down-grading to Near Threatened (NT). It is an inconspicuous species which could be easily

overlooked in the field, perhaps contributing to its apparent scarcity.



Terminalia ivorensis A.Chev. (Combretaceae)

IUCN: Vulnerable VU A1cd (Hawthorne 1998). A timber species, with moderate exploitation in some areas.

Distribution: Guinea; Sierra Leone; Liberia; Côte d’Ivoire; Ghana; Nigeria; Cameroon.

Habitat: Tree of wet forest, often in secondary forest and forest remnants.

Tonkolili: Riverine forest – recorded from degraded swampy forest at foot of Numbara peak where this species is

rather frequent with evidence of regeneration.

Note: this species is assessed as VU purely down to its commercial interest; at Tonkolili it has only been found in

degraded habitat, growing as a pioneer and is not considered of high conservation priority.

9



69



Turraeanthus africanus (Welw.) Pellegr. (Meliaceae)

IUCN: Vulnerable VU A1cd (African Regional Workshop (Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees,

Zimbabwe)1998). A widespread timber species, with exploitation resulting in declining populations in some areas.

Distribution: Sierra Leone; Côte d'Ivoire; Ghana; Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea; D.R. Congo;

Uganda; Angola.

Habitat: Canopy tree of forest, often in semi-deciduous forests on poorly drained soils.

Tonkolili: Hillslope forest – a single 20 m tree recorded in Kegbema forest plot 12.

Note: as this is such a widespread species, it is considered by us to be of lower conservation priority to those

species assessed as VU under criterion B.



70



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PHASE 1 ESHIA



APPENDIX 10

Report on the Vegetation Map of the Tonkolili Project Area



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project



Report on the Vegetation Map of the

Tonkolili Project Area



305000-00006 – 305000-00006-0000-EN-REP-0016

21-Apr-2010



Parkview, Great West Road

Brentford Middlesex TW8 9AZ London

United Kingdom

Telephone: +44 (0) 20 8326 5000

Facsimile: +44 (0) 20 8710 0220

www.worleyparsons.com



© Copyright 2010 WorleyParsons



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

REPORT ON THE VEGETATION MAP OF THE TONKOLILI PROJECT AREA

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Disclaimer

This report has been prepared on behalf of and for the exclusive use of African Minerals Limited,

and is subject to and issued in accordance with the agreement between African Minerals Limited

and WorleyParsons Europe Limited. WorleyParsons Europe Limited accepts no liability or

responsibility whatsoever for it in respect of any use of or reliance upon the whole or any part of

the contents of this report by any third party.

Copying this report without the express written permission of African Minerals Limited or

WorleyParsons Europe Limited is not permitted.



PROJECT 305000-00006 - REPORT ON THE VEGETATION MAP OF THE TONKOLILI PROJECT AREA

REV



DESCRIPTION



A



Issued for Internal Review



ORIG



REVIEW



WORLEYPARSONS

APPROVAL



P Burris



P Burris



N/A



DATE



21-Apr-2010



c:\documents and settings\alinne.hoffner\desktop\tonkolili project template_report.doc

Document No: 305000-00006-0000-EN-REP-0016 Page ii



CLIENT

APPROVAL



N/A



DATE



REPORT ON THE VEGETATION MAP OF THE

TONKOLILI PROJECT AREA, SIERRA LEONE



Justin Moat, Iain Darbyshire & Xander van der Burgt

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew



CONFIDENTIAL



March 2010



“Tonkolili” Vegetation Map and Botanical Survey. March 2010. RBG Kew



REPORT ON THE VEGETATION MAP OF THE TONKOLILI PROJECT

AREA, SIERRA LEONE

March 2010

PREPARED FOR:

SRK Consulting (UK) Limited / African Minerals Limited

PREPARED BY:

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS:

Justin Moat, Iain Darbyshire and Xander van der Burgt. RBG, Kew



EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:

This report presents the vegetation map for the Tonkolili project area and the wider Tonkolili region,

together with summary information on each of the vegetation classes and their conservation

importance, and an assessment of the confidence limits of the classification. It supplements the

earlier “Report on the Vegetation Survey & Botanical Inventory of the Tonkolili Project Area, Sierra

Leone” (Darbyshire & van der Burgt 2009).

Within the main study area (the deposits Numbara, Marampon and Simbili and the adjacent

potential tailings and infrastructure localities), less than 2% of the total vegetation is classified as

forest despite this being the putative climax vegetation of the region. Less than 7% of the area is

covered by vegetation of high conservation value, with a further 0.6% covered by habitat of

moderate conservation value; these figures are comparable for the wider Tonkolili region. Over

90% of the vegetation is considered to be of low conservation value, the majority being a mosaic of

secondary grassland, bushland and woodland derived from cyclical slash-and-burn agriculture.

This report is presented as a pdf document with the associated GIS data.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

The authors would like to thank the following people for their input during the preparation of this

report and accompanying maps: Susana Baena, Martin Cheek, Tracy Irvine and Gemma Marchant

(RBG Kew); Abdulai Feika and Matthew James (Njala University); Kabbie Kanu and Julius Sesay

(Fourah Bay College); Paul Mitchell, Emily Robinson and Craig Watt (SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd.).



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“Tonkolili” Vegetation Map and Botanical Survey. March 2010. RBG Kew



1. INTRODUCTION

This report provides a written accompaniment to the vegetation maps of the Tonkolili project area.

It concludes the botanical aspects of Phase 2b of the Tonkolili project biodiversity studies,

commissioned by SRK Consulting (UK) Limited on behalf of African Minerals Limited. This report

supplements “Report on the Vegetation Survey & Botanical Inventory of the Tonkolili Project Area,

Sierra Leone” by Darbyshire & van der Burgt (2010) and should be read in conjunction with that

work, although key points from the earlier report are summarised here where appropriate.

The vegetation classification and associated maps fulfil the following deliverables of the Phase 2b

work:

 To provide a detailed characterisation of vegetation types at the project site.

 To provide description and mapping of the habitats of conservation concern.



2. METHODOLOGY

2.1



DATA DESCRIPTION



The main source of data for mapping the vegetation in the Tonkolili project area is a satellite image

from the SPOT family of satellites, tailored to meet the mapping demands. A single multispectral

satellite image (three bands in the visible and near infra red) from HRG – SPOT 5 was acquired

from the SPOT Archive (January 2008, http://www.spotimage.com/) to cover the main area at 5 m

resolution (see Map 1). The image was pre-processed for radiometric corrections and rectified to

UTM WGS 84 (Zone 29 north). This should provide location accuracy to 50 m or better.

A further SPOT image was also purchased from the archive for March 2006, at 20 m resolution

(see Figure 1). This image was to be used to fill in any gaps in the data due to cloud cover on the

2008 image. Ultimately, it was not used for two reasons: first, the cloud cover on the 2008 image

did not impact greatly on the main project area and second, the change in vegetation cover was

significant over the 2 year period.



Figure 1: 2006 SPOT image of the Tonkolili region, 20 m resolution.



In addition to field survey work, the aerial photograph mosaic from March 2009 at 20 cm resolution

was used to provide some ground control and for locational accuracy.

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“Tonkolili” Vegetation Map and Botanical Survey. March 2010. RBG Kew



An ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) derived Digital

Elevation Model (DEM) was additionally used in the classification.



2.2



VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION SCHEME



The vegetation classification system adopted is a combined physiognomic-floristic approach which

describes both the vegetation structure and floristic composition (modified from White 1983). The

physiognomic method, looking at the dominant vegetation formation, makes the system easily

recognisable in the field and relates to spectral response from satellite images, which makes the

mapping phase feasible. The physiognomic types are then related to the floristic composition and

key environmental variables to fully describe and characterise the vegetation of the area.

The aim was to produce a repeatable classification process, using standard terminology and

discriminating classification units which are ecologically meaningful and easily discernible in the

field. This vegetation classification scheme intends to discriminate the following vegetation types:













Forest

o



Forest on hillslopes



o



Riverine forest



Grassland

o



Hill summit (wooded) grassland



o



Grassland



Bushland

o



Mature secondary bushland / woodland



o



Secondary bushland / thicket



o



Bushland / grassland transition







Bare earth / sparse grassland







Inland Valley Swamp



Of the vegetation types described in the project area by Darbyshire & van der Burgt (2010), the

River Channel Communities and the Seasonally Wet Grasslands are not mapped here. This is due

in part to their very small areal extent, these sites always being below the minimum mapping unit

area following the map accuracy assessment (see Section 3.3). In addition, it proved impossible to

separate Seasonally Wet Grassland from other grassland communities using GIS and remote

sensing techniques, and we would therefore have had low confidence in any extrapolated areas of

this vegetation class beyond the surveyed sites. Both these vegetation types are of high

conservation concern but together represent only a small fraction of a percentage of the total area

covered. The known Seasonally Wet Grasslands are included as point data on the map of

conservation importance.



2.3



FIELD METHODS



The field survey methods have been outlined in full by Darbyshire & van der Burgt (2010).

The favoured approach to vegetation mapping is to provide an initial GIS-based vegetation

classification using satellite imagery, followed by ground-truthing using pre-selected sampling

localities to cover as wide a range of potential vegetation types and environmental variables as

possible. However, due to both the short timeframe and the unavailability of the SPOT imagery

prior to the field survey period in November-December 2009, this approach could not be adopted.

Instead, the field surveys were conducted using the aerial photograph composite as guidance, with

plots and Ground Control Points (GCPs) being recorded for all the different vegetation types



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“Tonkolili” Vegetation Map and Botanical Survey. March 2010. RBG Kew



observed. These were then used to inform the vegetation classification map. No time has been

available at the time of preparing this report for further ground-truthing of this classification.

It should be noted that accessibility to many areas was limited by the physical terrain, availability of

time and logistics of travel. In addition, sampling effort was different depending on the vegetation

type, giving greater importance to those types considered to have higher conservation value or that

would be most affected by project activities.

Table 1 lists the plots taken in each of the vegetation types considered in this report (also see

Maps 1 and 5):



Plot



Size (m)



T1



10 × 10



T2



10 × 10



T3



10 × 10



T4



12.5 × 50



T5



10 × 10



T6



10 × 10



T7



10 × 80



T8



10 × 10



T9



25 × 25



T10



10 × 10



T11



10 × 10



T12

T13



Vegetation type

Hill summit

grassland

Hill summit

(wooded) grassland

Hill summit

(wooded) grassland

Riverine forest

Hill summit

(wooded) grassland

Hill summit

(wooded) grassland

(disturbed)

Hill summit

(wooded) grassland

Secondary bushland

/ thicket

Forest on hillslopes



Locality

Numbara summit ridge

Numbara south facing slope of

summit ridge

Numbara south facing slope of

summit ridge

Tonkolili River east of

Farangbeya

Marampon, ridge northwest of

summit

Marampon summit ridge



Numbara, north section of

summit ridge

West slopes of saddle between

Numbara and Marampon

Simbili west slopes



25 × 25



Mature secondary

bushland / woodland

Secondary bushland

/ thicket

Forest on hillslopes



West slopes of saddle between

Numbara and Marampon

West slopes of saddle between

Numbara and Marampon

Southwest of Kegbema village



25 x 25



Riverine forest



Tonkolili River southwest of

Bassaia village



Geo-reference and altitude

0901’39.0” N 1140’07.1” W

800 m

0901’48.4” N 1139’54.5” W

770 m

0901’48.2” N 1139’54.1” W

760 m

0859’09.6” N 1142’09.8” W

340 m

0859’46.1” N 1140’55.3” W

670 m

0859’47.1” N 1140’49.9” W

690 m

0901’56.4” N 1139’51.9” W

760 m

0859’05.6” N 1141’21.6” W

570 m

0858’36.2” N 1141’21.7” W

770 m

0859’15.3” N 1141’26.3” W

470 m

0859’10.9” N 1141’42.5” W

430 m

0900’25.7” N 1142’05.6” W

430 m

08°56’54.5’’ N 11°46’07.0’’ W

125 m



Table 1: summary of vegetation survey plots (adapted from Darbyshire & van der Burgt 2009).



2.4



DATA ANALYSIS



2.4.1 REMOTE SENSING ANALYSIS

No additional geometric corrections have been applied to the satellite images (supplied at Level

2A); they have been provided in UTM WGS 84 zone 29N and image analysis was carried out using

this projection to avoid losing data integrity by resampling.

After an initial supervised classification using the SPOT5 image to explore the separability, it

became obvious that some vegetation types could not be easily distinguished spectrally. The main

problems were with the separation of forest from mature bushland / woodland (which grade into

one another). To aid classification, two further bands were added to the SPOT image; these were

two texture images derived from the SPOT infra red and red bands (Variability for a 7x7 pixel area)

which showed the variability in the pixels of the surrounding area (i.e. the higher the number, the

more textured/bumpy the image). This allowed some of the forest areas to be distinguished (as



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“Tonkolili” Vegetation Map and Botanical Survey. March 2010. RBG Kew



these areas are more textured) and also emphasised the more homogenous area (e.g. roads and

areas of bushland).

A supervised classification procedure was applied to a subset of the image (the main study area:

the 3 deposits Numbara, Marampon and Simbili and the adjacent potential tailings and

infrastructure localities) using a maximum likelihood algorithm and training data collected in the first

phase of field work.

The scheme used for this classification tried to separate the 8 broad classes defined in the

vegetation classification scheme.





Hill summit grassland did not present a significantly distinctive spectral signature (from

other grassland types), therefore the threshold for this vegetation type was set at 630

metres and above (defined from fieldwork observations) and the classification refined using

a digital elevation model.







Riverine forest also did not present a distinctive spectral signature (from hillslope forest;

this was as expected), but was delimited as forests within 60–90 metres of rivers and

streams (digitised separately). Note: on the maps we have a category called inferred

riverine forest; this is inferred from a combination of river position and fieldwork

observations, as the cloud cover in this region is too high for use of the SPOT imagery.







Inland valley swamps were very difficult to distinguish from secondary bushland and from

the grassland / bushland transition. As there was very little of this vegetation class in the

study area, these were digitised separately and manually.



Areas with cloud cover in the south western part of the image and their associated shadows

provide incorrect reflectance values and disrupted the classification. The main cloud areas were

therefore classified out for the region. There are still areas of haze in the valleys; this again results

in incorrect reflectance values and will disrupt the classification in this area (we note an over

classification of mature bushland in this area; it is more likely to be secondary bushland). These

areas have been left as the algorithm classified, but it should be understood that results here

should be treated as less certain (see Figure 3).

To avoid the “salt-and-pepper” appearance of the pixel-based classified image and to give a more

readable final vegetation map, the original satellite image was run through a segmentation

algorithm, grouping original pixels into segments according to their spectral similarity. The original

pixel-based supervised classification was then used to assign classes to the segmented image.

(see: http://www.idrisi.com/applications/upload/Segmentation-IDRISI-Focus-Paper.pdf).

To test the accuracy of the finalised map, 232 random points were generated for the area. These

were then classified by one of the authors (I.D.) based upon field knowledge and use of the March

2009 aerial photograph composite and SPOT images for the region. Results are given in Section

3.3.

The same analysis was applied to the wider region to give an indication of the vegetation in the

surrounding areas, including the northern sector of the mining exploration license area. It should be

noted that there are no Ground Control Points (GCPs) in these areas, so results are conjectural at

present.



3. RESULTS

3.1



OVERVIEW OF THE VEGETATION



The vegetation of the Tonkolili region is mapped in Maps 2 and 3. The area is dominated by a

mosaic of grassland and bushland / woodland habitats which are predominantly secondary in

nature and which grade into one another, thus classification into discrete vegetation units can be

difficult.

Comparison of the 2008 SPOT image with the 2009 aerial photo composite shows that a

remarkable amount of vegetation change has occurred in the Tonkolili region within one year; this

is also true based on a comparison of the 2006 and 2008 SPOT images. In particular, large areas

of woody vegetation (chiefly secondary bushland and woodland) has been converted to grassland,

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“Tonkolili” Vegetation Map and Botanical Survey. March 2010. RBG Kew



almost certainly through slash-and-burn agricultural practices. This may well be typical of the

natural cycling of land from subsistence agricultural land to fallow bushland and back, though it

may also in part reflect the increased migration into the region following the commencement of

mining interest.

In view of this rapid change it should be noted that the precise boundaries of vegetation types

represented on the maps may, in some instances, no longer be the same on the ground, but the

overall picture (that of highly restricted natural vegetation types within a mosaic of secondary

vegetation) remains the same.

Table 2 provides a summary of the areal extent of each vegetation type, with Figure 2 showing the

proportional breakdown for the whole region. Areas and proportional breakdowns are also given for

cloud cover and water (see figure 3 for boundaries of main study are and whole region).

Whole Region

(ha)



NAME



Whole

Region (%)



Main study

area (ha)



Main study

area (%)



Forest on hillslopes



591



0.65



313



0.88



Riverine forest



303



0.33



201



0.56



Inferred riverine forest



372



0.41



102



0.29



17,881



19.63



6,398



17.96



4,870



5.35



1,789



5.02



Secondary bushland / thicket



20,206



22.18



9,199



25.82



Mature secondary bushland /

woodland



14,104



15.48



6,989



19.62



Bushland / grassland transition



12,056



13.24



6,321



17.74



Bare earth/sparse grassland



8,053



8.84



2,522



7.08



Inland Valley Swamp



1,220



1.34



221



0.62



175



0.19



110



0.31



11,259



12.36



1,463



4.11



Grassland

Hill summit grassland



Water

Cloud cover



Table 2: Summary of the area and percentage cover for each class on the vegetation map, both for the main

study area and the wider Tonkolili region (note: values may not add to 100% due to rounding).



Map 4 presents the potential conservation importance of habitats in the region, each vegetation

class being assigned High, Medium or Low importance based upon field survey work (see

Darbyshire & van der Burgt 2010). In all areas beyond those visited on the ground, the maximum

conservation importance for that vegetation class is assumed, for example all forest on hillslopes

and all hill summit grassland is recorded as of High importance. In reality, this will of course vary

depending on presence / absence of key species of conservation concern, degree of disturbance

etc. For the sites visited, the conservation importance has been adjusted to reflect knowledge of

the sites. For example, the summit grasslands on Simbili have been downgraded to low importance

as they are disturbed and Pseudovigna sp. nov. (the key conservation priority in this habitat) has

not been found there.



3.2



DESCRIPTION OF THE VEGETATION TYPES



The vegetation types and the species of conservation concern for each have been described in full

by Darbyshire & van der Burgt (2010) with accompanying photographs and details of their

conservation significance; here, we provide summary information on each type, with:





Areal coverage for the main study area and for the whole SPOT scene (ha & %).







Locality and physical geography i.e. elevation range, aspect, slope.







Remote Sensing classification.

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“Tonkolili” Vegetation Map and Botanical Survey. March 2010. RBG Kew







Vegetation physiognomy / structure.







Dominant and important species.







Influential factors and threats.







Conservation importance.



Figure 2: pie chart of vegetation types for the wider Tonkolili region, excluding area of cloud cover



3.2.1 FOREST ON HILLSLOPES

Statistics

Very small area: c. 590 ha for the wider region and 310 ha (less than 1%) for the main study area.

Locality and physical geography

Often either (1) in the vicinity of villages, these being community forests / sacred groves, or (2) on

hillslopes and ridge summits, in areas rather inaccessible to humans or unfavourable to agriculture.

Remote Sensing classification

This vegetation type can often be confused with the bushland classes, especially mature

secondary bushland / woodland. Some of the vegetation classified as mature bushland may

therefore possibly be forest or have some remnant forest elements. Within the images, forest has a

rough texture.

Vegetation physiognomy/structure

Forest with (partially) closed canopy c. 30 m tall, understory of small trees, shrubs and forest floor

herbs.

Dominant and important species

The canopy layer comprises a diverse range of species with no dominant species, though in some

areas Cryptosepalum tetraphyllum can be locally grove-forming.

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“Tonkolili” Vegetation Map and Botanical Survey. March 2010. RBG Kew



Influential factors and threats

Only very small remnants of this vegetation type, believed to be the climax vegetation of the freedraining areas of the Tonkolili region (with the probable exception of shallow soils on hill summits),

are extant. The remaining sites are usually of cultural significance or used as hunting grounds and

many of the remnants are under continued threat, with evidence of recent fire damage, felling etc.,

particularly along the margins where degradation is clearly evident.

Conservation importance

HIGH or MEDIUM (some of the community forests may be of low conservation importance)



3.2.2 RIVERINE FOREST

Statistics

Very small area: 675 ha (c. 300 classified, 375 inferred) for the wider region and c. 300 (100

classified, 200 inferred) for the main study area (less than 1%).

Locality and physical geography

Within 60–90 m of rivers, often a very narrow strip backing onto agricultural land in the valley floor,

sometimes discontinuous.

Remote Sensing classification

Spatially the same as forest on hillslopes (see Section 3.2.1)., but distinguished by its proximity to

rivers. Whilst this differentiation is perhaps artificial, some minor differences in species composition

justify the separation of the two forest types. Riverine forest can also be confused with the

bushland classes.

Vegetation physiognomy/structure

As for forest on hillslopes.

Dominant and important species

The canopy layer comprises a diverse range of species, including species typical of riverine forest

in West Africa and in some areas grove-forming Caesalpinioid legume species. The understory has

a diverse assemblage of shrubs, small trees and herbs; no species were notably dominant.

Influential factors and threats

Largely as for forest on hillslopes (see above), though these forests would never have occupied a

large total area within the study region.

Conservation importance

HIGH



3.2.3 GRASSLAND

Statistics

Grassland (excluding hill summit grassland – see below) is extensive in the project area, covering

c. 17,900 ha of the wider region and 6,400 ha (approx. 18%) of the main study area.

Locality and physical geography

Recorded from a wide variety of geographical locations, from valley floors to steep hillslopes.

Remote Sensing classification

Spatially very different to all other vegetation types. There is, however, some variability within the

spatial characteristics of this vegetation type which could be mapped, but much of this is probably

down to seasonal changes, most notably burning. Grassland and bare earth / sparse grassland

form a continuum, hence there is potential for mis-classification of this vegetation type.

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“Tonkolili” Vegetation Map and Botanical Survey. March 2010. RBG Kew



Vegetation physiognomy/structure

“Grassland”, as covered here, includes several inter-related vegetation types which are spatially

indistinguishable (see above): (1) “natural” low altitude (wooded) grassland dominated by tall

perennial grasses with scattered woody species; this habitat is usually associated with cattlegrazing areas; (2) secondary grassland, abundant in the early stages of post-agricultural fallow and

again dominated by tall perennial grasses, and (3) subsistence agricultural land – the low intensity

cropping with irregular field boundaries is not readily separable from “natural” grassland through

the satellite imagery.

Dominant and important species

The “natural” low altitude grasslands are dominated by Loudetia and Hyparrhenia spp. widespread

and common in West Africa. Secondary grasslands are typically dominated by Andropogon

tectorum. The agricultural land will hold cereal species such as rice, often inter-mixed with the

same wild grass species as above.

Influential factors and threats

These grasslands are fire-maintained and reliant on human intervention, through slash-and-burn,

domestic livestock grazing etc. Left fallow and unburnt, pioneer woody species will quickly

encroach.

Conservation importance

LOW



3.2.4 HILL SUMMIT (WOODED) GRASSLAND

Statistics

Hill Summit Grassland covers 4,870 ha for the wider region and just under 1,800 ha for the main

study area, approx. 5% in both cases.

Locality and physical geography

Hill summits, ridges and upper slopes over c. 630 m altitude, dominating on thin soils over iron-rich

bedrock which is regularly exposed.

Remote Sensing classification

Spatially the same as grassland but is classified as areas over 630 m altitude.

It should be noted that outside the main study area it is not known if the area mapped as hill

summit grassland is compositionally different from “grassland”, although the Sula Mountains ridge

running north was studied through binoculars from the summit of Numbara and did appear to hold

extensive areas of this vegetation type.

There is some variability within the spatial characteristics of this vegetation type which are again

probably due to seasonal changes, principally burning.

Vegetation physiognomy/structure

Tall (2–3 m) grassland with scattered small trees and with areas of bare ground where the bedrock

is exposed, these with a small annual herbaceous community.

Dominant and important species

This grassland is dominated (70–95%) by Loudetia arundinacea, with few associated grass

species. Only 13 tree species have been recorded, the most common being Pterocarpus

erinaceus.

Influential factors and threats

This habitat is fire-maintained. The most obvious threat (beyond the proposed mining activity) is

encroachment of farming which has occurred on Marampon and particularly Simbili. However, the

very thin soils on Numbara have probably prevented encroachment there.

Conservation importance

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“Tonkolili” Vegetation Map and Botanical Survey. March 2010. RBG Kew



HIGH, but only where (a) Pseudovigna sp. nov. is present and (b) in areas which have not been

degraded by human activity.



3.2.5 SECONDARY BUSHLAND / THICKET

Statistics

Secondary bushland / thicket covers c. 20,200 ha of the wider region and c. 9,200 ha (c. 26%) of

the main study area, this being the most extensive vegetation class.

Locality and physical geography

Recorded from a wide variety of geographical locations, from valley floors to steep hillslopes.

Remote Sensing classification

Secondary bushland / thicket is transitional between the bushland / grassland transition and mature

bushland / woodland (i.e. cut and/or burnt forest) and therefore can be spatially mistaken for these

two classes, but it does have a much more uniform texture than the mature bushland / woodland.

Vegetation physiognomy/structure

A dense thicket of bushes, small trees and lianas, typically 5–10 m tall, with or without a dense

herb layer (depending upon light availability).

Dominant and important species

Pioneer tree species are dominant, notably Dichrostachys cinerea, Anisophyllea laurina, Sterculia

tragacantha and Alchornea cordifolia.

Influential factors and threats

This vegetation class appears to be a phase in the post-fallow vegetation succession. In many

cases it will be temporary, the bushland / thicket being cleared by slash-and-burn. Many of the

woody species show signs of past cutting.

Conservation importance

LOW



3.2.6 MATURE SECONDARY BUSHLAND / WOODLAND

Statistics

Mature secondary bushland / woodland covers c. 14,100 ha for the wider region and 7,000 ha (c.

20%) for the main study area.

Locality and physical geography

Recorded from a variety of geographical locations, though often adjacent to remnant forest

patches.

Remote Sensing classification

Mature secondary bushland / woodland is often as a secondary transition from forest (i.e. cut

and/or burnt forest) or a more mature phase of secondary bushland/thicket and can therefore can

be spatially mistaken for these classes, but it does have a more uniform texture than forest and a

coarser texture than secondary bushland / thicket.

Vegetation physiognomy/structure

As for secondary bushland / thicket, but often taller (to 15 m or more) and often with some forest

elements (remnant trees or fast growing forest pioneers). Undergrowth usually has few herbs due

to dense woody component.

Dominant and important species

As for secondary bushland / thicket.

Influential factors and threats

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“Tonkolili” Vegetation Map and Botanical Survey. March 2010. RBG Kew



As for secondary bushland / thicket.

Conservation importance

LOW



3.2.7 BUSHLAND / GRASSLAND TRANSITION

Statistics

Bushland/grassland transition covers c. 12,000 ha for the wider region and c. 6,300 ha (c. 18%) for

the main study area.

Locality and physical geography

Recorded from a wide variety of geographical locations, from valley floors to steep hillslopes.

Remote Sensing classification

This appears to be a transition vegetation type of low lying bushland mixed within grassland. It can

occasionally be mixed with Inland Valley Swamp.

Vegetation physiognomy/structure

A transitional phase between open grassland / arable land and closed bushland. Some of the

“natural” wooded grassland (almost certainly maintained by cattle grazing) will fall within this

category.

Conservation importance

LOW



3.2.8 INLAND VALLEY SWAMP

Statistics

Inland Valley Swamp covers only 1,220 ha of the wider region and c. 220 ha (less than 1%) of the

main study area.

Locality and physical geography

Located within river / stream valleys, this habitat is frequently encountered only in the south east

portion of the study area, though it is widespread in Sierra Leone.

Remote Sensing classification

Inland Valley Swamp is often confused with bushland/grassland transition. It was therefore digitised

separately and manually. In view of this confusion, it is possible that this habitat type is somewhat

over-represented in the southeastern portion of the region.

Vegetation physiognomy/structure

Typically dominated by herbaceous species, either native wetland species such as sedges, or with

intensive rice cultivation. Woody species are sparse, though it is possible that, left undisturbed,

these sites would eventually revert to woodland or forest.

Dominant and important species

In the areas not given over to rice cultivation (? fallow), a mixed herb community including a variety

of sedge species dominates. The small palm Raphia palma-pinus and the tree Hallea stipulosa are

also common.

Influential factors and threats

Rice farming is common in this habitat; some of these swamps are probably artificially maintained

for this purpose. Drainage or infilling are the main threats.

Conservation importance

MEDIUM

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“Tonkolili” Vegetation Map and Botanical Survey. March 2010. RBG Kew



3.2.9 OTHER CLASSES

3.2.9.1 BARE EARTH / SPARSE GRASSLAND

This class includes a variety of land uses (most notably towns and villages, recently cleared land

for agriculture etc.). Areas of rock outcrops will be of more interest botanically but there are no

significant areas of this on the mine deposits or likely to be impacted by the associated

infrastructure, tailings etc.

This class can be spatially over-represented in areas where there is haze on the imagery.



3.2.10 OTHER CLASSES: NON-VEGETATION

3.2.10.1 CLOUD

Cloud cover distorts the south west section of the 2008 SPOT image.



3.2.10.2 WATER

Very distinct. Represented here by the rivers and by the (then only partially filled) Bumbuna

reservoir.



3.3



MAP ACCURACY ASSESSMENT



Vegetation maps derived from remotely sensed data inevitably contain errors of various types and

degrees. These errors may arise for a number of reasons:





Limited positional accuracy: more likely when the observations are made close to a class

boundary or in a transition zone.







Inability to sample randomly due to accessibility restrictions.







Misinterpretation of classes.







Distortions introduced by data processing and classification techniques.



Therefore, accuracy assessment is an important step in vegetation mapping because estimates of

these errors allows for the assessment of data suitability for a particular application.



3.3.1 POSITIONAL ACCURACY

Positional accuracy is an assessment of the closeness of the location of spatial objects in relation

to their true positions on the earth's surface. When working with satellite images, positional

accuracy is dependent on the geometric corrections applied to the original imagery. The SPOT

image used for the development of this vegetation map was provided at level of processing 2A (the

information about the orbit and altitude of the satellite has been used to geolocate each pixel to the

UTM map projection and referenced to WGS84 ellipsoid). The absolute location accuracy for these

corrected products is usually better than 50 m.

The accuracy of the SPOT imagery was checked against the aerial photographs from 2009;

Unfortunately the accuracy of this imagery is unknown, but the discrepancies between the images

was on average 26 m, with a maximum of 73 m in areas of high elevation change (steep hills or

valleys).



12



“Tonkolili” Vegetation Map and Botanical Survey. March 2010. RBG Kew



Locations in the vegetation map must also be positioned with respect to the mapped vegetation

classes. Therefore, apart from the point location accuracy, it is also necessary to know the

accuracy of the map vegetation boundaries. Working at a resolution of 5 m, and after applying the

segmentation analysis, we have a confidence of 30 m. Consequently the minimum mapping unit

(the smallest vegetation area reported in the map) is approximately 900 metres square (30 × 30

m).



3.3.2 THEMATIC ACCURACY

The thematic accuracy of a vegetation map refers to the extent to which it agrees with a set of

reference data. One of the most common means of expressing this is to produce an error matrix, a

comparison on a category by category basis of the relationship between known reference data and

the corresponding map results.

Reference data has to be independent from the mapping process. It would be usual to do this

assessment with further field work, but as this was impossible within the short timeframe, accuracy

was access using 232 random points generated for the area. These were then classified by one of

the authors (I.D.) from his field knowledge and using the aerial photos and SPOT images for the

region as a reference (see Table 3 below).



Vegetation type

Mature secondary bushland / woodland (1)



1



2

30



Bare earth / sparse grassland (2)



3



4



5



6



9



11



13



90%



16



81%



48



100%



2



43



93%



21



28



75%



48

1



Bushland / grassland transition (5)



7



40



Water (6)



7

2



8



Riverine forest (9)



8



Inland Valley Swamp (11)



10



Hill Summit Grassland (12)

32



13



59



43



%

33



3



Grassland (4)



Totals



12



3



Secondary bushland / thicket (3)



Forest on hillslopes (8)



8



23



7



8



8



10



7



100%



10



80%



8



100%



10



100%



8



8



100%



8



211



Table 3: thematic accuracy test matrix. Note numbers of vegetation types and in bracket are not consecutive

but refer to pixel values in finalisedGIS image.



Note: 21 points within the area dominated by cloud cover were omitted from the accuracy

assessment.

The overall accuracy (number of correctly classified samples divided by the total number of

reference data) yields a result of 91.5 %, which is very high against generally assumed standards

of higher than 80%. However, it should be remembered that this is using the aerial photos and not

on-the-ground observation, so there is the possibility that this accuracy measure is artificially high.

Further, it should be noted that there was much change observed between the 2008 SPOT

imagery and the 2009 aerial photos (most notably the widespread removal of woody vegetation).

Finally, a confidence map was produced which shows the areas where we have high to lower

confidence in the classification (this is only for the main vegetations types and not those derived

from digitising). Confidence is lower outside the main study areas (i.e. those areas for which field

knowledge and GCPs are available) and particularly in the area affected by cloud cover and haze

in the south west portion (see Map 5).



13



“Tonkolili” Vegetation Map and Botanical Survey. March 2010. RBG Kew



3.3.3 OTHER DATASETS

Digital Elevation Model - this was downloaded from the ASTER DEM website at 30 m resolution.

Streams and rivers - the available streams and rivers dataset (Tonkolili_Streams_polyline.shp) was

used on the vegetation map. Whilst this was accurate for the mining deposit sites, it was very crude

(up to 640 m out) for areas outside. Therefore rivers and streams that were needed for the riverine

forests were digitised directly from the SPOT imagery (see Figure 3).



Figure 3: additional datasets used for the Tonkolili vegetation map.



4. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FINE-TUNING THE VEGETATION MAP

1.



Further dataset requirements





Good quality rivers dataset is needed, especially for accurate delimitation of the riverine

forests.







High resolution elevation model.







Meta-data, including positional error, of the 2009 aerial photographs.



2.



Further survey work



The current ground survey is limited both in extent and seasonal coverage (see Darbyshire & van

der Burgt 2010). In particular, ground-truthing is required for:





The northern sector of the mining license area, particularly the extent of hill summit

grassland.

14



“Tonkolili” Vegetation Map and Botanical Survey. March 2010. RBG Kew







3.



The southwest sector which is under cloud cover on the SPOT image.



Vegetation change



Recent vegetation change in the region has been both rapid and widespread as is evident through

comparison of the SPOT imagery for 2008 with the aerial photos for 2009. Monitoring of this

situation is important, particularly for the areas of high conservation importance.



4.



Incorporation of the mine plan into the vegetation map



Including the finalised infrastructure and tailings locations and transport routes.



REFERENCES

Darbyshire, I. & Burgt, X.M. van der (2010). Report on the vegetation survey and botanical

inventory of the Tonkolili Project area, Sierra Leone. Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 8

February 2010.

White F. (1983). The Vegetation of Africa. Natural resource research No. 20 A descriptive memoir

to accompany UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. UNESCO, Paris



15



“Tonkolili” Vegetation Map and Botanical Survey. March 2010. RBG Kew



MAPS TO ACCOMPANY THIS REPORT

Map 1: SPOT imagery 2008 with sample points and ground control points.

Map 2: Regional Vegetation map

Map 3: Main site Vegetation map

Map 4: Potential conservation importance map

Map 5: Classification confidence map with ground control points



16



Map 1: SPOT imagery 2008 with sample points and ground control points.



“Tonkolili” Vegetation Map and Botanical Survey. March 2010. RBG Kew



Map 2: Regional Vegetation map



1



“Tonkolili” Vegetation Map and Botanical Survey. March 2010. RBG Kew



2



Map 3: Main site Vegetation map



“Tonkolili” Vegetation Map and Botanical Survey. March 2010. RBG Kew



Map 4: Potential conservation importance map



3



“Tonkolili” Vegetation Map and Botanical Survey. March 2010. RBG Kew



Map 5: Classification confidence map with ground control points



4



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PHASE 1 ESHIA



APPENDIX 11

Summary of Report, Phase 1 Study of Terrestrial Fauna at Tonkolili Mine Site,

Sierra Leone prepared by the Wildlife Conservation Society



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project



Preliminary Report on Phase 1 - Fauna

Fieldwork - Prepared by SRK



305000-00006 – 305000-00006-0000-EN-REP-0011

08 Apr 2010



Parkview, Great West Road

Brentford Middlesex TW8 9AZ London

United Kingdom

Telephone: +44 (0) 20 8326 5000

Facsimile: +44 (0) 20 8710 0220

www.worleyparsons.com



© Copyright 2010 WorleyParsons



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PRELIMINARY REPORT ON PHASE 1 - FAUNA FIELDWORK - PREPARED BY SRK



TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Disclaimer

This report has been prepared on behalf of and for the exclusive use of African Minerals Limited,

and is subject to and issued in accordance with the agreement between African Minerals Limited

and WorleyParsons Europe Limited. WorleyParsons Europe Limited accepts no liability or

responsibility whatsoever for it in respect of any use of or reliance upon the whole or any part of

the contents of this report by any third party.

Copying this report without the express written permission of African Minerals Limited or

WorleyParsons Europe Limited is not permitted.



PROJECT 305000-00006 - PRELIMINARY REPORT ON PHASE 1 - FAUNA FIELDWORK - PREPARED BY

SRK

REV



DESCRIPTION



A



Issued for Internal Review



ORIG



REVIEW



WORLEYPARSONS

APPROVAL



O Fuertes



P Burris



N/A



DATE



08 Apr 2010



c:\documents and settings\alinne.hoffner\desktop\tonkolili project template_report.doc

Document No: 305000-00006-0000-EN-REP-0011 Page ii



CLIENT

APPROVAL



N/A



DATE



SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd

th

5 Floor Churchill House

17 Churchill Way

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United Kingdom

CF10 2HH

e-mail: cardiff@srk.co.uk

URL: www.srk.co.uk

Tel: + 44 (0)29 20 34 81 50

Fax: + 44 (0)29 20 34 81 99



EXTERNAL MEMORANDUM

TO:



Phil Burris



COPY TO:



Oscar Zarzo



FROM:



Paul Mitchell on behalf of

Craig Watt



SUBJECT:



SRK Memo to Worley Parsons - Preliminary

Report on Phase 1 Fauna Fieldwork



DATE:



30 March 2010



FT



Dear Phil / Oscar

Please find attached the preliminary report on the Phase 1 fauna fieldwork, as prepared by Joe Walston

and colleagues of the Wildlife Conservation Society.



RA



Yours sincerely,

Craig Watt

Principal Environmental Engineer



D



SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd

Tel: +440292348180

Mob: +447841800102

Email: cwatt@srk.co.uk



SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd.

Registered in England and Wales

Reg. No. 1575403



Registered Address:

21 Gold Tops,

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Gwent.

NP9 4PG



Offices in:

Africa

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Australia

North America

South America

United Kingdom



SUMMARY OF REPORT, PHASE 1 STUDY OF TERRESTRIAL FAUNA AT TONKOLILI

MINE SITE, SIERRA LEONE



RA



FT



Joe Walston

Wildlife Conservation Society



D



Graceful Chameleon Chamaeleo gracilis, found near the Nerekoro Sacred Forest



March 2010



THIS REPORT IS PRELIMINARY AND CONFIDENTIAL



Executive Summary

From the literature review and the ground surveys it is clear that populations of most wildlife

species, historically occurring throughout this area of Sierra Leone, are already in an extremely

precarious position. Very few large mammals were encountered, or even reported. The central

plains of Sierra Leone have been heavily modified by man over a large number of years and

while some species of conservation significance do persist, they do so in small numbers and are

fragmented and isolated. The situation is more encouraging for birds, though they are also under

severe pressure.



D



RA



FT



Although the overall project site is highly degraded and has lost key components of biodiversity,

the area retains certain faunal values that are important to conserve and that could be lost

without appropriate planning. Non-location specific recommendations are presented with

respect to protecting and enhancing the remaining habitats of conservation concern, with

additional specific recommendations for the mine area, the transport corridor and the port areas.

Means of addressing indirect impacts and using biodiversity offsets to balance unavoidable

impacts are also discussed. Finally, suggestions for follow-on fauna surveys are presented.







 



1. Introduction

This is a summary of the Phase 1 (rapid assessment) fauna studies for Tonkolili mine, Sierra

Leone. For more information the reader is referred to the full fieldwork report (in preparation).

A ten day survey of fauna and habitat at the Tonkolili Mine Project was undertaken in March

2010 by WCS staff, assisted by local specialists. A total of thirty sites were surveyed in the mine

area, along the transport corridor and in the port areas. Collectively the sites surveyed comprised

key areas for the Early Cash Flow (ECF) project and the Tonkolili project.



FT



The purpose of the survey was to rapidly assess and evaluate the importance of the area for

indigenous fauna, focusing mainly on mammals and birds, but also including herpetofauna, and

to identify opportunities for nature conservation within the full scope of the Tonkolili project,

including provision of a set of recommendations for the avoidance and mitigation of extraction

and transportation-related impacts and possible offsetting opportunities. The findings of the

assessment will also help determine future faunal studies that will be required to characterize the

ecological baseline of the Project area.

2. Methods



RA



Prior to fieldwork a review of published literature, books and (most importantly) ‘grey’ literature

from relevant Environmental Impact Assessments and faunal surveys in Sierra Leone was

completed. The literature review informed the planning and implementation of the fieldwork,

which included visual observations by the WCS team and local specialists, supplemented by

information gathered from ad-hoc village interviews.

3. Limitations and assumptions



D



Due to the rapid nature of the surveys and the wide geographic coverage, investigations in some

areas were cursory, particularly along the transport corridor. In this context, original plans to use

camera-traps, bat nets and spot-lighting techniques were deferred until subsequent (more

detailed) study phases. Survey planning was also hindered by a lack of high resolution satellite or

aerial images for much of the project area.

4. Preliminary results

Preliminary results for the Phase 1 studies are summarised in Table 1 below. Further

information for each location is available in Annex A.







 



Table 1: Preliminary results

Project area



Areas of conservation concern



Mine site and environs



Numbara

Farangbaia Forest Reserve.



D



Coastal areas



Very low numbers of large ungulates (e.g.

African Buffalo) may still persist.



Birds



Birds and amphibians.



FT



RA



Haulage road and corridor



Small patches of village owned

evergreen forest surrounding

mine area.

East of Anbelo Hills in the lower

Tonkolili valley.

Riparian woodland along the

Tonkolili, Rokel and Toka rivers

and their tributaries

Residual pockets of evergreen

forest along watercourse or in

community ‘sacred forests’.

Traditionally managed

agricultural areas near the Rokel

River in the vicinity of Bumbuna

and along the Toka River west

of Makeni and more generally

along the transport corridor.

Small pockets of forest northeast

of Lunsar (junction of existing

railway and proposed haul road)

Tagrin and the Sierra Leone

Estuary



Fauna / habitats of conservation

concern

The globally threatened Sierra Leone Prinia

(a grassland specialist bird species).

Western Chimpanzees are likely to persist

in scattered forest patches at the southern

end of the Reserve.

Smaller wildlife, especially birds (some

Guinea forests).



Confirmed populations of Western

Chimpanzee.

Small freshwater wetland areas in the

peninsula, the fully intertidal areas of the

estuary: the island mangroves, the 'onshore' mangroves, the sand flats, mud flats

and sheltered beaches, together with the

open waters of the natural harbour beyond.



5. Recommendations



Headline recommendations are noted below. Many of these recommendations relate to the

protection and enhancement of habitat that supports fauna of conservation concern, rather than

the fauna species themselves. Further details are available in Annex B.

5.1 General (applicable to all locations)

• Project related activities should be undertaken to a high standard, reflecting international

good practice.

• Avoid project development work in remaining patches of forest wherever possible.

• Opportunities to control and minimize uncontrolled in-migration of people should be

explored with relevant stakeholders, including the Government of Sierra Leone.

• Revegetation should be based on indigenous species to enhance long-term sustainability.







 



5.2 Mine area and environs

• Consider offset opportunities to address unavoidable habitat loss as a result of mining and

related activities at Numbara, Marampon and Simbili.

5.3 Roads











Avoid the Farangbaia Forest Reserve.

Avoid sacred forests / bushes by at least 200 m.

Minimise river crossings and avoid locating crossings in patches of existing forest.

Apart from river crossings, the haul road should not encroach within 500 m of the Tonkolili

River.

• Right-of-way clearance should be minimized, commensurate with relevant design and safety

standards.

5.4 Addressing indirect impacts



FT



5.4.1 Timber

• Source timber required for the project from certified plantations.

• Support the development of local certified plantations.



RA



5.4.2 Water

• Remaining riparian vegetation should be strictly protected.

• AML should explore opportunities to contribute to the reforestation of the Farangbaia

Forest Reserve.



D



5.4.3 Bushmeat

• Enforce a total ban on hunting and capture of wildlife by AML employees and

contractors.

• AML should explore opportunities to support the development of local animal

husbandry techniques and capacity (as an alternative to bushmeat).

5.5 Coastal conservation and offsets

• Ensure project activities do not contribute to significant existing pollution around the

shoreline of Tagrin.

• Establish ‘no-take’ areas in the mangroves and native bush land at Tagrin and avoid damage

to mangroves and any fresh or brackish waterways and their wetland communities in all areas.

• Consider offset opportunities at Tagrin and Pepel to conserve and improve the area’s natural

heritage throughout the project’s lifecycle.

• Explore tourism and public education opportunities at Tagrin.

• Undertake measures to protect the integrity of Bunce Island, a de facto nature reserve.

5.6 Further fauna surveys

• Assessment of the potential impacts of the major coastal operations on the intertidal

mudflats, sand-flats, mangroves and their associated avifauna.

• Assessment of how and where conservation efforts for Western Chimpanzees can best be

directed.





 



• Assessment of other marine-based values of the coastal fauna and the impact of the project

on these.

• Assessment of the conservation values of seasonal wetlands and scattered forest patches

along the Toka river valley and along Rokel River upstream from Makeni to its confluence

with the Tonkolili River.

6. Conclusions



D



RA



FT



Preliminary  figure  /  map  showing  areas  of  possible  conservation  concern  and  opportunities  for 

improvement to be inserted here.







 



ANNEX A: Preliminary results (further details)

The project area, for the purposes of this report, is divided into three main blocks: the mine site

and environs, the haulage road and corridor, and the coastal areas.

A.1 The mine site and environs

Farangbaia itself (the mine project headquarters) lies in the eastern flank of the Kunsulma range,

location of the Farangbaia Forest Reserve, which while still extant on the statute books has been

almost entirely logged-out. The mine administrative complex is almost circled by extremely small

patches of village-owned evergreen forest in which some smaller wildlife, especially birds,

persists. Some of these are species restricted to the West Guinea forests - an endemic bird area.



FT



With respect to the mountains, despite being already largely deforested, the three peaks

(Numbara, Marampon and Simbili) support rare and interesting wildlife some of which is of

international conservation concern. The 'semi-natural' grassland communities of Numbara are

host to rare flora and also support a grassland specialist bird species, the globally threatened

Sierra Leone Prinia.



RA



Western Chimpanzees persist in the scattered forest patches at the southern end of the

Farangbaia Forest Reserve in small numbers. Reports of recent direct observations of chimps,

both by locals and by mine employees visiting the area suggest that the chimps are still moving

between forest fragments and utilising what available forest habitat remains. The patchwork of

forest fragments in the area exist both inside and outside the Farangbaia Forest Reserve and

include the woodland of the Tonkolili river valley. Interviews with local communities suggest

that the chimps are coming into ever more frequent contact with the rapidly expanding human

population there



D



Similarly the last large ungulates, e.g. African Buffalo, were reported as being extirpated from the

tiny pockets of suitable evergreen forest/bush. These larger species might persist only in these

southern and western areas near to the proposed route of the haulage road east of the Anbelo

Hills in the lower Tonkolili valley, though inevitably in very low numbers.

Birds fare slightly better. Inland, even in the hills, larger birds were concentrated in those areas

that are least accessible to villagers. Fortunately it seems that firearms are rare and consequently

smaller bird species persist in some areas in relative abundance; as do the larger unpalatable or

inedible species. It was evident that even in areas that are nominally reserves there are no

protection measures in force and that in many cases the tall woody growth of such places has

been largely removed and replaced by a shifting mosaic of scrub, often grassy, and swidden

agriculture typically on a rotation of five years or less.

Concentrations of birds in particular were found in riparian woodland along the Tonkolili, Rokel

and Toka rivers and their tributaries or in residual pockets of evergreen forest either along other

watercourses or in the widespread community "sacred forests" where villagers, to a varying

degree, restrict access and activity. The value of these forest patches should not be

underestimated especially where they exist in a matrix of less intensively modified anthropogenic

habitats whether agricultural or residential.







 



A.2 Haulage road and corridor

As with the mine site, much of the haulage road and its corridor had been heavily modified well

before mine activities began. However, although each ‘priority’ site designated for surveys was

visited, there was insufficient time and a lack of high resolution maps to effectively evaluate all

areas. Traditionally managed agricultural areas (e.g. extensive cattle pastures, rice fields and other

seasonally inundated land) are common along the transport corridorand were remarkably rich in

birds and amphibians especially near the Rokel in the vicinity of Bumbuna and along the Toka

west of Makeni. There are additional sites that warrant further investigation. For instance, north

east of Lunsar where the proposed haul road meets the existing railway, small pockets of forest

that still maintain Western Chimpanzee populations were recently confirmed. Recommendations

are provided, though clearly the on-going road-building process is moving faster than possible

detailed evaluations of optimal routes from a biodiversity perspective.

A.3 Coastal areas



D



RA



FT



The coastal areas of the project around Tagrin and the Sierra Leone Estuary provided some of

the most interesting and productive sites; namely Pepel and its associated islands, the eastern

coastline of the Tagrin peninsula itself, some small freshwater wetland areas in the peninsula and

the fully intertidal areas of the estuary: the island mangroves, the 'on-shore' mangroves, the sand

flats, mud flats and sheltered beaches, together with the open waters of the great natural harbour

beyond. Almost the entire Tonkolili iron ore project area at the coast lies within a designated

Ramsar site and the wider estuary has been classified internationally as a globally significant

Important Bird Area. There is considerable opportunity for integrating important conservation

activities within the project’s plans for port development.







 



ANNEX B: Recommendations (further details)

Recommendations presented here should not be considered definitive given the brief nature of

the study. Where further work is necessary, this has been suggested.

Although the overall project site is highly degraded and has lost key components of biodiversity,

the area retains certain faunal values that are important to conserve and that could be lost

without appropriate planning. Consequently, to minimize additional impacts, project related

activities should be undertaken to a high standard, reflecting international good practice.

B.1 General (applicable to all locations)



RA



FT



• AML should work with government to explore opportunities to control and minimise the

uncontrolled in-migration of people into areas newly opened-up by road construction,

especially along the roads themselves. Uncontrolled in-migration will lead to further forest

and wildlife losses and compound pressures on existing human communities.

• Any infrastructure and mine developments should avoid remaining patches of forest. All

remaining forest, regardless of size, social function or location, is of elevated conservation

value given the small amount of mature forest habitat that remains. A patch of forest, no

matter how small or isolated is an important part of the habitat mosaic. While contiguous

forest habitat would be preferable, it is important to understand that a network of small forest

fragments can still retain important values.

• Replanting of vegetation for any purpose should use indigenous species and should be based

on silvicultural systems that promote natural ecosystem functions and that increase the

probability that native species and ecological processes will be maintained.

• Crossings of any drainage lines or water bodies should have appropriate culverts built to

international environmental standards.

B.2 Mine area and environs



B.3 Roads



D



• Loss of habitat at the Numbara, Marampon and Simbili peaks, some of which supports rare

and interesting wildlife, will be unavoidable due to the nature of the mining operations at the

three peaks. In this context, it would be sensible for AML to focus on offsets rather than

mitigation measures for habitat loss associated with Numbara, Marampon and Simbili.



• The main haulage road crosses the Tonkolili River at the existing cleared crossings. From

there the road should head south past the villages of Furia and Sokoia onward to the village

of Nerekoro and from here it should loop around the outside of the southern end of the

forest reserve to cross the Tonkolili river once again at Balaya village. After this the road can

head north-west towards the proposed rail loop area.

• The haulage road should not run through any of the Farangbaia Forest Reserve. Although

this site is highly degraded, it remains a legal forest reserve and would legally require formal

government degazettement. Furthermore, the reserve can recover many of its watershed

maintenance values if well protected, as well as providing refugia for indigenous wildlife.

• All roads should avoid sacred forests/bushes by at least 200m.

• The number of points where roads cross waterbodies should be kept to a minimum.

Crossings should avoid existing forest patches and their immediate surroundings, as identified

using satellite and aerial images.





 



• Apart from crossing points the road should not encroach to within approximately 500m of

the Tonkolili River.

• AML should quickly identify opportunities to integrate environmental considerations with its

plans for the design, location, construction, maintenance, control and decommissioning of all

roads in order to avoid or minimize environmental impacts. Excessive right-of-way clearance

has a major environmental impact in tropical forests, particularly areas such as that which

hosts the Tonkolili project, where remaining forests are vulnerable and already in decline.

Roads should be kept to the minimum width possible, consistent with safety and other

pertinent international standards.

B.4 Addressing indirect impacts



FT



It is possible that the project’s indirect impacts may be as significant as the direct impacts. As

with many major industrial projects in the developing world, people have flocked to the area in

search of employment. With this in-migration has come inevitable added pressure on land and

the limited natural resources that remain. AML should explore opportunities to work with the

Government of Sierra Leone (GoSL) limit uncontrolled or uncoordinated migration to rural

areas, including the mine site. In doing this, AML will also benefit by reducing the pressures that

could impact negatively on the project (e.g. increased conflicts motivated by complications of

land tenure, compensation demands and employment issues). Specific recommendations relate

to timber, water and bushmeat.



D



RA



B.4.1 Timber

The last remaining stands of forests in the area are still being logged for a number of purposes,

legally and illegally. The project’s presence is indirectly driving some of this logging and there are

two mitigation measures that could have positive outcomes:

• The project should source all timber from certified plantations (i.e. not local sources of

timber, which come only from the last remaining natural forests, which now require the

highest level of protection).

• The project should investigate the potential for supporting local plantations, which

would be beneficial to the project, local livelihoods and the remaining natural forests

(and therefore, also for fauna).

B.4.2 Water

Given the nature of the project’s activities, the extreme variation in conditions across the

seasons, the likely increase in local human populations, and the massive scale of deforestation

that has occurred prior to inception of the project, the availability and quality of fresh water will

undoubtedly become more important. Two approaches to addressing this issue will deliver

complementary benefits for fauna:

• The strict protection of water bodies and of the riparian vegetation must be a priority for

local government, traditional governance systems and the project itself.

• Reforestation, involving indigenous trees, aimed at significant ecological and watershed

restoration of the Farangbaia Reserve should be a high priority. AML may wish to

explore opportunities to contribute to such work, perhaps as an offset for unavoidable

habitat loss at Numbara, Marampon and Simbili.

B.4.3 Bushmeat

This is one of the most important issues for both fauna conservation and local nutrition and

livelihoods for those living away from the coast. Traditionally, communities have relied on

bushmeat (that is, any wild fauna hunted for consumption) and freshwater fish for their protein

10 



 



B.5 Coastal conservation and offsets



FT



intake. Over the last few decades, the removal of natural forests and the over-hunting of large

mammals has lead to the local extirpation of many species, a shift in the focus of hunting to

small mammals (cane rats being the most common now) and genuine shortages of available

protein. Systems of animal husbandry are almost absent or very basicand limited. . In this

context there is considerable scope for positive intervention:

• The company should establish and enforce a total ban on undertaking or financing the

hunting and capture of wildlife by its employees and contractors.

• Any form of hunting within the project areas around Tagrin and in the mangroves

around Pepel should be prohibited; this ban should be total and vigorously enforced,

especially with respect to bird congregation locations, in order to avoid the emergence of

‘loop-hole opportunities’ for those seeking to profit from bushmeat and bird-killing.

• The government, supported by AML, should strictly control human in-migration to the

area (see above).

• Communities should be supported in the development of improved animal husbandry

techniques and provided with starter stocks. This would be a positive contribution to the

livelihoods of people and also reduce demand for bushmeat and limit the impact of

hunting restrictions on local communities.



D



RA



• No waste material from the project operations should be added to the already substantial

amount of solid and liquid pollutants (i.e. every kind of effluent and garbage) present around

the shoreline of Tagrin and, at present, issuing largely from Freetown.

• Project related wastes should be removed for proper disposal or managed on-site in an

appropriate facility, to avoid adding to existing significant pollution along the coastline near

Freetown. AML could investigate opportunities to use any waste disposal facility it creates to

take waste from other clean-up efforts.

• All infrastructure developments should avoid unnecessary damage to mangroves and any

fresh or brackish waterways and their wetland communities, whether via physical or chemical

impacts.

• Crossings of creeks, drainage lines or other water bodies should have appropriate culverts

built to international standards.

• There is considerable opportunity for AML to not only mitigate impacts, but to make genuine

positive contributions to global conservation efforts, and for these efforts to be visible and

tangible. There is high potential to deliver an outcome of lasting value from this investment

both to the people of Tagrin/Pepel and to those of Sierra Leone in general. Especially in the

port area this project could deliver real benefits not only to the village communities but to

many residents of Freetown through the provision of small protected areas around the

estuary, in effect analogous to the national historical monument that is Bunce Island, where

environmental education and ecological precepts might be best explained to the public. There

are also numerous and excellent opportunities for ecotourism, as the area is so close to

Freetown, and immediately adjacent to the international airport. This work could be

undertaken to offset impacts in the coastal areas that cannot be avoided even with the

implementation of international good practice.

• There are significant "offset" opportunities at both Tagrin and Pepel to conserve and restore

some small wetland areas and mangrove habitats, which are of notable livelihood and

biological conservation value. These reserves could help to protect and enhance the faunal

value of the area, while raising awareness within Sierra Leone of the country’s importance to

(for example) migratory shorebirds travelling from the far north of Europe to the southern

tip of Africa.

11 



 



• The opportunity exists to put in place measures to conserve and improve the area’s natural

heritage throughout the project’s lifecycle. A further assessment is needed to accurately map

and articulate a strategy for this work. .



FT



B.5.1 Tagrin

• Creation of a shorebird and waterfowl observation point and explanatory visitor centre

close to the service wharf ideally overlooking the tidal flats approximately 0.5 – 1 km

northeast of Tagrin point.

• Creation of a local nature reserve and interpretation centre around the freshwater pools

at Rosint village.

• Training of at least two local village people to be guides at each of the above mentioned

sites.

• Establishment of discrete, easily identifiable 'no-take' areas in the mangroves; perhaps

adjacent to the coal stockpile area 3 km northeast of Tagrin point and a buffer zone of

no-take native bush land (from which woody growth may not be extracted) which once

established might provide a partial screen around the adjacent coal-fired power station;

similarly a buffer zone could be established along the Tagrin haul road.

• The haul road which is planned to connect the ore stockyard to the service wharf should

be sited carefully in order to minimize impact on any patches of indigenous woody

vegetation.



D



RA



B.5.2 Pepel

• Dredging operations in the approach to Pepel, and especially in the vicinity of Bunce

Island should be conducted with the utmost care. The integrity of Bunce Island must be

maintained. It has been long recognized as an historical monument of international

significance and has thereby become a de facto nature reserve, itself of great value.

• The engineering of all transport approaches to Pepel Island by channel dredging, road

construction and rail refurbishment should be closely monitored to avoid any excessive

right-of-way clearance and damage to mangroves.

• Sanbilma island (opposite Pepel) should not be developed further unless absolutely

necessary. In-migration should be prohibited. While this is the responsibility of the

GoSL, if the investment agreement for AML establishes private tenure (even on a lease

basis) then AML should enforce controls on in-migration.

B.6 Further surveys

Additional, focused faunal surveys are required to:

• Assess with greater accuracy the potential impacts of the major coastal operations on the

intertidal mudflats, sand-flats, mangroves and their associated avifauna; a large part of which

is highly migratory, and thus increasingly threatened by intensifying human activity

throughout the flyway network and consequently subject to mounting international concern

and monitoring. It would be best if this were undertaken in two periods: May 2010, during

the afrotropical breeding season at the start of the rains and November-December 2010 at

the height of the shorebird influx from northern Eurasia.

• Assess how and where conservation efforts for Western Chimpanzee populations is best

directed.

• Assess the other marine-based values of the coastal fauna, including a more thorough review

of the areas relevant to cetaceans, sea turtles and certain key fish species (e.g. Tarpon) and

12 



 



D



RA



FT



define the project impacts on, and conservation options for, African Manatee (Trichechus

senegalensis) in the Sierra Leone estuary.

• Assess the conservation value of extensive semi-natural seasonal wetlands and scattered forest

patches along the Toka river valley, essentially those between Makeni and Lunsar, and the

gallery evergreen forest along the Rokel upstream from Makeni to its confluence with the

Tonkolili River. These investigations would be most productive if undertaken in May 2010

and November-December 2010 in conjunction with the monitoring of coastal areas noted

above.



13 



 



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PHASE 1 ESHIA



APPENDIX 12

Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili Project prepared

by SRK



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic

Environments for the Tonkolili Project Prepared by SRK



305000-00006 – 305000-00006-0000-EN-REP-0012

08 Apr 2010



Parkview, Great West Road

Brentford Middlesex TW8 9AZ London

United Kingdom

Telephone: +44 (0) 20 8326 5000

Facsimile: +44 (0) 20 8710 0220

www.worleyparsons.com



© Copyright 2010 WorleyParsons



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

RAPID ASSESSMENT OF AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS FOR THE TONKOLILI PROJECT - PREPARED BY

SRK



TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Disclaimer

This report has been prepared on behalf of and for the exclusive use of African Minerals Limited,

and is subject to and issued in accordance with the agreement between African Minerals Limited

and WorleyParsons Europe Limited. WorleyParsons Europe Limited accepts no liability or

responsibility whatsoever for it in respect of any use of or reliance upon the whole or any part of

the contents of this report by any third party.

Copying this report without the express written permission of African Minerals Limited or

WorleyParsons Europe Limited is not permitted.



PROJECT 305000-00006 - RAPID ASSESSMENT OF AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS FOR THE TONKOLILI

PROJECT - PREPARED BY SRK



REV



DESCRIPTION



A



Issued for Internal Review



ORIG



REVIEW



WORLEYPARSONS

APPROVAL



O Fuertes



P Burris



N/A



DATE



08 Apr 2010



c:\documents and settings\alinne.hoffner\desktop\tonkolili project template_report.doc

Document No: 305000-00006-0000-EN-REP-0012 Page ii



CLIENT

APPROVAL



N/A



DATE



Hydrobiology

 



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic 

Environments for the Tonkolili Project 

SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd 

April 2010



 



Hydrobiology



 



ABN 



26 096 574 659 



GST 



The company is registered for GST 



Head Office 



27 / 43 Lang Parade 

Auchenflower QLD 4066 



Registered Office 



Suite 309 Coolangatta Place 

87 Griffith Street 

Coolangatta, QLD 4225 



Postal Address 



  PO Box 2050 

Milton QLD 4064 



Phone 



61 (07) 3368 2133 



Fax 



61 (07) 3367 3629 



Email Contact 



info@hydrobiology.biz 



Website 



http://www.hydrobiology.biz 



 

 

© Hydrobiology Pty Ltd 2010 

Disclaimer:  This document contains confidential information that is intended only for the use by Hydrobiology’s Client. It is 

not for public circulation or publication or to be used by any third party without the express permission of either the Client or 

Hydrobiology Pty. Ltd.  The concepts and information contained in this document are the property of Hydrobiology Pty Ltd.  

Use or copying of this document in whole or in part without the written permission of Hydrobiology Pty Ltd constitutes an 

infringement of copyright. 

 

While the findings presented in this report are based on information that Hydrobiology considers reliable unless stated 

otherwise, the accuracy and completeness of source information cannot be guaranteed. Furthermore, the information compiled 

in this report addresses the specific needs of the client, so may not address the needs of third parties using this report for their 

own purposes. Thus, Hydrobiology and its employees accept no liability for any losses or damage for any action taken or not 

taken on the basis of any part of the contents of this report. Those acting on information provided in this report do so entirely at 

their own risk. 

 

Cover Photo: Tonkolili River (Site TKR3) 



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili Project April 2010 



ii



Hydrobiology



 



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic 

Environments for the Tonkolili Project 

SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd 

April 2010



 



Document Control Information 

Date Printed  29 March, 2010 

Project Title  Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili 

Project 

Project Manager  Shirley Connelly 

Job Number  10‐061‐SRK01 

Report Number  DRAFT 

Document Title  Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili 



Project 

Document File Name 



Document 



Originator(s) 



Status 



Reviewed  



Authorised 



By 



By 



Date 



DRAFT 



S. Vardy 

L. Bland 

(SRK) 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



10‐061‐SRK01‐

Tonkolili_RA_V0.2SV.d

ocx 



 

 



Distribution 

Document File Name 



Description



Issued To



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili Project April 2010 



Issued By 



iii



Hydrobiology



 



EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report details the results from a Rapid Aquatic Ecosystem Assessment undertaken by

Hydrobiology on behalf of SRK Consulting (UK) LTD for the Tonkolili Iron Ore Project. The

main purpose of this work was to assess the health of the aquatic ecosystems covered by the

project (particularly the work to be carried out at haul road crossings in the near future) and

to make recommendations on the ecological value of areas potentially impacted by the work.

Overall, the rivers and streams surveyed are in good condition (particularly in regards to instream habitat), despite the potential for anthropogenic impacts.

The impacts at crossings should be minor if the following points are taken into

consideration:

1. That best practice sediment control measures are used during construction of the

crossings. Although it is likely that there is some natural tolerance to sediment loads

of the aquatic ecosystems within and downstream of the mining lease, very few data

are available to assess the natural temporal extent and the magnitude of these

fluctuations;

2. Where bridges are built, that they are designed in a manner that does not confine the

river;

3. Minor in-stream infrastructure can constitute barriers to fish migration. Where

possible, these should be designed to be compatible with the passage of migratory

stream organisms, such as the use of bridges rather than culverts where possible, or

where culverts are built that open box culverts with natural substrata are used in

preference to enclosed culverts, and the avoidance of vertical barriers such as

downstream culvert ends suspended above the natural substrata.

The Mawuru River will be dammed to allow for the construction of a tailings storage facility

(TSF). At the proposed TSF site there are no mitigation measures that can be put in place to

prevent impacts – the river, streams, and swamps in the area will be submerged. There is no

indication that any aquatic surveys have been undertaken in the proposed TSF area. As this

area contains many small streams that may host endemic species, it is strongly suggested

that an aquatic fauna survey is undertaken to fully describe the aquatic biota in this area.

From the information Hydrobiology currently has, it is not possible to assess potential

impacts to the aquatic ecosystems downstream (to the south) of the TSF.

Hydrobiology strongly suggests that an adequate baseline water quality monitoring

program be established for the area. This will enable the assessment of changes (if any) to

the downstream rivers due to the mine’s activities and will supply a baseline dataset for

management action in the future if negative changes to the water quality do occur. It should

be noted that the natural acidity and low conductivity of the water bodies indicates that if

acid rock drainage (ARD) does occur, there is little natural buffering (neutralisation) capacity

available.



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili Project April 2010 



iv



Hydrobiology



 



Hydrobiology also suggests that a baseline tissue metal survey of aquatic fauna be

undertaken to assess the existing (pre-Tonkolili) concentrations, which are likely to be

influenced by the activities of artisanal miners in the area and natural mineralisation (for

example, elevated levels of arsenic, chromium and nickel have been detected in the Simbili

ore deposit). Hydrobiology’s experience is that adequate baseline data is an important

defense against pollution-related litigation, particularly concerning human health, which

may be impacted by the accumulation of toxic elements in the food chain.

Freshwater fish are vitally important to the local population as a protein source and

therefore maintaining the fishing resource is critical for food security for local villages. In

general, fishing is at a subsistence level. It is therefore important that African Minerals

Limited acquires a detailed understanding of fisheries in the area, in order to mitigate and

manage any future mining-related impacts that may occur.

 



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili Project April 2010 



v



Hydrobiology



 



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic 

Environments for the Tonkolili Project 

SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd 

April 2010



TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................ iv 

1  Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 

2  Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 1 

3  Sites ................................................................................................................................................ 2 

4  Results ........................................................................................................................................... 9 

5  Rare and threatened and endemic fish ................................................................................... 24 

6  Discussion ................................................................................................................................... 25 

7  References ................................................................................................................................... 27 



TABLES

Table 3‐1 Site waypoints (Coordinate System: WGS 84) ................................................................ 8 

Table 4‐1 Water quality data from March 2009 Rapid Aassessment survey ............................... 9 

Table 4‐2 Qualitative assessment coding for in‐stream and riparian vegetation ...................... 10 

Table 4‐3 Summary of rapid assessment f sites .............................................................................. 12 

 



FIGURES

Figure 3‐1 Overall project area map .................................................................................................. 3 

Figure 3‐2 Petifu Junction and Port Pepel Rapid Assessment areas ............................................. 4 

Figure 3‐3  The Port Loko Rapid Assessment area .......................................................................... 5 

Figure 3‐4 Toka River Rapid Assessment area ................................................................................. 6 

Figure 3‐5 Rokel River and mine area Rapid Assessment areas .................................................... 7 

 



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili Project April 2010 



vi



Hydrobiology



 



1 INTRODUCTION

This report details the results from a Rapid Aquatic Ecosystem Assessment undertaken by

Hydrobiology between the 10th and 16th March 2010 on behalf of SRK Consulting (UK) LTD

for the Tonkolili Iron Ore Project situated in the Sula Mountain Range in Sierra Leone.

The Tonkolili Iron Ore project is expected to commence in two phases:

1. The Early Cash Flow phase (ECF) which involves mining the topmost layer of

hematite ore (mostly found in the Simbili deposit). A haul road will be built for

transfer of ore between the mine site and Lunsar whereupon the ore will be

transferred to rail and transported using the existing rail line to Pepel Port. From

there, it will be shipped out of the country;

2. The Full Project involves mining the whole ore body (consisting of magnetite) and

will involve the construction of a new rail line from the mine site to Tagrin Point for

shipment of the ore out of the country. A large tailings storage facility (TSF) will be

built on the Mawuru River within the project area, for beneficiation tails. As far as

Hydrobiology is aware, there are no other plans for processing on site...

The Rapid Assessment was undertaken with both project phases in mind. At the current

time, a detailed aquatic ecological study has not been undertaken. The main purpose of this

work was to assess the health of the aquatic ecosystems covered by the project and to make

recommendations on the ecological value of areas potentially impacted by the proposed

project development.



2 METHODOLOGY

The study was carried out in the dry season (March 2010) when water levels were

sufficiently low to allow assessment of in-stream and riparian aquatic habitats.

The basic method of assessment included: 

 

 Habitat assessment using suitable guidelines and expert knowledge; 

 Observations on water quality i.e. clarity, pH, temperature, conductivity; 

 Observations on existing stressors and significant aspects of the ecology; 

 Observations  on  potential  sampling  techniques  and  requirements  at  each  of  the 

sites; 

 Observations on any species visible; 

 Discussions with locals on species caught in different areas and trends in catches; 

 Observations at local markets; 

 Observations on hydrology of the river systems 

 Inter‐comparison between sites. 

 

A subjective assessment of in‐stream habitat at the selected sites was carried out based on in‐

stream  debris  cover  (logs,  branches,  leaves  and  twigs,  algae);  presence  or  absence  of 

macrophytes,  rock  faces  and  overhangs,  boulders,  tree  roots,  vegetation  overhang  and 



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili Project April 2010 



1



Hydrobiology



 



canopy  cover.    Riparian  vegetation  was  assessed  in  terms  of  canopy  cover,  continuity  and 

width,  a  general  assessment  of  weeds  and  grass  infiltration  of  the  riparian  vegetation.  

Specialists  from  the  Herbarium,  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Kew  have  undertaken  a  more 

detailed  assessment  of plant  species  of  conservation  concern  (Burgt,  2009;  Burgt  &  Pollard, 

2010; Darbyshire & Burgt, 2010).   

 

Fish observations were planned for at local markets.  Hydrobiology visited two local markets 

and the fish were dried and salted, making identification of the fish difficult and due to time 

constraints, this approach was not pursued.   

 



3 SITES

The overall project map is shown in Figure 3-1. Hydrobiology was asked to visit the

following general areas to undertake the Rapid Assessment (from west to east):

1) The Petifu Junction Assessment Area (Figure 3‐1); 

2) The general Pepel Port area (Figure 3‐2); 

3) The Port Loko River mainline crossing (Figure 3‐3);  

4) The Toka River mainline and haul road crossings (Figure 3‐4); 

5) The Rokel River mainline and haul road crossing areas (Figure 3‐5); 

6) The Mine Site Area (Figure 3‐5) which included: 

a. Rail Loop 5 Infrastructure Assessment area;

b. Haul Road Pinch point & Nerekoro Society Bush Assessment area;

c. Matoine Stream and Tonkolili River, Furia & Sokia Villages Assessment areas;

d. The proposed TSF which will include the damming of the Mawuru River.

Waypoints for the sites are summarised in Table 3-1.

Due to time constraints, Hydrobiology was unable to survey two of the requested sites:





The Strict Nature Reserve; and







The area south of the TSF.



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili Project April 2010 



2



660000.000000



680000.000000



700000.000000



720000.000000



740000.000000



760000.000000



780000.000000



800000.000000



820000.000000



840000.000000



860000.000000



880000.000000



900000.000000



920000.000000



900000.000000



920000.000000



1000000.000000 1020000.000000



1000000.000000 1020000.000000



Basia

Makumre



Bumban



Pendembu



Kasafoni 2



Batkanu

RR2



Bumbuna



!

[

!

[



980000.000000



Mambo



MR2



Farangbeya!

[

Nunkekoro 1

TKR3



RR3



Binkolo



Gbinti



Mange



TKR2



Makeni



Mamuria

Kulufaga 1



!

[



[

!

[!

MT1

!

[



!

[

MR1



980000.000000



Kambia



TKR1



Mabonto

TR1



!

[

!

[



Port Loko

Kumrabai !

[



!

[



PP1



PL2



[

!!

[



PL4



Magburaka

Lunsar



!

[



Tonkolili



Tendokom



Lungi



960000.000000



960000.000000



PP2

PTJ1



TR2



Makali



940000.000000



Pepel



940000.000000



Rokel

Kumrabai Mamila

Yonibana



Freetown

Gbabai

Makeni



Tungie



920000.000000



920000.000000



Yele



660000.000000



680000.000000



700000.000000



±

APRIL 2010



720000.000000



740000.000000



760000.000000



780000.000000



800000.000000



820000.000000



40



60



80



840000.000000



860000.000000



880000.000000



Legend



0



10



20



Kilometers



Tailings

Tailings Embankment

Pit

Port Lease Area



PROJ. No: 4041



TONKOLILI FRESHWATER MAPS



Overall Project Area Map



Fig 3.1



700000.000000



720000.000000



PTJ1



PP1



!

[



!

[



PP2



!

[



960000.000000



960000.000000



Kumrabai



Lungi



Pepel

.000000



720000.000000



700000



±

APRIL 2010



Legend



0



2.5



5



10



15



20

Kilometers



Tailings

Tailings Embankment

Pit

Port Lease Area



PROJ. No: 4041



TONKOLILI FRESHWATER MAPS



Petifu Junction and Port Pepel Rapid Assessment Areas



Fig 3.2



740000.000000



760000.000000



Port Loko



PP2



!

[

!

[



PL4



!

[

PL2



PP1



960000.000000



960000.000000



!

[



740000.000000



±

APRIL 2010



760000.000000



Legend



0



1.25 2.5



5



7.5



10

Kilometers



Tailings

Tailings Embankment

Pit

Port Lease Area



PROJ. No: 4041



TONKOLILI FRESHWATER MAPS



The Port Loko Rapid Assessment Areas



Fig 3.3



980000.000000



800000.000000



980000.000000



780000.000000



TR1



!

[

!

[

TR2



780000.000000



±

APRIL 2010



800000.000000



Legend



0



1.25 2.5



5



7.5



10

Kilometers



Tailings

Tailings Embankment

Pit

Port Lease Area



PROJ. No: 4041



TONKOLILI FRESHWATER MAPS



Toka River Rapid Assessment Areas



Fig 3.4



1000000.000000



Bumbuna



880000.000000



Sasakala



Sunkoni 2

Sunkoni 1



Kurekoro



Gbonbomba



Masindugu



Dandaya



Kamero 3

Kamero 2



Moria



!

[



Kulufaga 2

Kulufaga 1



1000000.000000



860000.000000



RR2



Kegbema



!

[



Keimadugu 2

Benikoro



RR3



Nunkekoro 1



Farangbeya



!

[



MR2



Fartu



Sangbaia

Keradugu

TKR2



!

[

!

[



!

[



Fenkembaia

!

[



MT1



MR1



TKR3



Berme



!

[

TKR1



860000.000000



±

APRIL 2010



880000.000000



Legend



0



1.25 2.5



5



7.5



10

Kilometers



Tailings

Tailings Embankment

Pit

Port Lease Area



PROJ. No: 4041



TONKOLILI FRESHWATER MAPS



Rokel River and Mine Area Rapid Assessment Areas



Fig 3.5



Hydrobiology



 



Table 3-1 Site waypoints (Coordinate System: WGS 84)



3.1



Site



3.2



Latitude



3.3



Longitude



PTJ1



8° 42.432'N



13° 5.929'W



PP1



8° 42.407'N



13° 0.062'W



PP2



8° 45.408'N



12° 55.787'W



PL2



8° 44.550'N



12° 48.554'W



PL4



8° 44.988'N



12° 48.075'W



TR1



8° 49.025'N



12° 19.280'W



TR2



8° 48.748'N



12° 19.333'W



RR2



9° 0.982'N



11° 49.870'W



RR3



9° 0.484'N



11° 49.738'W



TKR1



8° 54.865'N



11° 43.504'W



TKR2



8° 57.104'N



11° 45.901'W



TKR3



8° 56.781'N



11° 43.283'W



MTR1



8° 56.959'N



11° 42.977'W



MR1



8° 56.985'N



11° 38.852'W



MR2



8° 59.239'N



11° 38.124'W



 



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili Project April 2010 



8



Hydrobiology



 



4 RESULTS

An extensive area was assessed over the five days of the study, with a focus on crossing

areas. The survey areas covered lowland swamp areas (Pepel Port), small streams (Petifu

Junction), small rivers (the Toka River) and more substantial rivers (the Tonkolili River and

the Rokel River).



4.1 Water quality

Generally, the water in the areas surveyed was clear, with the exception being Tonkolili

River, the water quality of which appeared to be impacted by upstream artisanal mining.

Waters generally had low conductivity and were slightly acidic, meaning little or no

buffering capacity of acid inputs if acid rock drainage occurs from the mining activities

(Table 4-1). It should be noted that the Bumbuna Dam EIA Fish Baseline Study found the

waters in area to be neutral to alkaline (Nippon Koei UK, 2007). However, data collected by

Worley Parsons and supplied to Hydrobiology by SRK (P. Mitchell, Pers. Comm.), also

found the waters to be acidic, casting some doubt on the water quality results from the

Bumbuna Dam EIA Fish Baseline Report. From the anecdotal accounts of various local

guides, the turbidity of the waters increases during the wet season (one guide said that the

Rokel River ‘ran red’). However, the current absence of a cohesive water quality monitoring

program means that a quantitative assessment of the fluctuations in the various rivers and

streams potentially impacted by the mine is not possible at present.

Table 4-1 Water quality data from March 2009 Rapid Aassessment survey

Area



Site



pH



Conductivity



Temperat

ure



Turbidity (notes only)



(µS/cm)

(ºC)



Petifu

Junction



PTJ1



5.55



6*



28.6



Clear water, slightly turbid in pool where

people had been washing clothes



Pepel

Port



PP1



5.24



9*



31.5



Clear water



PP2



5.55



1*



32.4



Clear water



PL2



5.89



2186 (tide going

out)



30.2



Clear water, with some turbid plumes on

ebb tide



PL4



6.0



1463 (tide going

out)



31.4



Clear water.



TR1



5.63



37



28.4



Clear, tannin stained water



TR2



5.61



35



28.1



Clear, tannin stained water



RR2



6.4



30



28.0



Clear water



Port

Loko



Toka

River



Rokel

River



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili Project April 2010 



9



Hydrobiology



 



Area



Site



pH



Conductivity



Temperat

ure



Turbidity (notes only)



(µS/cm)

(ºC)



and

Mine

Area



RR3



6.4



30



28.0



Clear water



TKR1



6.26



12



27.8



Slight turbidity.



TKR2



6.21



14



28.0



Slight turbidity



TKR3



6.250



12



29.3



Water clear



MTR1



6.23



7*



27.9



Water cloudy – artisanal mining

occurring here and substantial riparian

clearing



MR1



6.07



13



26.3



Clear



MR2



Not Taken



Not Taken



Not taken



Clear



* The conductivity probe used in this survey was a Hanna probe (HI7031) that can only be calibrated at 1413 µS/cm. It is

likely the low conductivity measurements are not strictly linear and that the true conductivity is slightly higher than

readings indicate.



4.2 Aquatic Habitat

The sites surveyed have been qualitatively assessed with respect to the quality of associated

in-stream and riparian vegetation based on expert knowledge. The rating scheme is

summarized in Table 4.2.

Table 4-2 Qualitative assessment coding for in-stream and riparian vegetation

Rating



Rating



Rating



Rating



Rating



Rating



Rating



Rating



Rating



1



1.5



2



2.5



3



3.5



4



4.5



5



Very

High /

Pristine



High



Good



Poor



Very

poor



Overall, the springs and streams of the area around Pepel Port and Petifu Junction have

highly disturbed riparian vegetation. In-stream aquatic habitat consists mainly of submerged

macrophyte and sedge communities. The Toka River also has only a thin edge of thick

riparian vegetation (about 5 m width) but in-stream condition (particularly in the general

area of the haul road crossing) is good. The bed of the Toka River at both the haul road and

rail line crossing has about a 90% coverage of terrestrial leaves (typical in tropical streams),

indicating that ecological functioning of the river is probably terrestrially driven

(allochthonous). Therefore, it is possible to conclude that even though the riparian



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili Project April 2010 



10



Hydrobiology



 



vegetation is not extensive, it has an important role in the ecosystem functioning of the

stream.

The Port Loko River is a tidally driven river, with mangrove communities occurring almost

continuously along the river (until the more populous Port Loko town is reached). It was not

possible to assess the in-stream habitat from the edge of the river. However, the intact

mangrove communities are a good indicator that the river is ecologically healthy (some

turbidity is natural in tidally driven rivers).

The Rokel River has a high rating for aquatic habitat (Table 3-1), with good continuous

riparian vegetation that only appears to be cleared for river access in small sections. Instream habitats include tree roots, rock faces, boulders and cobbles, vegetation overhang,

riffles, runs, glides and pools.

The rivers in the general mine area are slightly more disturbed than Rokel River and Port

Loko River. Two Tonkolili River sites (TKR3 and TKR2) have good in-stream habitat. TKR2

has very thick riparian vegetation and adjacent forest on the right bank1, but the left bank has

been cleared for farming (apart from the almost continuous riparian vegetation about 10 m

thick). TKR1, upstream of TKR2 (in the Haul Road Pinch point & Nerekoro Society Bush

assessment area) is the most disturbed, with discontinuous riparian vegetation. The site has

slightly elevated turbidity. This made it difficult to assess the in-stream habitat, but the area

appears to be slightly degraded with a little variation in potential aquatic habitat. The

Matoine Stream (MT1) has good in-stream habitat (typical of small mountain streams), but

the riparian vegetation has been recently burnt and almost completely cleared for farming (at

least on the right bank).

Two sites in the Mawuru River (within the TSF) were assessed, and appear to have good instream habitat. The riparian vegetation has been highly disturbed at both sites, but this

appears to have allowed the formation of submerged macrophyte beds (extra habitat) due to

the extra light penetration to the stream resulting from the removal of riparian canopy cover.

Many swampy areas were noted between MR1 and MR2, but these were not assessed due to

lack of time.

Overall ratings for the areas surveyed are summarised in Table 4-3.

Fish were seen at all sites apart from TKR2, but it was not possible to identify them with any

certainty.



                                                      

 It is convention to describe the left hand and right hand sides of a stream from facing downstream. 



1



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili Project April 2010 



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Hydrobiology



 

Table 4-3 Summary of rapid assessment f sites

Site



Assessment Area



PTJ1



Petifu Junction



Picture



In-stream

Aquatic

Habitat

Rating



Riparian

Vegetation

Rating



Notes



Water turbid as the area was being used

to wash clothes in prior to photographs

being taken.

Two different fish species were spotted

but not identified (one Cichlidae).



4.0



4.0



Water appeared to come from

groundwater source upstream about

100 m.

Most riparian vegetation removed. Some

palms that provide shading to the stream

bed. Patches of macrophytes in the pool.

Locals report good fishing downstream,

use seine nets and hooks.



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili Project April 2010 



12



Hydrobiology



 

Site



Assessment Area



PP1



Pepel Port area

(outside

of

assessment zone).



Picture



In-stream

Aquatic

Habitat

Rating



Riparian

Vegetation

Rating



Notes



Drinking water source for local village.

Villages report fishing in area banned by

the chief as the water was becoming too

turbid. Very few freshwater sources in

Pepel Port area according to locals.



No freshwater

areas in

assessment zone.

3.5



5.0



Swampy area with some floating

macrophyte habitat. Few sedges. Locals

report some very deep pools

downstream in the ‘devils area’ where

locals do not go.

The local guide is hoping this water

source will be used for Pepel Port

Infrastructure as a source of freshwater

so local villagers will get some payment.

Locals use seine nets for fishing.



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili Project April 2010 



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Hydrobiology



 

Site



Assessment Area



PP2



Pepel Port



Picture



In-stream

Aquatic

Habitat

Rating



Riparian

Vegetation

Rating



Notes



Freshwater reservoir used previously for

port infrastructure at Pepel Port.

Swampy area with some floating

macrophyte habitat and emergent

sedges.

3.5



5.0



Fire had recently passed through the

edges of the swamp.

Locals use seine nets for fishing.



PL2



Port Loko



Existing rail crossing – photo from

bridge.

Tidal area, mangrove lined.



2.0



2.0



Riparian vegetation appeared to be

intact all the way up the river (until Port

Loko town).

Some turbid plumes in water, otherwise

water very clear. Tide going out.

Could hear chain saws – some clearing

of trees by logging occurring (told only

one or two mature trees).



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili Project April 2010 



14



Hydrobiology



 

Site



Assessment Area



Picture



In-stream

Aquatic

Habitat

Rating



Riparian

Vegetation

Rating



Notes



Some erosion under bridge.

PL4



Port Loko



Close to mainline crossing. Riparian

vegetation on left bank was cleared for

river access for adjacent village (boat

launch, swimming, washing). However,

rest of riparian vegetation looked intact

up and down river.

Farming abutted riparian strip.

Water was clear.



2.0



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili Project April 2010 



2.0



15



Hydrobiology



 

Site



Assessment Area



TR1



Toko River



Picture



In-stream

Aquatic

Habitat

Rating



Riparian

Vegetation

Rating



Notes



Mainline crossing area.

Water very

clear, leaf litter, good canopy cover.

Riparian vegetation on access side (south

side) only about 5 m wide – land

completely cleared up to this point.



2.5



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili Project April 2010 



3



16



Hydrobiology



 

Site



Assessment Area



TR2



Toko River



Picture



In-stream

Aquatic

Habitat

Rating



Riparian

Vegetation

Rating



Notes



Pandanus thicket.

May have some

habitat value for small fish. May be used

by local villagers.

Thicket so thick we were not able to

access stream.

Not sure if it is possible to fish here –

pandnus impenetrable.

4.0



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili Project April 2010 



4.0



17



Hydrobiology



 

Site



Assessment Area



RR2



Rokel River



Picture



In-stream

Aquatic

Habitat

Rating



Notes



Suggested to be a preferred crossing

point for the haul road by Kew

specialists.



2.0



RR3



Riparian

Vegetation

Rating



2.0



Rokel River



Rocky

substrate,

good

riparian

vegetation tree roots, rock faces,

boulders and cobbles, vegetation

overhang, riffles, glides and pools.



Mainline crossing.

Rocky

substrate,

good

riparian

vegetation tree roots, rock faces,

boulders and cobbles, vegetation

overhang, riffles, glides and pools.

2.0



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili Project April 2010 



2.0



18



Hydrobiology



 

Site



Assessment Area



TKR1



Haul Road Pinch

point & Nerekoro

Society Bush



Picture



In-stream

Aquatic

Habitat

Rating



Notes



Water more turbid than at other sites.

Fewer habitats than other sites on the

Tonkolili River, but still some logs and

branch piles.

3.5



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili Project April 2010 



Riparian

Vegetation

Rating



3.5



Appears to be impacted slightly by

upstream artisanal mining.



19



Hydrobiology



 

Site



Assessment Area



TKR2



Rail Loop 5

Infrastructure



Picture



In-stream

Aquatic

Habitat

Rating



Riparian

Vegetation

Rating



Notes



Good habitat. Logs, branches, algae on

rocks, rock overhangs, vegetation

overhang. Good canopy cover. Good

forest on RHS.

Water cloudy – could not see bottom.

River rises about 8 m in wet season and

floods left bank to about 100 m.

2.0



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili Project April 2010 



2.5



Local people fish using seine on flooded

edge during wet season, and big hooks

baited with frogs.



20



Hydrobiology



 

Site



Assessment Area



TKR3



Matoine Stream

and Tonkolili

River, Furia &

Sokia Villages



Picture



In-stream

Aquatic

Habitat

Rating



Riparian

Vegetation

Rating



Notes



Good habitat. Water clear. Organic floc

in backwaters and algae. Rock edges,

tree

roots,

vegetation

overhang.

Terrestrial

leaves

in

backwaters.

Substrate rock.

2.5



3.0



Large snake swam by – guide told us it

was a cobra that hunts fish and the locals

like to catch the snakes for food.

.



MT1



Matoine

Stream

and

Tonkolili

River, Furia &

Sokia Villages



Matoine stream, small rocky stream but

riparian vegetation almost completely

cleared recently for farming by burning

on RHS of stream. Riparian vegetation

on LHS of stream in moderate condition.

Evidence of artisanal mining in-stream.

3.5



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili Project April 2010 



3.5



21



Hydrobiology



 

Site



Assessment Area



MR1



TSF



Picture



In-stream

Aquatic

Habitat

Rating



Notes



Fairly disturbed riparian vegetation and

some evidence of erosion.

Sandy

substrate. Macrophytes (Crinum nathans)

in channel, with weed grasses also

growing in channel where riparian

vegetation removed.

3.0



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili Project April 2010 



Riparian

Vegetation

Rating



3.5



22



Hydrobiology



 

Site



Assessment Area



MR2



TSF



Picture



In-stream

Aquatic

Habitat

Rating



Riparian

Vegetation

Rating



Notes



Very disturbed riparian vegetation.

Macrophytes (Crinum nathans) in

channel, with weed grasses also growing

in channel where riparian vegetation

removed.

Water clear.



3.0



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili Project April 2010 



3.5



23



Hydrobiology



 



5 RARE AND THREATENED AND ENDEMIC FISH

An IUCN red list search of threatened freshwater fish species was undertaken. The species

Pristis microdon (Largetooth sawfish) was listed as present in Sierra Leone and critically

endangered. Although this species is usually found in turbid channels, it is known to be

found in freshwater (www.fishbase.org).

A search of http://www.fishbase.org/ indicated three endemic species to Sierra Leone

found in the Rokel River and will potentially be impacted by mining activities. They are:

1. Leptocypris taiaensis (Cyprinidae) (also reported from the Taia River, Little Scarcies

River, Waanje River and Jong rivers);

2. Marcusenius meronai (Mormyridae) (also reported the Sewa River); and

3. Prolabeo batesi (Cyprinidae) (also reported from the Sewa, Pampana, Little Scarcies

and Jong rivers).

None of these species have been assessed under the IUCN red list system, and so their status

is not assigned. However, endemism inherently means that there is a limited geographical

distribution of a species. Of the one critically endangered and three endemic species listed

above, only Marcusenius meronai was recorded, at three sites, in the baseline study for the

Bumbuna Dam (Nippon Koei UK, 2007).

The limited literature review undertaken in conjunction with fieldwork planning indicated

that the fish of Sierra Leone have not been well studied, particularly the smaller fish in

streams and brooks. An example of fish that may have a locally endemic distribution are the

killifish (Cyprinodontiformes) – brightly coloured fish that are found in small streams

throughout the Americas, Eurasia and Africa, but which appear to have a high level of

endemism in west Africa. It is therefore suggested that aquatic fauna surveys be undertaken

in the small streams and swamps likely to be impacted by the Tonkolili Project.

To facilitate future identification of fish it is recommended that local fishermen accompany

the survey team to facilitate cross-referencing collected data with local knowledge and

species names.

 



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Hydrobiology



 



6 DISCUSSION

The majority of sites covered in this initial Rapid Assessment could potentially be impacted

by road and rail crossings associated with the transport infrastructure of the project.

Although many of the streams are in good condition (particularly with respect to in-stream

habitat), impacts at crossing points should be minor if the following mitigation measures are

taken into consideration:

1. That best practice sediment control measures are used during construction of the

crossings. It is likely that there is some natural tolerance to sediment loads in the

aquatic ecosystems within and downstream of the mining lease and in the streams

where the crossings will occur, due to the natural fluctuations in turbidity in the wet

seasons as noted by local guides. However, very few data are available to assess the

temporal extent and magnitude of changes in turbidity or to support the assessment

and management of potential impacts should they arise;

2. Where bridges are built, that they are designed in a manner that does not confine the

river. If the river is confined it will cause localised faster flow and scouring and may

impede migratory species;

3. Minor in-stream infrastructure can constitute barriers to fish migration. Where

possible, in-stream infrastructure should be designed to be compatible with the

passage of migratory stream organisms, for example the use of bridges rather than

culverts, or selection of open box culverts with natural substrata rather than enclosed

culverts. Additionally vertical barriers such as downstream culvert ends suspended

above the natural substrata should be avoided. Suitable stream passage construction

designs can be found, for example, in Cotterell (1998) or the Washington Department

of Fish and Wildlife (2003);

4. As the haul road is typically to be 13 m in width, the absence of upstream light

(which can deter fish from entering a passage) is unlikely to be a substantial problem

provided the culvert diameter is kept large enough to keep wet season flows to below

0.3 m/s, but it would also be preferable to add at least a central skylight to the culvert

design.

The Mawuru River will be dammed to allow the construction of the TSF. At the proposed

TSF site, there are no mitigation measures that can be put in place to prevent impacts – the

small streams and the river and swamps in the area will be submerged. There is no evidence

that any aquatic surveys have been undertaken in the proposed TSF area. As this area

contains many small streams that may house endemic species, it is strongly suggested that

an aquatic fauna survey is undertaken to fully describe the aquatic biota in the area. This

will enable AML to illustrate that no endemic species are present in the area, or conversely, if

some do exist in the TSF area, action can be taken.

From  the  information  Hydrobiology  currently  has,  it  is  not  possible  to  adequately  assess 

impacts downstream of the TSF.  From available information it appears that the water will 

not  be  of  suitable  quality  for  release  into  the  downstream  reaches  without  treatment, 

particularly  with  respect  to  alkalinity  (a  pH  of  10‐11  is  predicted)  and  potentially  with 



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili Project April 2010 



25



Hydrobiology



 



respect  to  suspended  solids.  Background  water  quality  data  and  information  on  the 

geochemical  aspects  of  the  deposit  are  limited.  While  the  presence  of  pyrite  (a  potential 

source of acid rock drainage) has been noted in overburden materials and potentially toxic 

elements such as arsenic, chromium and nickel are also present at elevated concentrations in 

the  Simbili  deposit,  the  potential  for  related  impacts  on  water  quality  and  aquatic  habitats 

downstream  of  the  TSF  are  presently  unknown,  and  will  depend  on  the  mineralogy  and 

geochemistry of the tailings stored there.     

 

Detailed  hydrological  data  is  not  available  and  therefore  it  is  not  possible  to  assess  the 

potential impacts of a reduced flow from the Mawuru River into downstream reaches, nor is 

detailed mapping of the rivers and streams in the area currently available on which to base 

an assessment of the hydrological connectivity between the rivers.   

 

Hydrobiology strongly suggests that an adequate baseline water quality monitoring

program be established for the area. This will enable the assessment of changes (if any) to

the downstream rivers due to the mine’s activities and will supply a baseline dataset for

management action in the future if negative changes to water quality do occur. It should be

noted that the natural acidity and low conductivity of the water bodies indicate that if ARD

does occur, there would be little or no natural buffering (neutralization) capacity.

Hydrobiology also suggests that a baseline tissue metal survey of aquatic fauna be

undertaken to assess the existing (pre-Tonkolili) concentrations, which are likely to be

influenced by the activities of artisanal miners in the area, and natural mineralisation

associated with iron ore deposits and gold deposits in the general area.

The assessment of metal concentrations in biological tissues can give an indication of the

overall exposure of biota to toxicants and are particularly useful for those that biomagnify

(increase in concentration as they pass up the food chain), such as mercury. Hydrobiology

made initial enquiries as to whether mercury is being used in the area by artisanal gold

miners, but was unable to acquire reliable data. Although most gold mining activity appears

to be use gravity methods (panning) the likelihood exists that some miners use mercury for

gold extraction.

Hydrobiology’s experience is that adequate baseline data for contaminant concentrations in

biological tissues is an important defense against pollution-related litigation, particularly

concerning human health, which may be impacted by the accumulation of toxic elements in

the food chain, particularly when the local population are reliant on fish as a food source.

Of final note is the importance of fish to the local communities. SRK found that food

shortages wase an issue raised in the social surveys (Kumar & Van Vlaenderen, 2010), and

that it is evident that many villages in the vicinity of the rivers and streams rely on fishing to

supplement their diets. Maintaining the fishing resource is therefore critical in terms of food

security for these villagers. It is therefore important that African Minerals Limited acquires a

detailed understanding of fisheries in the areas that may potentially be impacted by projectrelated activities, in order to design, plan and implement appropriate mitigation and

management measures.



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili Project April 2010 



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Hydrobiology



 



7 REFERENCES

Burgt, X.M. van der, 2009. Report on the botanical reconnaissance survey of the Tonkolili

Project area, Sierra Leone. Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1 October 2009.

Burgt, X.M. van der & Pollard, B.P. 2010. Report on the Phase 3 vegetation survey.

Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (in preparation).

Darbyshire, I & Burgt, X.M. van der, 2010. Report on the vegetation survey and botanical

inventory of the Tonkolili Project area, Sierra Leone. Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens,

Kew, 8 February 2010.

Cotterell, E. (1998). Fish Passage in Streams – Fisheries Guidelines for the Design of Stream

Crossings. Fisheries Group, QLD DPI, Brisbane.

Froese,R.and D. Pauly. Editors. 2010. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.

www.fishbase.org, version (01/2010).

IUCN (2010). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. www.iucnredlist.org.

Downloaded on 25 March 2010.

Kumar, L. & Van Vlaenderen, H. 2010. Tonkolili Project. Preliminary social impact

assessment.

Nippon KOEI UK (2007). Completion of the Bumbuna Hydroelectric Project, Baseline Biodiversity

Surveys. Baseline Fish Survey, Final Report. Consultants Report prepared for the Government

of the Republic of Sierra Leone, Ministry of Energy and Power.

Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (2003). Design of Road Culverts for Fish Passage.

http://wdfw.wa.gov/hab/engineer/cm/

 



Rapid Assessment of Aquatic Environments for the Tonkolili Project April 2010 



27



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PHASE 1 ESHIA



APPENDIX 13

Surface Water Monitoring Locations for the Mine Area



!



!



!



!



210000



!



!



!



!



205000



!



¯



200000



!



!



Sasakala



!



!



!



li

!



RMT001



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



Masindugu



!



Sunkoni 1



1000000



Gbonbomba



!



Sunkoni 2



!



li



Bumbuna



!



!



! RMM001

A



!



Rokel Se



e

el S

Rok



Kajida

!

!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



Kamero 2



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



!



UTM29

!



!



!



!



!



!



!



UTM28

Kamero 3



!



!

A

RMT002



!



!

A



Kamero 1



Kabari



Surface Water Monitoring Locations



!

A

!

A

!

A



Kegbema

Keimadugu 1

Keimadugu 2

RMT003



!

A



River Flow Gauging Stations on the Tonkolili River

V-notch Monitoring Points

Streams



!

A



VNM01



River Flow Gauging Stations on the Mawuru River



Trails

Mine Pit Shell Marampon 15/01/2010



Benikoro



995000



Mine Pit Shell Numbara 15/01/2010



Farangbaya



Mine Pit Shell Simbili 15/01/2010



Nunkekoro 2

Nunkekoro 1



RMT004



!

A



Licence Boundary



Fartu

VNS02

Wandugu



!

A



VNS03



!

A



NOTES:

Map Projection is UTM Zone 29N, Datum is WGS84



A



Furia



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Sokoia



PROJECT



Tonkolili Project

Environmental & Social Assessment



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AND DESIGN IS VESTED IN WORLEYPARSONS

LIMITED AND MUST NOT BE COPIED OR

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REPRODUCED

IN ANY WAY WITHOUT THEIR

bo

WRITTEN CONSENT

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Balaya



Surface Water Monitoring Locations

Mine Area

DOCUMENT No:



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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PHASE 1 ESHIA



APPENDIX 14

Tonkolili Soils and Laterite Profile – Prepared by SRK



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project



Tonkolili Soils and Laterite Profile Prepared by SRK



305000-00006 – 305000-00006-0000-EN-REP-0008

08 Apr 2010



Parkview, Great West Road

Brentford Middlesex TW8 9AZ London

United Kingdom

Telephone: +44 (0) 20 8326 5000

Facsimile: +44 (0) 20 8710 0220

www.worleyparsons.com



© Copyright 2010 WorleyParsons



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

TONKOLILI SOILS AND LATERITE PROFILE - PREPARED BY SRK



TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Disclaimer

This report has been prepared on behalf of and for the exclusive use of African Minerals Limited,

and is subject to and issued in accordance with the agreement between African Minerals Limited

and WorleyParsons Europe Limited. WorleyParsons Europe Limited accepts no liability or

responsibility whatsoever for it in respect of any use of or reliance upon the whole or any part of

the contents of this report by any third party.

Copying this report without the express written permission of African Minerals Limited or

WorleyParsons Europe Limited is not permitted.



PROJECT 305000-00006 - TONKOLILI SOILS AND LATERITE PROFILE - PREPARED BY SRK

REV



DESCRIPTION



A



Issued for Internal Review



ORIG



REVIEW



WORLEYPARSONS

APPROVAL



O Fuertes



P Burris



N/A



DATE



08 Apr 2010



c:\documents and settings\alinne.hoffner\desktop\tonkolili project template_report.doc

Document No: 305000-00006-0000-EN-REP-0008 Page ii



CLIENT

APPROVAL



N/A



DATE



SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd

th

5 Floor Churchill House

17 Churchill Way

Cardiff

United Kingdom

CF10 2HH

e-mail: cardiff@srk.co.uk

URL: www.srk.co.uk

Tel: + 44 (0)29 20 34 81 50

Fax: + 44 (0)29 20 34 81 99



EXTERNAL MEMORANDUM

Phil Burris



FROM:



Paul Mitchell

(on behalf of Craig Watt)



FILE REF:



Soil_laterite_v4.docx



DATE:



31 March 2010



SUBJECT:



U4041 - Tonkolili Soils and Laterite Profile



FT



TO:



INTRODUCTION



RA



The purpose of this Memorandum is to provide information in respect of the soils present in the area surrounding

the Simbili and Numbara deposits at the Tonkolili iron ore project, Republic of Sierra Leone. This information

has been derived from both diamond and reverse circulation drilling and includes an interpretation of the

superficial material. However, it is to be noted that, for most drill sites the first two (2) metres of material was

removed during preparation of the drill pad (i.e. clearing and levelling via bulldozer).



OVERVIEW



D



The upper most surficial material at the Tonkolili iron ore deposits is dependent on the underlying geology.

Where the underlying geology is the iron-ore protolith (quartz and silicate itabirites) then a ferruginous hardcap or

canga profile has developed. Where the underlying geology is either the footwall or hangingwall acid to

intermediate rocks a simple laterite profile has developed.

The canga at the Tonkolili iron-ore project consists of predominantly angular to subrounded fragments of

hematite and pisoliths partially replaced by goethite and cemented by clays, reprecipitated silica and iron oxide.

At the hangingwall/footwall contacts and slope failures, goethite-rich pisoliths, gibbsite and clays are more

common. Simple laterites are typically red in colour, comprising of massive and colloform goethite-hematite,

with common iron-oxide fragments cemented by clays, reprecipitated silica and iron oxides.



SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd.

Registered in England and Wales

Reg. No. 1575403



Registered Address:

21 Gold Tops,

Newport,

Gwent.

NP9 4PG



Offices in:

Africa

Asia

Australia

North America

South America

United Kingdom



SRK CONSULTING



MEMORANDUM



Page 2



GEOMORPHOLOGY AND LATERITE DEVELOPMENT

The Tonkolili iron-ore project comprises a portion of the north-south trending Archean Sula Mountain range

which extends for over 20 km and has elevations between 200 and 880m. Superficial laterites, including iron-ore

enrichment, are considered to be the result of laterisation, whereby the previously uplifted land surface has

undergone erosion during an extended period of tectonic stability, under the influence of a tropical to subtropical

climate. Laterite development is likely to have occurred in the Pleistocene or Upper Tertiary, a common age

worldwide for the development of laterite deposits. Importantly, the moderately- to steeply-dipping structure of

the rocks at the Tonkolili iron-ore project assisted groundwater circulation and development of the laterite profile.

Younger east-west trending tectonic movements produced deep trenches and gorges in the Tonkolili laterites and

iron-ores and led to erosion and redeposition of lateritic materials.



SOILS



D



RA



FT



The laterite soil profile ( Figure 1-1) at the Tonkolili iron-ore project has developed to depths of between 40 and

105 m, with a goethite-rich surficial crust up of to 10m thick. Due to the acid to intermediate character of the

footwall and hangingwall rocks, the laterite profile at Tonkolili may be generalised into two types: canga and

simple laterite. Canga is a laterite soil developed over iron-ores which presents Fe-enrichments which exceed

58% Fe. Simple laterite comprises a ferruginous crust which has developed over any and all host rocks having

produced a compositional and textural variation related to the protolith.



Figure 1-1. Typical laterite profile at the Simbili deposit



File Ref: P:\U4041 Tonkolili WP Framework\Task 5 ECF ESHIA Programme\Reps\Soils Memo\Soil_laterite_v4.docx



SRK CONSULTING



MEMORANDUM



Page 3



Canga



D



RA



FT



The Canga profile as seen at Tonkolili is presented as a well-developed laterite profile which progresses from

texturally-preserved lower saprolite (at depth) rocks with low to moderate permeability, through a highly

permeable fine grained friable hematite horizon (SHS - main supergene iron-ore at the redox front; Figure 1-2).

The friable hematite horizon, which contains minor clays and granular silica, underlies a hard hematite zone

(SHH; Figure 1-2) which typically comprises banded hematite and minor permeable clays (due to protolith

silicate content). Towards the surface, there is an increase in hematite-goethite infilled fractures and colloform

precipitates, which give way to moderately permeable canga, consisting of angular to subrounded fragments of

hematite and pisoliths, which form the top 2-3m. These surficial sediments are partially replaced by goethite and

cemented by clays, reprecipitated silica and iron oxides. At the hangingwall and footwall contacts and slope

failures goethite-rich pisoliths, gibbsite and clays are more common.



Figure 1-2: examples of hematite mineralisation from the laterite profile. SHStypical soft hematite; SHH typical hard hematite



File Ref: P:\U4041 Tonkolili WP Framework\Task 5 ECF ESHIA Programme\Reps\Soils Memo\Soil_laterite_v4.docx



SRK CONSULTING



MEMORANDUM



Page 4



Simple Laterites

The simple laterites profiles observed at a the Tonkolili project consist of two distinct types, based on protolithological associations; clastic-chemical sequences with tuffaceous contribution and acid to intermediate

pyroclastic rocks.



RA



FT



The Clastic-chemical sequence consists of, clays, including kaolin, with minor silica, which is predominantly

white to beige in colour with minor variation to pink-red and browns due to the variable content of mafic minerals

in the protolith. The sequence is typically massive with low permeability. The uppermost surficial metres (Figure

1-3) are typically red and brown and comprises massive and colloform goethite-hematite, with common ironoxide fragments cemented by clays, reprecipitated silica and iron oxides.



Figure 1-3. Clay rich goethite laterite



D



The acid, acid to intermediate and acid-intermediate pyroclastic rock related laterites consist of clays, excluding

kaolin, and are predominantly pink to red in colour with minor variation to yellow-ochre and brown. Typically,

this sequence is massive with low permeability (Figure 1-4). The uppermost surficial metres are typically red and

comprises massive and colloform goethite-hematite, with common iron-oxide fragments cemented by clays,

reprecipitated silica and iron oxides, and the development of pisoliths (accretionary mass of iron oxides).



File Ref: P:\U4041 Tonkolili WP Framework\Task 5 ECF ESHIA Programme\Reps\Soils Memo\Soil_laterite_v4.docx



MEMORANDUM



FT



SRK CONSULTING



D



RA



Figure 1-4: Thick intersection of clays from the laterite profile



File Ref: P:\U4041 Tonkolili WP Framework\Task 5 ECF ESHIA Programme\Reps\Soils Memo\Soil_laterite_v4.docx



Page 5



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PHASE 1 ESHIA



APPENDIX 15

Geological and Geomorphologic Baseline Study - Prepared by SRK



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED



Tonkolili Iron Ore Project



Geological and Geomorphologic

Baseline Study - Prepared by SRK



305000-00006 – 305000-00006-0000-EN-REP-0007

08 Apr 2010



Parkview, Great West Road

Brentford Middlesex TW8 9AZ London

United Kingdom

Telephone: +44 (0) 20 8326 5000

Facsimile: +44 (0) 20 8710 0220

www.worleyparsons.com



© Copyright 2010 WorleyParsons



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

GEOLOGICAL AND GEMORPHOLOGICAL BASELINE STUDY - PREPARED BY SRK



TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Disclaimer

This report has been prepared on behalf of and for the exclusive use of African Minerals Limited,

and is subject to and issued in accordance with the agreement between African Minerals Limited

and WorleyParsons Europe Limited. WorleyParsons Europe Limited accepts no liability or

responsibility whatsoever for it in respect of any use of or reliance upon the whole or any part of

the contents of this report by any third party.

Copying this report without the express written permission of African Minerals Limited or

WorleyParsons Europe Limited is not permitted.



PROJECT 305000-00006 - GEOLOGICAL AND GEMORPHOLOGICAL BASELINE STUDY - PREPARED BY

SRK

REV



DESCRIPTION



A



Issued for Internal Review



ORIG



REVIEW



WORLEYPARSONS

APPROVAL



O Fuertes



P Burris



N/A



DATE



08 Apr 2010



c:\documents and settings\alinne.hoffner\desktop\tonkolili project template_report.doc

Document No: 305000-00006-0000-EN-REP-0007 Page ii



CLIENT

APPROVAL



N/A



DATE



TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT

GEOLOGICAL AND

GEMORPHOLOGICAL

BASELINE STUDY

Report Prepared for:



AFRICAN MINERALS LTD

Victoria Place

31 Victoria Street,

Hamilton,

HM10,

Bermuda



Report Prepared by



FILE REF:



SRK Version 09/03



P:\U4041 Tonkolili WP Framework\Task 5 ECF ESHIA

Programme\Reps\Baseline_Geology_Geomorphology\Version

6\Tonkolili_Geology_Geomorphology_v6.docx



MARCH

2010



SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd

Tonkolili Geology/Geomorphology



Page i



TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT

GEOLOGICAL AND

GEMORPHOLOGICAL

BASELINE STUDY

Report Prepared for



AFRICAN MINERALS LTD

VICTORIA PLACE

31 VICTORIA STREET,

HAMILTON,

HM10,

BERMUDA

U4041

SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd

5th Floor Churchill House

17 Churchill Way

Cardiff, UK

CF10 2HH

Tel : +44 29 20 34 81 50

Fax : +44 29 20 34 81 99

cardiff@srk.co.uk

www.srk.co.uk



FILE REF:



P:\U4041 Tonkolili WP Framework\Task 5 ECF ESHIA

Programme\Reps\Baseline_Geology_Geomorphology\Version

6\Tonkolili_Geology_Geomorphology_v6.docx



Report Authors

James Dendle



MARCH 2010



Reviewed by:

Dr. Tim Lucks

Paul Mitchell

:



File Ref:P:\U4041 Tonkolili WP Framework\Task 5 ECF ESHIA Programme\Reps\Baseline_Geology_Geomorphology\Version

6\Tonkolili_Geology_Geomorphology_v6.docx

DEND/BROC

March 2010



SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd – Executive Summary

Tonkolili Geology/Geomorphology



Executive Summary

SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd (SRK) has been engaged by African Mineral Ltd (AML) to undertake a

Geological and Geomorphological Baseline Study to assess the impact of the proposed Tonkolili Iron

Ore Mine. SRK has conducted a thorough desktop review of available literature from a number of

sources.

The Tonkolili Iron Ore project is located in the margins of the Sula Mountains in northern-central

Sierra Leone, approximately 180-200km ENE of the capital, Freetown. This study focuses on the

study area covered by the May 2009 Mineral Resource Estimate reported by SRK which includes the

Simbili, Marampon and Numbara deposits and totals 5.1 Bt of ore, at a grade of 30% Fe.

The Tonkolili region is made up of high rugged mountain ranges, eroded plateaus and smooth hill tops

that rise from 200 to 880 m in elevation. The lowest points which form narrow valleys and gorges

have elevations of between 200 to 350 m. Within the larger area, hills have a dominant NE-SW to

NNE-SWW trend and are intersected by approximately orthogonal valleys, which expand out towards

the south of Numbara.

The primary BIF mineralisation occurs in the form of mixed silicate and quartz itabirite (magnetite),

hosted by metamorphosed successions of acid-volcanics, tuffs, pelitic sediments, clastic sediments and

metacarbonate rocks, all of which are cross cut by pegmatites and porphyritic dykes and sills,

Structurally, the Tonkolili iron deposits are arranged in a left-stepping array, at a very low angle to the

overall trend (NE-SW),displaced, by a series of ESE-WNW trending faults.

The bedrock geology is overlain by laterally and vertically variable laterite and duricrust, which

contribute to the three distinct geomorphological domains that can be observed:





Accumulative valley deposits (domain 1)







Denuded weather slopes (domain 2)







Deeply weathered Peneplains (domain 3)



The Tonkolili area is host to a network of rivers and seasonal streams that feed the perennial Tonkolili

River. The drainage network is variable in pattern ranging from dendritic to parallel (sub-parallel) to

trellis, to rectangular and annualar.

The Tonkolili Iron Project will significantly alter the geology and geomorphology of the area, with

additional implications of the hydrogeological/hydrological regime. In order to mitigate these affects a

number of steps can be taken. For example, watercourses can be diverted to protect excavation areas

and prevent contamination. Land used during construction should be reclaimed and rehabilitated.



File Ref:P:\U4041 Tonkolili WP Framework\Task 5 ECF ESHIA Programme\Reps\Baseline_Geology_Geomorphology\Version

6\Tonkolili_Geology_Geomorphology_v6.docx

DEND/BROC

March 2010



SRK Consulting (Uk) Ltd – Table of Contents

Tonkolili Geology/Geomorphology



Page i



Table of Contents

1  INTRODUCTION

1.1  Qualification of Consultants

1.2  Project Location











2  PROJECT SCOPE







3  METHODOLOGY







4  GEOLOGY







4.1  Regional Geology

4.2  Local Geology and Mineralisation

4.2.1 Stratigraphy

4.2.2 Structure

4.2.3 Deposit Geometry

4.2.4 Seismicity

4.3  Surficial Geology

4.4  Geological Exploration

4.4.1 Drilling

4.4.2 Geophysical Surveying

4.5  Mineral Resource Estimation

4.6  Open Pit Optimisation



5  GEOMORPHOLOGY

5.1  General description

5.1.1 Geomorphological Domains

5.1.2 Landslips



6  HYDROGEOLOGY

6.1.1 Regional Hydrogeology

6.1.2 Local Drainage and Flow Characteristics



7  IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES









11 

12 

12 

13 

14 

14 

15 

15 

17 



19 

19 

21 

23 



23 

23 

26 



28 



7.1  Impacts

7.2  Mitigation



28 

30 



8  CONCLUSIONS



31 



9  REFERENCES



32 



SRK DISTRIBUTION RECORD



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DEND/BROC

March 2010



SRK Consulting (Uk) Ltd – Table of Contents

Tonkolili Geology/Geomorphology



Page ii



List of Figures

Figure 1-1. Location of the Tonkolili Iron Ore Project

Figure 4-1. Revised Simbili stratigraphy

Figure 4-2. Solid geology map covering Simbili, Marampon, Numbara and Numbara

South

Figure 4-3. Orebodies; geometries and sizes

Figure 4-4. Oxidised regolith zones on Simbili. The green surface represents

topography and the brown, base of the oxidised zone. The drillholes are

coloured by logged lithology

Figure 4-5. Section through the Numbara Block model. High grade BIF domain –

purple; low grade BIF domain – red; transitional – yellow; amphibolites –

blue, green; duricrust – orange

Figure 4-6. Section through the Simbili Block model. High grade BIF domain –

purple; low grade – red; transitional – yellow; duricrust – orange

Figure 4-7. Whittle optimised pit outlines for Simbili, Numbara and Marampon.

Figure 5-1. Topographical gradients (in degrees) of the proposed Tonkolili Mine and

surrounding area

Figure 5-2. Numbara peneplain, looking towards Kasafoni

Figure 5-3. Prominent landslide of the east facing slope of Simbili

Figure 6-1. Digitised rivers showing the Tonkolili River and associated drainage

catchment

Figure 6-2. Conceptual hydrogeological model for Tonkolili

Figure 7-1. 3D topography with draped aerial photography, showing the surface

outlines on the Whittle pits







10 

12 



14 



16 

17 

18 

20 

22 

23 

25 

27 

29 



List of Tables

Table 4-1. Regolith zones

Table 4-2. Drill spacings for each deposit.

Table 4-3. May 2009 Mineral Resources for Simbili, Numbara, Marampon and

Combined

Table 6-1. Length weighted percentage of river azimuth in the Tonkolili-Sula

Mountains region



13 

14 

16 

24 



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DEND/BROC

March 2010



SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd

th

5 Floor Churchill House

17 Churchill Way

Cardiff

United Kingdom

CF10 2HH

e-mail: cardiff@srk.co.uk

URL: www.srk.co.uk

Tel: + 44 (0)29 20 34 81 50

Fax: + 44 (0)29 20 34 81 99



March 2010

Our ref: P:\U4041 Tonkolili WP Framework\Task 5 ECF ESHIA Programme\Reps\Baseline_Geology_Geomorphology\Version

6\Tonkolili_Geology_Geomorphology_v6.docx



TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT GEOLOGICAL AND

GEOMORPHOLOGICAL BASELINE STUDY



1



INTRODUCTION



1.1



Qualification of Consultants

The SRK Group comprises over 900 staff, offering expertise in a wide range of resource

engineering disciplines. The SRK Group’s independence is ensured by the fact that it holds

no equity in any project. This permits the SRK Group to provide its clients with conflict-free

and objective recommendations on crucial judgment issues. The SRK Group has a

demonstrated track record in undertaking independent assessments of resources and reserves,

project evaluations and audits, JORC Code compliance audits, independent engineers’

reports and independent feasibility evaluations to bankable standards on behalf of

exploration and mining companies and financial institutions worldwide. The SRK Group has

also worked with a large number of major international mining companies and their projects,

providing mining industry consultancy service inputs. SRK also has specific experience in

commissions of this nature.

This technical report has been prepared based on a technical review by consultants sourced

from the SRK Group’s United Kingdom office. These consultants are specialists in the fields

of geology and Mineral Resource estimation.

SRK’s independence is ensured by the fact that it holds no equity in any project and that its

ownership rests solely with its staff. SRK has a demonstrated track record in providing

independent estimates of Mineral Resources and Ore Reserve Estimates, project evaluations

and audits, competent person’s reports and independent feasibility evaluations to bankable

standards on behalf of exploration and mining companies and financial institutions

worldwide. SRK also has specific expertise in relation to iron ore projects.

Neither SRK nor any of its employees employed in the preparation of this report has any

beneficial interest in the assets of AML. SRK will charge a fee for this work in accordance

with normal professional consulting practice.

.



SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd.

Registered in England and Wales

Reg. No. 1575403



Registered Address:

21 Gold Tops,

Newport,

Gwent.

NP9 4PG



Offices in:

Africa

Asia

Australia

North America

South America

United Kingdom



SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd

Tonkolili Geology/Geomorphology



1.2



Page 2



Project Location

The Tonkolili License area lies largely within the rugged greenstone belt of the southern

Sula Mountain Range approximately 10 km east-southeast of the town of Bumbuna. The

project area is best accessed by road, using 4-wheel drive vehicles. The journey typically

comprises travel along a series of poorly constructed gravel tracks for approximately two

hours from Lungi to Port Loko, followed by one and half hours on a tarmac highway

between Lunsar and Magburaka, passing through Makeni, and finally a further one and a

half hours on gravel tracks from Magburaka to the exploration camp, passing through

Bumbuna (Figure 1-1).

.



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DEND/BROC

March 2010



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N



GUINEA



Bumbuna

RA

ER NE

I

S EO

L



Makeni



LIBERIA



Port Loko

Magburaka

Lunsar Marampa



Lungi



Pepel



Freetown



LEGEND

Tonkolili licence area

Road

Railway

Town



0



MARCH 2010



PROJ. No: U4041



SRK Consulting

Engineers and Scientists



50 km



TONKOLILI IRON ORE



Tonkolili Location Map



Fig 1-1



SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd

Tonkolili Geology/Geomorphology



2



Page 4



PROJECT SCOPE

The scope of work required for the baseline study is as follows:





Desktop review of the available literature on the geology and geomorphology of the

area around the proposed Tonkolili mine.







Identification of potential impacts on the integrity of geological structures as well as

on the geomorphology of the area as a result of contamination and/or activities

relating to the proposed mine development.







Suggestion of appropriate mitigation measures to minimise/reduce the impacts on the

geology and geomorphology of the area.



SRK does not consider any further fieldwork required to establish the geological and

geomorphological baseline conditions for the site.



3



METHODOLOGY

In order to accurately assess the baseline geological and geomorphological conditions for the

Tonkolili Project and surrounding area, a number of sources have been reviewed:





SRK Mineral Resource Report, May, 2009.







SRK Mineral Resource Update Report, March, 2010.







SRK Open pit hydrogeological investigation: Phase 2 Interim Report, January, 2010.







SRK Structural Geological Review, January, 2010.







SRK Exploration: Geological Mapping, logging and field notes.







Peer reviewed scientific papers.







Geological Survey of Sierra Leone reports.







Geological models created by SRK for Mineral Resource Estimation purposes.







Assay database, drillholes, trenching and lithological, geotechnical and structural

logging information, supplied to SRK by AML.



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DEND/BROC

March 2010



SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd

Tonkolili Geology/Geomorphology



4



GEOLOGY



4.1



Regional Geology



Page 5



The Tonkolili Exploration License is situated within, and marginal to, the Sula Mountains

greenstone belt in the older Achaean granitic basement region of Sierra Leone. Two major

orogenic episodes are reported that resulted in the development of a major intracrustal basin

that was subsequently metamorphosed during a second (Liberian) episode of deformation to

form the Kambui Group greenstones, which has subsequently been uplifted to form the Sula

Mountains.

The License is underlain by various schists of the intracrustal Sula Mountains greenstone

belt, adjacent to basement syn-kinematic granites intruded by late-kinematic granites.

The Sula Mountains greenstones (Kambui Group) are metamorphosed intracratonic basinal

sediments in which lithologies grade upwards and inwards from basal metamorphosed

ultramafic volcanics (chlorite and talc schists), through metamorphosed basic volcanics

(amphibolites) to central quartzites and metasediments with interbedded banded ironstones.

Deep weathering during landform modification and uplift gave rise to the formation of the

duricrust zone on the original Cretaceous peneplanized surfaces



4.2



Local Geology and Mineralisation

The predominantly Archean granite-greenstone belt terranes that comprise approximately

75% of Sierra Leone represent the remnants of continental nuclei at the edge of the West

African Craton. The Archean bedrock geology of Sierra Leone can be broadly subdivided

into; intracrustal gneisses and granitoids; supracrustal greenstone belts and basic-ultra basic

igneous complexes.

The basement of the license area is formed of granitoids of the Leonean and Pre-Liberian

Granites. These basement rocks are believed to have been emplaced during both the syn- and

late-kinematic events related to the Leonean Orogeny. The Leonean Granites are the

precursors to the Liberian Granites and both were formed as intracrustal rock formations.

The various igneous differentiates of these granitic rocks were classified based on the

preservation of the major deformation fabrics (Macfarlane et al, 1981). Late acid gneissic

rocks and pegmatites are common with the granitic rocks.

The syn-kinematic granites (Leonean) were emplaced between 3.2 and 2.9 Ga, and are

exposed as coarse grained, equigranular, grey to light grey coloured with biotite, plagioclase

feldspars and quartz as major mineral components. The late-kinematic (Liberian) granites

were emplaced during the late stages of the Leonean orogensis and are composed of quartz,

microcline, plagioclase feldspar, and ± muscovite and ± hornblende (Frikken, 2006). These

later granites are lighter coloured due to their lack of ferromagnesian minerals.

Within the license area the Liberian Granites occupy mostly the eastern part of the prospect

area, while the Leonean Granites occur to the south eastern end. Cross cutting relationships



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Page 6



are rare, however approximately 300 m north of Kemadugu village, the Leonean Granites are

intruded by the Liberian Granites.

The granitic basement rocks are unconformably overlain by a regionally metamorphosed

thick sequence of meta-sedimentary, meta-volcanics, volcano-sedimentary and ultramafic

rock units of the Kambui Super group. The metamorphic grade is characterised by mineral

assemblages of the low grade greenschist facies (chlorite-actinolite–hornblende–muscovite-±

epidote-albite). The Kambui Super group forms the north-east trending Sula Mountain

Greenstone Belt sequence.

The license area is dominated by rock units of the Sula Group which is part of the Kambui

Super group. The Sula Group is comprised of the Sonfon Formation and Tonkolili

Formation, of which the latter is the younger rock unit and is largely constituted of metasedimentary and meta-volcanics, particularly tuffaceous layers.

The Sonfon Formation is documented as being composed of amphibolites with basalt pillow

lavas and ultramafic rocks (MacFarlane et al, 1981). The Sonfon Formation in the most part

occupies the western side of the project area, and form possible thrust-bounded bodies within

the project, an example of which can be seen east of Farengbaya.

To the south of Numbara, the Simbili and Marampon prospects are characterised by the

amphibolites and amphibolite schists of the Sonfon formation. These are associated with

mica-quartz-schists interbedded with some pelitic sediments and quartz-mica-schists. Where

the amphibolites are observed to have a gradational contact with the various mica-schist beds

(MacFarlane et al, 1981).

The Sonfon Formation is conformably overlain by the Tonkolili Formation which is

composed of well-stratified interbedded thin beds of quartz-mica-schists, mica-quartzschists, metamorphosed semi-pelitic to pelitic sediments and thin interbeds of metatuffaceous materials. The stratigraphic relationship between the quartz-mica-schist and the

pelitic sediments is not clear, but appears to have an interfingering relationship.

The Tonkolili Formation occupies the majority of the project area and it is within the upper

part of the sequence that the BIF is hosted. The geology of the Tonkolili formation is split

into two, the upper part is mainly comprised of finer, well-stratified and alternating thin beds

of mica-quartz-schist, semi-pelitic to pelitic sediments and possibly tuffites. The lower part

of the sequence is composed of mostly coarser grained quartz-mica-schist which grade into

quartzites further south of the area.

4.2.1



Stratigraphy

Work undertaken to date includes the revised stratigraphy of the Simbili deposit which is

summarised below (Figure 4-1). From hangingwall to footwall, the interpreted upper

greenschist to amphibolite facies grade sequence comprises:



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Acid, acid to intermediate and intermediate to basic volcanic rock: green, fine grained,

porphyritic aspect, hydrothermally-altered (silicification-potassification). The

Mineralogy consists of quartz phenocrysts set in a fine grained matrix of

biotite+amphibole+quartz. In drill intersections this rock presents variable

compositional facies, probably due to magmatic differentiation (evolution).

Gradational upper contact with overlying sequence.







Acid-intermediate volcanoclastic rock: grey-green banded rock, fine to very fine

grained. Grey bands comprise quartz+biotite+amphibole+chlorite+/-chalcopyrite and

pyrite; green bands predominantly comprise amphibole and rare magnetite.







Silicate itabirite: grey-green banded rock, low to moderate magnetite content

comprising: amphibole+biotite+quartz+chlorite+magnetite+garnet;







Quartz itabirite: characteristic compositional banding on a millimetre scale comprising

alternate bands of microcrystalline quartz and magnetite with typical magnetite

content >35-40%. The entire sequence has been metamorphosed to upper greenschist

/amphibolite facies grade.







Clastic-chemical sequence with tuffaceous contribution, metamorphosed to upper

greenshcist /amphibolite facies grade. This sequence has a sharp contact with

underlying rocks and presents facies variations within which contacts are gradational.

o

Metacarbonate-metapelite: shows compositional banding of mafic metamorphic

minerals (amphibole-biotite-chlorite) alternating with bands richer in

quartz+biotite and with common carbonate, and chalcopyrite+pyrite.

o

Acid pyroclastic rock: variable texture and grainsize from <2mm to >10cm

diameter (breccia and bombs/ blocks) with reaction borders. Strong

hydrothermal alteration (silicification-potassification); disseminations and

veinlets of chalcopyrite+pyrite+pyrrhotite;

o

Marble-metacarbonate: recrystallised coarse grained calcite containing veins

and boudins of amphibole, and disseminations and veinlets of

chalcopyrite+pyrite+pyrrhotite;

o

Quartzo feldspathic rock: white, fine to very fine grained, silicified, comprising

quartz and K-feldspar in roughly equal proportions. May have acid tuff/ fine

quartzite/ volcanogenic origin. Weathering reduces it to clay.

o

Metapelite:

banded,

magnetic,

and

comprising

amphibole

+quartz+biotite+magnetite+garnet.







Porphyritic acid dykes or sills containing phenocrysts of quartz: typically occur within

the itabirite.







Pegmatite dykes.



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Supergene enrichment of itabirite.







Saprolite of quartz-K-feldspar rock.







Hardcap comprising goethite containing voids.



Page 8



Whilst this stratigraphic sequence has been devised specifically for Simbili, the various

lithologies can be observed, to a greater or lesser extent, throughout Numbara and

Marampon.



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STRATIGRAPHY - SIMBILI PROJECT



(9)



(10)



(10) Hardcap comprising goethite containing voids



(8)



(9)



Saprolite of quartz-kfeldspar rock fragments and kaolin



(8)



Supergene enrichment of itabirite



(5)



Clastic-chemical sequence with tuffaceous contribution:

metamorphosed to upper greenschist/amphibolite facies grade.

This sequence has a sharp contact with underlying rocks and

presents facies variations within which contacts are gradational



(6)



(A)



(D)



(B)



(5)



(C)



(A)

(B)



(B)

(A)



(C)

(D)



(E)



Calc-silicate rocks: show compositional banding of mafic metamorphic minerals

(amphibole+biotite+chlorite) alternating with bands rich in quartz+biotite and with common

carbonate,calcopyrite+pyrite

Acid pyroclastic rock: variable texture and grain size from <2mm to 10cm

diameter (breccia and bombs/blocks) with reaction borders. Strong hydrothermal

alteration (calcification-potassification) disseminations and veinletts of

chalcopyrite+pyrite+pyrrhotite

Impure marble: recrystalised coarse grained calcite containing veins and boudins of

amphibole and disseminations and veinlets of chalcopyrite+pyrite+pyrrhotite

Qurtzofoldspathic rock: white, fine to very fine grained silicified, comprising quartz and

kieldspar in roughly equal portions.May have acid tuff fine quartzite volcanogenic origin.

Weathering reduces it to clay.

Metapelite: banded,magnetic and comprising

amphibole+quartz+biolite+magnetite+garnet. Not observed in all drill sections



(4)



(BIF) Quartz itabrite: characteristic compositional banding on

a millimeter scale, comprising alternate bands of microcrystalline

quartz and magnetite with typical magnetite content >35-40%. The

entire sequence has been metamorphosed to upper greenschist/

amphibolite facies grade



(3)



(BIF) Silicate Itabrite: grey-green banded rock, low to

moderate magnetite content comprising:

magnetite+biotite+quartz+chlorite+magnetite+garnet



(2)



Acid-intermediate volcanoclastic rock: grey-green banded

rock, fine to very fine grained. Grey bands comprise

quartz+biotite+amphibole+chalcopyrite and pyrite: green bands

predominantlly comprise amphobole and rare magnetite



(1)



Acid, acid to intermediate and intermediate to basic

volcanic rock: green, fine grained, porphyritic aspect,

hydrothermally-altered (sillicification-potassification). Minerology

quartz phenocrysts set in a fine grained matrix of

biotote+amphibole+quartz. In drill intersections this rock presents

variable compositional facies, probably due to magmatic

differentiation (evolution). Gradational upper contact with

overlying sequence.



(4)



(3)

(2)



(1)



MARCH 2010



PROJ. No: U3700



SRK Consulting

Engineers and Scientists



TONKOLILI IRON ORE



Schematic Simbili Stratigraphy



Fig 4-1



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N



0



MARCH 2010



PROJ. No: U3700



SRK Consulting

Engineers and Scientists



0.5



1km



TONKOLILI IRON ORE



Schematic Simbili Stratigraphy



Fig 4-2



SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd

Tonkolili Geology/Geomorphology



4.2.2



Page 11



Structure

The Tonkolili iron deposits are arranged in a left-stepping array, at a very low angle to the

overall trend. Major lineaments along the margins of several of the deposits shown on

magnetic survey data are interpreted as significant shear zones which have tectonically

interleaved and juxtaposed the deposits.

The rock units of the Kambui Super Group which includes the Sonfon and Tonkolili

Formations have been subjected to at least two sets of deformation which have developed a

broad south plunging synform with northeast trending open folds. These folds are

documented (Frikken, 2006) to have been formed during a major northwest-southeast

compressional event related to the Leonean Orogeny. These folded metamorphosed volcanosedimentary sequences have been further disturbed by an array of northeast to north

northeast and northwest to north northwest trending lineaments or faults.

The main BIF units comprising the Tonkolili resource constitute a relatively simple package

of moderately to strongly sheared ironstones, dipping steeply towards the NW. Original

depositional banding within the ironstones is almost entirely lost due to metamorphism and

deformation. However, a strong tectonic fabric manifested as compositional banding defines

the structure of the rocks and dips moderately to steeply towards the Northwest. This

relatively planar fabric has resulted from top-to-the-southeast shear along the NE-striking

belt and locally grade into lower strain zones where folds with axial planes dipping parallel

to the banding is evident.

The down-dip extension of the Simbili deposit is affected by a series of subvertical, SE-sidedown shear zones which tectonically interleave BIF and country rocks. This shear zone and

several others like it are believed to flank the main deposit areas and are responsible for

juxtaposing the main ironstone units. Tectonic contacts between the units are characterised

by change in foliation orientation and strain intensity, strong chlorite-actinolite alteration

and, occasionally, narrow slivers of country rock. The setting of the Tonkolili project is

provisionally interpreted as an over-steepened thrust zone or pure-shear dominated zone of

sinistral transpression.

The main Tonkolili range is affected by a set of steep to subvertical northwest-striking fault

zones, which accommodate decimetre-scale apparent displacements of the magnetite

resource. These appear to be zones of preferred fluid ingress and weathering of the

ironstones.

The geometry of the fabrics and the belt as a whole is closest to either an over-steepened

thrust belt (i.e., back-tilted), or a positive flower structure in a zone of pure shear dominated

transpression (contraction with a subordinate component of transcurrent movement).



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4.2.3



Page 12



Deposit Geometry

The deposits generally strike NE-SW, dipping 60-70° towards the NW, with the exception of

Marampon, which dips at angle of approximately 24° (also towards the NW). Simbili

extends over a strike length of approximately 3600m, Numbara 3000m, Marampon 1600m

and Kasafoni 7600m. Simbili and Numbara range in thickness from 80 to 550m. Marampon

and Kasafoni are generally narrower at 60-220m. The Kasafoni and Numbara South areas of

the deposit are not covered within the remit of this baseline study and as such will not be

further mentioned (Figure 4-3).



Figure 4-3. Orebodies; geometries and sizes



4.2.4



Seismicity

Earthquakes are a negligible risk at Tonkolili, the USGS National Earthquake Information

Centre has recorded no earthquakes where the epicentre was within a 180km of the Tonkolili

deposit. In fact there have only been five recorded earthquakes where the epicentre was

within a 500 km radius of the Tonkolili deposit which occurred in 1983, 1987, 1995, 2001

and 2004, all of which occurred within the neighbouring countries of Guinea and Liberia.



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4.3



Page 13



Surficial Geology

Ten regolith zones have been defined and exist in varying proportions depending on the

underlying geology (Table 4-1). The zones predominantly define hillside and hilltop

domains.

Table 4-1. Regolith zones

REGOLITH ZONE

Code



Name



Description



DET



Detrital



soil, alluvium, colluvium, duricrust, fragments of canga



SHC



Hardcap



canga, ferricrete, calcrete, silcrete



SUP



Upper Saprolite



no primary texture >10% goethite-hematite



SLO



Lower Saprolite



primary texture >10% goethite-hematite



SSR



Saprock



primary texture <10% goethite-hematite



SBR



Bedrock



primary texture no goethite-hematite



SUH



Hydrated



goethite > hematite - colloform, vitreous



SUD



Dehydrated



hematite > goethite - colloform, vitreous



SUM



Main



hematite > goethite - platy, granular, porous, friable, powdery



SUL



Leached



goethite ochre-yellow > hematite - earthy, powdery



The regolith zone at Numbara has a depth ranging from 14 to 120m, with an average depth

of 73m, compared with 64m at Simbili, which exhibits a depth range of 2-158m (Figure 4-4).

The area immediately above and down slope of the magnetite BIF is dominated by hematite

and goethite rich duricrust, which ranges from soft hematite sand to hard, silica and alumina

rich duricrust.

As the orebody extends down dip the overlying surficial lithologies tend towards iron poor,

silica and alumina rich saprock typified by earthy, powdery lithologies.



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Page 14



Figure 4-4. Oxidised regolith zones on Simbili. The green surface represents

topography and the brown, base of the oxidised zone. The drillholes are

coloured by logged lithology



4.4



Geological Exploration



4.4.1



Drilling

AML has undertaken surface trenching, RC and diamond drilling and across both Numbara

and Simbili, surface trenching and diamond drilling across Marampon. The diamond drilling

makes up the majority of the database that intersects the primary BIF mineralisation and

laterite duricrust while the RC drilling and surface trenching is limited to the laterite

duricrust.

Numbara has been drilled on a dominant 300 m Y by 100 m X grid with partial infill drilling

on a 100 m Y by 100 m X grid. Simbili has been drilled on a dominant 200 m Y by 100 m X

grid, Marampon has been drilled on a 200 m Y by 200 m X grid (Table 4-2).

Table 4-2. Drill spacings for each deposit.

Project 



Dominant Drill Spacing 

(m) 



Number of 

Drillholes 



Total Metres 



Total Metres 

(May 2009 Update) 



Numbara 



300  x 100 



97 



40,355 



37,018 



Marampon 



200 x 200 



19 



6,339 



3,858 



Simbili 



200 x 100 



140 



31,678 



29,676 



 



Total 



293 



90,893 



70,552 



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The majority of holes have been drilled dipping to the southeast, on an azimuth of 130° and a

dip of -60°, to intersect perpendicular to the BIF units that dip to the northwest. Shallow

vertical holes have been completed in the laterite duricrust at the Simbili deposit.

4.4.2



Geophysical Surveying

Magnetic surveys were flown over the license area in mid 2005 by Firefly Aviation Inc of

Calgary, Canada, to aid in the evaluation of the iron ore potential. The data presented for this

license represents the merging of several separate datasets including the original Tonkolili

survey totalling 404 line km at 200 m line spacing, a historical survey flown at 200 m

spacing and an infill survey flown to close the historic data at 100 m line spacing. In addition

AML have also performed a series of ground magnetic surveys at an infill 200 m line

spacing.



4.5



Mineral Resource Estimation

The Mineral Resource Statement (Table 4-3) released by SRK in May 2009 was restricted to

that BIF material falling within the Whittle Shell derived using a metal price of 80

USc/dmtu. This represents the material which SRK considers has reasonable prospect for

eventual economic extraction potential based on the above Whittle optimisation analysis.

In total, Numbara, Marampon and Simbili have a combined resource of 5.1 Bt grading

30.0% Fe Total, 26.5% Fe Mag, 45.3% SiO2 and 4.7% Al2O3. Davis Tube testwork results in

a mass recovery of 29.0% for 1.5 Bt of concentrate grading at 67.7% Fe, 4.92% SiO2, 0.48%

Al2O3 and 0.01% P. Numbara contains an Indicated Resource of 1.6 Bt, Marampon an

Indicated Resource of 0.4 Bt and Simbili an Indicated Resource of 1.1 Bt. Approximately

60% of the resource has been classified as an Indicated Resource (Figure 4-5; Figure 4-6).



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Page 16



Table 4-3. May 2009 Mineral Resources for Simbili, Numbara, Marampon and

Combined

Resource 

Category 



Billion Tonnes 

(Bt) 



FE_TO







SIO2 





AL2O3 











INDICATE





1.6 



30.2 



44.6 



5.1 



0.05 



INFERRED 



0.5 



28.6 



45.7 



5.7 



0.05 



TOTAL 



2.1 



29.8 



44.9 



5.2 



0.05 



INDICATE





0.4 



28.8 



46.6 



4.7 



0.06 



INFERRED 



0.1 



30.1 



45.8 



4.0 



0.05 



TOTAL 



0.5 



29.0 



46.5 



4.6 



0.06 



INDICATE





1.1 



32.1 



44.1 



3.5 



0.05 



INFERRED 



1.4 



29.0 



46.5 



4.8 



0.05 



TOTAL 



2.5 



30.4 



45.4 



4.2 



0.05 



INDICATE





3.1 



30.7 



44.7 



4.5 



0.05 



INFERRED 



1.9 



28.9 



46.3 



5.0 



TOTAL 



5.1 



30.0 



45.3 



Magnetic Concentrate 



1.5 



67.7 



4.92 



Deposit 



Numbara 



Marampon 



Simbili 



Combined 



M







CA







MG







TIO







FE_MA







MRE







2.3 



1.8 



0.2 



25.7 



28.3 



2.5 



1.9 



0.2 



23.9 



26.5 



2.4 



1.8 



0.2 



25.3 



27.8 



2.8 



2.9 



0.1 



27.4 



29.2 



2.8 



2.9 



0.1 



27.6 



29.9 



2.8 



2.9 



0.1 



27.4 



29.3 



2.7 



2.3 



0.1 



28.7 



32.2 



2.7 



2.3 



0.2 



26.1 



28.1 



2.7 



2.3 



0.2 



27.3 



30.0 



0.4 



2.5 



2.1 



0.2 



27.0 



29.8 



0.05 



0.3 



2.6 



2.2 



0.2 



25.6 



27.8 



4.7 



0.05 



0.4 



2.6 



2.2 



0.2 



26.5 



29.0 



0.48 



0.01 



 



 



 



 



 



 



0.4



0.3



0.4



0.2



0.3



0.2



0.3



0.3



0.3





Figure 4-5. Section through the Numbara Block model. High grade BIF domain

– purple; low grade BIF domain – red; transitional – yellow; amphibolites –

blue, green; duricrust – orange

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Page 17



Figure 4-6. Section through the Simbili Block model. High grade BIF domain –

purple; low grade – red; transitional – yellow; duricrust – orange



4.6



Open Pit Optimisation

The Mineral Resources have been reported within a Whittle optimised open pit shell to

define that material which has the potential for economic extraction, giving an indication of

the potential pit area of the proposed mine. This exercise includes consideration of slope

angles, mining costs, mining dilution and losses, ore treatment and recovery, transport costs,

royalties and metal prices. The resultant shells represent a possible outline of the potential

open pit mine, and do not represent the final pit design (Figure 4-7).



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Figure 4-7. Whittle optimised pit outlines for Simbili, Numbara and Marampon.

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5



GEOMORPHOLOGY



5.1



General description



Page 19



The Tonkolili region is made up of high rugged mountain ranges, eroded plateaus and

smooth hill tops that rise from 200 to 880 m in elevation. The lowest points which form

narrow valleys and gorges have elevations of between 200 to 350 m. Within the license area,

the smooth hill tops and plateaus trend in a north-easterly direction and are deeply incised by

the Tonkolili River drainage system which flows to the south east. Most of the steeply

inclined drainages are filled with laterite duricrust and boulders, whereas, the downstream

valley-floor areas are typically swampy and flat-lying. Within the larger area hills have a

dominant NE-SW to NNE-SWW trend and are intersected by approximately orthogonal

valleys, which expand out towards the south of Numbara.

The Tonkolili area consists can be subdivided into three distinct geomorphological domains

that directly reflect topography. The topographically lowest domain exists at the base of the

valleys and extends approximately 20 m up slope. This domain yields to the steeply inclined

hill sides (second domain), which in turn lead to the peneplainised hill tops, constituting the

third geomorphological domain:





Accumulative valley deposits (domain 1)







Denuded weather slopes (domain 2)







Deeply weathered Peneplains (domain 3)



The local topography is reasonably steeply inclined (see Figure 5-1) with hill sides that

typically range from 15° to 45°. Small cliff sections are common, particularly at the crest of

the numerous landslides, which possess elevated slope angles in excess of 45°. The east

facing slopes of Simbili and west facing slopes of Numbara South represent the steepest

parts of the deposits The undulating bases of valleys dip from 0° to 15° over short ranges.. In

general, the peneplainised hill tops appear as small areas of near horizontal terrain (0-5°~)

surrounded by progressively steeper ground (moving downslope).



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Figure 5-1. Topographical gradients (in degrees) of the proposed Tonkolili Mine and surrounding area

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5.1.1



Page 21



Geomorphological Domains

Accumulative valley deposits

The accumulative domain consists of deposits of Quaternary alluvial sands, silts, clays and

conglomerates forming as thick, river cut successions at the base of wide “U” shaped

valleys. Alluvial material is overlain by thin deposits of soil. Sedimentation and development

of this domain is particularly active in the wet season via the transport of suspended

sediment, and eroded in the dry season, by the frequent heavy rains. This domain typically

expands in width towards the south of the project area, where valleys expand from 100-200m

in the north to 1.5-2km south of Simbili.

The valley domain varies from flat lying sediment accumulations to gently undulating

mounds and depressions, vegetated by grasses, small trees and localised dense tropical bush

(progressing respectively from the middle of valleys to edges).

Denuded, deeply weathered slopes

The deeply incised (by the Tonkolili River drainage system) slopes that extend from the

valley bottoms to the peneplainised hill tops consist of a mixture of autochthonous weathered

BIF and allochthonous boulders and Fe-rich soils. Slopes are cut by runnels which range in

morphology from shallow seasonal channels to densely vegetated, deeply weathered

perennial runnels associated with aquifer discharge and wet season runoff.

Peneplains

The hill tops are typically gently inclined plateaus, split by steeper horseback-crest style

relief and short, steep ramps. These areas range in gradient from 0° to a maximum of 10°

(Figure 5-2).

The southern half of Simbili, which is geomorphologically distinct from the northern end, is

typically more undulating along its length than Marampon and Numbara. This area consists

of narrower interlinked peneplains, connected by 10-25° ramps either side of the hill top.

This domain is deeply weathered, up to approximately 100m resulting in a variable soil

profile, which is dependent on the positions of the BIF subcrop. Typically this domain is

vegetated by grassy scrubland to green bush with small trees and shrubs.



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Figure 5-2. Numbara peneplain, looking towards Kasafoni



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rphology



5.1.2



Page 23



Landslipss

A number of significannt landslips exist around

d the depositts with perhaaps the mostt sizeable

S slope off Simbili (Fiigure 5-3).Thhe landslips are characteerised by

located on the upper SW

de crown, annd progressivvely shallow

wer minor

steep (>70°) main scarrps beneath the landslid

r

area of the slidee. Further

scarps (60°° down to 25°) towards the toe/toes of surface rupture

downslopes, landslidess are expressed by convex, radial struuctures with prominent trransverse

ridges at a reduced graddient (15-30)).



3. Promine

ent landslid

de of the ea

ast facing slope

s

of Simbili

Figure 5-3



6



HYDRO

OGEOLOGY



6.1.1



Regionall Hydrogeo

ology

The Tonkoolili River (F

Figure 6-1) liies within th

he catchment of the Seli R

River basin. The Seli

River (alsoo referred to as the Rokeel) is the larg

gest river in Sierra Leonee, draining a basin of

10,620km2 on its 400kkm south weesterly coursse toward thee Atlantic. T

The river risses in the

S

Leonee and emptiess into the Sieerra Leone Estuary.

E

interior plaateaux and hiill ranges of Sierra

The maxim

mum average monthly floow in the Selii River at Buumbuna occuurs during Seeptember,

and the miinimum durinng March. Peak

P

flows arre greatest between

b

July and Octobeer (600 to



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1200m3/s). The mean annual discharge of 113m3/s is equivalent to around 890 mm of annual

rainfall.

Within the area immediately surrounding the Tonkolili Project, rectangular, trellis, dendritic,

parallel and annular drainage patterns can be observed (Table 6-1). Rectangular patterns

prevail in the northern parts of the Sula Mountains, extending as far south as the town of

Bumbuna. Between the deposit areas there is a strong structural control, with broadly parallel

to dendritic (almost trellis) drainage patterns trending NE-SW to NNE-SSW. Annular

patterns are common over areas of granitic intrusion and other dome like structures (Wilson

& Marmo, 1958).

Table 6-1. Length weighted percentage of river azimuth in the Tonkolili-Sula

Mountains region

Dominant Azimuth



Percentage - by length



125-135



18



45-60



17



25-35



14



150-165



14



85-100



13



170-5



11



70-80



6



105-115



6



Lower valley areas (geomorphological domain 1) typically exhibit parallel or dendritic

drainage patterns, whereas slope areas (domain 2), are more commonly characterised by

dendritic, parallel and sub-parallel drainage patterns.

The Tonkolili River is likely to follow the lithological contacts between more resistant quartz

schist and another (unknown), softer lithology. It is suggested that NW-SE trending sections

of the river are likely to parallel the strike of a regional set of faults that exist in that

orientation.



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Figure 6-1. Digitised rivers showing the Tonkolili River and associated drainage catchment

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6.1.2



Page 26



Local Drainage and Flow Characteristics

The sites of Numbara, Marampon and Simbili are drained by three main catchment areas. All

three sites drain in a westerly direction towards the Rokel River catchment (south of the

Bumbuna Dam). Whilst the Numbara site drains exclusively to this catchment, the

Marampon and Simbili sites also drain easterly into the Mawura catchment. The westerly

draining water contributes to the Tonkolili River.

The majority of groundwater flow at the Simbili, Numbara and Marampon deposits occurs

through the weathered cap, which comprises partially weathered amphibolite and BIF.

Within this zone, most groundwater flow occurs through open fractures. The weathered cap

exhibits a permeability that is approximately one order of magnitude higher in the fractures

than in the matrix. Connectivity of fractures varied between test sites and between

observation wells at the same test site, which demonstrates the heterogeneous nature of the

weathered cap aquifer (SRK Open pit hydrogeological investigation, 2010).

Although differences in permeability between the weathered BIF on Simbili and the

weathered amphibolite on Numbara may be lithological, it is likely that the principal control

on the connectivity and alignment of fractures in the weathered cap is structural. However,

little data exists on the distribution and orientation of fracturing in the weathered cap. A

structural interpretation of the geotechnical logging data from the weathered cap (and other

geological units) is clearly required.

Whatever the control on fracture extent, it is clear from the testwork that the weathered cap

is significantly more permeable (hydraulic conductivity (K)=E-1 to E-3m/d) than the more

completely weathered and transported material present on the hill flanks (K=E-4 to E-5m/d).

From examination of the existing core, it is also likely that the underlying fresh BIF and

amphibolite are significantly less permeable than the weathered cap, a hypothesis that is

supported by the very dominant spring line which surrounds all three deposits. However,

this may again depend heavily on structural features and the permeability of the underlying

fresh rock has not been directly investigated in this study.

The completely weathered rock that makes up the overlying laterite and, locally, the

duricrust mainly comprises silt-grade material.

Although the laterite/duricrust is unlikely to play an important role in terms of groundwater

flow, it may play a significant role in groundwater recharge. It is possible that the

laterite/duricrust may act as a buffer to rapid recharge the groundwater flow to springs as

well as to direct through flow to springs, which in turn would control the hydrograph

response in the rivers. Removal of the laterite/duricrust could see a more flashy hydrograph

response in the Tonkolili and Mawura rivers.



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The conceptual hydrogeological model (Figure 6-2) can be summarised as follows.

Recharge percolates through the laterite or duricrust into the weathered cap from where the

majority of groundwater flows laterally, at the contact with fresh rock, towards the ridge

flanks and discharges through springs to the surface water network. The component of

groundwater flow from the weathered cap to the colluvium is unknown but is considered to

be low given the generally low permeability of the colluvium. Similarly, it is thought that

groundwater flow from the weather cap to the underlying fresh BIF and amphibolite, which

appears to be generally competent, is also low.

Mining operations are likely to encounter potentially moderate to high initial inflows from

groundwater as the pit progresses below the water table, but these inflows are likely to be

short lived as groundwater flow from fracture storage is depleted. As the cone of depression

from the open pit extends to beyond the limit of the weathered cap and into the colluvium,

inflows with reduce again.

The impact of mining on groundwater-fed springs discharging from the flanks of the deposits

will most likely be significant as the source of groundwater to springs is dewatered from the

pit. This will affect river baseflow, which will be most noticeable during the dry season.

However, the extent of the impact on baseflow is not known and should be investigated

further in the coming stages of the investigations.



Figure 6-2. Conceptual hydrogeological model for Tonkolili



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7



IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES



7.1



Impacts



Page 28



During the mining operations, mine site infrastructure and mine waste disposal will sterilise

the potential for undertaking further exploration in parts of the project area, and hence

sterilise the use of existing resources. However, work is being undertaken to ensure that

there is no sterilisation of resources in key areas of proposed infrastructure/construction.

The ore will be extracted by open-pit methods, which will be optimised to suit the orebody

geometry and ground conditions. Mining of the ore amounts to the use of a non-renewable

resource; such that once the reserves are depleted this natural resource cannot be used again.

The optimised pit shells suggest the designed pits will occupy a significant area. For

example, the Simbili open pit may be up to 4 km in length and over 2 km wide (Figure 7-1).

Potential impacts on the geology and geomorphology of the Project Area include:





changes to the topography and geological unit geometry as a result of exploratory

drilling and trenching, infrastructure construction, open pit extraction, waste rock

storage, stockpiling and an extensive tailings facility;







human-induced landslides and other slope processes due to man-made ground

vibrations;







changes in rock stress regimes;







potential changes in flow regime, and water quality, of rivers, along with other

ephemeral watercourses, and groundwater, due to extraction and new infrastructure,

and stockpiling potentially harmful material;







loss of land capability indefinitely in the pit area and in areas of new infrastructure;







alteration of overland flow and gully pathways due to extraction, infrastructure and

waste and stockpile dumps;







alteration of local topography surrounding incline ramp, pit, tailings storage dam,

waste rock dumps, processing plant and associated infrastructure (roads etc); and







creation of man-made soils.



Current exploration work, in the form of trenching, pitting and drill pad construction has

already altered the topography of the area, resulting in changes to local watercourses,

overland flow rates and sedimentation, by weathering and erosion. These changes compound

the existing geological and geomorpholoigcal impacts resulting from extensive artisanal gold

mining that is centred on most local watercourses.



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Page 29



Numbara Pit Shell



Figure 7-1. 3D topography with draped aerial photography, showing the surface outlines on the Whittle pits

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7.2



Page 30



Mitigation

To reduce the effect the mine will have on the geology and geomorphology of the Project

Area, the following recommendations should be adhered to:





Preserve watercourses where possible, and divert others to protect excavations and

containment areas (that is, infrastructure stability).







Reclaim and rehabilitate land disturbed during construction by re-grading, recontouring and replacing topsoil following closure and decommissioning.







Rehabilitate and landscape areas disturbed during construction of permanent/semipermanent structures.







Reuse excavated material, where possible, for further construction and earth works, in

order to minimise the necessity for construction associated quarrying in the area.







Reduce harmful effects on the shape of the landscape by using well-designed blasting

programmes and mining techniques to minimise vibrations.



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8



Page 31



CONCLUSIONS

Following studies by SRK a number of key conclusions have been reached that outline the

geological and geomorphological impacts of the Tonkolili Iron Ore Project. This Baseline

study represents a contribution towards the Scoping Report and eventual Environmental and

Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) report by WorleyParsons.

The most significant potential impacts to the geology and geomorphology by the

development Tonkolili Iron Ore Project include:





Loss of a non-renewable Resources;







Loss/change in existing land use within the area during the life of the project;







Irreversible loss of land capability in the proposed open pit area;







Likely changes in water flow regime and drainage patterns and associated impacts on

rivers and landforms; and







Potential change in river water quality



The main mitigation measures for reducing the impact on geology and geomorphology at

Tonkolili include:





Preserve watercourses where possible, and divert others to protect excavations and

containment areas (that is, infrastructure stability), and minimise contamination;







Reclaim and rehabilitate land disturbed during construction by re-grading, recontouring and replacing topsoil following closure and decommissioning; and







Reduce harmful effects on the shape of the landscape by using well-designed blasting

programmes and mining techniques to minimise vibrations.



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9



Page 32



REFERENCES

MACFARLANE, A., BECKINSALE, R.D., PANKHURST, R.J & SNELLING, N.J. 1981. The

Geology and mineral resources of northern Sierra Leone. Institute of Geological Sciences

(Great Britain.)

WILSON, N.W. & MARMO, V. 1958. Geology, Geomorphology and Mineral Resources of

the Sula Mountains. Geological Survey of Sierra Leone, London.

Unplublished references

FRIKKEN, P. 2006. Marampa and Tonkolili Iron Projects, Aeromagnetic Data Interpretation

and Target Analysis. Sierra Leone Diamond Company, Unpublished Report, pp.22

SRK Exploration: Geological Mapping, logging and field notes

SRK (UK) Mineral Resource Report, May, 2009.

SRK (UK) Mineral Resource Update Report, March, 2010.

SRK (UK) Open pit hydrogeological investigation: Phase 2 Interim Report, January, 2010.

SRK (UK) Structural Geological Review, January, 2010.



For and on behalf of SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd



James Dendle

Consultant Resource Geologist



Craig Watt

Principal Environmental Engineer



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March 2010



SRK Consulting

Tonkolili Geology/Geomorphology



SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd Report Distribution Record



Complete this form and include it as the final page for each copy of the report produced.



Report No.



Copy No.



Name/Title



U4041



Version 6



Company



Copy



Date



Authorised by



Approval Signature:



This report is protected by copyright vested in SRK Consulting (UK) Limited. It may not be

reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means whatsoever to any person without the written

permission of the copyright holder, SRK.



U



March 2010



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PHASE 1 ESHIA



APPENDIX 16

Pepel Port Soil and Water Samples Locations



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Map Projection is UTM Zone 28N, Datum is WGS84



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STORAGE TANKS

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AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PHASE 1 ESHIA



APPENDIX 17

Environmental Note on Malaria Control



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED



Environmental Note on Malaria Control

Options

Tonkolili Iron Ore Project



305000-00006 / WP0205000

2 June 2010



WorleyParsons Canada Ltd.

Infrastructure & Environment Division

4500 16th Avenue NW

Calgary, AB T3B 0M6 CANADA

Phone: +1 403 247 0200

Toll-Free: 1 800 668 6772

Facsimile: +1 403 247 4811

www.worleyparsons.com

© Copyright 2010 WorleyParsons



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

ENVIRONMENTAL NOTE ON MALARIA CONTROL OPTIONS

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



PROJECT 305000-00006 / WP0205000 - ENVIRONMENTAL NOTE ON MALARIA CONTROL OPTIONS

FILE LOC.: CALGARY

REV



DESCRIPTION



A



Issued for review



ORIG



REVIEW



WORLEYPARSONS

APPROVAL



E.Baulk



G.Ramesh



G.Ramesh



DATE



CLIENT

APPROVAL



DATE



dd-mmm-yy



q:\mandm select\aml - tonkolili\10.0 engineering\10.13 es - environmental and social\aml - ecf\eshia\appendices\appendix 17 environmental note

on malaria control (4).doc

Page i



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

ENVIRONMENTAL NOTE ON MALARIA CONTROL OPTIONS

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



Disclaimer

This report has been prepared on behalf of and for the exclusive use of African Minerals Limited,

and is subject to and issued in accordance with the agreement between African Minerals Limited

and WorleyParsons Europe Limited. WorleyParsons Europe Limited accepts no liability or

responsibility whatsoever for it in respect of any use of or reliance upon the whole or any part of

the contents of this report by any third party.

Copying this report without the express written permission of African Minerals Limited or

WorleyParsons Europe Limited is not permitted.



305000-00006 / WP0205000 : Rev A : 2 June 2010



Page iii



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

ENVIRONMENTAL NOTE ON MALARIA CONTROL OPTIONS

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



CONTENTS

1.



INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................1



2.



POTENTIAL IMPACT OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ON MALARIA......2



3.



OPPORTUNITIES FOR CONTROL OF MALARIA ASSOCIATED WITH

DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS...............................................................................................2



4.



3.1



Planning for and Monitoring of Malaria Control Associated with Development

Efforts .......................................................................................................................2



3.2



Options for Practical Application of Malaria Control Measures during

Resettlement, Construction and Operation Phases.................................................5

3.2.1



Community Resettlement.......................................................................................5



3.2.2



Project Construction Phase ...................................................................................5



3.2.3



Operation Phase ....................................................................................................6



REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................8



305000-00006 / WP0205000 : Rev A : 2 June 2010



Page v



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

ENVIRONMENTAL NOTE ON MALARIA CONTROL OPTIONS

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



1.



INTRODUCTION



Malaria is by far the most important insect transmitted disease (Gilles and Warrell, 1993). Latest WHO

estimates are that there are 300-500 million cases of clinical malaria per year, with 1.4 to 2.6 million

deaths, mainly among African children. Malaria is therefore a major cause of infant mortality and is the

only insect borne parasitic disease comparable in impact to the world's major killer transmissible diseases:

diarrhea, acute respiratory infections, tuberculosis and AIDS.

Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites called plasmodium. Plasmodium are transmitted

by the bites of infected anopheles mosquitoes who require a blood meal for egg production (PAN 2009).

Once inside the body, the plasmodium parasites are carried in the blood stream to the liver, where they

multiply before infecting the red blood cells. Malarial attacks are characterized by fever, severe chills,

headache and vomiting and are triggered when the parasitic load within the red blood cells peaks; the red

blood cells rupture releasing a large number of parasites into the bloodstream, infecting the red blood cells

around them. If not treated, malaria can become life-threatening by disrupting the blood supply to the vital

organs.

There are four main types of plasmodium that cause malaria (P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae and P.

ovale); in sub-Saharan Africa, the predominant one is P. falciparum. Approximately 40 anopheline

mosquito species are capable of transmitting malaria, all of which require water for larvae development.

Outside of this universal requirement, preferred breeding habitats can vary from species to species e.g.

sun or shade, temperature range, flowing or stagnant water, vegetation, floatability, salt content etc. Once

juvenile aquatic stages are completed, most adult mosquitoes have a range of 1-3 km by air. Flying and

feeding times vary by species, with some active at dawn and dusk and others during the daytime. The

dominant mosquito species in sub-Saharan Africa are A. gambiae and A. funestus, species characterised

by high longevity, density and anthropophily i.e. they prefer to feed on human rather than animal blood

(PAN 2009). It is estimated that on average, a person receives c.121 infected bites per year in Africa (PAN

2009).

Table A



Preferred

habitat /

breeding

ground



Predominant Anopheles Species in Africa



A. funestus



A. gambiae arabiensis



A. gambiae melas



Permanent vegetated

water including swamps,

ponds, lake margins,

streams, ditches and rice

fields



Semi permanent rain pools or

overflow water, roadside

ditches, clogged drainage

ditches, small borrow pits,

wheel ruts, hoof prints, natural

depressions in the ground and

puddles at the margins of rice

fields



Brackish or saltwater

marshes and lagoons

including saltwater fish

ponds, in partial or full

sunlight



(WHO 1984)



305000-00006 / WP0205000 : Rev A : 2 June 2010



Page 1



2.



POTENTIAL IMPACT OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

ON MALARIA



Development projects have the capacity to influence the transmission of malaria. It can be expected that if

not anticipated and corrected for in the initial plan, most development projects will result in an increase in

malaria transmission because of one or more of the following factors:





Irrigation;







water provision;







building sites;







road construction;







deforestation;







population shifts (resulting from economic, seasonal, or permanent migration, refugee situations).



In countries with a high malarial burden such as Africa, the health impacts associated with developmentrelated increase in malaria should therefore be given due consideration. Ideally, this is done during initial

planning in order that mitigation might be put in place to reduce the severity of this impact. Since malaria

is a vector-borne disease - meaning that it is transmitted through the bite of another organism (i.e. the

mosquito) - control of malaria transmission can be affected by means designed either to reduce mosquito

populations, or reduce human contact with those populations. The impacts of the development projects on

malaria through increased vector breeding sites should be considered for both inland as well as shoreline

activities.



3.



OPPORTUNITIES FOR CONTROL OF MALARIA ASSOCIATED

WITH DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS



3.1



Planning for and Monitoring of Malaria Control Associated with

Development Efforts



It is recommended that all development projects take into account the potential for an adverse impact on

malaria disease transmission. Project plans must thus include provisions for reducing the potential for

transmission. Development of such plans and mechanisms for monitoring impact can best be achieved by

cross-sectoral teams.

Prevention of malaria associated with development can best be established at the pre-planning stage.

Early prevention of malaria is generally simpler and cheaper than instituting corrective measures later.

Specified recommended components, to be carried out by the team members, must be included in the

planning and implementation phases, respectively, to prevent an adverse impact on malaria. It is critical

that the implementation phase must continue and reinforce the interventions initiated in the planning

phase. These efforts should include:



Page 2



appendix 17 environmental note on malaria control (4).doc



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

ENVIRONMENTAL NOTE ON MALARIA CONTROL OPTIONS

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



In the planning phase:





In-country epidemiologic assessment for malaria. Projects must include a baseline

epidemiologic characterization of the region selected for development. This characterization will

include the current malaria situation, the biology of the malaria parasite and its various vector

control strategies, and the roles of the health system, the community, and the other sectors in any

existing malaria program;







Community involvement. A commitment to involve the community and develop a plan in

conjunction with the affected community. The input, consultation, and education of the affected

human population;







Design and establishment of safeguards. Preventive and corrective policies and practices must

be instituted to control malaria associated with development efforts; and







A real time plan. Opportunity for later modifications to the development plan. The planning phase

must also include a consideration of changes that the development projects may generate and,

most importantly, allow for modifications to the plan to reduce the transmission of malaria in the

future.



In the implementation phase:





Regular and ongoing monitoring (at least yearly) of malaria epidemiology;







Continual involvement of the community in program implementation; and







Monitoring and enforcement of safeguards.



The WHO recommends an Integrated Vector Management (IVM) approach, a systematic control approach

based on evidence and knowledge of the local situation (WHO website 2010). Integrated vector

management (IVM) is defined as "a rational decision-making process for the optimal use of resources for

vector control" and includes five key elements: 1) evidence-based decision-making, 2) integrated

approaches 3), collaboration within the health sector and with other sectors, 4) advocacy, social

mobilization, and legislation, and 5) capacity-building (Beier et al 2008). In 2004, the WHO adopted IVM

globally for the control of all vector-borne diseases. Important recent progress has been made in

developing and promoting IVM for national malaria control programmes in Africa at a time when

successful malaria control programmes are scaling-up with insecticide-treated nets (ITN) and/or indoor

residual spraying (IRS) coverage.



Available Control Measures

Since malaria involves three living beings: man (the host), plasmodia (the agent), and anopheles mosquito

(the vector), control of this menace is a formidable task. The measures most widely employed to control

malaria currently include insecticide-treated nets, preventative / curative medicines (chemoprophylaxis

and chemotherapy), and application of pesticides to control the vectors (mosquitoes). Other control

measures involve the use of environmental control strategies which can be used in addition to, or in some



305000-00006 / WP0205000 : Rev A : 2 June 2010



Page 3



cases in place of more conventional techniques in order to provide a more sustainable approach. An

effective malaria control programme will often incorporate a number of measures that will work in unison.

The type or combination of control measures used for a given development project will depend on a

number of local factors and should be determined during the planning phase.

IRS is one of the primary vector control and transmission disruption measures used to control malaria

(WHO 2006). IRS involves the application of long-acting chemical insecticides to the inside walls and

ceilings of buildings to kill the adult vectors that land on them. This serves two functions, firstly to reduce

the lifespan of infected adult vectors, and secondly to reduce vector density (WHO 2006). The insecticide

used for IRS must be chosen according to local conditions (vector species – susceptibility and behaviour),

safety for humans and environment, and cost effectiveness balanced with efficacy. The WHO recommend

12 different insecticides (WHO 2006). Since many of these chemicals have known health effects (e.g.

DDT), care should be exercised when developing mitigation strategies that involve use of these potentially

toxic insecticides. It is important that IRS is carried out properly and safely and that unwanted exposure or

release does not occur (consider aspects such as training of personnel, subcontracting, prevention of

unauthorized use etc). Also of note is the fact that strategies with a high dependence on chemical

pesticides can be undermined by development of vector resistance, and vector behaviour adaptation

(avoidance) (WHO 2006, PAN 2009). Insecticide resistance is of particular concern in Africa; WHO

recommend a comprehensive assessment of resistance at a local level before planning an IRS

programme (WHO 2006). If such an assessment has been carried out locally, the findings may be of use.

These factors should be taken into consideration when planning a malaria mitigation programme.

Non-insecticide based environmental control techniques are also available. Environmental control

strategies can be regarded in three categories (WHO 1982):





manipulation or modification of human habitation or behaviour – e.g. the use of non-pesticidal

personal protection, proofing houses or citing settlements away from major breeding sites;







environmental modification – permanent or long-lasting measures to prevent, eliminate or reduce

vector habitats; and







environmental manipulation – planned, recurrent activities that reduce the favourability of a habitat

for breeding.



When planning development projects, these categories can also be viewed from a ‘potential’ rather than

‘existing’ standpoint, i.e. construction can be planned to avoid unnecessary creation of larval habitat. Care

should be taken that mitigation measures are planned and carried out such that there are not excessive

adverse effects on surrounding ecosystems (for example drainage of natural wetlands etc).



Page 4



appendix 17 environmental note on malaria control (4).doc



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

ENVIRONMENTAL NOTE ON MALARIA CONTROL OPTIONS

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT



3.2



Options for Practical Application of Malaria Control Measures

during Resettlement, Construction and Operation Phases



3.2.1



Community Resettlement



Where resettlement of communities is necessary, the following mitigation measures should be taken into

consideration (IFC 2009, WHO 2006):

E duca t io n

Planning sessions for community resettlement should include educational segments for leaders of the

community (including women) on the importance of design and construction of housing with regard to

malaria-protective measures (screened windows and doors) and their proper use.

Co nst ruct ion

When resettlement housing is constructed, malaria-protective measures should be incorporated (if

acceptable to the local community). Boreholes should be designed such that country design requirements

are met, with drainage sufficient to prevent formation of mosquito breeding sites. Insecticidal treatments,

i.e. IRS, for new housing should be considered if appropriate.

L ocat io n

Resettlement housing should located at least 500m from significant anopheles breeding sites. In addition,

communities with low malarial transmission rates should not be placed in or near communities with high

transmission rates.

Co mmunity Sup port

Support of local / regional malarial control programmes e.g. through the provision of insecticide treated

nets at reduced cost to impacted communities. Educate community members on the use of such nets and

other controls e.g. environmental management programmes and community clean-up days.



3.2.2



Project Construction Phase



Construction creates many opportunities for increased mosquito breeding sites, including creation of pits,

berms and waste piles in which water can pool, or which may affect existing drainage, the rutting of

surfaces by heavy plant and alteration of vegetation patterns. Possible environmental management

techniques for malaria control during construction include (IFC 2009, PAN 2009, WHO 1982, WHO 1984,

WHO 2006):





Creating adequate drainage;







Filling depressions to prevent pooling of water;



305000-00006 / WP0205000 : Rev A : 2 June 2010



Page 5







Covering water tanks and stagnant water;







Due care and planning when re-routing water features (streams, wetlands, rivers, rice plantations

etc);







Vegetation management in construction area to reduce the favourability of breeding habitat for

dominant mosquito species;







Education of workers on the use of personal protection (long sleeve shirts and pants / repellent /

nets for sleeping), provision of suitable clothing where appropriate;







Placement of any worker camps away from mosquito breeding sites (1.5 - 2 km from major

breeding sites);







Good construction of housing and buildings in worker camps (repairing of cracks and holes,

covering eaves where appropriate) installation of screens on windows and doors, and provision of

treated nets for sleeping;







Periodic IRS where appropriate and as per WHO guidance (WHO 2006);







Vegetation clearing around worker camps to reduce favourable breeding or resting sites; and







Good housekeeping (e.g. removal of debris that may collect water, vigilance and awareness of

issues, keeping drains clear of refuse and free-flowing, maintenance of all vector control measures

already in place etc).



3.2.3



Operation Phase



A number of the malaria control techniques were used during construction can be used ‘as is’ or modified

for use during the operation phase of a project; this is especially true in a mine area since there will be

constant remodelling of the landscape. The techniques employed during operation should be sustainable

over the lifetime of the project; some will require maintenance in order to achieve this, and others will be

more permanent. They include (IFC 2009, PAN 2009, WHO 1982, WHO 1984, WHO 2006):





Creating adequate drainage systems;







Land levelling;







Filling depressions to prevent pooling of water;







Covering water tanks and stagnant water;







Vegetation management in construction area to reduce the favourability of breeding habitat for

dominant mosquito species;







Planting of indigenous water-intensive plants/trees to help dry problem areas (with due care to

avoid biodiversity issues);







Education of workers on the use of personal protection (long sleeve shirts and pants / repellent /

nets for sleeping) to prevent sickness;



Page 6



appendix 17 environmental note on malaria control (4).doc



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

ENVIRONMENTAL NOTE ON MALARIA CONTROL OPTIONS

TONKOLILI IRON ORE PROJECT







Placement of any worker camps away from mosquito breeding sites (1.5 - 2 km from major

breeding sites);







Good construction of housing and buildings in worker camps (repairing of cracks and holes,

covering eaves where appropriate) installation of screens on windows and doors, and provision of

treated nets for sleeping;







Periodic IRS where appropriate and as per WHO guidance;







Vegetation clearing around worker camps to reduce favourable breeding or resting sites; and







Good housekeeping (e.g. removal of debris that may collect water, vigilance and awareness of

issues, keeping drains clear of refuse and free-flowing, maintenance of all vector control measures

already in place etc).



305000-00006 / WP0205000 : Rev A : 2 June 2010



Page 7



4.



REFERENCES



Beier, J.C., Keating, J., Githure, J.I., Macdonald, M.B., Impoinvil, D.E. and Novak, R.J. 2008. Integrated

Vector Management for Malaria Control. Malaria Journal.2008.

Gilles HM, Warrell DA, 1993. Bruce-Chwatt's Essential Malariology, 3rd Edition. London: Arnold;1993:1336.

IFC (International Finance Corporation) 2009. Introduction to Health Impact Assessment. Available at:

http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/sustainability.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/p_HealthImpactAssessment/$FILE/

HealthImpact.pdf

PAN (Pestizid Aktions-Netzwerk - Germany) 2009. Environmental Strategies to replace DDT and Control

Malaria.

WHO (World Health Organization) 1982. Manual on environmental management for mosquito control –

with special emphasis on malaria vectors. Available at:

http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/1982/9241700661_eng.pdf?bcsi_scan_C407C4D9C6BEAEC

D=0&bcsi_scan_filename=9241700661_eng.pdf

WHO (World Health Organization) 1984. Environmental Management Activities in Malaria Control in

Africa. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 62 (Sup): 77-80, 1984. Available at:

http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/1984/supplement/bulletin_1984_62(supp)_77-80.pdf

WHO (World Health Organization) 2006. Indoor residual spraying. Use of indoor residual spraying for

scaling up global malaria control and elimination. WHO Position Statement. Global Malaria

Programme. Available at: http://malaria.who.int/docs/IRS-position.pdf

WHO (World Health Organization) 2010. Malaria – Fact Sheet No. 94. Available at:

http://www.who.int/topics/malaria/en/



Page 8



appendix 17 environmental note on malaria control (4).doc



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PHASE 1 ESHIA



APPENDIX 18

Environmental Management Plan



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PHASE 1 ESHIA



APPENDIX 19

Minutes of Early Works Chiefdom Committee (EWCC) Meetings



MEETING R ECORD

Project No: 305000-00006

Project: Tonkolili Iron Ore Project



Early Works Chiefdom Committee Introduction

PARTICIPANT NAME & ORGANISATION



DATE



1 March 2010



CLIENT



Paramount Chief Kalansogoia



TIME START



WORLEYPARSONS:



Colin Forbes



TIME FINISH



3:30



LOCATION



PC's Office Bumbuna



AML



Alie Bangura (PRO)



2:45



RECORDER



Author



DOC NO



305000-00006-0000-OMOM-0013



FILE LOC



SharePoint\AML Tonkolili

Page\Minutes of Meeting



PROJ REF

SIGNATURE

ORIGINATOR



DATE SIGNED



SIGNATURE

OTHER PARTY



DATE SIGNED



COPIES



R ECORD OF D ISCUSSION S



ITEM



1.



ITEM DETAILS



ACTION BY

AND DATE



Safety Moment

Start safety moment here



2.



EWCC Introduction of ToR for committee



3.



Attendance discussed with the PC and agreed that he would notify his section

chiefs, councillors, NGO’s, women’s and youth groups. AML were asked to

coordinate with the District Council Chairman to bring the GoSL district heads of

department on board and to contact the area MP.



4.



The Paramount Chief contacted the Chairman and made an appointment for

WP/AML to meet on 3rd March 2010 at 10am in Magburaka (district

headquarters)



5.



The inaugural meeting was scheduled for Wednesday, 10th March 2010 at the

PC office in Bumbuna.



6.



The EWCC will be responsible for high level issues and it was noted that

community sensitisation should be carried out on the ground. The PC

recommended that suitable locations could be identified so that villagers could

attend a central location reducing the number of meetings required.

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MEETING R ECORD



END OF RECORDS



meeting record ewcc tor 10310.doc



2



4 March 2010



MEETING R ECORD

Project No: 305000-00006

Project: Tonkolili Iron Ore Project



Early Works Chiefdom Committee Introduction

PARTICIPANT NAME & ORGANISATION



DATE



2 March 2010



CLIENT



Paramount Chief Kafe Simira



TIME START



WORLEYPARSONS:



Colin Forbes



TIME FINISH



10:30



LOCATION



PC's Office Mabonto



AML



Alie Bangura (PRO)



10:00



RECORDER



Author



DOC NO



305000-00006-0000-OMOM-0014



FILE LOC



SharePoint\AML Tonkolili

Page\Minutes of Meeting



PROJ REF

SIGNATURE

ORIGINATOR



DATE SIGNED



SIGNATURE

OTHER PARTY



DATE SIGNED



COPIES



R ECORD OF D ISCUSSION S



ITEM



1.



ITEM DETAILS



ACTION BY

AND DATE



Safety Moment

Start safety moment here



2.



EWCC Introduction of ToR for committee



3.



Attendance discussed with the PC and agreed that he would notify his section

chiefs, councillors, NGO’s, women’s and youth groups. AML were asked to

coordinate with the GoSL district heads of department and to contact the area

MP.



4.



The inaugural meeting was scheduled for Wednesday, 10th March 2010 at the

PC office in Bumbuna.



5.



The EWCC will be responsible for high level issues and it was noted that

community sensitisation should be carried out on the ground. Colin Forbes

indicated that suitable locations could be identified so that villagers could attend

a central location reducing the number of meetings required.



6.



The PC requested that maps be made available to accurately disseminate

information to the villagers.



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MEETING R ECORD



ITEM



7.



ITEM DETAILS



ACTION BY

AND DATE



The PC also asked for guidance on whether farmers should continue farming.

Colin Forbes responded that it was important to continue providing for their own

needs until such time that the route was clearly identified on the ground.



END OF RECORDS



meeting record ewcc tor 20310.doc



2



4 March 2010



MEETING R ECORD

Project No: 305000-00006

Project: Tonkolili Iron Ore Project



Early Works Chiefdom Committee Introduction

PARTICIPANT NAME & ORGANISATION

TONKOLILI DISTRICT

COUNCIL



DATE



Augustine Koroma - District

Counci Chairman

Michael Touray - Chief

Administrator

District

Colin Forbes



WORLEYPARSONS:



AML



TIME START



TIME FINISH



Tim Fofana (Lead PRO)

Alie Bangura (PRO)



3 March 2010

10:00



12:00



LOCATION



District Council

Headquarters - Magburaka,

Tonkolili District



RECORDER



Author



DOC NO



305000-00006-0000-OMOM-0015



FILE LOC



SharePoint\AML Tonkolili

Page\Minutes of Meeting



PROJ REF

SIGNATURE

ORIGINATOR



DATE SIGNED



SIGNATURE

OTHER PARTY



DATE SIGNED



COPIES



R ECORD OF D ISCUSSION S



ITEM



1.



ITEM DETAILS



ACTION BY

AND DATE



Safety Moment

Start safety moment here



2.



The District Council Chairman introduced himself and the Chief Administrator

and clarified that his role was equivalent to a ‘governor’ in the US system of

administration.



3.



The District Chairman thanked AML for coming. He noted, however, that this

visit was the first time AML have been to his office since they arrived. He

indicated that the District Council have not even opened a file for AML as yet.

He noted that he has tried to visit the site and was turned back at the gate

without being given the chance to meet with the General Manager.

He noted that the Paramount Chiefs reported to him.

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MEETING R ECORD



ITEM



ITEM DETAILS



ACTION BY

AND DATE



He advised that ADDAX had been to visit him as they were aware of his role in

Tonkolili District. As such, he was in a position to advise people when they

asked for advice on the ethanol project. He emphasized that this was not

possible in the case of AML as he knew nothing of the project.

He recommended more involvement with the District Council and improved

communications between AML and them.

He made a point of stating that his reports went to ‘State House’ and that the

minutes from District Council meetings were not very complimentary stating that

there was significant ‘disturbance’ amongst local in relation to AML.

4.



On a positive note the Chief Administrator thanked AML for contributing to the

well being of people in his district noting the educational bursaries that were

provided by AML.

He also commended AML for improving roads in the area.

He stated that the council was meant to provide support to AML and as much as

the district needs AML, AML needs the council as many sectors have been

devolved from central government.

He noted that AML could look at the Tonkolili District website and see in what

areas there could be collaboration.



5.



On the subject of employment particular emphasis was placed on preferential

treatment for locals indigenous to the area by the Chief Administrator. He

advised AML to ‘strategise’ carefully on the employment issue as it had the

potential to derail company activities.

He claims that complaints are coming in over AML’s employment of people from

Freetown. Local jobs should be for locals and not for people from outside the

area, he reiterated. Furthermore, he stated that it was in AML’s best interest to

employ locals as they were motivated to keep the project going and improve the

area unlike outsiders.



6.



The Chairman recommended that AML be given a slot in the next Council

meeting to officially present the Tonkolili Iron Ore Project. These meetings are

held on the last Wednesday of every month.



7.



Tim Fofana addressed the meeting and stated that it was not AML’s intention to

cause such distress to the Council and its Chairman and would follow up with

his superiors to find out what had happened.



8.



Colin Forbes reiterated what Mr Fofana had said and recommended that future

consultation would be more cognisant of the administrative structure to which

the Chairman referred. asked that the EWCC be discussed



9.



On the subject of the EWCC, the Chairman welcomed the formation of the

committees and provided some input as follows:





The head of the Council’s Mineral Resources Committee should be

involved. He is also the District Ministry of Mines representative

(Sylvester Koroma).







The Council currently has staff undergoing training in crop valuation but

for the time being it should be handled by the District Ministry of

Agriculture representative.







Environmental issue facing Tonkolili District are currently handled by the



meeting record ewcc tor 30310.doc



2



4 March 2010



MEETING R ECORD



ITEM



ITEM DETAILS



ACTION BY

AND DATE



Ministry of Health Officer as EPA do not have representation as yet.





Tree valuation is determined by the District Director of Forestry.







For structures, the Chairman recommended that we include the Ministry

of Works representative and/or the Sierra Leone Roads Authority.



END OF RECORDS



meeting record ewcc tor 30310.doc



3



4 March 2010



MEETING R ECORD

Project No: 305000-00006

Project: Tonkolili Iron Ore Project



Early Works Chiefdom Committee Inaugural Meeting

PARTICIPANT NAME & ORGANISATION



DATE



10 March 2010



CLIENT



See Kalansongoia Attendance

List (attached)



TIME START



WORLEYPARSONS:



Colin Forbes



TIME FINISH



12:30



LOCATION



Court Barrie Bumbuna



AML



Mustapha Kamara

Tim Fofana

Abdul Sesay



11:00



RECORDER



Author



DOC NO



305000-00006-0000-OMOM-0018



FILE LOC



SharePoint\AML Tonkolili

Page\Minutes of Meeting



PROJ REF

SIGNATURE

ORIGINATOR



DATE SIGNED



SIGNATURE

OTHER PARTY



DATE SIGNED



COPIES



R ECORD OF D ISCUSSION S



ITEM



1.



ITEM DETAILS



ACTION BY

AND DATE



Safety Moment

None



2.



EWCC Conducted as per Kalansongoia Agenda (attached)



3.



Prayers were conducted for Muslim and Christian members.



4.



It was agreed that the meeting would be conducted in Krio with translation into

English when required.



5.



The Paramount Chief opened the meeting by welcoming all those present and

stressing that the Early Works Chiefdom Committee (EWCC) has an important

role to play in making sure that the construction of the haul road goes on well

and benefits for the local communities can be realised.



6.



EWCC members present introduced themselves (see Attendance Register).



7.



A description of the Early Works Program was provided (see attached sheet –

Early Works Project Description) which included hematite mining, construction

of the haul road and refurbishment of the Peel railway and port. There was also

a brief discussion on haul road operations (see attached sheet – Road train).

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MEETING R ECORD



ITEM



8.



ITEM DETAILS



ACTION BY

AND DATE



A review of the villages that would be affected by the works was undertaken

listing the following:

1. Farangbaya

2. Wandugu

3. Furia

4. Balaya

5. Kanigba

6. Basaiya

7. Kasikoro

8. Kapete



9.



Committee structures were reviewed and emphasis was placed on roles being

relevant to the subject matter. It was also stated that there should be room to

induct further members in the future if necessary. The notion that village heads

should also be included was rejected as it was felt that there was adequate

representation through the Section Chiefs and that the Community Sensitisation

Program would allow for their participation.

Membership was agreed (with reference to the EWCC Terms of Reference

(ToR) guide) as follows:

1. Paramount Chief

2. 3 Section Chiefs

3. 1 women’s leader

4. 1 youth leader

5. 1 MP

6. 2 councillors

7. Representatives from these lead agencies:

a. EPA (not present but indicated they would try to make

themselves available from Freetown)

b. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security

c.



Ministry of Lands and Housing



d. Ministry of Mines represented here by the Chairman of the

Tonkolili District Council Committee on mineral Resources.

e. 1 District Council Internal Affaires Department

8. 3 AML personnel

9. 1 NGO to be selected by SLANGO ensuring that a suitable locally active

NGO is chosen.

A monthly meeting schedule was agreed.

This EWCC would operate through consensus.

10.



The ToR were adopted as per the attached guide. The grievance mechanism is

to be defined at the next meeting and other items may be presented after time is

given to review and absorb the document.



ewcc kalansongoia 1 100310.doc



2



12 April 2010



MEETING R ECORD



ITEM



11.



12.



ITEM DETAILS



ACTION BY

AND DATE



Social Impacts were discussed as a way of gearing members up to participate

actively in ensuring that issues affecting local communities as a result of the

early works were addressed. These included:





Loss of agricultural land







Loss of economic trees







Loss of sacred bush







Relocation of structures







Loss of social amenities although it was stressed that this would be

dealt with by the larger committee handling the next phase of mining

(magnetite) through a Community Development Plan and the

Resettlement Action Plan.







It was felt that loss of social cohesion would not be an issue as

settlements would not be moving.







Villages may migrate closer to road once built (safety issue).







Youth felt that employment would be a very positive impactas long as

locals were given jobs.







Women would be affected by loss of land reducing their ability to farm

and produce food for their families.







The District Forest Officer stated that measures should be put in place

to address protection of forests.



Part of the EWCC’s role is to ensure that decisions made by the committee are

communicated to people on the ground. This is to be carried out through the

Section Chiefs and the Community Sensitisation Program (CSP).

The CSP would begin with relaying the Project Description to the affected

villages and then carry out regular information sessions through designated

EWCC members to allow for local communities to receive and respond to issues

raised.

Villages will be grouped together to simplify the exercise as follows:

1. Farnagbaya, Wandugu and Furia

2. Basaiya, Kanigba and Balaya

3. Kasikoro and Kapete

th

The first CSP meeting is to be held on 13 March 2010 in Wandugu.



13.



Other points of discussion included:

1. Members enquired whether food and transport would be made available

to them during their participation in EWCC meetings – AML are to

review this request and further deliberations on allowances will be

needed.

2. Will the same meeting format be used for CSP meetings – no, these

meetings should be brief enough to get information to the communities

in a non-technical way and may not require the presence of all EWCC

members.

a. The Paramount Chief suggested that a bag of rice be made

available for the villages at the meeting and Mustapha Kamara



ewcc kalansongoia 1 100310.doc



3



12 April 2010



MEETING R ECORD



ITEM



ITEM DETAILS



ACTION BY

AND DATE



concurred stating that from his experience it would be important

to support the community in this way.

b. A Section Chief asked if AML would build access roads for the

villagers to connect to the haul road – Mustapha Kamara

reiterated that the haul road will be a private road and for safety

reasons it cannot be used by the general public.

14.



The next meeting was set for 10th April 2010 at St. Mathews Secondary School

in Bumbuna.



15.



Meeting ended with Muslim and Christian prayers followed by lunch.



END OF RECORDS



ewcc kalansongoia 1 100310.doc



4



12 April 2010



MEETING R ECORD

Project No: 305000-00006

Project: Tonkolili Iron Ore Project



Early Works Chiefdom Committee Inaugural Meeting Kafe

Simira

PARTICIPANT NAME & ORGANISATION



DATE



11 March 2010



CLIENT



See Kafe Simira Attendance

List (attached)



TIME START



WORLEYPARSONS:



Colin Forbes



TIME FINISH



12:30



LOCATION



Court Barrie Mabonto



AML



Mustapha Kamara

Tim Fofana

Abdul Sesay



11:00



RECORDER



Author



DOC NO



305000-00006-0000-OMOM-0016



FILE LOC



SharePoint\AML Tonkolili

Page\Minutes of Meeting



PROJ REF

SIGNATURE

ORIGINATOR



DATE SIGNED



SIGNATURE

OTHER PARTY



DATE SIGNED



COPIES



R ECORD OF D ISCUSSION S



ITEM



1.



ITEM DETAILS



ACTION BY

AND DATE



Safety Moment

None



2.



EWCC Conducted as per Kafe Simira Agenda (attached)



3.



Prayers were conducted for Muslim and Christian members.



4.



It was agreed that the meeting would be conducted in Krio with translation into

English when required.



5.



The Paramount Chief could not attend and was represented by his brother Dr.

Bangura. The area MP was chosen to chair the meeting and opened the

meeting by welcoming all those present and stressing that the Early Works

Chiefdom Committee (EWCC) has an important role to play in making sure that

the construction of the haul road goes on well and benefits for the local

communities can be realised.

Dr Bangura was asked to speak on behalf of the Paramount Chief and advised

that Kafe Simira Chiefdom was willing to give support to the project in return for

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tangible benefits and development for Kafe Simira.He recommended that AML

be allowed to proceed but recommended that AML write to the PC officially to

formalise the EWCC’s work.

6.



EWCC members present were introduced (see Attendance Register).



7.



A description of the Early Works Program was provided (see attached sheet –

Early Works Project Description) which included hematite mining, construction

of the haul road and refurbishment of the Peel railway and port. There was also

a brief discussion on haul road operations (see attached sheet – Road train).



8.



Committee structures were reviewed and emphasis was placed on roles being

relevant to the subject matter. It was also stated that there should be room to

induct further members in the future if necessary.

Membership was agreed (with reference to the EWCC Terms of Reference

(ToR) guide) as follows but is subject to the Paramount Chief blessing at a later

date:

1. Paramount Chief

2. 2 Section Chiefs

3. 1 women’s leader

4. 1 youth leader

5. 2 MP’s

6. 2 councillors

7. Representatives from these lead agencies (Dr Bangura suggested that

it is important to identify heads of department who will articulate GoSL

policy and law accurately):

a. EPA (not present but indicated they would try to make

themselves available from Freetown)

b. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security

c.



Ministry of Lands and Housing



d. Ministry of Mines represented here by the Chairman of the

Tonkolili District Council Committee on mineral Resources.

e. 1 District Council Internal Affaires Department

8. 1 NGO to be selected by SLANGO ensuring that a suitable locally active

NGO is chosen.

9. 3 AML personnel

A monthly meeting schedule was agreed.

This EWCC would operate through consensus. Dr Bangura commented that this

approach would be in line with traditional norms.

9.



The ToR were adopted as per the attached guide following the comments

presented by Dr Bangura including:





Noting that if this approach had been adopted in Kono they would not

be experiencing the problems that they currently face.







On behalf of the community he appreciated AML delivering

comprehensive ToR such as these.



ewcc kafe simira 1 110310.doc



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13 April 2010



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The Chairman asked that the meeting accept the ToRs through him and there

were no objections.

10.



Social Impacts were discussed as a way of gearing members up to participate

actively in ensuring that issues affecting local communities as a result of the

early works were addressed.





11.



Dr Bangura commented that people should take this seriously as they

do not want what happened in Kono to happen in Kafe Simira and the

messages and the results of EWCC deliberations should be

communicated directly to those affected. Mustapha Kamara noted that

this was contained in the Community Sensitisation Program which was

later on in the agenda.



Part of the EWCC’s role is to ensure that decisions made by the committee are

communicated to people on the ground. This is to be carried out through the

Section Chiefs and the Community Sensitisation Program (CSP).

The CSP would begin with relaying the Project Description to the affected

villages and then carry out regular information sessions through designated

EWCC members to allow for local communities to receive and respond to issues

raised.

Villages will be grouped together to simplify the exercise.



12.



Other points of discussion included:

1. Work carried out by EWCC will be important introduction into modalities

of the larger committee that would be established for the main

magnetite mining phase.

2. Mr Kanu asked whether the work will be carried out mechanically or

manually. Mustapha Kamara replied emphasising that AML first priority

was to employ locals but modern techniques would be used during

construction including heavy machinery. He reassured members that

the contractors in place have been advised that they should maximise

local labour content.

3. The Chairman noted that Mabonto, the Chiefdom headquarters had

problems with communication as there was no phone signal nearby.

Mustapha Kamara noted that as the project is implemented this will

change as a communications tower will be erected nearby.

4. Asked about training for local people Mustapha Kamara explained that a

training program will commence soon.

5. Responding to queries about the number of PRO for Kafe Simira

compared to Kalansongoia, he noted that more PRO’s are being

mobilised.

6. The Chairman noted that the District Council should be given a

familiarisation tour of the project.

7. Dr Bangura noted that AML should increase their presence in the area

and the chiefdom should be given equal representation on the current

community consultation committee as the letter that was sent to them

stating that had fewer places that their neighbours was unacceptable.

Mustapha Kamara responded saying that there was no malice intended

and that the numbers were based on current drilling activities which at

the moment do not affect Kafe Simira. Dr Bangura acknowledged the



ewcc kafe simira 1 110310.doc



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13 April 2010



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apology but stated that he did not agree with the reasoning stating the

committee should have full and equal representation regardless of the

current project activity. As this was not an issue for the EWCC it would

be resolved directly between the parties.

13.



The next meeting was set for 17th April 2010 at the court barrie in Mabonto.



14.



Meeting ended with Muslim and Christian prayers followed by lunch.



END OF RECORDS



ewcc kafe simira 1 110310.doc



4



13 April 2010



MEETING R ECORD

Project No: 305000-00006

Project: Tonkolili Iron Ore Project



Early Works Chiefdom Committee Inaugural Meeting

Safroko Limba

PARTICIPANT NAME & ORGANISATION



DATE



CLIENT



See Safroko Limba Attendance TIME START

List (attached)



WORLEYPARSONS:



Colin Forbes



AML



Tim Fofana

Abdul Sesay



12 March 2010

11:00



TIME FINISH



12:30



LOCATION



Court Barrie Binkolo



RECORDER



Author



DOC NO



305000-00006-0000-OMOM-0021



FILE LOC



SharePoint\AML Tonkolili

Page\Minutes of Meeting



PROJ REF

SIGNATURE

ORIGINATOR



DATE SIGNED



SIGNATURE

OTHER PARTY



DATE SIGNED



COPIES



R ECORD OF D ISCUSSION S



ITEM



1.



ITEM DETAILS



ACTION BY

AND DATE



Safety Moment

None



2.



EWCC Conducted as per Safroko Limba Agenda (attached)



3.



Prayers were conducted for Muslim and Christian members.



4.



It was agreed that the meeting would be conducted in the local language Limba

with translation into Krio and English when required.



5.



The Paramount Chief opened the meeting by welcoming all those present and

stressing that the Early Works Chiefdom Committee (EWCC) has an important

role to play in making sure that the construction of the haul road goes on well

and benefits for the local communities can be realised. He emphasised that this

road will pass through swamp and agricultural land and may affect some

structures along the way.

A comment was raised at this juncture by a participant noting that they never

received compensation promised during the Bumbuna Transmission Line

q:\mandm select\aml - tonkolili\10.0 engineering\10.13 es - environmental and social\aml ecf\eshia\appendices\ewcc minutes\safroko\appendix\ewcc safroko limba 1 120310.doc



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resettlement program and hoped that this project would be different. The

Paramount Chief responded saying that he would ensure that everything would

be done so that AML will pay the compensation that is due and that it is

important for this project to benefit citizens of Sierra Leone.

Further to that the member representing the Ministry of Mines stated that his

ministry had built an office in Makeni to serve Northern Province. He was happy

that AML has taken such a positive step towards consultation with communities

affected by it’s project and wished that the company will continue to support

them through the development of schools and other social infrastructure.

6.



EWCC members present introduced themselves (see Attendance Register).



7.



A description of the Early Works Program was provided (see attached sheet –

Early Works Project Description) which included hematite mining, construction

of the haul road and refurbishment of the Peel railway and port. There was also

a brief discussion on haul road operations (see attached sheet – Road train).



8.



A review of the villages that would be affected by the works was undertaken and

will be reviewed in meetings to follow.



9.



Committee structures were reviewed and emphasis was placed on roles being

relevant to the subject matter. It was also stated that there should be room to

induct further members in the future if necessary.

Membership was agreed (with reference to the EWCC Terms of Reference

(ToR) guide) as follows:

1. Paramount Chief

2. 3 Section Chiefs (Kayasi, Binkolo, Mabamba)

3. 1 women’s leader – Chiefdom women’s leader.

4. 1 youth leader – Chiefdom youth leader.

5. 1 MP

6. 2 councillors

7. Representatives from these lead agencies:

a. EPA (not present but indicated they would try to make

themselves available from Freetown)

b. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security

c.



Ministry of Lands and Housing



d. Ministry of Mines represented here by the Chairman of the

Tonkolili District Council Committee on mineral Resources.

8. 3 AML personnel

9. 1 NGO selected – Cartholic Mission.

A monthly meeting schedule was agreed although more frequent meeting were

initially sought. Colin Forbes pointed out that time was needed to conduct

community sensitisation in between EWCC meetings.

This EWCC would operate through consensus initially but voting may be

incorporated after further discussion.

10.



The ToR were adopted as per the attached guide. Other questions arising

during this discussion included:



ewcc safroko limba 1 120310.doc



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13 April 2010



MEETING R ECORD



ITEM



11.



ITEM DETAILS







What social infrastructure will AML put in place – Colin Forbes noted

that this would be discussed during the main magnetite mining project

consultation process as part of a broader Community Development

Plan.







Will AML also elp with improvements to existing roads as they will

increase traffic volumes as a result of construction and operation –

Abdul Sesay stated that this would be looked into.



ACTION BY

AND DATE



Social Impacts were discussed as a way of gearing members up to participate

actively in ensuring that issues affecting local communities as a result of the

early works were addressed. These included:





Loss of agricultural land and therefore livelihoods







Loss of land







Health impacts such as dust from road traffic



Other issues raised at this time were as follows:



12.







Will AML provide allowances for committee members – Tim Fofana

responded that it would be looked into.







Colin Forbes suggested that the most efficient committee practice would

be adopted as the model for the larger committees that are to follow.







Those who attended were keen to hear how long it would take to

replace housing – Colin Forbes stated that relocation of structures

would be undertaken as a last resort. The structure in question must be

assessed in terms of its use, size and construction to determine how to

proceed. Nevertheless house must be replaced prior to removal.



Part of the EWCC’s role is to ensure that decisions made by the committee are

communicated to people on the ground. This is to be carried out through the

Section Chiefs and the Community Sensitisation Program (CSP).

The CSP would begin with relaying the Project Description to the affected

villages and then carry out regular information sessions through designated

EWCC members to allow for local communities to receive and respond to issues

raised.

Villages will be grouped together to simplify the exercise.



13.



Other points of discussion included:

1. If the contractor uses a borrow pit or quarry on someone’s land will the

owner be compensated – The representative from the Ministry of Mines

stated that there are regulations for such activities and these need to be

followed.

2. How would road accidents be dealt with – Tim Fofana noted that this

would be handled in accordance with law. He noted that the road will be

private and is not intended for public vehicles.



14.



The next meeting was set for 9th April 2010 at court barrie in Binkolo.



15.



Meeting ended with Muslim and Christian prayers followed by lunch.



END OF RECORDS



ewcc safroko limba 1 120310.doc



3



13 April 2010



MEETING R ECORD

Project No: 305000-00006

Project: Tonkolili Iron Ore Project



EWCC Community Sensitisation Meeting

PARTICIPANT NAME & ORGANISATION



DATE



13 March 2010



CLIENT



Farangbaya, Wandugu, Furia

villages



TIME START



WORLEYPARSONS:



Colin Forbes



TIME FINISH



13:30



LOCATION



Wandugu



AML



Tim Fofana



11:30



RECORDER



Author



DOC NO



305000-00006-0000-OMOM-0017



FILE LOC



SharePoint\AML Tonkolili

Page\Minutes of Meeting



PROJ REF

SIGNATURE

ORIGINATOR



DATE SIGNED



SIGNATURE

OTHER PARTY



DATE SIGNED



COPIES



R ECORD OF D ISCUSSION S



ITEM



1.



ITEM DETAILS



ACTION BY

AND DATE



Safety Moment

None



2.



EWCC meeting to sensitise communities on haul road construction

activities.



3.



Prayers were conducted for Muslim and Christian members.



4.



It was agreed that the meeting would be conducted in Kranko with translation

into Krio and English when required.



5.



The Paramount Chief opened the meeting by welcoming all those present and

stressing that the Early Works Chiefdom Committee (EWCC) has an important

role to play in making sure that the construction of the haul road goes on well

and benefits for the local communities can be realised.



6.



EWCC members present introduced themselves.

Paramount Chief

Kalansongoia women’s leader



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2 Section Chiefs

Present on behalf of the villagers were:

Farangbaya –

Fatuma Sisay (women’s leader)

Karfa Sisay (Youth leader)

Town chief

Wandugu –

Kali Konteh (Town chief)

Saye Koroma (women’s leader)

Youth leader

Furia –

Anson Dawo (Town chief)

Sara Tole (women’s leader)

Usman Kargbo (youth leader)

Others not named numbered approximately 70 people.

7.



A description of the Early Works Program was provided (see attached sheet –

Early Works Project Description) which included hematite mining, construction

of the haul road and refurbishment of the Pepel railway and port. There was also

a brief discussion on haul road operations (see attached sheet – Road train).

It was explained that the villages are situated close to the intended haul road

alignment which is why this meeting was taking place.



8.



The function and structure of the EWCC was explained to those present so that

they were aware of efforts being undertaken to address issues of concern

resulting from construction activities and subsequent operations.



9.



The Paramount Chief opened the meeting to question from the villagers.

1. Sembu Kamara – Wandugu

Is AML going to build access roads directly to villages from the haul

road?

Tim Fofana – A community service road will be built alongside the haul

road but the haul road itself will be private. For safety reasons no public

traffic, pedestrians or animals will be allowed.

Paramount Chief – Safety is a very important issue and the haul road

will be out of bounds to the public including those residing in nearby

villages.

2. Aminata Konteh – Wandugu

Are our people going to get jobs?

Colin Forbes – SL legislation is very strong in terms of local employment

and every effort will be made to ensure that where suitable skills are

available locals are prioritised in the selection process. Contracts signed

with the road construction companies include provisions for the



csp kalansongoia 130310.doc



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14 April 2010



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maximisation of local labour. Important to note that this committee is

established to handle issues relating to the haul road and another

committee will be set up in the near future to address issues related to

the main mining project.

3. Singare Konteh – Wandugu

Will the company provide a water supply to us?

Paramount Chief – The larger committee will address this issue later so

this question should be raised then.

4. Mohamed Dao – Furia

The access road has already been cleared very close to our village. Will

the haul road also be so close?

Tim Fofana – This is an access track only and the proper alignment will

be identified later.

The Paramount Chief encouraged those present to continue asking questions

as it was an effective way of understanding their concerns.

5. Lanson(?) Dao – Furia

We have trees in two locations as we were advised to move previously .

How will the committee deal with this?

Tim Fofana – We are aware of the issue and the committee will

deliberate on how to address them in the future. It is hoped that

boundary issues can be solved as soon as possible.

6. Alimamy Konteh – Wandugu

Want to notify the committee that some sacred bush areas have already

been cleared by recent work.

Tim Fofana – This is very unfortunate since efforts had been made to

identify all sacred bush. AML will investigate how this happened and

resolve the issue as soon as possible. AML has recruited more PRO’s

to provide better co-ordination between community and the company in

an effort to eliminate these sorts of occurrences.

10.



In closing the meeting the Paramount Chief thanked everyone present for taking

the time to attend and participate in such an important forum. Tim Fofana

thanked the residents for their efforts in organising the venue and preparing food

for the occasion.



11.



The meeting ended with Muslim and Christian prayers followed by some lunch.



END OF RECORDS



csp kalansongoia 130310.doc



3



14 April 2010



MEETING R ECORD

Project No: 305000-00006

Project: Tonkolili Iron Ore Project



Early Works Chiefdom Committee Inaugural Meeting

Maforki

PARTICIPANT NAME & ORGANISATION



DATE



15 March 2010



CLIENT



See Port Loko Attendance List

(attached)



TIME START



WORLEYPARSONS:



Colin Forbes



TIME FINISH



13:30



LOCATION



Court Barrie Port Loko



AML



Dezlyne Decole

Tim Fofana



11:00



RECORDER



Author



DOC NO



305000-00006-0000-OMOM-0019



FILE LOC



SharePoint\AML Tonkolili

Page\Minutes of Meeting



PROJ REF

SIGNATURE

ORIGINATOR



DATE SIGNED



SIGNATURE

OTHER PARTY



DATE SIGNED



COPIES



R ECORD OF D ISCUSSION S



ITEM



1.



ITEM DETAILS



ACTION BY

AND DATE



Safety Moment

None



2.



EWCC Conducted as per Maforki Agenda (attached)



3.



Prayers were conducted for Muslim and Christian members.



4.



It was agreed that the meeting would be conducted in Temneh with translation

into Krio and English when required.



5.



The Regent Chief (the Paramount Chief’s position has not been filled)

discussed the appointment of the District women’s leader as Chairperson of the

EWCC meeting. Although another location was chosen for this meeting, the

Regent Chief preferred that it be held at the court barrie. After welcoming all

participants to the meeting the Regent Chief stated that he prayed that

accidents would be averted and benefits will flow from development of the

Project. He continued by saying that this was necessary as Maforki was one of

the lowest in the country in terms of development. He also stated that he was

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happy to welcome AML to Maforki and assured the company that all chiefs

under him in the area had been informed of the upcoming work.

6.



EWCC members present introduced themselves (see Attendance Register).



7.



A description of the Early Works Program was provided (see attached sheet –

Early Works Project Description) which included hematite mining, construction

of the haul road and refurbishment of the Peel railway and port. There was also

a brief discussion on haul road operations (see attached sheet – Road train).



8.



Committee structures were reviewed and emphasis was placed on roles being

relevant to the subject matter. It was also stated that there should be room to

induct further members in the future if necessary

Membership was agreed (with reference to the EWCC Terms of Reference

(ToR) guide) as follows:

1. Paramount Chief

2. 12 Section Chiefs (to be reviewed in upcoming EWCC meetings)

I. Palmamy Kanu – Maranko Section

II. Selu Konteh (acting) – Magbanta Section

III. Almamy Kargbo – Rogberay Section

IV. Idrissa Touray – Rofenka Section

V. Palmamy Kennedy Kamara – Moria Section

VI. Almamy Sonkoi Kamara – Kamrabai/Waterloo Section

VII. Palmamy Sorie Kamara – Mathera Section

VIII. Palmamy Thonkara – Thonkara Section

IX. Pabu Fouray Kanu (acting) Maforay Section

X. Palmamy Kanu – Magberi Section

XI. Palmamy Konteh – Gberaymorie Section

XII. Palmamy Kamara – Mamanso Section

3. 1 women’s leader

4. 1 youth leader

5. 3 MP

I. Hasan Sheriff

II. A.O. Darani

III. Isa Tuji

6. 4 councillors

7. Representatives from these lead agencies:

I. EPA (not present but indicated they would try to make themselves

available from Freetown)

II. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security

III. Ministry of Lands and Housing

IV. Ministry of Mines represented here by the Chairman of the



ewcc maforki 1 150310.doc



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14 April 2010



MEETING R ECORD



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ACTION BY

AND DATE



Tonkolili District Council Committee on mineral Resources.

V. 1 District Council Internal Affaires Department

8. 3 AML personnel

9. 1 NGO to be selected by Isa Tuji (area MP) ensuring that a suitable

locally active NGO is chosen.

Additional membership would be required to assist the EWCC:





On valuation of structures. It was determined that the Port Loko District

Council has suitable resources to fill this role and that they should be

approached to participate accordingly.







The District Forest Officer in Port Loko represents the EPA in the Port

Loko and should also be invited to attend.



A monthly meeting schedule was agreed.

This EWCC would operate through consensus. A Section Chief was concerned

that educated people would dominate the committee and he would not be given

a chance to participate.

9.



The ToR will be reviewed in more detail at the next meeting to make sure that all

participants have an opportunity to comment.



10.



Social Impacts were discussed as a way of gearing members up to participate

actively in ensuring that issues affecting local communities as a result of the

early works were addressed.



11.



Part of the EWCC’s role is to ensure that decisions made by the committee are

communicated to people on the ground. This is to be carried out through the

Section Chiefs and the Community Sensitisation Program (CSP).

The CSP would begin with relaying the Project Description to the affected

villages after the next meeting and then carry out regular information sessions

through designated EWCC members to allow for local communities to receive

and respond to issues raised.

Members suggested that political leaders could assist AML with CSP and the

EWCC could design a program that would provide entertainment so that the

messages would be well received by the affected communities. AML was

advised to budget appropriately for this.

The Chairperson had conducted these sorts of committee meetings in the past

with London Mining and she advised that lower Maforki was conversant with the

program but warned that the EWCC would have to act quickly to inform those in

upper Maforki. She noted that there were important ritual areas in upper Maforki.

Members were reminded that only the Chief can allay villagers fears.

Suggested EWCC should go to villagers to advise them on compensation issue

through the CSP. They could be scheduled two per day.



12.



Other points of discussion included:

1. Councillor Kamara was glad to attend and has been waiting for some

time for the opportunity to discuss the AML project. AML’s public image

is good and it is hoped that this will continue through the EWCC

process. Maforki is hungry for development and as a councillor must

push wherever possible to serve the people of the chiefdom. Maforki

needs:



ewcc maforki 1 150310.doc



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14 April 2010



MEETING R ECORD



ITEM



ITEM DETAILS



ACTION BY

AND DATE



a. Clean water (not available in many areas)

b. Broken bridges replaced.

c.



Not enough schools in the area.



It is hoped that AML will assist with all of these issues.

Thanks was given to the Chairperson and the Regent Chief .

2. Section Chief Palmamy Thonkari also expressed his gratitude to the

Regent Chief and reiterated that his area had been through this with

London Mining and if AML were also going to pass through his area he

would be very happy as well. He would like to see AML assist with the

following in his area:

a. Health

b. Education (secondary school for lower Maforki)

c.



Water



He also advised the EWCC that safety should be discussed as a priority

during the meetings.

3. The area youth leader noted that he was elected by the youth

leadership to represent them at this meeting and future EWCC

meetings. He stated that he was happy to participate noting that this

was the first time that the youth had been consulted in such a project

within the chiefdom.

Youth are looking forward to the employment opportunities that the

project will generate. He cautioned AML to keep to the promises made

with respect to jobs for affected people.

Scholarships are also needed to uplift the youth of the area and the

youth stand to lose the most if these benefits are not delivered as they

usually do not benefit from compensation payments made to their

elders.

4. Mrs Kamara noted the primary importance of employing locals to reduce

the impact from loss of crops, land and plantations. The EWCC should

look at alternatives in the case of loss of land.

5. The Regent Chief wanted to encourage full participation of all members

and asked that they take the earliest opportunity to go to the ground and

deliver the message to the communities and that they would also be

happy about the project.

He will need to pay respect to the village chiefs to get their respect in

return.

He advised AML that the Chairperson had many years experience in the

area and that’s why she was asked to attend.

6. The Chairperson, in closing, thanked all participants for attending and

assisting AML. She stated that AML should call on those who are

available to work with them to provide meaningful input.

She advised that with the Regent Chiefs blessing another venue should

be identified for the next meeting.

13.



The next meeting will be determined once the following has been undertaken:



ewcc maforki 1 150310.doc



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14 April 2010



MEETING R ECORD



ITEM



ITEM DETAILS



ACTION BY

AND DATE



1. Everyone chosen should be informed by the District Council Chairman.

2. Area MP to be invited to Chair the meeting.

14.



This meeting was interrupted a person who turned out to be the area MP (Isa

Tuji) who was very upset that we were meeting in her constituency without her

knowledge. She initially insisted that the meeting stop immediately and

everyone vacate. After interjection of the Chairperson and other participants it

was explained that AML were tasked with informing the area MP and they

apologised for not carrying that task through.



15.



Meeting ended with Muslim and Christian prayers followed by lunch.



END OF RECORDS



ewcc maforki 1 150310.doc



5



14 April 2010



MEETING R ECORD

Project No: 305000-00006

Project: Tonkolili Iron Ore Project



Early Works Chiefdom Committee Inaugural Meeting

Makari Gbanti

PARTICIPANT NAME & ORGANISATION



DATE



16 March 2010



CLIENT



See Makari Gbanti Attendance

List (attached)



TIME START



WORLEYPARSONS:



Colin Forbes



TIME FINISH



13:30



LOCATION



Court Barrie Panlap



AML



Tim Fofana

Abdul Sesay



11:00



RECORDER



Author



DOC NO



305000-00006-0000-OMOM-0020



FILE LOC



SharePoint\AML Tonkolili

Page\Minutes of Meeting



PROJ REF

SIGNATURE

ORIGINATOR



DATE SIGNED



SIGNATURE

OTHER PARTY



DATE SIGNED



COPIES



R ECORD OF D ISCUSSION S



ITEM



1.



ITEM DETAILS



ACTION BY

AND DATE



Safety Moment

None



2.



EWCC Conducted as per Makari Gbanti Agenda (attached)



3.



Prayers were conducted for Muslim and Christian members.



4.



The Paramount Chief delegated the chairmanship for this meeting to the area

councillor.



5.



It was agreed that the meeting would be conducted in Timneh with translation

into English when required.



6.



The Paramount Chief opened the meeting by welcoming all those present and

stressing that the Early Works Chiefdom Committee (EWCC) has an important

role to play in making sure that the construction of the haul road goes on well

and benefits for the local communities can be realised.

He welcomed all participants and thanked AML for the participatory approach to

q:\mandm select\aml - tonkolili\10.0 engineering\10.13 es - environmental and social\aml ecf\eshia\appendices\ewcc minutes\makari gbanti\appendix\ewcc makari gbanti 1 160310.doc



MEETING R ECORD



ITEM



ITEM DETAILS



ACTION BY

AND DATE



development. He indicated that this was essential to building the foundations of

sustainable development.

7.



EWCC members present introduced themselves (see Attendance Register).

The Chairman commented that Makari Gbanti was lucky to lead all other

chiefdoms. He advised AML to quarry stone in Makari Gbanti as it was known

for it’s strength. He also advised the company to pay attention to swamp areas

as that is where locals earn their living and feed themselves.



8.



A description of the Early Works Program was provided (see attached sheet –

Early Works Project Description) which included hematite mining, construction

of the haul road and refurbishment of the Peel railway and port. There was also

a brief discussion on haul road operations (see attached sheet – Road train).



9.



After reviewing the map provided by Colin Forbes, the EWCC was asked to

produce a list of affected villages in the chiefdom at the next meeting.



10.



Committee structures were reviewed and emphasis was placed on roles being

relevant to the subject matter. It was also stated that there should be room to

induct further members in the future if necessary. The Paramount Chief asked

that the Section Chiefs pick able people to attend.

Membership was agreed (with reference to the EWCC Terms of Reference

(ToR) guide) as follows:

1. Paramount Chief

2. 7 Section Chiefs

3. 1 women’s leader

4. 1 youth leader

5. 1 MP

6. 3 councillors

7. Representatives from these lead agencies:

a. EPA (not present but indicated they would try to make

themselves available from Freetown)

b. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security

c.



Ministry of Lands and Housing



d. Ministry of Mines represented here by the Chairman of the

Tonkolili District Council Committee on mineral Resources.

8. 3 AML personnel

9. 1 NGO to be selected by SLANGO ensuring that a suitable locally active

NGO is chosen.

A monthly meeting schedule was agreed.

This EWCC would operate through consensus.

11.

12.



It was decided that the ToR would be reviewed at the next meeting when all

participants will be present.





Social Impacts were discussed as a way of gearing members up to

participate actively in ensuring that issues affecting local communities

as a result of the early works were addressed



ewcc makari gbanti 1 160310.doc



2



15 April 2010



MEETING R ECORD



ITEM



13.



ITEM DETAILS



ACTION BY

AND DATE



Part of the EWCC’s role is to ensure that decisions made by the committee are

communicated to people on the ground. This is to be carried out through the

Section Chiefs and the Community Sensitisation Program (CSP).

The CSP would begin with relaying the Project Description to the affected

villages and then carry out regular information sessions through designated

EWCC members to allow for local communities to receive and respond to issues

raised.

Villages will be grouped together to simplify the exercise.

It was suggested that the CSP could be delivered through existing information

dissemination structures. Tim Fofana responded saying that AML want to

participate directly with message delivery.



14.



No other issues were discussed.



15.



The next meeting was set for 30th March 2010 at Panlap.



16.



Meeting ended with Muslim and Christian prayers followed by lunch.



END OF RECORDS



ewcc makari gbanti 1 160310.doc



3



15 April 2010



Minutes of inaugural meeting-Buya Romende

Minutes of the inaugural meeting held for the formation of an Early Works Chiefdom

Committee for Buya Romende.

Location: Kamasundu N.A. Court Barrie

Date: 19th March 2010.

Present: Please see the attached.

The chairing role for the occasion was carried out by Hon.Alhaji Buya Kamara MP

Prayers were recited in both the Muslim and Christian faiths.

The Paramount Chief and Hon.Alhaji Buya Kamara welcomed all the attendees

especially the AML personnel.

Brief introduction of each person on the high table was individually done.

Mustapha Kamara told the attendees that the main purpose of the meeting was to have a

committee formed that represents the interest of all stakeholders to be affected by the

construction of a major haul road being undertaken by AML.

He talked about the following:

¾ AML’s previous activities at the Tonkolili Project Site which yielded the

discovery of some huge amount of iron ore deposit of magnetite that is covered by

oxidized haematite.

¾ The company’s intentions to mine,treat and haul the haematite for export on a

road that will pass through Buya Romende chiefdom to end up at the old Delco

rail line at Rolethe.

¾ Due to the scale of the engineering works to be undertaken in the construction of

this haul road across the chiefdom, many side effects are sure to emerge. He cited

the inevitable loss of some agricultural land e.g. swamps etc. He said every effort

is being made to eliminate or minimize inconveniences to the communities

affected. Bridges, underpasses etc will be built so as to maintain continuity of

road links and services between villages/towns.

¾ Many other issues affecting the communities may come up during and after the

construction of the haul road. The physical dimensions of the road’s width and the

length of the Land Train that will ply the route were indicated outside the court

barrie. (diagrammatic pics. of the Land Train and map showing the road thro’ the

chiefdom were distributed.)



¾ The need to inform people about the haul road and to address adequately and

promptly any and all problems facing the communities could best be done by a

committee comprising of the Paramount Chief, Section Chiefs of the affected

sections, Political leaders, representation from the Youths, Women and some

actively-based non-Governmental organization or Community-based

Organization plus the line Ministries e.g. Agriculture, Mineral Resources, EPA

etc.

¾ The sheets containing the Terms of Reference for the committee were handed out

and discussed. It was unanimously agreed that the composition of the committee

and its terms of reference are adequate and satisfactory.

Meetings are scheduled to be held once a month. The Councillors and Section Chiefs are

to immediately start sensitizing communities in their respective wards. Mustapha Kamara

apologized to the chiefdom authorities for a complaint that some road contractor started

his work even before AML informed the chiefdom about the project.

The date for the next meeting is to be advised.

The meeting ended with prayers.



Excerpts of a Post Meeting held at Loko - Masama

Location:

Date:

Present:



Petifu Junction

20th March 2010.

Signatories to the attached and many other listeners.



Apologies were offered reservedly to the Paramount Chief for my inability to attend the

main meeting which ended some half hour before my arrival.

The chief and all present were told that although the direct and indirect consequences of

the construction of the haul road do not affect them, I explained about AML’s activities.

Lectures were given on the following;

9 Iron ore deposit at Tonkolili

9 The plans to Mine, Treat and Haul the hematite for export which the country

stands to benefit from.

9 The construction of a haul road that runs through many chiefdoms before

finishing at Rolethe in the Maforki Chiefdom.

9 The much needed exporting of the mined ore at Ferengbaia can only be achieved

by the refurbishing of the old Delco rail line that goes through Loko - Masama to

Marampa.

9 They were informed about the 99yr. lease agreement between AML and the

Government of Sierra Leone. The 30 years of inactivity of the rail line may have

resulted to the putting up of houses close to the rail line and the growing of trees

of economic importance to the communities. International standards prohibit all

of these and communicating this to the communities and seeking solutions to

them is best done by a competent committee.

9 It is particularly crucial for the formation of this committee comprising of the

Paramount Chief, Section Chiefs, Political Leaders, representation from the line

Ministries, Youths, Women NGO etc. The committee is to seek the interest of the

Stakeholders, address in time all issues affecting the project etc.

9 Copies of the Early Works Project Description, Terms of Reference for the

committee and the map showing the rail line to Pepel were distributed.

9 The date for the next meeting will be communicated to the committee later.



AFRICAN MINERALS LIMITED

PHASE 1 ESHIA



APPENDIX 20

The Resettlement Policy Framework



1



THE RESETTLEMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK

The Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) outlined in this report provides

guidelines for the compensation of those who will be affected by physical and/or

economic displacement. In line with IFC Performance Standard 5, it aims to:





Clarify the legal requirements and principles for compensation for loss of

property, livelihood and relocation or resettlement (of directly affected

people) in order to ensure that project affected people (PAP) will not be

negatively affected by resettlement or economic displacement.







Describe the social context in which the resettlement will take place.







Identify affected parties.







Define the actions and tasks that need to be undertaken to plan the

resettlement programme.







Define the roles and responsibilities necessary to develop a full RAP.







Describe the arrangements for funding resettlement and compensation as well

as a timeline for activities.



These objectives are addressed in the following sections.



2



LEGISLATIVE OVERVIEW

In the sections below both Sierra Leone legislation and international best practice

for resettlement and compensation are discussed.



2.1



Sierra Leone Legislation



2.1.1



The Mines and Minerals Bill

Occupation of Land, Resettlement and Compensation

The Mines and Minerals Bill, August 2009 outlines the legislation in terms of

occupation of land, resettlement and compensation. The relevant sections are

outlined below:

Section 32

(1)



The holder of a mineral right shall not exercise any of his rights, under the

mineral right- except with the written consent of the owner or lawful occupier

or his duly authorised agent, in respect of:

(i)



any land dedicated as a place of burial or which is a place of religious

or other cultural significance;



(ii)



any land which is the site of, or which is within two hundred metres or

such greater distance as may be prescribed, of any inhabited, occupied

or temporarily unoccupied house or building;



(iii)



any land which is within fifty metres or such greater distance as may be

prescribed, of land which has been cleared or ploughed or otherwise

bona fide prepared for the growing of, or upon which there are growing

agricultural crops;



(iv)



any land which is the site of, or within one hundred metres or such

greater distance as may be prescribed, of any cattle dip, tank, dam, or

other body of water,



(v)



in respect of any land within any township, or within two hundred

metres or such greater distance as may be prescribed, of the boundaries

of any township, except with the written consent of the local authority

having control over the township.



Section 33

(1)



The owner or lawful occupier of any land which within an area that is the

subject of a mineral right shall retain the right to graze stock upon or to

cultivate the surface of such land in so far as such grazing or cultivation does

not interfere with the proper use of such area for reconnaissance, exploration,

or mining operations.



(3)



The rights conferred by a mineral right shall be exercised reasonably and so

as to affect as little as possible the interests of any owner or lawful occupier

of the land on which such rights are exercised consistent with the reasonable

and proper conduct of the operations concerned.



Section 34

Subject to the provisions of any law relating to the acquisition of land titles1 and

Section 38, the holder of a large-scale mining license shall obtain a land lease or

other rights to use the land upon such terms as to the rents to be paid for the license,

the duration or the extent or area of the land to which such license shall relate, as

may be agreed between such holder and such owner or lawful user of the land or

failing that, such agreement as may be determined by the Minister on the advice of

the Minerals Advisory Board.

Section 35

(1)



1



The holder of a mineral right shall on demand being made by the owner or

lawful occupier of any land subject to such rights pay such owner or lawful

occupier fair and reasonable compensation for any disturbance of the rights of

such owner or occupier and for any damage done to the surface of the land by

his operations and shall on demand being made by the owner of any crops,

trees, buildings or works damaged during the course of such operations pay

compensation for such damage subject to the following-



See below: Provinces Land Act, Chapter 122 of the Laws of Sierra Leone, 1960. Section 4.



(a)



subject to section 38, payment of rent under the provisions of section

34 shall be deemed to be adequate compensation for deprivation of the

use of land to which such rent relates;



(b)



in assessing compensation payable under this section, account shall be

taken of any improvement effected by the holder of the mineral right or

by his predecessor in title the benefit of which has or will inure to the

owner or lawful occupier;



(c)



the basis upon which compensation shall be payable for damage to the

surface of any land shall be the extent to which the market value of the

land (for which purpose it shall be deemed saleable) upon which the

damage has occurred has been reduced by reason of such damage, but

without taking into account any enhanced value due to the presence of

minerals;



(d)



no compensation shall be payable to the occupier of a state grant of

land in respect of any operations under a mineral right existing at the

date of such grant; and



(e)



no demand made in terms of this subsection shall entitle the owner or

lawful occupier to prevent or hinder the exercise by the holder of a

mineral right of his rights there under pending the determination of

compensation to be paid.



(2)



If the holder of a mineral right fails to pay compensation when so demanded

under the provisions of this section, or if the owner or lawful occupier of any

land is dissatisfied with any compensation offered, such compensation may

be determined by the Minister on the advice of the Mineral Advisory Board.



(3)



A claim for compensation under the provisions of subsection (1) shall be

made within a period of two years from the date when the compensation

became due failing which, notwithstanding the provisions of any other

enactment, such claim shall not be enforceable.



Section 36

(1)



The Government may, by order published in the Gazette, compulsorily

acquire in the name of the Republic private land or rights over or under

private land for use by the holder of a large scale mining licence.



(2)



Before making an order under subsection (1) the Government shall be

satisfied that;

(a)



the holder of a large-scale mining licence has taken all reasonable steps

to acquire on reasonable terms by agreement with the owner, the land

which he wishes to use or the right which he wishes to exercise and has

been unable to do so; and



(b)



the acquisition of such land or right is necessary for mining purposes or

for purposes ancillary to mining.



Section 37

(1)



Subject to Section 38, when land is acquired compulsorily pursuant to Section

36, those persons having an interest in or rights over the land concerned shall

be paid adequate compensation by the holder of the mineral right determined

on the same basis as compensation for disturbance of rights pursuant to

Section 35.



(2)



The holder of a large-scale mining licence shall, before entering into

possession for enjoyment of any land or before exercising any right over the

land, make payment of compensation as determined in accordance with

subsection (1) to the person or persons concerned or if the whereabouts of the

person or persons concerned or any of them are unknown, give such

undertakings concerning the payment of compensation as the Government

may require.



Section 38

(1)



The Minister shall ensure that all owners or lawful occupiers of land who

prefer to be compensated by way of resettlement as a result of being displaced

by a proposed mining operation are resettled on suitable alternate land, with

due regard to their economic well-being and social and cultural value so that

their circumstances are similar to or improved when compared to their

circumstances before resettlement, and the resettlement is carried out in

accordance with the relevant planning laws.



(2)



The cost of resettlement shall be borne by the holder of the mineral right,



(3)



(a)



as agreed by the holder and the owner or lawful occupier of land or by

separate agreement with the Minister, or



(b)



in accordance with a determination by the Minister, except that where

the holder elects to delay or abandon the proposed mining operation

which will necessitate resettlement, the obligation to bear the cost of

resettlement shall only arise upon the holder actually proceeding with

the mining operation.



Subject to this section, the Minister and a person authorised by the Minister

may take the necessary action to give effect to a resettlement agreement or

determination.



2.1.2



Artisanal Mining

Section 30





Where the Minister considers that it is in the public interest to encourage

exploration and mining of minerals in any area by methods not involving

substantial expenditure or the use of specialised technology, he may by notice

in the Gazette, declare that area for licensing of artisanal or small-scale

mining operations and the provisions of Part X and Part XI shall apply.



PART X: Artisanal mining licences

Section 84

(1)



Any person/partnership (Sierra Leone citizen) who wishes to carry out

artisanal mining operations shall apply for an artisanal mining licence.



(3)



All such partnerships shall register with the Director and shall provide such

documentation as the Director may require.



Section 87

(1)



No person other than the holder of an exploration licence shall be granted an

artisanal mining licence in respect of land which constitutes the exploration

licence area or part of the exploration licence area, except with the consent of

the exploration licence holder.



(2)



No artisanal mining licence shall be granted to an applicant in an area

designated under Section 30 for small-scale mining operations.



Section 88

(1)



(2)



An artisanal mining licence in the prescribed form shall

(a)



state the period for which it is granted;



(b)



include a description and plan of the area of land over which it is

granted; and



(c)



state the conditions on which it is granted.



There shall be appended to an artisanal mining licence a certified copy of the

agreement between the applicant and the Chiefdom Mining Allocation

Committee or the rightful occupiers or owners of the land over which the

artisanal mining licence is granted which shall form part of the terms and

conditions of the artisanal mining licence.



Section 89

An artisanal mining licence area shall not be more than one half hectare.



Section 90

(1)



Subject to subsection (2), an artisanal mining licence shall be valid for a

period of one year and may be renewed for up to three further periods not

exceeding one year at a time.



(2)



An artisanal mining licence shall not be renewed pursuant to subsection (1)(a)



if the artisanal mining licence area has ceased to be an area declared for

artisanal mining operations;



Section 91

(1)



2.1.3



Subject to the provisions of this Act or any other law and any condition of an

artisanal mining licence, the holder of an artisanal licence shall have the

exclusive right to carry on exploration and mining operations in the licensed

area.



Land Acquisition Law

The leasing of land is dealt with in the Provinces Land Act, Chapter 122 of the

Laws of Sierra Leone, 1960. Section 4 of the Act states: a non-native cannot acquire

a greater interest in land in the provinces than a lease for a period of fifty years. A

clause can however be inserted in a lease, which provides for renewals of such a

lease for terms each not exceeding twenty-one years.

A lease is defined in the Act as “a grant of the possession of land by the tribal

authority (now known as the ‘Chiefdom Council’), as lessor, to a non-native, as

lessee, for a term of years or other fixed period with a reservation of a rent”. The

initial lease cannot be for a period exceeding 50 years; it can then subsequently be

renewed for periods of up to 21 years. The lease agreement is required to state (a)

the rent (b) the term of years (c) the purpose for which the land is to be used (d)

whether the interest is assignable, (e) whether buildings of permanent structures are

to be erected and the rights of the parties on the expiration/determination of the

lease (f) that the rent is subject to review every seven years by the District

Officer/Chief Administration office when the term of years exceeds seven years.

The Act makes no express reference to land owners; therefore a lease under the Act

must be made between the chiefdom council and the non-native The Lease requires

the rent to be split in accordance with the traditional approach of one-third being

retained by the Chief Administrative Officer, one-third being paid to the Chiefdom

Council and one-third being paid and to be shared between the traditional

landowners on the Leased Area. Land lease agreements between AML and the

affected chiefdoms are currently being put place in accordance with the land

acquisition law.



2.2



International Guidelines



World Bank Operational Policy 4.122 (World Bank, 2004) is regarded

internationally as the standard resettlement guidance. The objective of resettlement

planning is to avoid resettlement whenever feasible, and when resettlement is

unavoidable, to minimise its extent and to explore all viable alternatives. IFC

Performance Standard 3: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement (IFC,

2006) was developed by the IFC (as part of the World Bank group) from OP 4.12

and provides internationally accepted policies and guidelines for resettlement.

Performance Standard 5 states:

“Where involuntary resettlement is unavoidable, the client will carry out a census

with appropriate socio-economic baseline data to identify the persons who will be

displaced by the project, to determine who will be eligible for compensation and

assistance, to make an inventory of landholdings and immovable/non-retrievable

improvements and to discourage inflow of people who are ineligible for these

benefits. In the absence of host government procedures, the client will establish a

cut-off date for eligibility. Information regarding the cut-off date will be well

documented and disseminated throughout the project area.”

The standard states the following basic principles in terms of resettlement:



2

3







Avoid or at least minimise involuntary resettlement wherever feasible by

exploring alternative project designs;







Mitigate adverse social and economic impacts from land acquisition or

restrictions on affected persons’ use of land by:

o

Providing compensation for loss of assets at replacement cost; and

ensuring that resettlement activities are implemented with appropriate

disclosure of information, consultation, and the informed participation

of those affected.

o

Improving or at least restoring the livelihoods and standards of living

of displaced persons.

o

Improving living conditions among displaced persons through

provision of adequate housing with security of tenure at resettlement

sites.







Prepare a RAP and have it accepted by the relevant authorities prior to

implementing resettlement activities. The RPF is a stepping stone towards the

RAP once the project impacts are more clearly defined.



(www.worldbank.org) and in the World Bank's Resettlement and Rehabilitation Guidebook.

The IFC (www.ifc.org) Handbook for Preparing a Resettlement Action Plan.



2.3







Ensure provision of compensation and the restoration of livelihoods of those

affected prior to any actual resettlement. In particular, the policy requires that

possession of land for project activities may take place only after

compensation has been paid, or alternatively, if adequate guarantees of

compensation have been made to the PAP’s satisfaction. If the latter is

chosen, compensation payments must not be delayed once resettlement has

taken place. Resettlement sites, new homes and related infrastructure, public

services and moving allowances must be provided to the affected persons in

accordance with the provisions of the RAP.







Pay particular attention to the needs of vulnerable groups. These are generally

defined as those below the poverty line, the landless, the elderly, women and

children, indigenous groups, ethnic minorities, orphans, disabled people and

other disadvantaged persons.



Comparison of Sierra Leone Legislation and International

Standards

This RPF is based on both Sierra Leone law and international guidelines, following

the most stringent requirements of each. The comparison between both sets of

guidelines is presented in Table 2-1 below.



Table 2-1: Comparison Between Sierra Leone and International

Standards



IFC Performance

Standard 5



Preferred approach



Negotiated between Project

and affected parties



Negotiated between Project

and affected parties



Recommended if affected

parties’ livelihoods are

land based

Eligibility for Those who have legal rights to All those who are

compensation the land and those who do not physically and/or

criteria

have formal legal rights but

economically-displaced,

have claim to such land or

including those without

assets provided that such

legal status to occupy land

claims are recognised under

the law

No moratorium provided by the If no moratorium is provided

Cut-off date

Government

by the Government, the

Project should establish and

disseminate a cut off date.

No compensation after the

cut off date

Strongly recommends in-kind

Compensation Compensation can be in any

form

compensation, (replacement

housing and replacement

land especially for those

with land based

Calculation of Negotiated

Replacement costs or

compensation

more



Recommended if affected

parties’ livelihoods are

land based

All those who are

physically and/or

economically-displaced,

including those without

legal status to occupy land



Topic



Sierra Leone legislation



Resettlement Negotiated between Project and

decision

affected parties. If negotiation is

not successful forced removal is

possible

Resettlement Optional depending on choice

of affected



Consultation Provides for participation of

with PAP and local authorities insofar as

host

negotiation for compensation

arises



A cut-off date needs

to be established and

disseminated. No

compensation after

cut off date

Recommend in-kind

compensation, but is

negotiable



Replacement costs or more



All affected parties should

be involved in planning

and implementing

resettlement programmes.

Displaced persons and

host areas are provided

Payment should involve

directly affected parties



All affected parties and

stakeholders need to be

consulted



Resettlement No specific legislation

assistance



Compulsory



Compulsory



Monitoring



No specific legislation



The project is responsible

for monitoring of the

resettlement activities



The project is responsible

for monitoring of the

resettlement activities



Vulnerable

groups



No specific provisions for

vulnerable groups



Require special attention

and monitoring of

vulnerable groups.



Special attention for

vulnerable groups required



Payment of

Land lease is paid to local

compensation authorities / not directly to the

for land

landowners



Paid to local authorities

but with mechanism to

safeguard compensation

of directly affected



From Table 2-1 it can be seen that in many respects Sierra Leone and international

guidelines coincide. There are no contradictions between the two sets of guidelines.

IFC standards supersede Sierra Leone standards in terms of resettlement assistance,



monitoring, consultation with directly affected parties and special provision for

vulnerable groups. IFC standards also make provision for a cut-off date for

compensation eligibility.



3



SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE AFFECTED

AREAS

To effectively execute the resettlement process, the social context in which the

resettlement will need to take place needs to be understood. This is described below.



3.1



National context



3.1.1



Introduction



The Republic of Sierra Leone, which covers an area of 71,740 km2, is located in

West Africa, bordered by Guinea in the northeast, Liberia in the east, and the

Atlantic Ocean in the southwest. Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone, is located

on the coast4.

3.1.2



History5

Early inhabitants of Sierra Leone include the Sherbro, Temne, Limba, and Tyra

peoples. Later, the Mende and the Kono arrived and settled in the east of the

country. In 1462, the Portuguese explorer Pedro da Cintra gave the country its

name Serra de Leão, meaning Lion Mountains.

Sierra Leone became an important centre of the transatlantic slave trade until 1792,

when Freetown was founded by the Sierra Leone Company as a home for formerly

enslaved African Americans who had been promised their freedom for joining the

British Army during the American Revolution. Thousands of formerly enslaved

Africans, mainly from the West coast of the USA, were returned to or liberated in

Freetown.

In 1808, Freetown became a British Crown Colony, and in 1896, the interior of the

country became a British Protectorate. During colonisation indigenous people

mounted several unsuccessful revolts against British rule. The most notable was the

Hut Tax war of 1898. Its first leader was Bai Bureh, a Temne chief who refused to

recognise the British-imposed tax on huts (dwellings).

In 1961, Sierra Leone gained independence and the Sierra Leone People's Party

(SLPP) won by large margins in the nation's first general election under universal

adult suffrage in May 1962. Turbulent political years followed with several

uprisings and coups, culminating in the development of a one party state.

Government corruption, neglect of the interior, mismanagement of diamond

resources and the spilling over of the Liberian conflict into its borders eventually led

to the Sierra Leone civil war, which began in 1991 and was resolved in 2001 after



4

5



Information acquired from Wikipedia on 2 April 2010.

Information acquired from Wikipedia on 2 April 2010.



the United Nations led by Nigeria defeated the rebel forces. The war claimed an

estimated 20,000 lives and over 2 million people were displaced from their homes.

In December 2005, UN peacekeeping forces pulled out of Sierra Leone and in

August 2007, presidential and parliamentary elections were held. Ernest Bai

Koroma was elected president.

3.1.3



Demographics6

Sierra Leone's population is 6,440,053 with a population growth rate of 2.3%. Forty

four percent of the population is under the age of 14. There are 16 ethnic groups,

each with their own language and culture. The two largest groups are the Mende and

the Temne, each comprises 30% of the population. The Mende predominate in the

South-Eastern Provinces; the Temne in the Northern Province. Other groups include

the Limba, the Kono, the Mandingo and the Krio (descendants of freed West

Indians slaves from the West Indies and freed African American slaves from the

United States). Three religions prevail in Sierra Leone. The majority (60%) are

Muslim, 30% are Christian and the remaining 10% consist of indigenous religions.



3.1.4



Living Standards7

The UNDP Global Human Development Report (2007) ranked Sierra Leone at the

bottom of 177 countries in terms of general development. About 70% of the

population lives below the national poverty line. Poverty is most prevalent in the

rural areas and amongst the youth (males and females between 15 and 35). Youth

are increasingly leaving agriculture to find economically more rewarding

occupations, often failing to find secure employment or gainful economic activities.

During the war 57% of the population lived on less than US$1 a day.

Sierra Leone’s Poverty Reduction Strategy paper of 2005 outlined its commitment

to poverty alleviation. However, youth unemployment / underemployed remains

high at 70% and food security constitutes a major challenge constrained by lack of

access to markets and poor rural infrastructure. The country is heavily dependent on

Official Development Assistance (ODA), with about 50% of public investment

programmes financed by external resources.

The poor national infrastructure and the small size of the private sector are

significant impediments to the achievement of the higher and more equitable growth

required to effectively address poverty and unemployment.



6

7



CIA World book.

Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper.



3.1.5



Economy8

The economy of Sierra Leone has suffered greatly as a result of the civil war.

During the war, economic growth plunged to -4.5% per annum. However Sierra

Leone experienced a robust post-war recovery. In the aftermath of the civil war

(1992-2001) it sustained one of the highest GDP growth rates (an average of 7%) in

Africa. Reconstruction, a substantial increase in aid flows and improved structural

and macroeconomic policies contributed to this rapid growth. Large mineral

deposits enabled strong export growth. Sierra Leone‘s strong recovery continued

into 2008 when real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew by an estimated 5.5%

despite rising food and fuel prices.

However, economic recovery has slowed down along with the global economic

downturn. In 2009, the IMF forecasts that real GDP growth is expected to drop to

4.5% as global recession reduces the demand for Sierra Leone‘s mineral exports and

the rate of post-war recovery declines. Given the breadth of the current economic

crisis, and the potentially damaging effect of falling commodity prices, identifying

and remedying investment climate problems is essential. Investment climate reforms

would increase the ability of the economy to adapt to economic shocks more easily.

The goal of sustaining rapid and inclusive growth is made more challenging because

so much of Sierra Leone’s growth has been dependent on the exploitation of natural

resources, such as diamonds, rutile and bauxite. Yet most mining is capital

intensive, and although it contributes more than 19% of GDP, it employs less than

3% of the formal sector population (although closer to 7% of the total population).

In contrast, the agriculture sector (including fisheries) employs more than 60% of

the population while providing 44% of GDP, with both the share of employment

and GDP declining every year. The manufacturing sector has been weak, due to

supply side constraints and competition from cheaper imports.

Economic diversification and more inclusive growth patterns will be critical to

sustain high growth. A recently completed private sector development diagnostic

report noted the critical need to develop a culture of entrepreneurship, as Sierra

Leone is weaker than many of its West African peers in the rate of new business

entry. It also identified fisheries, segments of agriculture and tourism as potentially

strong sources of private sector growth.



3.1.6



Health

The state of health of Sierra Leone’s population is generally poor. The infant

mortality rate is 165 deaths per 1,000 live births9 and life expectancy is 42.1 years10.



8



Based on World Bank. (2009). Sierra Leone Country Brief. March.2009, Economist Intelligence Unit (2009).

―Country Report, Sierra Leone June 2009; IMF. ―Sierra Leone: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix.

January 2009. IMF Country Report No. 09/12 17 IMF. ―Sierra Leone: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix.

January 2009. IMF Country Report No. 09/12.



9



Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper.



Approximately 47% of the population do not have access to clean water and 50% is

undernourished.

Malaria and waterborne diseases are the main health threats. An MSF11 study in

2005 showed that 63% of deaths in children were caused by malaria. The estimate

of HIV/ AIDS prevalence in 2007 was 1.7%12.There are, however great disparities

in the prevalence among different segments of the population. In particularly the

uniformed service personnel and commercial sex workers have higher prevalence

rates, estimated at 10%13.

The social costs of the protracted civil war in Sierra Leone have been extremely

high14. About 75% of the country’s health care facilities, including 15 hospitals and

150 primary health care centres, were not functional during that period. Due to

insufficient financial resources, health care facilities have not been adequately

restored. Faced with the shortfall of subsidies from government and international

sources, most public health structures apply a de facto system of cost recovery,

requiring patients to pay for most services15. Since a large section of the population

cannot afford health services the use of the non-official health sector16 is very high.

3.1.7



Education

In Sierra Leone primary (6 years) and junior secondary (3 years) school level

education is compulsory and free for all children. However a shortage of schools

and teachers has made implementation of this legal requirement impossible. The

civil war resulted in the destruction of 1,270 primary schools and in 2001, 67% of

all school-age children were out of school.

The situation has improved considerably since then with primary school enrolment

doubling between 2001 and 2005, and the reconstruction of many schools since the

end of the war. However, the educational system is still grappling with myriad

problems. Many rural primary schools do not have trained and qualified teachers.

The Government’s recent drive to encourage children to go to school has also

created the unintended effect of overcrowding, even in urban areas.

The country has two universities, whilst teacher training colleges and religious

seminaries are found in many parts of the country. These higher learning institutions

also face considerable resource constraints, leading to shortages of essential

personnel for science and technology teaching, applied agricultural research and

extension and health care.



10



UNDP stats 2006.

Medecins Sans Frontieres.

12

http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/sierraleone_statistics.html. Figures for population between 15 and 49.

13

Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper.

14

Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper.

15

Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper.

16

Non-official sector refers here to traditional healers and informal sector. Informal sector includes ambulatory

pharmacists (“pepper doctor”), home visit by a nurse etc.

11



The literacy rate in Sierra Leone is low (35.1%, 2004 est.) with a large discrepancy

between men (46.9 %) and women (24.4 %).

Photo Plate 1: School building and a health centre in the project area



3.1.8



Gender

As in many sub-Saharan countries, women are marginalised in terms of economic

and political power. Although women in Sierra Leone carry out the majority of

agricultural work, they have limited control over the economic resources they

generate. Women are dependent on male family members, or the discretion of

community leaders for access to land.

Discrimination against women in Sierra Leone has been exacerbated by the civil

war, when women were submitted to displacement, insecurity and the breakdown of

social services and support. Women and girls fulfilled a variety of functions during

the war, including sex slaves and combatants. Many women were sole

breadwinners, lacking the traditional family networks. Many women were subjected

to extensive sexual violence throughout the period of war.



3.2



Regional Context

The Republic of Sierra Leone is composed of three provinces: the Northern

Province, Southern province and the Eastern province and one other region called

the Western Area. The provinces are further subdivided into 12 districts. District

councils were established in 2000 and local government elections held for the first

time in May 2004. The elected councils constitute representative bodies with



delegated powers and funds to execute local governance. The district administration

is made up of a senior district officer and officers representing various line

ministries. The Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development coordinates

the district officers. The district administration is responsible for the overall

management of the districts, including provision of critical social services to the

population.

The proposed development site and its transport infrastructure are situated in the

Northern Province and cover the Districts of Tonkolili, Bombali and Port Loko (see

Figure 3-1). The sections below provide a short description of these districts.



Figure 3-1: Sierra Leone Districts

3.2.1



Tonkolili District

Tonkolili District covers 7,003 km2 and comprises 11 chiefdoms. It has a population

of 345,884 (2004 census). The District capital is Magburaka town, with Mile 91

being the commercial centre. The main ethnic groups are the Temne, Limba and

Kuranko. Islam is the dominant religion.

Agriculture remains the largest sector of the economy, providing a livelihood for up

to 75% of the population. However, yields are typically low for the overall food

production (maize, cassava and sweet potatoes). Gold mining is another important



activity in the District. The livestock sector remains relatively small and

underdeveloped.

Tonkolili District has several industries:





The Magbass sugar complex, which produces sugar and ethanol and provides

substantial employment in the area.







The Gari factory at Robinke, which provides a market for cassava and

employment for people, especially women.







A large scale sugar cane plantation (Addax Biofuel Project), which is in the

process of development.







Other small-scale industries such as tailoring, carpentry, weaving,

blacksmithing, gara tie-dye and soap making.



There was a market structure in each chiefdom’s main town, but most of these were

destroyed during the civil war. The growing need for locally produced and

manufactured goods has resulted in the emergence of weekly markets commonly

called ‘Loumas’.

Infrastructure and standards of living are low in the District. Life expectancy at birth

is 47.9 years, and infant mortality rates are 118 per 1,000 at birth (although low,

both figures are better than the national standard). The percentage of people without

safe water is 71.1%, (higher than the national average) with 60% using the river as

their water source and only 8.5% having access to running water. The main source

of fuel for cooking is wood (96.2% of the population) and the energy source for

lighting is almost exclusively kerosene and torches. The literacy rate is lower than

the national average at 30.5%.

3.2.2



Bombali District

Bombali District17 covers an area of 8,279 km2 and comprises 14 chiefdoms. It has a

population of 494,048 and the main ethnic groups are the Temne, the Loko and the

Limba. The majority of the population are Muslim, with a small percentage

adhering to Christianity and animism18. The main economic activities include small

scale production of food crops (rice, cassava and sweet potatoes), production of

charcoal, small scale mining, and small ruminants. The potential for large scale

farming is significant, but is hampered by several limitations such lack of

mechanisation, inputs and access to markets and poor infrastructure. The Addax

Biofuel Project, involving a large scale sugar cane plantation, is currently under

development.

Makeni, with a population of 82,840 (2004 estimate, probably an underestimate) is

the administrative and commercial centre of the District and the Northern Province

as a whole. It also provides educational and health facilities for the area. It grew as a



17



Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) in Bombali District.

The attribution of a living soul to plants, inanimate objects and natural phenomena. The belief in a supernatural

power that organises and animates the material universe.

18



trade and collecting centre among the Temne people. Palm oil, kernels and rice

collected in Makeni were and still are transported by road to Freetown. The town is

known for Gara tie-dyeing, which is an important industrial activity for Makeni

women. The town is lacking in basic facilities such as water, sewerage system,

electricity and a good road network

Bombali District was principally a rebel stronghold during the recent ten year civil

war and experienced considerable destruction, displacement and trauma. Atrocities

including forceful conscription of children, sexual abuse and prostitution were rife,

which had an important effect on the youth, in particular girls. This situation

exacerbated the incidence and prevalence of HIV/AIDS, which has added to the

growing public health burden in the district.

During the war, socio-economic activities and social service delivery was seriously

disrupted, and the enforcement of law and recognition of the authority of traditional

leaders strongly compromised. Since the end of the war, security has largely been

restored, but the local economy, social infrastructure and services have not

adequately recovered. During the period of the study, however, several signs of

development were witnessed in Makeni town: banks were established, several small

businesses opened and a new hospital was built.

Standards of living are low in the District. However, a life expectancy of 52.5 and

infant mortality rates of 96 per 1,000 live births are both better than the national

standard19. The percentage of people without safe water is 57 (which is higher than

the national average), with 40% using the river as their water source and only 25%

having access to running water. The main source for cooking is wood (95% of the

population) and the energy source for lighting is almost exclusively kerosene or

torch.

The District has 437 primary school and 31 junior secondary schools. The majority

of teachers in the primary schools are unqualified and the teacher pupil ratio is 54 to

1. The conscription of children as freedom fighters also led to a drastic reduction in

school-going children, hence a high illiteracy rate of 65%. Nevertheless, post-war

sensitisation and motivation has begun to increase enrolment.

3.2.3



Port Loko District

Port Loko District covers an area of 5,943 km2 and is, with a population of 477,978,

the most populous district in the Northern Province. The main ethnic group are the

Temne (80%). The second largest group are the Fula and the Susu. The district is

largely Muslim (75%).

The main economic activities are small scale diamond mining, subsistence farming

(rice, cassava, millet, groundnut, maize and sweet potato in particular, small

commerce) and small scale fishing. The production of charcoal has become a



19



Sierra Leone encyclopediahttp://www.daco-sl.org/encyclopedia/3_dist/3_1j_pl.htm



relatively important economic activity since the civil war, when farming activities

were disrupted.

Its capital is Port Loko and the largest city is Lunsar (16,567, 2004 estimate). Other

major towns in the district include the coastal town of Lungi (host to the Lungi

International Airport) and Kupr20.

Life expectancy is 49 and infant mortality 112 per 1000 live births. Only 1.6% of

the population uses pit latrines21.

The District has 469 primary schools (mainly in a bad state of repair) and 24 junior

secondary schools. Less than half of the teachers are qualified.



3.3



Administrative and Authority Structures

Districts in Sierra Leone are subdivided into chiefdoms, which are headed by

paramount chiefs, who are elected for life by chiefdom councillors, who in turn are

elected by the residents of the chiefdom. The paramount chief is responsible for

general administration, the distribution of land, collection of land taxes, the

maintenance of law and order (settlement of disputes) and the development of his

chiefdom. He also inherits custodian rights over land within his chiefdom. The

paramount chief works with a chiefdom committee, council of elders and the Native

Administration.

The chiefdom is subdivided into sections comprising a number of villages. Sections

are headed by a section chief and villages by a town chief. The chiefdoms and the

major towns in the Project area are presented in Table 3-1 and shown in Figures 1, 2

and 3 above.



20

21



Wikipedia, April 2010.

Sierra Leone encyclopaedia 2008



Table 3-1: Administrative Entities in the Project Area

Project

aspect



Districts



Mine area



Tonkolili



Transport

corridor



Tonkolili



Bombali

Port Loko



3.4



Chiefdoms



Town



Kalansogia



Bumbuna



Sambaya



Bendugu



Kalansogia



Bumbuna



Sambaya



Bendugu



Kafe Simiria



Mabonto



Safroko Limba



Binkolo



Makari Gbanti



Makeni



Buya Romende



Foredugu



Marampa



Lunsar



Maforki



Port Loko



Loko Massama



Lokomasama



Kaffu Bullom



Lungi



Social Baseline

The socio-economic baseline in the Project area is outlined below. A more detailed

description is presented in the Preliminary Social Baseline and Impact Assessment

report prepared by SRK (April 2010).



3.4.1



Demography

The Project impacted area includes small and medium villages as well as some

larger towns. In terms of gender distribution, 49% are males and 51% are females.

The average household size is approximately 9 people, with the smallest household

counting 3 members and the largest 15. Four percent of the households count 10 or

more members. Polygamy is practised in the project area and 35% of the households

have more than one wife per household head, whilst 43% are monogamous and 22%

of the households are single-parented.



3.4.2



Livelihood Strategies

In the mine area the majority of the population is involved in agriculture (including

economic trees) and animal husbandry, whilst some villages are heavily involved in

artisanal mining. There are few artisans and mechanics.

Along the transport corridor agriculture (including plantations) and animal

husbandry are the main activities, with charcoal production in some villages. There

is also some hunting activity. The transport corridor villages are host to more

artisans, government employees and mechanics than villages in the mine area.

In the Pepel port area the main activity is agriculture (including plantations), sea

fishing and some animal husbandry.



Overall, the most important livelihood strategy across the project area is agriculture

and plantations and to a lesser extent animal husbandry. Hunting is rare and

confined to a small number of villages.

Photo Plate 2: Agriculture fields, artisanal mining site and fishing

location within the proposed project areas



3.4.3



Access to Land22

Land tenure in the Republic of Sierra Leone (except the Western Area), is held in

communal ownership under customary tenure and is controlled by traditional chiefs

who administer it on behalf of their communities in accordance with customary

principles.

The rule of customary law in the provinces is established by section 76 (1) of the

Courts Act 1965. However, the validity of customary law is contingent on it being

compatible with statutory law. Three statutes are directly relevant to customary

landholding practices in Sierra Leone:





The Provinces Lands Act – (Cap 122).







The Chiefdom Councils Act – (Cap 61).







The Local Government Act –1994.



Through customary law, ownership of land is vested in the chiefdoms and

communities. Land cannot be owned freehold; land always belongs to the

communities under the different forms of tenure under customary law. This

principle is established by the Chiefdom Councils Act as well as by Section 28 (d)

of the Local Government Act 1994. It provides for the establishment of a local court

authorised to administer customary law in every chiefdom. The most common forms

of customary land tenure are:





Family tenure.







Communal tenure.







Individual tenure.



Family tenure is the most common form of tenure found in the provinces. Family

tenure is a system under which entitlements to land within a particular chiefdom are

claimed by various descent groups each with a common ancestor and that constitute

a family unit. Such family units are a corporate entity and have capacity to claim

and hold land as a body. The paramount title to family land is vested in the family as

a group. However, underneath the umbrella of this title, varying degrees of lesser

interests held in specific or particular portions of family land may be held by some

family groups or individuals. Responsibility for the management of family land is

vested in the head of the family assisted by principal members. The head of the

family has the right to allocate unoccupied portions of family land to members of

the family. They also may bring claims on land against outsiders on behalf of the

family for trespassing on family land.

Communal tenure is the case where title to land in a given area in the chiefdom is

claimed by or on behalf of the community as a whole and not by or on behalf of



22

The section on land tenure is based on the report: Van Vlaenderen, H. (2010). Addax Biofuel Project: Social

Impact Assessment. Coastal and Environmental Services, Grahamstown, South Africa and Huggins , G (2010)

Addax Biofuel Project: Resettlement Policy Framework . Coastal and Environmental Services, Grahamstown,

South Africa



families or individuals. The community is also a corporate entity, endowed with

legal capacity to enforce and defend its claims and rights to communal lands vis-avis other communities. Unlike the family, a community is not a kinship, but a sociopolitical entity and its members are not necessarily related to each other. Another

feature of communal tenure is that title to communal lands is not vested directly in

the community as an entity as in the case of the family. Rather, it is vested in the

socio-political head of a particular community. It is so vested in a representative

capacity. Another feature of communal tenure similar to family tenure is that it is

only the unapportioned portions of communal lands and those lands which are

strictly public lands, such as sacred bushes, common grazing lands and communal

farms that are subject to direct management, control and supervision by the sociopolitical heads.

It has been argued that in customary land tenure there is no individual land

ownership. But it is found to exist among some communities. For example, there are

practices whereby families owning large pieces of land allocate portions of land to

individual members of the family to enable them to set up their individual

households. Even though the paramount title remains vested in the family, each

individual member holds interest in his holdings. When the individual dies, the land

is inherited by his immediate or nuclear family or nearest next of kin. It is also

common to find practices where a man may give each of his wives land for her use

and that of her own children. When the man dies the land is inherited by the wife,

who was given the land when the man was living, and her children. Whether the

land would continue to be held as individual holdings would depend on a number of

factors, such as the number of children.

There are generally three ways in which individual acquisition of title is

accomplished:



3.4.4







By clearing of virgin forest – any land not appropriated by the community as

a whole can be claimed individually.







By straight forward purchase – individuals who are not otherwise entitled to

land in a given area can purchase land outright from the recognised owner.







By gift – individual owners may acquire land as a gift. For example, where a

stranger marries into a land-owning family, land may be given for his use.



Standard of Living

Poverty is pervasive in the area, as in the whole of Sierra Leone, and people need to

pursue a mixed livelihood, to obtain sufficient income for survival. The household

survey conducted for the social impact report shows that only 15% of the adult

population in Project area (age 15-60) had a stable and regular income. The sale of

agricultural produce is an important source of income. Remittances are also

significant.

Photo Plate 3: House structures in the proposed project areas



A major cost item for the household is food, which indicates that people do not

grow sufficient food to feed themselves or need to sell food at certain times of the

year to purchase other goods, leaving them with insufficient supplies for the entire

year. Clothing, agricultural and livestock expenses are also significant cost items.

People generally do not have many savings.

Lack of food security is common. In the household survey conducted for the

preliminary social baseline and impact assessment (April 2010), 85% of the



households indicated that they had experienced food shortages at some stage during

the year, predominantly during the period July to September.

The energy source for lighting is predominantly candles, followed by torches and

paraffin. The energy source used for cooking consists almost exclusively of wood,

with a few households using some charcoal.

Although the majority of the rural population is poor, some stratification exists.

There are traditional elite families who can trace descent (usually through the

father's line) to a warrior or hunter who first settled in an area. These families then

control and administer land, which puts them in an advantageous relationship to

non-landholders.

3.4.5



Socio-Cultural Situation

The dominant ethnic group in the mine area are the Kuranko. Along the transport

corridor there is a variety of ethnic groups, with large concentrations of Kuranko,

Temne and Susu. In the area of Tagrin Point there are predominantly Susu and

Temne.

The most important cultural phenomena are the secret societies, which are popular

throughout the Project area. Their primary purpose is to regulate sexual identity and

social conduct, and to produce fully socialised human beings with clear gender

identities. Secret societies induct members by means of initiation.

Religion plays an important role. Nominally the majority of the residents are

Muslim. However, most communities have both a mosque and a church.

Mainstream religions are however intertwined with traditional beliefs.

The household is the primary residential unit. There are various types of households,

but most have a family (husband, wife or wives, and their children) as the core.

Some are complex (two or more married men, either father and son or two brothers),

often with other, more-distant kin or even strangers in residence. The household

head (the eldest male/female) is the legal custodian of the household property

(including land), responsible for protection and security and resolves disputes by

mediation and represents the household in village affairs. Land-use rights and most

portable forms of wealth are inherited patrilinealy.

Decision making in the village is done by the chief and the elders of the landowning

families. Youth and women organisations are regularly consulted in decision

making. Youth are consulted in particular with respect to development projects for

the village. In general village issues are discussed and final decisions presented by

the elders to the community during a village assembly. The Imam also plays an

important role in terms of looking after the spiritual well-being of the villagers and

the settling of family and community disputes.



3.4.6



Gender

As in most traditional African communities, gender roles are relatively clearly

defined in the area. However, due to the many socio-economic disruptions, wars and

family break-ups, gender roles may have become less rigid. Data collection shows

however that men make most of the decisions in terms of the household and at the

broader community level, whereas women conduct most of the daily chores. The

secret societies for women reinforce their role as home makers in service of their

husbands.



3.4.7



Health

Health and hygiene conditions in the Project area are generally poor. The household

survey showed that 83% of the households deposit their household waste in the

areas around their homesteads. Many households use the bush for toilet and the

main water sources are rivers, rainwater tanks and unprotected wells. The water

quality is often of inferior standard and wells dry out during the dry season.

Villagers often need to walk long distances to fetch water.

The most prevalent diseases are malaria and diarrhoea related ailments. There is

also malnutrition in the area.

Health facilities in the project area are generally poor, with many villages lacking a

health centre, forcing people to travel long distances to receive medical care. The

existing health posts often lack equipment, trained staff and medication. Often,

villagers call upon traditional healers and local pharmacists for medical treatment.



3.4.8



Education

The levels of education and literacy are generally low in Sierra Leone and in the

Project area. The study revealed a 70% of illiteracy in the Project area. The

education sector encounters several problems including:



4







Lack of schools (not all settlements have primary schools and in the rural

areas there is a lack secondary schools). Children often have to walk long

distances to reach school, resulting in low attendance and large numbers of

drop outs.







Shortage of trained and qualified teachers.







Late or no payment of teachers leading to de-motivation.







Dilapidated school buildings and shortage of classrooms; overcrowded

classes.



RESETTLEMENT PLANNING ACTIONS

This section of the RPF sets out the main tasks and procedures required to develop a

RAP for the Project. It outlines the procedures for identification of affected people,

assessment of eligibility for compensation, identification of host areas for

resettlement, procedures for resettling and compensation, budget categories,



procedures for monitoring and evaluating the resettlement process and the necessary

institutional arrangements for execution of the resettlement and compensation

process.

It is important to note that this conceptual document differs from a RAP, which sets

out in detail the strategies for resettling people affected by land acquisition. In order

to develop a full scale RAP there are several additional requirements:



4.1







Detailed final information about the mining process and the location of the

different project components.







A detailed social baseline.







The RPF needs to be debated and approved by the various stakeholders.



Minimising Resettlement

The IFC standards require that resettlement be minimised as far as possible. The

primary reason for resettlement in the mine area is the location of the mineral

resource and technologies for its exploitation, in this case open pit mining. The

location of the pits is fixed by the location of the mineral resource; and will invoke

involuntary resettlement. As such, resettlement cannot be minimised in this area.

More broadly resettlement will be influenced by the development and location of

project infrastructure in the mine area, the transport corridor and at the port facility.

Such infrastructure includes rock dumps, processing plant, tailings storage facility,

stockpiles, offices, workshops, stores, power generation, housing, the railway line

and port facilities. Resettlement is also influenced by health and safety

considerations (e.g. human settlements should be an appropriate distance from

hazards).

AML’s engineering and environmental and social consultants should be working in

tandem to ensure that infrastructure across the Project area is developed and located

in a way that minimises resettlement.

The following has been done in this respect:





The rail loop, which requires a large area, has been positioned at the mine site

where population density is lower than at Tagrin, the other option.







The rail and haul road alignment has been designed to avoid villages using

Quantm optimisation software.







Construction and operations camps are planned in areas with low population

densities.







Waste rock dumps have been optimised to minimise additional area required

beyond the fly rock zone.







Refurbishment of the Pepel rail and port is to be undertaken on the exisiting

footprint to minimise the need to acquire more land for project operations.



At this stage, nonetheless, it is certain that there will be a requirement to relocate

villages either partially or entirely.



4.2



Identifying Eligibility for Compensation

The definition of eligibility requires an assessment of the type and number of people

residing or using the affected area and the types of loss they incur. This is outlined

below.



4.2.1



Project Affected People

Project affected people (PAP) can be divided into two categories:



4.2.2







Affected household: households23 are affected if one or more of its members

suffer loss of assets, land and property, and/or access to natural and/or

economic resources as a result of the project activities.







Host area households: households in any of the host resettlement sites (sites

where people may be resettled), whose infrastructures and/or resources will

be impacted.



Types of Loss

PAP may incur a loss or disruption of access to the following assets and resources:





Buildings, homesteads and related structures (such as storage facilities,

graves).







Land.







Permanent or temporary use of agricultural land.







Sacred sites.







Mining deposits (artisanal mining).







Natural plant and animal (including fish) resources.







Small enterprises.







Communal infrastructure (wells, boreholes, irrigation works, schools, clinics).







Access routes (between villages, to towns and other resources i.e. fishing

beaches).



A detailed description of the number and type of beneficiaries in terms of the

various eligibility criteria will need to be provided once the exact location of the

Project infrastructure is known and a census has been conducted. At this stage,

however, the following information is available:

Homesteads

It is envisaged that 47 villages will have to be partially or entirely resettled. It is

estimated that 2,441 houses and related structures will be affected.

23

For the purposes of this RPF a household consists of people who are economically dependent on

each other and who typically live in the same compound and eat from the same pot.



Land

It is envisaged that 12 674 ha will be affected by the Project; 11,507 ha at the mine

site, 288 ha along the rail corridor and 880 ha at the Port. These belong to various

villages/towns. A land survey will need to be conducted to assess which land

belongs to which villages and to which landowning families.

Agricultural Crops

Approximately 215.30 ha of currently cultivated land will be affected by the

Project; 95 ha at the mine site, 56 ha along the rail corridor and 64 ha at the Port. A

survey will have to be conducted to assess the number and size of fields of affected

households, as well as the crops cultivated.

Tree Plantations

Approximately 21 ha of current plantation will be affected by the Project; 8 ha along

the rail corridor and 12 ha at the Port. A survey will have to be conducted to assess

the number and size of plantations of affected households, as well as the trees/plants

cultivated. The main plantations are palm, mango, banana and pineapple.

Forests

Some forested areas may be affected. These serve several needs. For instance sacred

bushes are an important cultural heritage of the local people in the Project area and

significant for their spiritual well being. It is likely that several sacred bushes will

be affected. Sacred bushes will need to be identified along with other potential uses

of the forest.

Sacred Sites

Sacred sites include such sites or places/features that are important for customary

practices, tradition and culture, and thus considered sacred. Sacred sites include

tombs, graves and cemeteries and ritual sites.

In general people bury their deceased in tombs near their homestead. Resettlement

of villages may involve the relocation of graves.

Artisanal Mining

The social description of the affected villages in the mine lease area shows that

households maintain a mixed livelihood consisting of mining as well as farming.

There are a significant number of artisanal miners (exact figures be established

during RAP preparation) working in and around the concession area, including in

the areas which will be required for the mining infrastructure. Consequently these

miners may lose their livelihoods.



Natural Plant and Animal Life

Some areas used by local residents for collection of natural resources (fire wood,

wild foods, timber, medicinal plants, game) may be affected by the mining and

transport infrastructure. Generally, however, natural resources used by the local

population are plentiful in the larger area and the loss of the area needed for the

project may not require compensation. This will however need to be verified by the

census conducted as part of the RAP.

The port lease area may impact on the access of fishermen to the beach (i.e.

homesteads of fishermen may need to be moved or access to the landing and fishing

beach may be constrained or removed).

Small Enterprises

The villages and towns affected by resettlement are host to several small businesses.

These businesses are generally run from small structures near the homestead or from

the homestead itself. The exact number of small businesses affected will need to be

identified.

Social Infrastructure

The villages affected by physical resettlement are host to schools, clinics,

community halls, drying areas and potentially other communal infrastructure. The

RAP census will need to identify all communal infrastructure which may be affected

Access Routes

The mining and transport infrastructure may have impact on communications

between villages and towns and villages and agricultural fields, cutting some

residents off from their resources. Loss of livelihoods as a result of this

communication severance will need to be assessed and compensated for.

4.2.3



Eligibility: Cut-Off Date

The determination of eligibility for various types of compensation is defined in

terms of the PAP categories described above, as well as whether the PAP’s affected

properties were present in the project area prior to the resettlement cut-off date on

land development. A resettlement cut-off date is the date which signifies a

moratorium on settling, building or making improvements on affected land. This

cut-off date needs to be made public to all those affected through a public

consultation process. Sierra Leone law does not make provision for the declaration

of a moratorium. It will be the task of AML to identify and publicise (in

collaboration with local government) the cut-off date, which should coincide with

the completion of the RAP census and asset survey and obtaining a lease agreement.

It should be noted that the cut-off date for building new structures and planting trees

may be different from growing annual crops (the latter may be later if no

resettlement will take place within the next season). An agreement will need to be



reached with the local authorities on the procedures to be used in the event of claims

being submitted after the cut-off date, as well as in the event of counter-claims and

disputes.



4.3



Census and Assets Inventory

To develop the resettlement programme a thorough knowledge is required of the

existing socio-economic context of the affected households and communities. The

process for achieving this is set out in the following sections.



4.3.1



Mapping

The resettlement process should be supported by a Geographic Information Systems

(GIS) interface and field maps with socio-economic infrastructure and land use

patterns and natural features (of the resettlement site and host site(s)).



4.3.2



Census

A census must be undertaken of all directly affected households (either physically

displaced – losing a homestead) or economically displaced (losing a livelihood).

The census will include:





Demographics, family structure (household position, age, residence status,

occupation, educational level).







The incidences of disease or illness amongst household members in the past

year and receipt of health services.







Deaths and births within the household in the past year.







Usage of social infrastructure – e.g. church/clinic/school.







Access to land on a cyclical / rotational basis and access to resources on

communal land.







Possession of livestock.







Household economic activities and their relative importance.







Household income (details of average annual income, monthly sources of

income, annual agricultural sales and other sales sources).







Details of loans / savings.







Expenditure on major items (i.e. food, transport, agricultural inputs, health,

education).







Availability of food throughout the year.

Ownership of a predetermined collection of possessions to be used as

indicators in ascertaining the socio-economic status of the households.







A survey will also need to be conducted on a sample of people using communal

land resources, for example hunting, honey production, wood collection for charcoal

production and artisanal mining or seeing the land used as part of their fallow cycle,

or grazing by nomadic people). As the number of such people may be high and

difficult to demarcate, only a representative sample is surveyed.



4.3.3



Assets Inventory

Inventories will need to be made of both household and communal assets. Aspects

for inclusion are outlined below.

Household Assets

An assets inventory needs to be conducted for each of the affected households24

included in the census, recording all permanent and temporary losses of physical

structures and natural resources incurred. These include:





Homesteads and homestead structures (such as outside kitchens, latrines,

chicken pens etc). This includes the number, size and condition of structures

and a field drawing of the homestead buildings as well as photographic

records.







Family business-related structures.







Graves associated with each household.







Agricultural fields owned by each homestead or rented, leased, or given for

use.







Planted trees, within the homestead areas and plantations.



The census and assets inventory serves as:





A register of the legitimate beneficiaries as per their residency or locality.







Social data, which can serve as a reference point for compensation and

monitoring.



Communal Infrastructure

An audit will be required of all communal assets affected by relocation. These

include:



4.3.4







Market areas.







Drying areas (for food produce).







Administrative buildings.







Recreational buildings, community halls.







Churches.







Schools.







Clinics.







Sites of cultural importance (e.g. sacred bushes) or historical importance.



Census and Inventory Asset Methodology

The following steps should be followed in conducting the census and household

assets survey:



24



This assets inventory can be conducted at the same time as the census.



4.4







Recruitment and training of local fieldworkers in the survey methodology.







Design, piloting and (where necessary) refining of a census and assets

questionnaire.







A meeting with the affected communities to explain the purpose of the

surveys and the procedures to be used.







Provision of an ID number to all households/individuals involved in the

census. They should be photographed with the ID number in front of their

homestead /affected structures.







Photographing of all structures, with GPS coordinates taken for the main

building.







Ensuring that the household head of the affected asset is present during the

survey interview and that he/she countersigns the inventory sheets as proof

that he/she agrees to the assets that have been recorded (Note: the signature of

the household head does not signify acceptance of a compensation package

only recognition that the data were correct when collected).







Ensuring that a community representative, delegated to this particular task,

also signs the inventory sheets as a witness to the recording exercise.







Entry of data from the census and photographs in a Microsoft Access (or

other electronic) database for record keeping and analysis.



Valuation

This section provides a framework for detailed valuation procedures to be

developed in the RAP. Valuation is based both on Sierra Leone and international

policies. Valuation rates and the process should be ratified by a Resettlement

Working Group (see description below), any relevant authority and the affected

parties.



4.4.1



Compensation for Loss of Homesteads and Fixed Structures

Two options are available for compensation for physical structures lost due to the

Project.

Option 1:

Compensation for all homestead structures is provided in cash. This includes

replacement costs, cost for transportation and cost for building labour.

Option 2:

Compensation is provided by replacement (to an agreed standard) of the primary

structures of the homestead plot in an identified host area, with structures of similar

or better quality. It is recommended that a local contractor is hired to build the

houses and that local labour is employed, whilst AML ensures quality control.

Professional surveyors should provide cost estimates of replacement housing. (Note:

AML’s estimated cost for construction of a substantial traditional rural house in the



mine area was about US$13,500, though it is likely to be different in other areas and

for other house types).

Option 2 is the recommended option. In accordance with IFC guidelines cash

compensation for structures is discouraged. This is to avoid the risk that cash is not

spent on housing (which would leave households without shelter).

A variation on this option is to provide cash compensation for the smaller additional

structures (e.g. outside kitchen, fences, latrines, chicken pens). Justification for this

is that these structures may be dismantled and taken by the owners to the new

abode, avoiding the need for AML to build myriad small structures.

In case of partially built structures AML will compensate for lost materials.

Abandoned structures are not compensated.

Taking Occupation of the New Homestead

The following rules are recommended:



4.4.2







A reasonable time period should be allowed prior to moving people in order

to give them the opportunity to salvage building materials from their old

homes.







AML should provide transport for each homestead sufficient to move the

family and belongings (including building materials such as doors and

windows (but not bricks or masonry), livestock, food, and personal effects

from the old homestead) to their new residence.







Households should sign a document to forego all rights to the old homestead

(including trees and materials). AML will demolish the old homestead

(otherwise squatters may take over the abandoned houses).







An AML representative should visits households a month after they have

moved into their new abode to assess the new structure and note potential

defects and arrange for repairs.







AML should provide structural warrantee on the dwelling structures to cover

against defects arising from poor design, workmanship and material for a

period of 5 years.



Compensation for Land

The project will require the lease of land, which will be guided by Sierra Leone’s

Provinces Land Act, Chapter 122 of the Laws of Sierra Leone, 196025. A land lease

contract will then be required for the affected land in the three Districts, identifying

the exact settlements and chiefdoms involved. Lease rent will need to be paid.

Government guidelines are US$3.60 per acre, with one third paid to the Chiefdom

council, one third to the District Council and one third to the respective traditional



25



See Section 4.1.2 above.



landowners. It is the task of the District Council to pay out the fees to the respective

parties.

The section above indicates that land tenure and land use are governed by

customary law and subject to local social and traditional cultural norms. These may

make the process of paying out compensation for loss of land more complex for the

following reasons:





Land belongs to family clans and or villages, not individuals.







Land has generally not been surveyed and no records of (customary or other)

ownership of areas of land exist. Land disputes are common.







People using the land belong to either landowning families in the area or

tenants (with no tenure claims, so tenants will be a vulnerable group since

they will not receive lease rent).







Land lease infers that land will most likely be returned to the lessor on

completion or termination of the lease agreement. In some instances land

taken for the Project will not be returned.



In order not to disadvantage people, and to enhance the productivity of remaining

land, the mechanism for acquisition of replacement land needs to be examined in

detail in the RAP as well as livelihood restitution programmes which enhance

agricultural productivity.

4.4.3



Compensation for Crops and Trees

Crops

Standing crops will be compensated for. The main crops are rice, cassava,

groundnuts, maize and sweet potatoes.

Trees

Only exotic planted trees belonging to households or communities qualify for

compensation. The most common trees used for food and as a source of income are

palm trees, mangoes, bananas, oranges and pineapple.

Valuation Process

The affected area of crops need to be measured and number of trees counted by a

team including the affected person, a representative of AML, a representative of the

Ministry of Agriculture and a representative of the local chiefdom. The numbers of

trees and areas of crops needs to be included in the assets inventory and signed off

by the team doing the assessment.

According to IFC standards, crops and trees need to be compensated in line with the

market rates for the different crops/trees. The Government of Sierra Leone provides

compensation rates, but these were determined in 2006 and are generally regarded

as outdated (see Table 4-1). It is suggested that the compensation rates are guided



by the recent rates identified for the Addax Biofuel Project (neighbouring the

Tonkolili Project) which is currently developing a RAP. See Table 4-1 for rates

which were identified and ratified by Director of Agriculture in both Bombali and

Tonkolili districts in collaboration with the Addax resettlement team.

Table 4-1: Proposed Compensation Rates

Item



Government Value 20062007 (SL Leonies)



Banana

Bread fruit

Cabbage ½acre

Cashew

Cassava ½ acre

Cassava ½ acre immature

Cassava not dense - grown in heaps ½ acre

mature

Cassava not dense - grown in heaps ½ acre

immature

Citrus

Cocoa

Coconut

Coffee 1 acre

Cucumber ½ acre

Economic tree (Timber individually owned)

Groundnut ½ acre

Guava ½ acre

Hot pepper ½ acre

Kola nut

Krain krain ½ acre

Lettuce ½ acre

Maize ½ acre

Mango improved

Millet ½ acre

Oil palm

Oil palm improved

Okra ½ acre

Paw paw

Pear / avocado

Pineapple

Plantain

Plum tree

Pumpkin ½ acre

Rice (inland valley swamp) ½ acre

Rice (upland) ½ acre

Sweet pepper ½ acre

Tomatoes ½ acre

Water melon ½ acre

Note: At the time of the writing of the report US$1 = 3,890 SLL



20,000

40,000

35,000

50,000

150,000

50,000



Value 2010

(SL Leonies)

26,620

53,240

46,585

148,000

350,000

175,000

200,000



50,000

45,000

40,000

35,000

30,000

20,000

150,000

15,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

35,000

100,000

50,000

100,000

25,000

40,000

40,000

10,000

60,000

1,000

20,000

50,000

30,000

200,000

200,000

36,000

35,000

40,000



100,000

72,500

73,500

73,500

46,585

39,930

54,400

199,650

19,965

39,930

76,400

66,550

46,585

133,100

66,550

133,100

33,275

57,000

53,240

13,310

79,860

1,331

26,620

66,550

39,930

266,200

266,200

47,916

46,585

53,240



The crop/tree owner will be paid the rate multiplied by the acres of crops/number of

trees lost. This compensation fee is a one off payment. However the loss of fruits

over a period of time, until new seedlings are becoming of fruit bearing age need to

be taken into account for the calculation of the compensation fees. If the farmer

does not own the land, the crops compensation should still be paid to the farmer



while any land compensation goes to the owner of the land. AML should also

consider providing seedlings to replace lost trees. Any standing crop can be

harvested by the owner, even if the family may have physically moved to their new

location.

4.4.4



Compensation for Disturbance of Graves and Sites of Cultural,

Historical or Religious Importance

Valuation for graves and sacred sites will be as noted below.

Graves

There are 3 options:





Homesteads may choose to re-bury people on or near their resettlement plot.

Providing this does not contradict any by-laws or customary restrictions, this

should be permitted.







Communal re-burial may be arranged with local entities (municipality, and

traditional leaders, as well as religious leaders). In such cases an appropriate

piece of land needs to be identified in consultation with the local authorities.







In cases where grave relocation is not necessary and agreement is reached, the

HH may hold a ceremony in accordance with local customs.



In both cases appropriate timing and arrangements for the relocation and re-burial of

the deceased will need to be agreed upon with all stakeholders. AML will meet the

costs of:





Exhumation including permit (if required), transport and re-burial (reinterment) of the deceased.







Provision of a coffin. An approved supplier will provide the coffin.







Provision of a flat rate per grave to satisfy any customary cost.







All works associated with the burial.







All costs associated with a ceremony if not relocating grave.



The affected households/religious leaders are responsible for organising the

appropriate ceremonies in accordance with their religious beliefs and/or customs.

Sacred Sites

In terms of communal sacred sites or cultural heritage, a process for appeasement of

disturbance of the site and potentially the establishment/inauguration of a new site

will need to be negotiated with the affected communities. AML will cover the cost

of obtaining the new site and the appropriate ceremonies required for this process

(to be negotiated with stakeholders). AML will not be responsible for organising

these ceremonies.



4.4.5



Compensation for Loss of Access to Mining Areas (Artisanal Mining)

There are significant numbers of artisanal miners working in and around the Project

area (exact figures to be established in the RAP).

In keeping with IFC standards it is proposed that compensation for income from

artisanal mining is dealt with differently from compensation for other livelihood

strategies such as agriculture, small business etc since artisanal mining is generally

transient. Whereas the former is addressed at the level of individual households,

compensation for loss of livelihood based on artisanal mining will be dealt with on a

collective basis (i.e. collective, alternative livelihood projects may be developed

such as agricultural projects, skills development project, agro-small business

projects).



4.4.6



Compensation for Loss of Natural Plant and Animal Resources

The extent and nature of different types of loss of access to natural resources will be

assessed in the RAP and compensation strategies for each type of loss negotiated.

These may include:





Development of wood lots in case of loss of timber and firewood.







Development of nurseries for lost plants.







Development of alternative livelihoods for those relying on natural resource

production (i.e. charcoal production and fishermen).







Identification and arrangement of alternative grazing areas.







Providing access to alternative beaching/mooring areas for fishermen.



4.4.7 Compensation for Businesses and Enterprises

For the valuation of the loss of an enterprise its function, intensity of use (average

monthly income), location importance and its market catchments will need to be

determined.

Valuation should be based on the cost of re-establishing the commercial activity at a

new location. This may include costs for:



4.4.8







Acquisition of new land.







Material and construction costs of replacement structures (this may involve

rebuilding the structure or providing cash compensation).







Compensation of lost income during resettlement (based on audited monthly

income).







Compensation for loss of wages of staff.



Compensation for Loss of Social Infrastructure

It is necessary to ensure that resettlers are not worse off after the resettlement

process in terms of access to socio-economic services. This may require the



upgrading of existing social infrastructure in the host areas to accommodate the

enlarged population or it may require the building of new infrastructure. According

to IFC guidelines the infrastructure should be equal to or better than that being

replaced. Community structures or resources may include:





Clinics and dispensaries.







Community halls.







Markets.







Schools.







Village rice drying floors or structures.







Wells/boreholes.



The valuation of community structure and resources will require consultation with

community leaders, committees or individuals that have responsibility over

community structures of both the resettled community and the host community.

The valuation should be based on replacement costs of materials, buildings costs

and the acquisition of additional land.



4.5



Identification and Evaluation of Resettlement Sites

Resettlement for the Project will require the identification of multiple residential

areas (for those physically displaced) and identification of multiple areas of

agricultural land for those economically displaced. Ideally for each affected area

several options need to be explored for those to be resettled. In order to assess the

feasibility of different options the following is required:





Assessment of land ownership and tenure rights.







Assessment of the need for improvement of infrastructure (water resources,

educational, health facilities, road infrastructure) to accommodate additional

inhabitants.







Assessment of the impact of resettlement on small businesses in both resettled

communities and host community.







Assessment of available agricultural land in the vicinity of the resettled

communities adequate for all of the people eligible for allocation of

agricultural land.







Assessment of access to natural resources (i.e. timber and firewood).







Access to livelihoods (fishing/artisanal mining).







Assessment of disturbance of community and family support networks.



The assessment needs to be conducted:





In consultation with the affected villages (those to be resettled and in the host

area(s)) in terms of their needs, compatibility, their perceived advantages and

disadvantages.







In consultation with the Resettlement Working Group26 in terms of legal

aspects, perceived advantages and disadvantages of the option.



The process will involve:





Pre-selection of best candidate sites.







Visits to pre-selected resettlement sites with representatives of affected

populations.







Selection of preferred sites in collaboration with relevant traditional and local

authorities.







Conducting an ESIA of selected sites.







Validation of the choice in general community meetings.



Once the feasibility of the host areas have been established a detailed plan of the

host areas will need to be developed indicating existing dwellings and infrastructure

as well as the areas allocated to new dwellings, additional infrastructure, agricultural

land available for resettlers and transport network.



4.6



Transitional Support

IFC guidelines state clearly that additional support may be required for PAP during

the resettlement period. Depending on the timing of the resettlement, it is possible

that households will not be able to farm during a particular period (dry and or wet

season) because they arrive in their new home after the sowing/planting time.

Others may need time to develop new livelihood strategies (i.e. fishermen, artisanal

miners). In such cases households will require transitional support. Individual

support packages will need to be developed with affected families. It is

recommended that this is done in cooperation with competent organisations and in

consultation with the Resettlement Working Group.



4.7



Income Restoration and Sustainable Development Initiatives

Besides the loss of assets, resettlement may lead to permanent disruptions of

income-earning or subsistence capacity. The IFC resettlement guidelines require

that if project-related impacts to livelihoods are significant (with a 10% or greater

loss), livelihood restoration needs to be included in the RAP.

A core aspect of the RAP census will be to understand, at a household level, the

exact nature of household economic and livelihood strategies, so as to assess the

changes in these as a result of economic and or physical resettlement. Livelihood

restoration is addressed in the following sections.



26



See section below.



4.7.1



Agricultural Support Programme

In order to restore livelihoods for farmers, there may be a need to assist with the

preparation of new land and the provision of agricultural support and extension

programme. This may include:





Provision of training on improved agricultural techniques.







Support for the purchase of agricultural equipment, fertilisers and improved

seeds.



An example of a farmers support programme is the Farmer Field School Programme

currently implemented by the Addax Biofuel Project in collaboration with FAO

Sierra Leone in Bombali District. The programme combines training and

demonstration in agricultural practices with representatives of affected

communities.

4.7.2



Skills Training

It is recommended that skills replacement training be provided for households for

which the continuation of an agrarian or artisanal mining lifestyle is not possible or

desired. The primary objective of the skills replacement training will be to teach

skills that could be of value to the local economy but not necessarily related to

agriculture. Potential skills to be taught include block making and building;

carpentry; plumbing; welding and tinsmith services; retailing; secondary processing

of agricultural product. In terms of skills training programmes, partnerships should

be established with NGO and other agencies in the area to maximise benefits.



4.7.3



Artisanal Mining

Agreement between AML and the artisanal mining organisation(s) may be

developed to allow continued artisanal mining on the periphery of the concession

area, with support from AML. This would require legal approval.



4.7.4



Community Development Initiatives

A key requirement of World Bank OP 4.12 is that ‘all involuntary resettlement will

be conceived and executed as development programmes.’ Key objectives of

community development are:





To stimulate long-term community, economic and social development

programmes among those to be resettled and host communities that will lead

to sustainable local communities.







To seek ways of building mutually beneficial linkages between AML support

of community development and other development initiatives in the district

and region so as to obtain maximum leverage for the affected people from all

initiatives.



The results of the social impact assessment and the RAP census should provide

information on development priorities in the area, which can become the focus of a

Community Development Plan (CDP). This may include health, education, water

infrastructure, electrification, agricultural processing, micro-credit, fisheries,

aquaculture, poultry etc. The actual CDP will however result from a participatory

process between AML and local, regional stakeholders and potentially international

partners.

Community development benefits will apply in order of priority to:



4.7.5







The affected households within the mining area as well as those affected by

the additional infrastructure required for the Project operation.







The host resettlement area.







The households residing outside of the Project area but who have land within

the Project area.







Artisanal miners and fishermen affected.



Vulnerable Individuals and Households

Vulnerable people are those who through any characteristic may be more adversely

affected by resettlement than others, and who may be limited in their ability to claim

or take advantage of resettlement assistance and related development benefits.

Specifically, as defined by the IFC, vulnerable people include the following:





Households headed by women or children, particularly those headed by aged

widows.







People with disabilities.







The extremely poor (those with no visible means of income and the landless

are often the poorest).







The elderly, specifically households where no members are below the age of

60.







The internally displaced and orphaned children.







Groups that suffer social or economic discrimination.



IFC guidelines state that vulnerable groups need to be identified and given specific

attention. Identification of the vulnerable groups will be done through the RAP

census and additional interviews with community members and leadership. This

step is critical because often vulnerable people do not participate in community

meetings, and their disability/vulnerability may remain unknown. The process of

providing assistance to vulnerable people will include:





Identification of required assistance at the various stages of the process,

including negotiation, compensation and moving.







Implementation of the measures necessary to assist the vulnerable person

with the resettlement process.







Monitoring and continuation of assistance after resettlement and/or

compensation, if required, and/or identification of those entities.



Assistance may take the following forms, depending upon vulnerable persons:



5







Provision for separate and confidential consultation.







Priority in site selection in the host area.







Assistance with the compensation payment procedure.







Relocation near to kin and former neighbours.







Assistance with the post-payment period to secure the compensation money

and reduce risks of misuse/robbery.







Assistance with dismantling materials from their original home.







Assistance with moving: providing a vehicle, driver and assistance at the

moving stage.







Assistance with identifying his/her resettlement plot.







Assistance with building: providing materials, workforce, or building houses.







Counselling in matters such as family and health, and budgeting matters.







Priority access to all other mitigation and development assistance during the

post-resettlement period, particularly if the support networks that the

vulnerable person was relying on have been affected, such as food support,

health monitoring, etc.







Health care if required during the moving and transition periods.



CONSULTATION

WB OP 4.12 specifically states that ‘displaced persons should be meaningfully

consulted and should have opportunities to participate in planning and implementing

resettlement programs.’

Consultation has two aspects. The first is the timely dissemination of information

regarding the project and its resettlement component, which is essentially a one-way

flow of information to the public. The second aspect is the two-way exchange of

information that gives stakeholders a chance to express their concerns and

contribute to the actual planning of resettlement. In order to facilitate consultation

several mechanisms need to be established which will be described in the

Stakeholder Engagement Plan.



5.1



The Resettlement Working Group (RWG)

Resettlement Working Groups (RWGs) will need to be set up in each of the three

affected Districts. The RWG should comprise:





Representatives of directly affected land owners.







Representatives of directly affected tenants.







A representative of women’s organisations.







A representative of youth organisations.







A representative of AML.







Representatives from relevant provincial government departments (the

Ministry of







Agriculture and Food Security, Ministry of Land, Ministry of Health).







Representatives from the traditional and community leadership.







Relevant local NGOs.







A representative of the District Council.







A representative of the chiefdom council.







Local MPs.



The RWG has the following functions:



5.2







Acting as the primary channel of communication between the various interest

groups/organisations involved in the resettlement process. In particular, it will

serve to facilitate communication between AML and the PAP.







Acting as a forum at which AML can consult on various resettlement aspects,

i.e. debate the Entitlement Framework (EF) that is generated for the RAP.

The EF is the core of the RAP and spells out who is protected under the

auspices of the RAP, how they are protected and what they can expect in

terms of compensation and livelihood protection or restitution.







Approving suitable host area(s) for people to be resettled.







Serving as the court of first appeal to solve any grievance that arises relating

to the resettlement process. If it is unable to resolve any such problems, it

channels them through the appropriate grievance procedures.







Assuming primary responsibility for assisting AML in overseeing the

resettlement processes in all its phases.







Monitoring the stakeholder engagement process related to resettlement and

compensation.



Community Resettlement Committees

Community Resettlement Committees (CRCs) will need to be established in all of

the affected villages (clusters of several villages may be appropriate in certain

areas). These will consist of:





The village chief.







A representative of the landowners of the village.







A representative of the tenants of the village.







A representative of the women organisations of the village.







A representative of the youth organisation of the village.



These committees will meet regularly to ensure timely and clear communication

between AML and the local communities in terms of resettlement. These

committees will also assist with the census and assets inventory and negotiations in

terms of identifying host areas.



5.3



Public Consultation

Besides the meetings of the RWG and the CRC there will be a need for public

meetings with all PAP. A first meeting will need to be held before the RAP is

prepared, to inform affected people about the process which will unfold, i.e. the

census and assets inventory, identification and ratification of host areas, and

development of entitlement contracts per affected household.

Once the RAP has been developed, a second round of public meetings with PAP

will need to be conducted to present the RAP. At these meetings, the RAP report

and popularised pamphlets explaining the RAP should be made available. The RAP

should be subject to scrutiny by all relevant stakeholders including affected

households, local communities, and relevant authorities.



5.4



Grievance Redress

Even when the project can ultimately claim successful resettlement, there may still

be individuals and groups with grievances. A credible and accessible grievance

mechanism will be required and implemented in consultation with the RWG in line

with local cultural norms.

Individuals or groups who wish to lodge a complaint or grievance, should be able to

do so in various ways: during community meetings, through an AML Community

Liaison Officer (CLO) based at local offices throughout the project area or with the

relevant RWG. The process of receiving formal grievances at the offices will be as

follows:

Step 1: Receipt of Grievance

Grievances will be received by the CLO either verbally or by written notification

and will be entered in a complaints register. Registers will be available in all CLO

offices. Languages used will be English or Krio. The person submitting the

grievance will be given a receipt of their submission. People will also have the

option of making their initial complaint either through the Section Chief/Paramount

Chief, or the District Council. A receipt will be provided to the person lodging the

complaint.

Step 2: Assessment

The CLO will assess the grievance in terms of his/her capacity to resolve it locally.

If this is not possible, the grievance will be communicated to the AML Social

Affairs Manager for further action.

Step 3: Acknowledgement of Complaint/Grievance

Written information (accompanied with verbal explanation) as to the steps that will

be undertaken to resolve the grievance and the expected time for its resolution will

be provided to the complainant within two weeks. This exchange will be recorded

in the register.



Step 4: Investigation and Resolution of Grievance

AML will conduct an internal investigation to determine the underlying cause of the

grievance and make any changes required to internal systems to prevent

reoccurrence of a similar grievance. As appropriate, AML will also hold meetings

with the person/group expressing the grievances to discuss, clarify and solve the

issue, and prevent it from reoccurring.

Step 5: Closure

Once the investigation has been completed and necessary measures been taken, the

results will be communicated to the complainant and entered in the register.

Step 6: Outcome of the corrective action

Outcome of the corrective action is verified with the complainant. Following

completion of the corrective action, the appropriate CLO will verify the outcome

with the complainant. The complainant will be asked to sign off on his/her

acceptance of the ’solution' (or nominate someone to do so on his/her behalf). In the

event that the complainant remains dissatisfied with the outcome, additional

corrective action may be agreed and carried out by AML or the complainant can be

advised of further avenues for recourse. The grievance log will be entered in a

dedicated data base.

Situations may arise where complainants will choose to pursue legal recourse. AML

should not impede access to this recourse.



6



IMPLEMENTATION RESPONSIBILITIES

To develop and execute the RAP the following entities are required.



6.1



AML

AML will provide the financial resources and the managerial and technical expertise

for the resettlement and compensation process (the latter may be handled by a

consultant engaged by AML).

The resettlement activities of AML will be handled by a Resettlement Unit, headed

by a Social and Community Manager (possibly assisted by a consultant), who

coordinates the work of several teams of resettlement officers. It is suggested that

there are three teams, one for the mine area, one for the transport corridor and one

for the port area. The size of the team will need to be established. The Social and

Community Manager will report to the General Manager.



During pre-implementation (development of the RAP), AML will:





Collect all data required to effect resettlement including the census.







Draw up Terms of Reference and contract all major planning services needed

to effect resettlement.







Project manage and financially support the development of the land-use plan

for any host resettlement areas.







Coordinate selection of alternative resettlement sites.







Present, discuss and obtain approval for any developed land-use plans.







Identify vulnerable groups.







Ensure that, as necessary, the RWG remains functional in the period

following the finalisation of the RAP and leading up to Project

implementation.







Attend RWG meetings, and provide administrative support and ad hoc

managerial and technical support as required.



In the implementation phase, AML will:



7







Draw up offer documents for each individual household affected.







Discuss terms and conditions of resettlement with each household.







Plan and supervise compensation activities, including for lost crops, land,

buildings and livestock, and to restore lost livelihoods.







Establish a socio-economic monitoring programme for the affected

households.







Monitor and report on the construction of replacement village structures.







Address compensation and resettlement grievances.







Assist and monitor vulnerable groups.







Plan and coordinate the move into replacement housing for affected parties.







Define and implementing community development and monitoring

programmes to ensure that affected households are not worse off in the postimplementation phase through post-implementation monitoring.



MONITORING

Monitoring is required by IFC standards in order to assess whether the goals of the

resettlement and compensation plan are being met. Monitoring will be undertaken at

two levels:

Internal Monitoring

Internal monitoring is an internal management function allowing the project

management (or consultant) to measure physical progress against milestones set out

in the RAP. Internal monitoring will:







Ensure that due process has been followed in the notification of stakeholders

with adequate public meetings being held.







Verify that there are no outstanding or unresolved land acquisition issues

regarding the Project or any of its sub-projects.







Ensure that the census of all PAP has been carried out.







Ensure that property valuation and resettlement has been carried out properly.







Maintain records of any grievances that require resolution.







Oversee that all resettlement measures are implemented as approved by the

project.







Verify that funds for implementing resettlement activities are provided in a

timely manner, are sufficient for their purposes, and are spent in accordance

with the provisions of the RAP.







Ensure that monitoring and evaluation reports are submitted.



This type of monitoring should be ongoing with monthly reports.

External Independent Monitoring

This type of monitoring focuses on the impact of resettlement. This refers to the

effectiveness of the resettlement in terms of meeting the needs of the resettled

people. Such monitoring should be conducted by an independent consultant twice a

year for at least three years following resettlement.

Impact monitoring and evaluation will include an assessment of social indicators

against baseline data from the census. These will include:





Children in school by age and sex.







Distance to primary school.







Access to safe water.







Distance to water source.







Access to sanitation.







Incidence of disease.







Distance to health centre.







Incidence of HIV/AIDS and of other STDs by gender and age.







Housing, quality of roof, walls, floor.







Access to public transport.







Patterns of employment and income generation activities.







Income/expenditure/debts per household.







Improvement in production/income for women/youths.







Assets owned (e.g. radios, bicycles, iron bedstead, television, etc).







Capacity building, skills / vocational training.







Community infrastructure.







Land lease rent.







Agricultural yields, possession of cattle.



This evaluation will employ the following methods:





Analysis of questionnaires with a random sample of affected people (the same

sample should be used each time). A sample will be drawn based on

statically defensible principles.







Interpretation of public consultations with affected people at the village level.







Use of secondary statistical data.







Reviewing the grievance register.







Interviews with the local authorities.



The RWG and AML should meet after each monitoring exercise to discuss the

outcomes and to plan steps to rectify issues, if necessary.