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DIGBY WELLS
r N V . •' I! M ■■ !. I A
Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment Report for the
Koidu Kimberlite Project
Koidu Holdings SA
Volume 1 of 3
May 2011
Fern Isle. Section 10. 359 Pretoria Avc. Rancfburg. Private Bag x10046. Randburg. 2125 South Africa. Tel: +27 11 789 9495. Fax: +27 11 789 9498.
info@cligbywells.com. vrww.digbywclls.com
DIGBY A'LllS
i I. .* I * • *» I * 1 * i
This document has been prepared by Digby Wells & Associates (Pty) Ltd © 2011
Project Title: ESIA Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
Project Number: RES 965
Name Responsibility Signature Date
Johan Hayes Project Manager 29 April 2011
Danie Otto Senior Review
This report is provided solely for the purposes set out in it and may not. in whole or in part, be used for any other purpose
without Digby Wells' prior written consent
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for flit Koidti Kimberlite Project , .1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
Digby Wells Environmental (Digby Wells), in association with Cemmats Group Ltd
(Cemmats), were appointed as independent consultants to assess the potential
environmental and social impacts associated with the expansion of the existing Koidu Mine's
capacity from 50 tonnes per hour(tph) to 180 tph.
The Koidu Kimberlite Project is located in the Kono District of Sierra Leone, approximately
360 km east of the capital Freetown, and is owned and operated by Koidu Holdings S.A
("Koidu Holdings" or "the Company"), a company wholly owned by BSG Diamonds Ltd, a
subsidiary of BSG Resources Ltd. Koidu Holdings was originally formed in September 2003
as a joint venture company between the previous mineral rights owners Energem Resources
Inc (formerly named DiamondWorks Ltd) and a subsidiary of BSG Resources, Magma
Diamond Resources Ltd. From incorporation onwards, various changes in the shareholding
structure of the Company took place, with BSG Diamonds progressively increasing its stake
in Koidu Holdings to 100% by February 2007.
Development of the mine commenced in 2003, with the construction of a 50 tph dense
media separation (DMS) plant and associated mining infrastructure required for bulk
sampling and trial mining of No. 1 Pipe (K1) and No. 2 Pipe (K2).
Processing of the first kimberiitic material from K1 began in January 2004 and continued
until mid-2004, when sampling switched to K2. This allowed for preparation of the planned
vertical pit at K1, which required waste rock stripping and construction of the headgear, hoist
and winder at the collar of the planned K1 vertical pit.
Between August 2005 and December 2007, the mine focussed on extracting ore from the K1
vertical pit and initiated a comprehensive exploration programme to locate and evaluate ail
kimberlite ore bodies on the property, develop an optimal life of mine (LoM) plan and compile
a full bankable feasibility study. Evaluation of the kimberlite deposits was completed in mid*
2010 and the feasibility study was completed towards the end of 2010.
Koidu Holdings was awarded an Environmental Impact Assessment Licence for the current
50 tph operation in September 2003. However, the proposed mine plan to increase the life of
the operation, mine larger and deeper pits and to progress to underground mining methods
requires updating of the EIA and identification of any new impacts on the social and physical
environments within the lease area as well as beyond its boundaries.
The purpose of this report is to present the findings of the Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment (ESIA) that has been undertaken for the Koidu Kimberlite Project, and to
propose an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to maximise the positive aspects of the
project and to minimise or manage the negative impacts.
The mining lease area measures 4.9873 km2 and is located adjacent to the town of Koidu.
As no mining activities are to take place within the Extended Affected Area, no biophysical
assessments were undertaken. Updated socio-economic baseline information was used in
the assessment of the socio-economic impacts on the communities within this area.
RES 965 i
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
Biophysical assessments for this ESIA included the area provisionally earmarked for
resettlement due to the expansion of the Koidu Kimberlite Project. A detailed social
assessment of this and other potential replacement land will be conducted during the
development of the RAP.
Social issues due to resettlement are a very significant aspect of the proposed project.
However, these aspects can only be scoped and assessed to a point in the ESIA phase.
Some details need to be addressed in the consultative RAP process with full community
participation.
Regulatory Requirements
Project funding will be sourced from financial institutions who are signatories to the Equator
Principles (EPs) and, hence, the Koidu Kimberlite Project ESIA will aim to comply wilh the
applicable International Finance Corporation (IFC) Performance Standards and the
applicable General and Industry Specific Environment Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines,
in addition to the EPs.
The relevant IFC Performance Standards are:
® Performance Standard 1: Social and Environmental Assessment and Management
System;
o Performance Standard 2: Labour and Working Conditions;
e Performance Standard 3: Pollution Prevention and Abatement;
• Performance Standard 4; Community Health, Safety and Security;
• Performance Standard 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement;
• Performance Standard 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Natural Resource
Management; and
® Performance Standard 8: Cultural Heritage.
The anticipated impacts on the existing biophysical and social environment, associated with
the Koidu Kimberlite Project, led to the project categorised at a Category A project.
Project Description
The proposed project consists of the following main project components:
• Increase of the K1 and K2 open pit diamelers and depths over the first four years of the
mine plan, prior to switching to underground mining of the kimberlite pipes, dyke zones
and blows. The associated increase in the blast radius around the open pits to 500 m will
extend beyond the existing mining lease boundary into an area referred to as the new
Extended Affected Area. No mining will lake place within the Extended Affected Area,
however, for safety reasons, resettlement of the households, community structures and
businesses will be required;
• Increase the LoM by another 15 years;
• Construction of a security perimeter (in line with international best practice in the
diamond mining industry and to ensure compliance with the Kimberley Process) around
RES 965 ii
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
the mining lease area, necessitating the diversion of the Koidu-Gandorhun Road around
the southern boundary of the mining lease area;
e Management and storage of additional tailings, slimes and waste rock;
• Construction of a new plant, employee accommodation camp and other Infrastructure;
• Diversion of the Koidu-Gondorhun road; and
• Resettlement of people currently residing within the extended 500 m blasting envelope
(Extended Affected Area).
Project Benefits & Motivation
Despite the high quality of diamonds contained in the Koidu kimberlite pipes, dykes and
blows, the small size of the two kimberlite pipes, which are the main source of production, is
a major factor governing the options for the future mining operation. In addition, the relatively
low grade of the larger of the two pipes (K2) and the lack of immediate access to ore from
the richer pipe (K1) adds further complications. Various scenarios and options were
considered in terms of the scale of the operation that could be supported by the diamond
resources as currently understood, taking into account the limitations posed by the close
proximity to the community, realistic mining rates and schedules and the economics related
to each of these options.
With the reliance on the tower grade K2 pipe for the early part of the mine plan until access
to K1 ore (either through significant waste stripping for continued open pit mining or decline
development for an underground operation) and the lower revenue due to the lower grade
and value per carat, maintaining the existing plant configuration and processing tonnages
was shown to be uneconomic and that the mine would operate at a loss.
This scenario was found unattractive to all stakeholders, with the implication that the mine
would close. Therefore, in order to get the economies of scale right and ensure the
continued economic viability of the operation, an economic optimisation study was
undertaken, in which the 180 tph processing capacity was identified as the best option.
Environmental Status
A number of specialist studies were undertaken in 2003 to understand the impacts
associated with the development of the Koidu Mine. For the proposed expansion of the
mine, a desktop review of the 2003 information was done and where possible, the 2003
baseline information was updated with recent studies to reflect current baseline conditions
and to understand the additional impacts of the proposed expansion project.
Additional specialist studies were undertaken to update the baseline information and to
quantify anticipated impacts on the environment associated with the Project. An extensive
public consultation and disclosure process (PCDP) was conducted to involve relevant
stakeholders in the ESIA process. The impact assessment did not indicate any fatal flaws
that would hamper the commencement of the expansion of Koidu Kimberlite Project. A
summary of the site specific environment is outlined below.
RESS65 ni
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
Climate
The regional climate is described as wet tropical monsoon, with a single wet season each
year between mid-May and mid-November. The average rainfall is approximately 2 540 mm,
with the wettest month usually in August and rivers attaining maximum discharge in mid-
September. The dry season is between December and February. River discharge is at its
lowest in March and April, and begins to increase gradually in May with the onset of the
rains. Groundwater levels do not rise significantly until late July.
Normal temperature range is 20°C to 33°C, although it can drop as low as 10DC at night
during the Harmattan season in January. Day temperatures average 31°C in the dry season
and 28°C in the wet season.
Topography
The site is located at an elevation of approximately 390 mamsl, and is undulating with the
significant natural topographical feature being Monkey Hill, which has a peak elevation of
approximately 470 mamsl and is characterised by slopes which are steeper than that of the
rest of the site. The topography of the site has been altered by historical and current mining
activities (both formal and artisanal). Since the site is already topographically disturbed, the
additions! impacts associated with the Koidu Kimberlite Project are estimated to be of low
significance.
Air Quality
In the quantification of fugitive dust emissions, use was made of emission factors which
associate the quantity of a pollutant to the activity associated with the release of that
pollutant. Use was made of the comprehensive set of emission factors and equations
published by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) in its AP-42 document
Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors. The US-EPA AP-42 emission factors are of
the most widely used in the field of air pollution. Particulate emissions and dust fallout from
potential sources were calculated using a combination of emission limits, design
specifications, mass balance calculations and emission factors. In characterising the
dispersion potential of the site reference was made to hourly average meteorological data
recorded at Koidu for the years 2009 and 2010.
The predicted air pollution concentrations and dust-fallout rates were compared to proposed
international standards to facilitate compliance and impact assessments. These
concentrations were summarised and form the basis of the compliance assessment and
evaluation.
Predicted average daily dustfall levels as a result of operations at the proposed Koidu
Kimberlite Project and the town of Koidu were predicted to result in lower levels than the
international limits. Dustfall levels predicted at the proposed resettlement area were below
the respective SANS Target and Residential Action levels of 300 and 600 ug/m*-day.
RES 965 iv
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project *. <3
Noise
From the study it is expected that the noise levels generated by the proposed plant will not
impact on the ambient noise levels in Koidu town due to the distance of the location of the
proposed plant being too great. The open pit mining activities are expected to impact on the
ambient noise levels at measured locations K5 and K6 during the night time w. These
impacts are expected to be moderate and will cease once mining progresses underground.
It is expected that the blasting activities will also impact on certain locations in Koidu town
during the operational phase. Blasting activities will only take place for a period of four years,
after which open pit mining will cease. However, if the recommended mitigation measures
are applied the significance of the impact can be reduced from Moderate to Minor.
Soils
Almost all the soils in the uplands and the swamps within the project lease area have been
previously mined out by historical commercial and illicit artisanal mining pre-2003. This has
resulted in the loss of topsoil. The operations conducted by Koidu Holdings have resulted in
minimal topsoil loss but management has taken remedial actions to reverse the damage
done by historical artisanal mining by stockpiling any topsoil found in the lease area for
rehabilitation and creation of agricultural land. By continuing the soils management
measures that Koidu Holdings conducts as part of its daily operations, the identified impacts
of the proposed Koidu Kimberlite Project on the soils within the mining lease area are of low
significance.
Geology
The Koidu kimberlite cluster comprises two main pipes and several small blows associated
with four main sub-vertical to vertical kimberlite dyke zones that extend for approximately
5 km along strike, The dykes both pre-date and post-date the formation of the pipes that
were emplaced into Archean granitoids of the Man craton approximately 146 million years
ago. Significant quantities of high quality macro-diamonds have been recovered from the
dykes, pipes and blows with grades ranging from 0.2 to 0.7 carats per tonne (cpt).
The main pipes, named K1 and K2 are smooth, steep sided pipes that are morphologically
similar to those mined in the Kimberley area of South Africa. Surface expressions of the
pipes are approximately 0.3 hectares (ha) for Kt and 0.5 ha for K2. The external morphology
and infill present within the pipes is consistent with a diatreme setting and significant erosion
of the pipes has occurred. The pipes are infilled by multiple phases of kimberlite
characterised by contrasting textures due to different emplacement processes (highly
explosive vs. intrusive). Texturaily, the infill within the bodies is dominated by massive to
locally bedded volcaniclastic kimberlite classified as tuffisitic kimberlite breccia (TKB).
Fauna and Flora
During field work 64 plant species were encountered, of these 22 species were of medicinal
use or edible. One exotic species was encountered with five weed species found. The tree
species Albizia ferruginea, recorded on site is currently vulnerable according to the iUCN.
RES 965 v
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project '1
Eight mammal species were encountered during the field work. This low number was
expected with the close proximity of the site to Koidu Town, as the animal numbers are a
function of the available habitat and the level of threats present, which were poor and severe
respectively.
The avifauna component yielded 68 bird species during the field work. Bird habitat on the
concession area included open areas, forests, ridges and wetlands. The species found were
very well established communities. Common bulbuls, swallows, turacos and bee-eaters were
found to dominate the ridge area. In the more forested sites, hornbiils, woodpeckers and
sunbirds were abundant. Open areas were dominated by doves and crows, and finally
wetlands and rivers included birds dependant on these systems such as herons, kingfishers
and ducks.
A tota! of three amphibian species and six reptile species were recorded during the survey.
Aquatic Environment
An integrated water resources assessment was conducted for the Koidu Kimberlite Project.
This specialist study consisted of a separate assessment of the lotic systems (rivers and
streams) and lentic systems (wetlands and dams). The aim of the study was to determine
the current ecological state and functioning of the available surface water resources and to
determine the severity of the proposed expansion associated with the Koidu Kimberlite
Project on these resources, both with and without recommended mitigation measures.
Methodologies recognised both in South Africa as well as internationally were implemented
for the two specialist components. Methodologies described by the River Health Programme
of South Africa and the United States Environmental Protection Agency were considered for
the assessment of the Meya River and associated streams. Additionally, methodologies
recognised by the Department of Water Affairs of South Africa and the United States Army
Corps of Engineers were considered for the assessment of the wetland areas.
The Koidu region has been mined both commercially as well as by artisanal miners in
excess of 70 years. This has resulted in the water resources associated with the project area
being severely modified, in addition to this, the local artisanal mining and agricultural
activities continue to impact on these water resources. In addition to this, the bathing and
ablutions by locals into the system have also impacted on the state of the system. The
primary ecological service provided by the systems is cultivated foods for the local users,
whereas services suitable for the enhancement of water quality and the maintenance of
biodiversity have largely been lost.
The Koidu Kimberlite Project has not directly impacted on the integrity and functioning of the
Meya River, but this system should continue to be monitored in order to determine temporal
and spatial trends for the system. The Koidu Kimberlite Project will result in the loss
wetlands due to the placement of the tailings and slimes dams in these areas. Hie severity
of this impact is considered to be minor prior to mitigation, as well as minor post mitigation.
This may be attributed to the poor current state of these systems.
In light of this development, it has been recommended that the wetland areas which will not
be lost should be rehabilitated in order to provide a form of compensation for foe lost areas
RES 965 vi
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for Ute Koidu Kimberlite Project
and lost services. As a result of this, the conservation of biodiversity as well as the
management of sustainable natural resources would be addressed as a requirement for the
project. Additionally, monitoring of the wetland areas and Meya River should continue for
the life of the project.
Surface Water
The project area lies within the Meya stream sub-catchment covering an area of about 188
km2, which is a tributary of the Bafi River. Many of the streams which flow directly or
indirectly into the Meya stream have their source at Monkey Hill and run through the project
area. The regional drainage is from south to north.
The bulk of the water supply in the area comes from rivers, streams and swamps. The pH of
the water in the major rivers in Sierra Leone ranges between 6.5 and 7 in the wet season
and 6.2 and 6.5 in the dry season. The pH of water in the swamps ranges between 5.2 and
6.0. The pH for samples selected in the project area ranges between 6.4 and 7.6 with a
mean value of 6.9.
The catchments are summarised as follows:
• Catchment A includes the catchment to the south of the mine area. The catchment is
presently minimally impacted upon by mining and the river flows to the south. In the
future expanded mine this catchment will include the tailings dump, plant, offices, change
houses, clinic and workshops and will form the hub of the mining;
« Catchment B includes the existing K1 pit and the water drains to the North West of the
mining area;
® Catchment C in an area to the north west of the ate and the river from catchment B flow®
into catchment C;
a Catchment D is to the west of catchment A and presently is not impacted upon by the
mine but is in a catchment that is a possible site for the tailings dump. The river in this
catchment flows to the south of the mine;
a Catchment E includes the present day plant area and main dam and the water exits the
site to the east; and
« Catchment F G, H and I and smaller catchments presently flowing into the K2 pit.
Water quality of the surface water at five locations within the mining lease area was
measured. It was found that water quality exceeds the required standards for drinking water
set by the World Health Organisation (WHO).
Groundwater
A conceptual hydrogeologic model of the Koidu mine area was developed based on the
hydrologic data from previous investigations and the data that were collected at the site in
2009 including groundwater levels and hydraulic conductivities of the granite and leached
granite, the depths and shapes of the kimberlite bodies provided by Koidu. and site-specific
rainfall data collected over the past 5 years.
The groundwater inflows to the K1 and K2 pits will reach a maximum of about 1,400 and
1,200 m3/day, respectively. The maximum groundwater inflows to the K1 and K2
RES 96S vil
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Kotdu Kimberlite Project
underground mines will reach a maximum of about 2,250 and 2,400 ms/day, respectively.
Active dewatering utilising a ring of drainholes at the 150 mamsl level in the K2 underground
will initially intercept about 1,200 m3/day and reduce inflows to the K2 pit by about
600 mJ/day during early mining. More importantly, however, this active dewatering will also
reduce pore pressures in the highways of the K2 pit, beneficial with respect to the relatively
weak leached granite that will form part of the highwalis. Inflows to Dykes A and B East and
Dyke B West are estimated to reach cumulative maximums of about 4,000 and
3,000 ms/day, respectively. These relative larger inflows are primarily a factor of their
lengths.
All of the above inflows are relatively small and should be easily manageable without major
impacts on the planned mining. Sumps and pumping capacity will, of course, have to be
designed for both pits to manage the direct precipitation and runoff, including that from high
intensity rainfall events.
Analysis of potable water quality within the Koidu Holdings lease area indicated that the
measurements of the parameters tested were all within the permissible limits recommended
by the World Health Organisation (WHO). It also indicated that the water had high chemical
bacteriological qualities and is good for human consumption.
Visual
The mine is not highly visible and there are numerous disturbances due to previous mining
activities on and adjacent to the site. It can be seen by comparing the two viewshed models
that the visibility of the mining activities within the local area will increase. The fact that the
area surrounding Kono Town is already aesthetically disturbed together wilh the
rehabilitation of vegetation within the mining lease area reduces the significance of this
impact.
Archaeological and Cultural
The objective of the archaeological study was to use internationally recognised measures to
identify, document and assess potential sites of archaeological and heritage significance in
the project area in order to conserve, mitigate and manage heritage sites and artefacts
according to the recommendations and criteria of the relevant heritage authorities and
legislation.
Three sites were identified during the fieldwork, as Indicated below:
• A possible residential settlement on a low hill to the south-west of Monkey Hill;
• A metalworking site on the southern slope of Monkey Hill; and
• A metalworking site and possible residential settlement on the crest and upper slopes
of Monkey Hilt.
in order to assess the significance of the identified sites, a literature review and additional
research were undertaken. This determined that a) there are known archaeological sites in
the project area, and b) these sites may be significant in terms of the archaeological history
of the area, as well as providing an understanding of the expansion and Influence of West
African cultures southwards.
RES 965 vim
Environmental end Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
Currently, the significance of the three sites identified has been preliminarily rated. However,
the significance of these sites will only be determined once dating and data collection, which
is currently being done, have been finalised.
Socio-Economic Status
The resettlement of a significant number of households residing in the 2003 mining lease
area required the development of a RAP for implementation prior to and during the
exploitation of the deposits. A detailed RAP was developed in 2003, which was in line with
the World Bank Standards at the time.
In support of the 2003 RAP, a household survey was undertaken with households located
within the blasting envelope. When mining activities resumed in 2008, a second household
survey of the lease area was undertaken to cover all households who were not included in
the 2003 survey. At present, all the households within the 2010 confirmed mining lease area
have been surveyed and they form part of the 2003 RAP as amended and agreed upon in
August 200S.
A total of 144 houses have been constructed between 2004 and April 2011 and another 112
(use end May figures) households still need to be resettled. All replacement houses are
provided with Ventilated Improved Pit latrines (VIPs) and shower facilities on the residential
stand, Current community facilities in the resettlement village include community taps, a
market and a recreational field.
The project site shows a mixture of commercial and residential plots and limited agriculture
activities (vegetables) due to the dense settlement pattern. There are three settlements
expected to be impacted by the proposed expansion, namely Saquee Town, Yormandu and
New Sembehun. These settlements partially fall within the extended 500 m blasting
envelope, and the affected households will therefore have to be resettled. A Resettlement
Action Plan (RAP) is cun-enlly being developed for the Extended Affected Area. In addition to
replacing all affected dwelling structures, community services and facilities affected in the
Extended Affected Area will also be replaced.
Main Biophysical Impacts Identified
A summary of the impacts which have been regarded as high and medium high are
summarised below. Biophysical impacts of medium-high significance are expected during
construction and operation due to noise and impacts on the fauna within the lease area.
After the appropriate mitigation measures are implemented, these impacts will however, be
of medium significance. During decommissioning of the mine, natural habitat for fauna will
be restored and will be of medium positive significance. Air quality impacts of medium
significance may occur during the decommissioning of mining infrastructure however, after
the recommended mitigation measures are implemented, the impacts will be of low
significance. A detailed evaluation of all the anticipated biophysical impacts can be found in
Appendix A.
RES 965 ix
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
Biophysical impacts rated as mcdlum-hlqh and high during construction
Activity, Phase and Impact Impact before m t ation Imp act Rati no (after mitigation)
1 5
]
1 I
Impacted z
S
* B
1
} 8
E E
V e | E 5
Environment 9 E j i
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Activity Summary of Impact CO | I! | jj i 1 E | 8 S i
Mining & Material Noise of machinery and vehicles may
Noise dumping area impact on noise receptors in the vcinity of N 4 2 6 1 7 77 N 4 2 4 10 i 50
preparation the project
Site clearance during the construction of N 4 6 5 If 7 106 N 3 5 4 12 i 7?
Fauna Site clearance mining infrastructure may negative impact
on the existing fauna within the mining N 3 6 6 78 N 2 3 4 9 5 45
lease area 41 15
B iphvs i .ll Impacts rated as medium-high and high during operation
Activity, Phase and Impact lm pact to 0 mlt g Bon Imp cctR, nine (aftor m tlaatlon)
I £ E £ *T
• ~ s
E 5 c |
j 6 E o £•
° s E o ? to C a O
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f Vt S3 33 2
Impacted c n 2 f £ c
o. c 9 ?
Environment Activity Summary of Impact II Hi 1 . 1 Q. V) o CO <3 a.
Open pit mining N 4 3 5 2 7 84 'l 4 3 4 11
Noise Noise from blasting, vehicles and
Underground mining mining activities vvil impact on N 4 5 4 3 6 78 N 3 5 3 11 4 44
senstdive receptors n the area
Biophysical impacts rated as medium-high and high during decommissioning
Activily, Phase and Impact Impact before mitigation Impact Rai after mitigation)
73 E f 1 o 5
s. O E a <3 o E
E E TO c s
8 O Cv 3 & s
°; s I E £ | s co c B u
T5 2 2 T5 o •c 5 <0 «c
| 3 ir. n e 0) S3 1
Impacted Ilf 1 IS > C o o>
I CL 3 o
Environment Activity Summary of Impact ill Cfl £ 55 IS CO Q CO 5 Q. CO
Rehabilitation of Rehabilitation of the final void and
Fauna void and mining mining area may will lead to an p 3 4 5 12 7 84 No mitigation for Positive
areas increase in habilal lor fauna species.
Decommissioning During decommissioning of mining
Air Quality of mining infrastructure, air quality impacts N 3 5 5 6 13 78 N 1 i 1 1 3 3
infrastructure (mainly dust) may negatively impact the
adiacerrt environment
Heritage and Archaeology
The following impact assessment on archaeological and heritage resources was completed
in compliance with the impact assessment criteria implemented for the environmental impact
assessment report, as well as in accordance with significance ratings and archaeological
RES 965 x
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project ta
impact assessment criteria established by the Association of Southern African Professional
Archaeologists (ASAPA) and applicable international best practice guidelines.
All potential impacts will occur during the construction phase, thus, no additional impacts are
expected during the operational and decommissioning phases.
Currently, the significance of the impacts on archaeological resources is rated as medium-
high prior to mitigation. However, after mitigation impacts will be of medium and low
importance. It has to be noted that Koidu Holdings is currently in the process of
implementing the recommended mitigation measures. Once this process is complete, the
significance of the sites found will be defined.
Impacts on archaeological resources during construction
Recommended l}i| l|i|
Slta, Phase and Impact
mitigation
Tailings facility Archaeological
mitigation of site that
RES967/001 C will impact on may include test
excavation, mapping,
site surface sampling and
materials analyses 117 33
Tailings facility Archaeological
mitigation of site that
RES967/002 C will impact on may include test
excavation, mapping,
site surface sampling and
materials analyses 117 33
Expat camp and Archaeological
mitigation of site that
RES967/003 c associated may include test
excavation, mapping,
infrastructure surface sampling and
materials analyses vv. 33
Main socio-economic impacts assessed
Impacts have been assessed in terms of anticipated effects of the Project on the receiving
socio-economic environment, on directly affected households and stakeholders at the local,
district, national and international level (where applicable).
The overall project impacts will predominantly be of a cumulative nature. Consequently, the
assessment of impacts resulting from the Project was carried out within this context, i.e.
taking into account the combined impacts of the overall Koidu Kimberlite Project. The table
below provides a summary of impacts assessed and significance status before and after
mitigation.
--- Significance
Impact Pre-Mit’gation Post Mitigation
Physical and economic resettlement Moderate positive
Increase in government revenue Moderate positive Moderate positive
RES 965 xi
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
Significance
Impact Pre-Mitigation Post Mitigation
Increased dependence of the national economy on Minor negative Minor negative
mining
Procurement of local goods and services Minor positive
Impact on local government capacity for infrastructure Minor negative Minor positive
and service delivery
Employment creation Minor positive
Community anger and resistance Minor negative
Access and mobility Minor negative Minor positive
Community well being Moderate Minor negative
negative
Local economic development Minor positive
Environmental Management Plans
In order to achieve appropriate environmental management standards and ensure that the
findings of the environmental studies are implemented through practical measures, and
provided for in engineering designs of the facility, the recommendations from this ESIA have
been used to compile an EMP.
The role of the EMP is to assist Koidu Holdings in reducing potential impacts and risks and
achieving its environmental objectives as well as fulfilling its commitment to the environment.
The EMP will be used to ensure compliance with environmental specifications, monitoring
and management measures.
The EMP will need to be implemented from site preparation through to decommissioning and
closure.
Project Timi and Implement: on
The Koidu Kimberlite Project schedule commenced in the fourth quarter of 2010, with the
ordering of the new plant and other long lead time items, such as earth moving equipment.
Construction of the plant and infrastructure is planned for the second quarter of 2011, to
ensure all civil engineering work is completed by the time the plant and equipment arrive on
site. According to current planning the resettlement of houses in the Extended Affected Area
will also commence in the second quarter of 2011.
The five year open pit mining phase of the operation will be followed by underground mining
of both K1 and K2, as well as the dyke zones and blows, for the remainder of the life of the
mine.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koldu Kimberlite Project
Closure and Financial Provision
Closure costs for the Koidu Mine, inclusive of the Koidu Kimberlite Project, have been
calculated at approximately $ 13,917,964.65. The closure plan and costs will be revised
regularly and as the mine plan changes. Closure costs were calculated based on the
following objectives:
• To return the land, other than the open pits, to a land capability similar to that which
existed prior to mining;
• To ensure pits are made safe by shaping the pit walls and constructing a berm wall
around the relevant pits. Any available waste rock or tailings should be used to help
fill the pits;
• To demolish all mine infrastructure which cannot be utilised by subsequent land
users or any third party. Once demolition has occurred prompt topsoil application and
re-vegetation should take place. Where buildings can be used by a third party,
arrangements will need to be made to ensure their long term sustainable use;
• To clean up all spills on site;
• To ensure that all wetlands within the project site impacted on by the relevant mining
activities are rehabilitated such that they restore and improve the health and
functioning of the whole wetland system prior to the existence of mining;
• To annually assess the closure impacts thereby ensuring progressive and integrated
closure throughout the life of the project;
• To leave a safe and stable environment for both humans and animals and make their
condition sustainable;
» To maintain and monitor all disturbed and rehabilitated areas following re-vegetation;
° To involve ail relevant stakeholders, authorities and communities in the mine closure
process; and
« To allow for the mine to leave the surrounding community in a more economically
sustainable manner than prior to mining.
Conclusion
The Koidu Kimberlite Project is being undertaken with due consideration of biophysical,
social and economic factors, as well as the relevant legislative requirements. The economic
benefits of such a development are numerous, however, as in any mining project of this
nature there also negative impacts which will require planning, monitoring and mitigation
during construction, operation, decommissioning and post-closure. While none of these
negative impacts are considered to be fatal flaws, the resettlement of households and
community structures in particular constitutes a major impact which will require an integrated
resettlement and development approach.
The Koidu Mine is essentially the most advanced operating mine In the country of Sierra
Leone which has a focussed, technically skilled and committed management team and
which contributes to the national fiscus in a meaningful way. One of the unintended
consequences of the successful implementation of the project will be the fact that the social
environment will become disjointed as a result of the creation of a prosperous area in an
economically challenged region historically scarred by unemployment, civil strife, conflict and
massive environmental damage created during the civil war. Koidu Holdings cannot employ
RES 965 XIII
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
everybody or create individual benefits for the entire population of Sierra Leone, and the very
success of the project and the local people it employs may attract negative interventions and
pressures from persons and institutions with their own interest at heart.
National and regional leaders in the country, security services, as well as NGOs and the
international community, must interact with management to protect the Project from
unnecessary and unwanted negative interventions which may have as their sole purpose the
creation of economic advantage for individuals to whom none is due or owing.
RES 965 xiv
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project •:.3
Acronyms and abbreviations
°c Degrees Celsius
% Percentage
AMD Add Mine Drainage
BAP Biodiversity Action Plan
Cm Centimetre
cm2 Centimetre Squared
CBO Community Based Organisation
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CCD Convention to Combat Desertification
CDA Community Development Agreements
CEC Cation Exchange Capacity
CEPESL Creating an Enabling Policy Environment in Sierra Leone
CITES Convention for International Trade for Endangered Species
Cpt Carats per tonne
dB Decibel
DMS Dense Media Separation
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EPS Equator Principles
EPAA Environmental Protection Agency Act
1DM Illicit diamond miners
IFC International Financial Corporation
kg Kilogram
km Kilometre
km2 Kilometre squared
kV Kilovolts
Le Leones
LHD Load haul dumpers
LoM Life of Mine
M Metre
m2 Metre squared
m3/hr Cubic metre per hour
RES 965
Environmental and Social impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
mg Milligram
Mg/I Milligram/litre
mg/rn3 Milligrams per cubic metres
mm Millimetre
MRCP Mine Reclamation and Closure Plan
Mt Million tonnes
NACSA The National Commission for Social Action
NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations
NOU National Ozone Unit
NDMC National Diamond Mining Company
OD Operational Directive
ODS Ozone Depleting Substances
POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants
ppm Parts per million
PCDP Public Consultation and Disclosure Process
PS Performance Standard
RAP Resettlement Action Plan
SALWACO Sierra Leone Water Company
SIA Social Impact Assessment
SL Sierra Leone
SLEPA Sierra Leone Environmental Protection Act
SLST Sierra Leone Selection Trust
T Tonnes
TKB Tuffisitic kimberlite breccia
Tph Tonnes per hours
Tpm Tonnes per month
TSF Tailings Storage Facility
UN United Nations
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
VRC Village Resettlement Committee
WB World Bank
WHO World Health Organisation
RES 965 ii
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................1
1.1. Terms of reference..........................................................................................2
1.2. Background and context.................................................................................2
1.2.1. Company history...............................................................................2
1.2.2. Exploration & mining history..............................................................4
1.2.3. The Koidu Kimberlite Project.............................................................4
1.3. Project motivation...........................................................................................5
1.4. Objectives of the ESIA....................................................................................6
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION.................................................................................7
2.1. Applicant details..............................................................................................7
2.2. Project details and location.............................................................................7
2.2.1. Regional setting................................................................................7
2.2.2. Local setting......................................................................................7
2.2.3. Land tenure.......................................................................................8
2.2.4. Nearby settlements...........................................................................9
2.2.5. Accessibility......................................................................................9
2.2.6. Fuel storage and handling.................................................................9
2.2.7. Explosives storage...........................................................................10
2.2.8. Reagent storage and handling.........................................................10
2.2.9. Existing infrastructure.......................................................................10
2.3. Project description and resource requirements..............................................11
2.3.1. New infrastructure............................................................................11
2.3.2. Mine plan.........................................................................................11
2.3.3. Open pit mining................................................................................15
2.3.4. Underground mining.........................................................................16
2.3.5. Waste management.........................................................................23
2.3.6. Storm water management................................................................23
2.3.7. Water supply to local community......................................................23
2.4. Mineral processing.........................................................................................24
2.4.1. Ore receiving....................................................................................24
2.4.2. Primary sizing, secondary crushing and coarse DMS.......................24
2.4.3. Fines Dense Media Separation (DMS) and re-crusher.....................25
2.4.4. Final recovery..................................................................................25
2.4.5. Water recovery circuit and process water.........................................26
2.5. Employment opportunities..............................................................................26
2.6. Project timing.................................................................................................27
2.7. Project activities.............................................................................................27
2.7.1. Construction phase..........................................................................28
2.7.2. Operational phase............................................................................29
2.7.3. Decommissioning, closure and post-closure phases........................31
3. REGULATORY AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK...............................32
3.1. Policy development........................................................................................32
3.2. Legislative reform..........................................................................................33
3.2.1. The Constitution of Sierra Leone (Act No. 6 of 1991 ........................33
3.2.2. The Environmental Protection Agency Act, 2008 (Act 11 of
2008)................................................................................................33
3.2.3. The Mines and Minerals Act, 2009 (Act 12 of 2009).........................34
3.2.4. Forestry Act, 1988............................................................................38
3.2.5. Forestry Regulations, 1989..............................................................38
3.3. International Conventions and Protocols........................................................39
3.3.1. Convention on Biological Diversity...................................................39
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koldu Kimberlite Project
3.3.2. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC).......................................................................................40
3.3.3. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer......40
3.3.4 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants..................40
3.4. IFC Performance Standards..........................................................................41
3.5. Equator Principles..........................................................................................41
3.5.1. Project categorisation.......................................................................42
3.5.2. Land acquisition and involuntary resettlement..................................42
3.5.3. Biodiversity management.................................................................43
3.5.4. Closure Requirements......................................................................43
4. PROJECT ALTERNATIVES............................................................................45
4.1. Mining method alternatives............................................................................45
4.1.1. Block caving vs open sloping...........................................................45
4.1.2. Dykes...............................................................................................45
4.1.3. Underground access........................................................................45
4.2 Beneficiation plant.........................................................................................45
4.2.1. Upgrade of the existing 50 tph Plant to 100 tph................................45
4.2.2. New 100 tph Greenfields plant.........................................................47
4.3. No-mining alternative.....................................................................................47
5. DESCRIPTION OF THE RECEIVING PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT..............49
5.1. Introduction....................................................................................................49
5.2. Climate..........................................................................................................50
5.3. Topography......................... 50
5.4. Air Quality......................................................................................................53
5.4.1. Atmospheric Dispersion Potential.....................................................53
5.4.2. Current Ambient Air Quality..............................................................57
5.4.3. Identification of Sensitive Receptors.................................................58
5.5. Noise.............................................................................................................58
5.5.1. Daytime noise baseline results.........................................................60
5.5.2. Night time noise baseline results......................................................60
5.6. Soils...............................................................................................................64
5.7. Geology.........................................................................................................66
5.8. Ecology {Fauna and Flora).............................................................................69
5.8.1. Flora................................................................................................69
5.8.2. Fauna...............................................................................................77
5.8.3. Conclusion.......................................................................................80
5.9. Aquatic Environment......................................................................................82
5.9.1. Water quality (in situ)........................................................................82
5.9.2. Index of habitat integrity...................................................................84
5.9.3. Invertebrate habitat assessment system..........................................86
5.9.4. Ichthyofauna assessment.................................................................86
5.9.5. Conclusion.......................................................................................89
5.10. Wetland systems...........................................................................................90
5.10.1. Wetland delineation..........................................................................90
5.10.2. Wetland unit characterisation...........................................................90
5.10.3. Wetland unit setting..........................................................................90
5.10.4. Description of unchanneled valley bottom wetlands.........................91
5.10.5. General wetland functional description.............................................91
5.10.6. Ecological functional assessment.....................................................92
5.10.7. Conclusion.......................................................................................93
5.11. Surface Water................................................................................................95
5.11.1. Rainfall.............................................................................................95
5.11.2. Rainfall statistical analysis................................................................95
5.11.3. Catchment description......................................................................96
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project J
5.11.4. Catchment characteristics................................................................96
5.11.5. Flood hydrology..............................................................................100
5.11.6. Pit inflows.......................................................................................100
5.11.7. Water quality..................................................................................100
5.12. Groundwater................................................................................................104
5.12.1. Hydrogeological Framework...........................................................104
5.12.2. Dewatering.....................................................................................104
5.12.3. Depth of water table.......................................................................105
5.12.4. Presence of boreholes, wells and springs and their estimated
yields..............................................................................................105
5.12.5. Groundwater quality.......................................................................106
5.13. Visual...........................................................................................................106
5.14 Archaeology.................................................................................................109
5.14.1. Archaeological resources at the Koidu Kimberlite Project...............109
6. DESCRIPTION OF THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT......................................112
6.1. Background.................................................................................................112
6.2. Political Context...........................................................................................113
6.3. Project Location...........................................................................................113
6.4. Legislative Framework................................................................ .114
6.5. Administrative Framework............................................................................114
6.6. Socio-Economic Baseline Conditions...........................................................116
6.6.1. National Context.............................................................................116
6.6 2. Regional context............................................................................122
6.6.3. Local context..................................................................................131
6.6.4. Extended Affected Area (EAA).......................................................139
6.7. Koidu Kimberlite Project's non-mining related activities...............................163
6.7.1. Introduction....................................................................................163
6.8. Development constraints and priorities........................................................166
6.8.1. Kono District Development Plan.....................................................167
6.8.2. Koidu-New Sembehun District Development Plan..........................172
7. ESIA LIMITATIONS.......................................................................................174
7.1. Air Quality....................................................................................................174
7.2. Fauna and Flora..........................................................................................174
7.3. Aquatic environment....................................................................................174
7.4. Heritage and Archaeology............................................................................175
7.5. Blasting Assessment....................................................................................175
7.6. Social Environment......................................................................................175
8. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT...............................................176
8.1. Impact assessment methodology for biophysical and heritage impacts........176
8.1.1. Impact identification.......................................................................176
8.1.2. Impact rating..................................................................................178
9. POTENCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS.................................................182
9.1. Significant impacts identified........................................................................182
9.1.1. Significant biophysical impacts.......................................................182
9.1.2. Significant impacts on heritage and archaeology............................183
9.2. All impacts identified during construction.....................................................184
9.2.1. Topography....................................................................................184
9.2.2. Air Quality......................................................................................184
9.2.3. Noise..............................................................................................184
9.2.4. Geology..........................................................................................184
9.2.5. Soils ..............................................................................................185
9.2.6. Fauna.............................................................................................185
9.2.7. Flora..............................................................................................186
9.2.8. Aquatic Environment......................................................................186
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
9.2.9. Hydrology.......................................................................................186
9.2.10. Visual.............................................................................................187
9.3. All impacts identified during operation..........................................................187
9.3.1. Topography....................................................................................187
9.3.2. Air Quality......................................................................................187
9.3.3. Noise..............................................................................................188
9.3.4. Soils ..............................................................................................189
9.3.5. Geology..........................................................................................189
9.3.6. Fauna.............................................................................................189
9.3.7. Flora..............................................................................................189
9.3.8. Aquatic Environment......................................................................190
9.3.9. Hydrology.......................................................................................190
9.3.10. Geohydrology.................................................................................191
9.3.11. Visual.............................................................................................191
9.4. All impacts identified during decommissioning.............................................191
9.4.1. Air Quality......................................................................................191
9.4.2. Noise..............................................................................................191
9.4.3. Flora..............................................................................................192
9.4.4. Geohydrology................................................................................192
9.4.5. Visual....................................... .................................192
10. SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT.................................................................194
10.1. Methodology................................................................................................194
10.1.1. Impact Assessment........................................................................194
10.1.2. Mitigation........................................................................................198
10.1.3. Residuaiimpacts............................................................................198
10.1.4. Uncertainties..................................................................................199
10.2. Assessment of identified social impacts.......................................................199
10.2.1. Introduction....................................................................................199
10.2.2. Stakeholder Issues and concerns...................................................199
10.2.3. Physical and economic resettlement..............................................200
10.2.4. Increased government revenue......................................................202
10.2.5. Increased dependence of the national economy on mining............204
10.2.6. Procurement of local goods and services.......................................205
10.2.7. Impact on local government capacity for infrastructure and
service delivery..............................................................................206
10.2.8. Employment creation......................................................................208
10.2.9. Community anger and resistance...................................................210
10.2.10. Access and mobility.......................................................................212
10.2.11. Community well being....................................................................213
10.2.12. Local economic development...........................................216
11. CUMULATIVE IMPACTS...............................................................................219
11.1. Noise...........................................................................................................219
11.2. Fauna and Flora..........................................................................................219
11.3. Aquatic Ecosystems.....................................................................................220
11.4. Social environment.................................. 220
12. CLOSURE AND FINANCIAL PROVISION....................................................221
12.1. Mine Closure................................................................................................221
12.2. Objectives for Mine Closure.........................................................................221
12.3. Activities for Mine Closure............................................................................222
12.3.1. Processing plant.............................................................................222
12.3.2. Steel and reinforced concrete structures and housing, facilities
and services...................................................................................222
12.3.3. Openpit rehabilitation.....................................................................222
12.3.4. Other components..........................................................................222
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project ;-!
"12.4. General rehabilitation...................................................................................222
12.5. Maintenance and aftercare..........................................................................223
12.6. Financial Provision.......................................................................................223
13. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN..................................................226
13.1. EMP framework...........................................................................................226
13.2. Summary EMP for the Koidu Kimberlite Project...........................................227
13.3. Monitoring Plans..........................................................................................238
13.3.1. Climate...........................................................................................238
13.3.2. Fauna and flora monitoring plan.....................................................238
13.3.3. Wetland rehabilitation strategy.......................................................239
13.3.4. Aquatic biomonitoring.....................................................................240
13.3.5. Wetland monitoring........................................................................240
13.3.6. Noise monitoring plan.....................................................................241
13.3.7. Blasting..........................................................................................241
13.3.8. Vibration.........................................................................................242
13.3.9. Groundwater Monitoring Plan.........................................................242
13.3.10. Heritage and Archaeology Monitoring Plan....................................243
13.4. Air Quality....................................................................................................244
13.4.1. Dust fallout monitoring network......................................................244
13.5. Surface water...............................................................................................246
13.5.1. Methodology..................................................................................246
13.5.2. Frequency of monitoring.................................................................247
13.5.3. Monitoring data..............................................................................247
13.6. Social monitoring and evaluation................................................................248
14. CONCLUSION...............................................................................................249
15. REFERENCES...............................................................................................250
APPENDIX A: IMPACT MATRIX....................................................................................A-1
APPENDIX B: CLOSURE COSTING SHEET.................................................................B-1
RES 965 vii
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project V I
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 -1: Koidu Holdings SA company structure............................................................3
Figure 2-1: Open pit high level schedule and illustration..................................................15
Figure 2-2: Decline layouts for K1 and K2 underground access.......................................16
Figure 2-3: General layout of the mining infrastructure at a dyke zone mining
operations........................................................................................................................17
Figure 2-4: High level underground development plant for the main ore bodies...............17
Figure 5-1: Period, day-time and night-time wind roses for Koidu (2009-2010)..............54
Figure 5-2: Seasonal average wind roses for Koidu (2009 - 2010)..................................55
Figure 5-3: Diurnal temperature trends modelled at Koidu (2010)....................................56
Figure 5-4: Percentage contribution of total sensitivities of fishes collected at each
site...................................................................................................................................89
Figure 5-5: A schematic illustration of the HGM wetland types identified for the
study area........................................................................................................................90
Figure 5-6: Radial plot of functions performed by the identified wetland unit....................93
Figure 5-7: Catchment Boundaries for Water Course Outlets (SRK, 2009)......................98
Figure 5-8 : Existing and proposed mine layout (SRK, 2010)...........................................99
Figure 6-1: Age distribution of Sierra Leone (Source: Central Intelligence Agency,
World Fact Book (2011))................................................................................................117
Figure 6-2: Ethnic group® of Sierra Leone.....................................................................118
Figure 6-3: Religious groups in Sierra Leone................................................................119
Figure 6-4: Sierra Leones contributors to its GDP, 2005...............................................120
Figure 6-5: Population statistics for Koidu Town.............................................................132
Figure 6-6: Number of people (male and female) living within the Extended Affected
Area...............................................................................................................................142
Figure 6-7: Main sources of income within the Extended Affected Area........................142
Figure 6-8: Average weekly income [Sierra Leonean Leones (SLL)] for household
heads within Extended Affected Area.............................................................................143
Figure 6-9: Economic trees recorded in the Extended Affected Area............................145
Figure 6-10: Approximate number of livestock recorded for households within the
Extended Affected Area.................................................................................................146
Figure 6-11: Main sources of energy within the Extended Affected Area.......................147
RES 965
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
Figure 6-12: Main sources of water within the Extended Affected Area..........................148
Figure 6-13: Sanitation facilities utilised by households within the Extended
Affected Area.................................................................................................................149
Figure 6-14: Level of education of heads of households within the Extended
Affected Area.................................................................................................................154
Figure 8-1: Probability Consequence Matrix...................................................................181
Figure 13-1: The recommended sampling sites for the project area...............................240
Figure 13-2: Proposed locations of the dust buckets......................................................245
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1: Project application details.................................................................................7
Table 2-2: Coordinates for the Koidu Kimberlite Mining Area............................................8
Table 2-3: Proposed infrastructure associated with the Koidu Kimberlite Project.............12
Table 2-4: Open pit mining equipment.............................................................................15
Table 2-5: Underground mining equipment.....................................................................18
Table 2-6: Total national staff complement at full operation of the Project........................27
Table 2-7: Proposed timing, duration and sequence of Ihe project...................................27
Table 2-8: Total process water requirements for the project.............................................30
Table 3-1: Key international conventions and protocols relevant to environmental
management in Sierra Leone...........................................................................................39
Table 5-1: Minimum, maximum and mean temperatures (®C) recorded at Koidu
(2010)..............................................................................................................................56
Table 5-2: Atmospheric Stability Classes.........................................................................57
Table 5-3: Air quality levels for settlements within and close to the Koidu mining
lease area (ESIA Report, 2010).......................................................................................58
Table 5-4: Acceptable rating levels for noise in districts (IFC EHS, 2007)........................59
Table 5-5: Noise measurement locations.........................................................................59
Table 5-6: Results of the baseline noise measurements taken at receptors located
around Koidu Mine...........................................................................................................62
Table 5-7: Summary of noise sources that were audible during the baseline
measurements around the proposed site.........................................................................64
Table 5-8: General description of the soils in the Koidu Kimberlite Project area...............65
Table 5-9: Hectares of vegetation types...........................................................................70
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Environmental and Social impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
Table 5-10: Description of habitat types...........................................................................72
Table 5-11: Mammals that occur on the project area........................................................77
Table 5-12: Avifauna that occurs on the project area.......................................................78
Table 5-13: Herpetofauna that occur on the project area.................................................80
Table 5-14: Summary of Fauna and Flora........................................................................80
Table 5-15: The in situ water quality results for the Meya River.......................................83
Table 5-16: The scores of the IHI assessment for the Meya River...................................84
Table 5-17: The habitat parameter scores for the low gradient Meya River......................85
Table 5-18: The abundances of the sampled macroinvertebrate taxa and associated
sensitivities for the Meya River as well as the respective EPT scores..............................86
Table 5-19: The scores of the IHAS assessment for the Meya River................................86
Table 5-20: The fish species sampled for the study area and associated quantities.........87
Table 5-21: Overview of the types and abundances of fishes collected in the study
including preferences or sensitivities of types to water quality, habitat and flow and
combined or total sensitivities with species scoring 100% considered to be
extremely sensitive types (blue), 83% representing very sensitive types (turquoise),
67% representing sensitive types (green), 50% representing tolerant types (yellow),
33% representing very tolerant types (orange) and 0-17% extremely tolerant
species (red)....................................................................................................................87
Table 5-22:The definition of the different HGM wetland types occurring in the study
area [based on the system first described by Brinson (1993) and modified by
Marneweck and Batchelor (2002), and further developed by Kotze. Marneweck,
Batchelor, Lindley and Collins (2004)]..............................................................................91
Table 5-23: A listing and scoring of ecological services offered by the HGM unit
identified for the project area............................................................................................92
Table 5-24 : Rainfall measurements at the Koidu Kimberlite Project, 2005 - 2010...........95
Table 5-25: Adopted design rainfall..................................................................................95
Table 5-26: Catchment characteristics.............................................................................97
Table 5-27: Summary of flood peaks..............................................................................100
Table 5-28: Surface and groundwater monitoring points within the mining lease area ...101
Table 5-29 : Runoff into the K1 Pit.................................................................................103
Table 5-30 : Runoff into K2 Pit.......................................................................................103
Table 5-31: Archaeological sites found within the mining lease area..............................110
Table 6-1: Education facilities and enrolment for the TankoroChiefdom........................133
Table 6-2: Subjects provided for different levels of education in Koidu..........................134
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koldu Kimberlite Project
Table 6-3: Health Care Facilities within Tankoro Chiefdom...........................................135
Table 6-4: Common diseases cases recorded for Tankoro 2010/2011 (to date)............137
Table 6-5: Native administration of project affected settlements....................................140
Table 6-6: Population Estimates for Settlements within the larger Project Area..............141
Table 8-1: Activities identified during each different phase of the project........................177
Table 8-2: Impact assessment parameter ratings...........................................................178
Table 8-3: Significance threshold limits..........................................................................181
Table 9-1: Biophysical impacts rated as medium-high and high during construction......182
Tabie 9-2: Biophysical impacts rated as medium-high and high during operation...........182
Table 9-3: Biophysical impacts rated as medium-high and high during
decommissioning...........................................................................................................183
Table 9-4: Impacts on archaeological resources during construction.............................183
Table 9-5: Predicted PM10 concentrations......................................................................188
Table 9-6: Predicted dustfall levels.................................................................................188
Table 10-1: Types of impacts.........................................................................................194
Table 10-2: Definitions for impact significance...............................................................196
Table 10-3: Overall significance criteria.........................................................................196
Table 10-4: Summary of impacts significance....................................................... 218
Table 12-1: Summary of rehabilitation for Current Infrastructure....................................223
Table 12-2: Summary of rehabilitation for Life of Mine...................................................224
Table 13-1: EMPfor the Koidu Kimberlite Project..........................................................227
Table 13-2: Chemical constituents to be analysed........................................................247
LIST OF PLANS
Plan 1: Regional setting................................................ 19
Plan 2: Local setting...................................................... 20
Plan 3: Existing mine plan............................................. 21
Plan 4: Proposed mine plan.......................................... 22
Plan 5: Regional topography......................................... 51
Plan 6: Local topography.............................................. 52
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Plan 7: Location of dust and noise measurement locations..............................................61
Plan 8: Soil types of the Koidu Kimberlite Project.............................................................68
Plan 9: Vegetation types identified...................................................................................71
Plan 10: Wetland areas identified within the mining lease area........................................94
Plan 11: Existing Viewshed............................................................................................107
Plan 12: Viewshed after the expansion of the project.....................................................108
Plan 13: Location of archaeological sites identified........................................................111
RES 965 v
Environmental and Social impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project v.v-a
v*S.
1. INTRODUCTION
Digby Wells Environmental (Digby Wells), in association with Cemmats Group Ltd
(Cemmats), were appointed as independent consultants to assess the potential
environmental and social impacts associated with the expansion of the existing mine's
production plant from 50 tonnes per hour {tph) to180 tph, at the Koidu Kimberlite Project.
The Koidu Kimberlite Project is located in the Kono District of Sierra Leone, approximately
330 km east of the capital Freetown, and is owned and operated by Koidu Holdings S.A
("Koidu Holdings" or “the Company"), a company wholly owned by 8SG Diamonds Ltd, a
subsidiary of BSG Resources Ltd. Koidu Holdings was originally formed in September 2003
as a joint venture company between the previous mineral rights owners Energem Resources
!nc (formerly named DiamondWorks Ltd) and a subsidiary of BSG Resources, Magma
Diamond Resources Ltd. From incorporation onwards, various changes in the shareholding
structure of the Company took place, with BSG Diamonds progressively increasing its stake
in Koidu Holdings to 100% by February 2007.
Development of the mine commenced in 2003, with the construction of a 50 tph dense
media separation (DMS) plant and associated mining infrastructure required for bulk
sampling and trial mining of No. 1 Pipe (K1) and No. 2 Pipe (K2).
Processing of the first kimberlitic material from K1 began in January 2004 and continued
until mid-2004, when sampling switched to K2. This allowed for preparation of the planned
vertical pit at the K1, which required waste rock stripping and construction of the headgear,
hoist and winder at the collar of the planned K1 vertical pit.
Between August 2005 and December 2007, the mine focussed on extracting ore from the K1
vertical pit and initiated a comprehensive exploration programme to locate and evaluate all
kimberlite ore bodies on the property, develop an optimal life of mine (Lorn) plan and compile
a full bankable feasibility study. The exploration programme was completed in mid-2010 and
the feasibility study completed by the fourth quarter of 2010.
Koidu Holdings was awarded an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Licence for its
current 50 tph operation in September 2003. However, the proposed mine plan to increase
the life of the operation, mine larger and deeper pits and to progress to underground mining
methods requires updating of the ESIA and identification of any new impacts on the social
and physical environments within the lease area as well as beyond its boundaries.
The purpose of this report is to present the findings of the Environmental and Social impact
Assessment (ESIA) that has been undertaken for the Project, and to propose an
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to maximise the positive aspects of the project and
to minimise or manage the negative implications.
As no mining activities are to take place within the Extended Affected Area, no biophysical
assessments were undertaken within the Extended Affected Area. Updated socio-economic
baseline information was used in the assessment of the social impacts on the affected
communities within the Extended Affected Area.
People residing within the 500 m blasting envelope (Extended Affected Area) associated
with the Koidu Kimberlite Project expansion will be resettled. For this purpose a
Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) is currently being developed.
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Environmental and Social impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project ,'3
1.1. Terms of reference
In terms of Section 24 of the Environmental Protection Agency Act, 2008 (Act 11 of 2008),
any person who wishes to undertake a project in the mining and extractive industries must
apply to the Sierra Leone Environmental Protection Agency (SLEPA) for an Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) licence,
The undertaking of an ESIA for the proposed expansion from 50 tph to 180 tph is also a
requirement of the Mines and Minerals Act, 2009 (Act 12 of 2009), which states that when
the holder of a mining licence proposes to make a change in its mining operations that would
cause a need for a material change in the Environmental Management Programme (EMP).
The mining licence hoider must submit an updated EMP for approval by the Director of
Mines.
This ESIA report has been compiled in fulfilment of the above legislative requirements and
further aims to comply with the Equator Principles (EPs) for socially and environmentally
responsible project finance and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) 'Environmental,
Health and Safety Guidelines, 2007.
1.2. Background and context
The following section sets the scene for the ESIA report by providing a brief description of
the history of Koidu Kimberlite Project, as well as an overview of the proposed expansion.
1.2.1. Company history
The rights to the Koidu Kimberlite Project were originally secured in 1995 by Branch Energy
Limited (“Branch Energy"). Branch Energy had obtained a 25-year mining lease for the Koidu
Kimberlite Project and initiated development of the property in November 1996.
The democratically elected government (which was elected in 1996) ratified and re-enacted
the 1994 Mines and Minerals Decree under which (he lease was issued. The Koidu mining
lease was specifically ratified by an Act of Parliament in December 1996.
In 1996, a Canadian listed company called DiamondWorks, acquired Branch Energy and all
its mineral rights. In May 1997, the project was at the plant commissioning stage when a
coup d’etat took place in Sierra Leone. Branch Energy was forced to halt its activities and
invoke force majeure and, over the ensuing 5 years of conflict, the company’s assets at
Koidu were completely destroyed and no further work could be undertaken on the
exploration properties. DiamondWorks revisited the mineral holdings in Sierra Leone after
the war in 2002, targeting the Koidu Kimberlite Project, and began construction and re¬
development of facilities damaged during the period of civil unrest.
In June 2002, DiamondWorks and Magma Diamond Resources Limited entered into a 50/50
joint venture agreement for the re-development of the Koidu Kimberlite Project. Magma was
a wholly owned subsidiary of the privately owned BSG Resources Limited (“BSG
Resources"). BSG Resources is the resources arm of the Beny Steinmetz Group (“BSG”), a
private international investment group focusing on diamonds, natural resources, real estate,
finance and asset management. BSG Resources has been involved in various major
investments in the natural resources arena worldwide, including the Simandou Iron Ore
Project in neighbouring Guinea.
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The initial joint venture was replaced by a new joint venture agreement, entered into
between inter alia DiamondWorks, Branch Energy and Magma during September. In terms
of the New JV Agreement, Magma and Branch Energy each held a 50% equity stake in the
newly formed JV Company, Koidu Holdings S.A and were obliged to fund the working capital
and running cost requirements of the Company pro rata their shareholding in the Company.
Koidu Holdings S.A was incorporated in the British Virgin Islands and licensed to do
business in Sierra Leone in terms of the Business Registration Act on 29 September 2003.
A Certificate of Registration of Business and a Licence were issued to Koidu Holdings on 1
October 2003 in accordance with the Companies Act, Cap. 249 of the Laws of Sierra Leone
1960.
Magma and Branch Energy agreed to a dilution of Branch Energy’s shareholding in Koidu
Holdings, such that the shareholding would be in proportion to the contributions made by the
Shareholders to the Company. Further, Magma and Branch Energy agreed to the
assignment by Magma of a portion of its Shareholders' loan to its holding company BSG
Resources, and the introduction of BSG Resources as a Shareholder in Koidu Holdings.
In terms of the Shareholders’ Agreement, the new shareholding in Koidu Holdings became:
40% DiamondWorks, 35% Magma and 25% BSG Resources. In January 2004, BSG
Resources assumed overall direction, supervision and management of Koidu Holdings.
In February 2007, BSG Resources acquired the shareholding of DiamondWorks (renamed
Energem Resources Ltd) in Koidu Holdings S.A. and Magma’s 25% holding was transferred
to BSG Resources. Koidu Holdings is presently wholly owned by BSGR Diamonds, Ltd,
which is wholly owned by BSG Resources (Figure 1-1).
In May 2008, the GoSL announced that it intended to review all industrial mining licences
and agreements and, at Koidu Holdings' request, the review started with the mining lease for
the Koidu Kimberlite Project.
Figure 1-1: Koidu Holdings SA company structure
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1.2.2. Exploration & mining history
The property hosts two small diamondiferous kimberlite pipes and four diamondiferous
kimberlite dyke zones, along which four small blows or enlargements have been discovered.
Development of the mine commenced in 2003, with the construction of a 50 tph Dense
Media Separation (DMS) plant and mining infrastructure required for bulk sampling and trial
mining of K1 and K2. Processing of the first kimberlite from K1 began in January 2004 and
continued until mid-2004, when sampling switched to K2 to allow for waste stripping and
establishment of the headgear, hoist and winder and associated infrastructure required at
the collar of the planned vertical pit at K1.
During the period August 2005 to December 2007. the mine focussed exclusively on
extracting ore from the K1 vertical pit, and was successful in establishing the largest and
deepest one of its kind in operation world-wide, while attempting to minimise the impact on
the nearby Koidu community.
Given the limited lifespan of the vertical pit (maximum 80 m from collar), the Company
embarked on an exploration core drilling programme to delineate sufficient resources for at
least the remaining life of the mining lease period. From 2003 to 2008, four phases of core
drilling were completed and once the magnitude of potentially mineable resources began to
emerge, desktop studies considering the possible scenarios for the future expansion of the
mining operation were undertaken.
The full extent of the diamond resources at Koidu was understood towards the end of 2008,
at which time the Company entered the prefeasibility study stage, contracting industry
leaders in resource estimation, geohydrology, mine design and various other disciplines
required in order to ultimately bring the project to a bankable feasibility study level.
After significant additional bulk sampling exercises in 2009 and 2010, both from large scale
surface excavations and large diameter drilling programmes on K2, Dyke Zones A and B, as
well as the four blows intended to form part of the LoM plan, 4.175 million tonnes of
indicated resources and 10.162 million tonnes of inferred resources were signed-off by
independent competent persons, with an additional 3.707 million tonnes of kimberlite
identified as geological potential requiring further drilling and sampling.
While the feasibility study was being concluded and following on after the completion of the
bulk sampling programmes at K2, the first cut of the open pit mining schedule for K2 was
initiated in order to fund the operation, with the intention of dovetailing with the final pit
design determined in the feasibility study.
1.2.3. The Koidu Kimberlite Project
The feasibility study demonstrated that the optimal project plan for the expansion of
operations at Koidu was technically and economically viable. The plan includes mining both
kimberlite pipes by open pit methods, to a depth of approximately 310 m below surface for
K1 (March 2011 to September 2016) and approximately 244 m below surface for K2 (from
September 2010 to October 2015), at which time the transition to underground mining
methods would be made. Taking into account the additional production that could be derived
by mining the kimberlite dykes and blows from underground, an optimal plant size of 180 tph
has been selected, mining at a rate of 100,000 tonnes of ore per month and 1.4 million
tonnes of waste per month.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project ■tm
The implications of the dramatic increase in mining and processing capacity are that an
entirely new plant and mining fleet with associated infrastructure will be required- The Project
schedule commences in the fourth quarter of 2010, with the ordering of the new plant and
other long lead time items, such as earth moving equipment. Construction of plant and
infrastructure will commence during the second quarter of 2011, to ensure all civil
engineering work is completed by the time the plant and equipment arrive on site.
The mine will continue producing with the existing 50 tonne per hour plant until the new plant
is erected, commissioned and has ramped up to full production (end June 2012), after which
the existing plant will be dismantled and relocated to the Tongo Diamond Field Project south
of Koidu.
The five year open pit mining phase (to end 2015) of the operation will be followed by
underground mining of both kimberlite pipes, as well as the dyke zones and blows, for the
remainder of the life of the mine. Construction of the underground access will commence in
early 2012 with first ore being extracted from the underground in 2016.
The Project is expected to increase the production from the two open pits from
approximately 10,000 carats per month currently being achieved to an average of 45,000
carats per month from 2012 to 2015, tapering off as production from the underground comes
on line and the operation is maintained at 100,000 tonnes processed per month.
The mine is currently in the process of constructing a security perimeter in the form of a wall
around the mining lease area in order to fall into line with international best practice with
regards to diamond mining operations as implemented in South Africa, Botswana, Namibia,
Angola and Lesotho, as well as to ensure the compliance of the Project with the Kimberley
Process, an objective which is both in the interest of the company as well as the
government of Sierra Leone. The Koidu-Gandorhun Road which runs through the mining
lease area will consequently have to be diverted around the southern boundary of the mining
lease area. The additional distance is not excessive.
1.3. Project motivation
Despite the high quality of diamonds contained in the Koidu kimberlite pipes, dykes and
blows, the small size of the two kimberlite pipes which are the main source of production, is
a major factor governing the options for the future of the mining operation. In addition, the
relatively low grade of the larger of the two pipes (K2) and the lack of immediate access to
ore from the richer pipe (K1) added further complications. Various scenarios and options
were considered in terms of the scale of the operation that could be supported by the
diamond resources delineated, taking into account the limitations posed by close proximity to
the community, realistic mining rates and schedules and the economics related to each of
these.
With the reliance on the lower grade K2 pipe for the early part of the mine plan until access
to K1 ore (either through significant waste stripping for continued open pit mining or decline
development for an underground operation) and the lower revenue due to the lower grade
and value per carat, maintaining the existing plant configuration and processing tonnages
was shown to be uneconomic and that the mine would operate at a loss.
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This scenario was found unattractive to all stakeholders, with the implication that the mine
would close. Therefore, in order to get the economies of scale right and ensure the
continued economic viability of the operation, an economic optimisation study was
undertaken, in which the 180 tph processing capacity was identified the best option.
1.4. Objectives of the ESIA
The objectives of this ESIA report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project are to:
« Provide important background information to the project and its proposed expansion;
• Describe the project and its proposed expansion in terms of the project applicant,
location, scale, timing, duration and sequence;
« Describe the need and desirability of the proposed expansion;
« Identify all legal and legislative requirements that should be fulfilled prior to the
commencement of the proposed expansion;
o Consider and analyse all possible alternatives to the proposed expansion;
• Describe the current biophysical, cultural and social environment of the project area;
« Identify the potential environmental and social impacts associated with all of the phases
of the proposed expansion and determine their significance;
® Describe cumulative impacts of the proposed expansion;
o Formulate a management plan for achieving the environmental and social objectives for
the project and mitigate the identified impacts;
• Indicate the public consultation and disclosure (PCDP) process that was conducted in
support of this ESiA; and
• Formulate a preliminary closure plan for the proposed expansion.
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2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
This chapter provides a detailed description of the Koidu Kimberlite Project in terms of the
project applicant, location, scale, timing, duration and sequence.
2.1. Applicant details
The applicant details and contact information are summarised in Table 2-1. A brief history of
the rights to the Koidu Kimberlite diamond mine was provided in Chapter 1.
Table 2-1: Project application details
Project title: Expansion of the Koidu Kimberlite Project
Project applicant: Koidu Holdings SA
Contact person: Mr Dino Coutinho --- Chief Operating Officer
Mr ibrahim Kamara - Chief Communications Officer
Postal address: PO Box 72, Freetown, Sierra Leone
Telephone no: +232 22 232257
Fax no: +232 22 232390
E-mail address: dcoutinho@koiduholdings.com
ikamara@kokJuhoidings.com
Project location: Koidu Town, Kono District, Sierra Leone
2.2. Project details and location
The Koidu Kimberlite Project Is situated approximately 2 km south of the town of Koidu
within the Tankoro Chiefdom of the Kono District in the Eastern Province of Sierra Leone
(Plan 1).
2.2.1. Regional setting
The Kono District ties within the West African tropical rainforest belt of Sierra Leone.
Diamond mining has been part of the history and heritage of the Kono District.
Koidu Town lies to the north of the Koidu Kimberlite Project. Koidu is currently the 4th largest
city in Sierra Leone and serves as the capital and economic centre of the Kono District. The
town is ethnically and culturally diverse and its population includes a significant number of
foreign diamond workers, both legal and illegal artisanal miners.
2.2.2. Local setting
The original mining lease area that was issued in 1995 measured approximately 4 km2 (Plan
1: Regional setting
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for ttie Koidu Kimberlite Project ''I
). As part of the mining lease area verification for the Mining Review Process, a delegation
from the Ministry of Mineral Resources and Political Affairs visited the project site on 2
March 2010 and resurveyed ail beacons. It was confirmed that the original coordinates did
not correspond with the actual beacon positions and that those coordinates had been based
on the wrong coordinate system.
A new set of coordinates was issued by the acting Director of the Geological Survey, Deputy
Director of the Geological Survey, Government Mining Engineer for the Kono District and
Mining Cadastre Officer of the Geological Survey, The coordinates were signed off by the
Minister of Mineral Resources and incorporated into the new Mining Lease Agreement. The
new mining lease area measures 4.9873 km2 and the coordinates are provided in Table 2-2.
Table 2*2: Coordinates for the Koidu Kimberlite Mining Area
Point no. X-coordinates Y-coordinates UTM Zone
1 282268 955286 29
2 282642 955042 29
3 282662 954725 29
4 283850 955350 29
5 284251 955540 29
6 284251 955165 29
7 284780 955440 29
8 284660 953210 29
9 284500 953200 29
10 282569 953198 29
11 282283 953340 29
12 282276 953701 29
13 281930 954195 29
14 281930 954195 29
15 282268 954363 29
2.2.3. Land tenure
The mining lease issued in 1995 was valid for a 25 year period. However, due to the civil
war, force majeure was invoked in May 1997 and was lifted following the official declaration
of the end of the war on 18 January 2002. The 1995 mining lease was transferred to Koidu
Holdings, including all rights, privileges, duties, obligations, title and interest as from 1
October 2003.
In terms of the Mining Review Process initiated by GoSL in 2008, the mining lease held by
Koidu Holdings was renegotiated and a new agreement entered into between the Republic
of Sierra Leone and Koidu Holdings on 6 September 2010. The term of the mining lease was
extended to 22 July 2030 and shall continue in force until the expiry, surrender or termination
of the mining lease. The mining lease may be renewed for a further period of 15 years.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
In addition to the mining lease, Koidu Holdings holds a surface lease over the land adjacent
to the western boundary of the mining lease area which is used for the accommodation
complex.
2.2.4. Nearby settlements
Within the surveyed project area there are five main settlements, namely New Sembehun,
Saquee Town, Sokogbe, Swarray Town and Yormandu. These settlements fall within or
border on the mining lease area. A sixth settlement, Manjamadu (which includes the existing
resettlement site), is located along the eastern boundary of the mine. Other neighbouring
settlements are Old Meama, Wordu and Kanya.
2.2.5. Accessibility
The primary means of access to the Koidu Kimberlite Project is by motor vehicle. The road
linking Freetown and Koidu has been upgraded since 2007 and is currently in good condition
for approximately 200 km from Freetown. The final 160 km between Makeni and Koidu is in
very poor condition, but plans to upgrade this section have been approved for the next dry
season. The aggregate to be used in the construction of this upgraded road will be sourced
from the waste rock produced from the Koidu mining operation.
Roads inside the concession area are on average 9 m wide and cover approximately
15.5 km. Roads are constructed with waste rock and topped with compacted kimberlite
tailings. Most of the roads in use are utilised by heavy mining and light vehicles and are
maintained on an ongoing basis.
The regional airstrip is situated at Yengema airfield, which is situated approximately 15 km
west of the mining license area and is accessed by the main road leading from Koidu town to
Freetown. The runway is approximately 14 m wide and 800 m long with a tarmac surface.
Maintenance on the runway and the surrounding areas is done by the local population and is
funded by Koidu Holdings.
The helipad is situated west of the security camp and covers an area approximately
2 712 m2. The helipad was constructed on a waste rock foundation and topped with
kimberlite tailings. The surface is compacted to prevent excessive dust with the landing and
take-off of helicopters. The helipad is marked and is equipped with a windsock.
2.2.6. Fuel storage and handling
The existing diesel storage area is situated between the workshop and logistical area and
covers an area of approximately 256 m2. Fuel is stored in two 40 500 L tanks and is
distributed through a metered electric pump.
Fuel is obtained from the Total (SL) Ltd depot in Freetown and is transported to Koidu by
Total fuel bowsers.
Fuel is delivered into the tank that is used for daily distribution. From there, fuel is pumped
via a fuel polishing filtration system to the main storage tank.
Heavy machinery working in the different areas of the mining lease area are supplied fuel by
a 10 000 L mobile fuel bowser which receives its fuel from the fuel station. In turn, the fuel
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberfrte Project
bowser is equipped with a metered pump. A fuel consumption database is maintained by the
logistics department and audited by the finance department.
2.2.7. Explosives storage
Liquid emulsion is stored at the main logistical store and is considered non-explosive until
sensitised with sodium nitrate. The explosives magazine encompasses a fenced and gated
area of approximately 7 178 m2. The main magazine consists out of a number of roofed
containers which are situated inside a 4 m high sand/laterite berm barrier with a concealed
entrance.
Access to the magazine is strictly controlled and is only permitted in the presence of security
personnel. All issues and consumption is logged by the security department and is verified
against the registers Koidu Kimberlite Project by the key holder whom is a licensed blasting
operator.
2.2.8. Reagent storage and handling
Hydrofluoric acid is currently not utilised or handled at the mine, although some remain in
stock. The residue of the hydrofluoric acid that still remains on site is currently stored at the
plant site in polyethylene containers. The storage area is located inside the final recovery
security area inside a specially constructed container.
2.2.9. Existing infrastructure
The location of existing surface infrastructure is illustrated in Table 2-3 and includes the
following:
• Workshops and workshop offices;
• Vehicle wash bays, parking and maintenance area;
• Process plant;
• Administration offices;
o Logistical stores;
• Resettlement offices and stores;
• Brick manufacturing plant;
• Clinic;
« Core shed;
• Employee accommodation camp and recreation area;
• Security camp;
• Fuel storage area;
• Reagents storage area; and
• Explosive magazine
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Environmental and Social impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
2.3. Project description and resource requirements
This section provides a description of the proposed project activities that will be undertaken
as part of the Koidu Kimberlite Project. An estimation of the mining equipment, employment
and capital required for the Project is also provided.
2.3.1. New Infrastructure
The infrastructure to be constructed are listed and described in Table 2-3 and indicated on
the proposed infrastructure layout plan (Plan 4).
2.3.2. Mine plan
The mine plan consists two distinct phases employing different mining methods, namely
open pit and underground mining methods. The open pit operational phase will overlap with
the construction of infrastructure for the underground mining phase in order to ensure a
seamless transition from surface to underground production.
Open pit mining at K2 commenced in October 2008 with the removal of 1,150,000 tonnes of
waste in preparation for the controlled extraction of a 5 m slice across the ore body as part of
the bulk sampling programme. The waste development and bulk sampling formed part of an
interim cut planned to generate funds and keep the mine in production during the feasibility
study period and beyond. The interim pit was incorporated in the final pit design for K2 and
the mining will continue uninterrupted.
Therefore, the No. 2 open pit will not go through another construction phase, but rather the
current operational phase will be ramped up to meet the increased tonnages required to
meet the new plant processing targets. Mining activities at K1 will get underway in March
2011 with substantial waste stripping required to cut back the vertical pit highwalls and gain
access to ore beneath the vertical pit.
Koidu Holdings, in conjunction with SRK Consulting, have conducted open pit optimisation
studies on the K1 and K2 ore bodies. The optimal pit shells were selected by considering the
trade-off between the open pit and underground operations, serving as a guide for the final
open pit designs. Due to the potential impact on the surrounding infrastructure and
community, the decision was made to increase the safe blasting radius for the open pits from
250m to 500m.
The K1 open pit will include portions of Blow A and Blow B. as well as the two dyke zones
(DZA and DZB) which bound the northern and southern extents of K1 and extend to the
blows. These pit designs will take the development of the K1 pit down to 80 mams! and K2
down to 140 mams!. The open pit operations at K1 and K2 are scheduled to be completed
by December 2015.
Current indications are that the development of the main underground access decline should
commence in 2012, with production ramp-up from underground from 2015 onwards.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koldu KimberfKe Project
Table 2-3: Proposed infrastructure associated with the Koidu Kimberlite Project
Infrastructure Area Description
Mam gate 816 mz • The main gate with a floor space of 840 m' will only allow access to mining employees by means of a pedestrian
entrance;
• Searching facilities will ensure property security;
• A visitors counter will issue visitor permits;
• A vehicle entrance will allow access to large vehicles; and
• A security staff manning station with ablution facflilies.
• Clinic wilh a floor space of 420 m2 wil be located at the main entrance; and
Clinic 607m2 • Clinic is to consist of 3 wards, an emergency treatment centre, an x-ray facility and dental facflities.
Mine mess 898 m2 • Mine mess will provide employees with a meal prior to the commencement of their shift; and
• Mess will consist of seating facilities for 200 people, an industrial kitchen and ablutions and washing facilities.
Change house 5 640 m2 • Change house to accommodate 250 male and 80 female employees per shift;
• Locker facilities for 1000 people, with 900 and 100 locker facilities for male and female employees, respectively;
and
• Laundry facility and change house (985 m2).
SHE 534 m2 • SHE Department with a floor space of 544 m2 to be fitted with a 70 seating trainrig room; and
• PPE store with ablution facilities;
Mine stores 1 738 m2 • Mine store with a floor space of 1738 m2 to comprise of a sheeted secure building with industrial racking for
Items up to a weight of 200 kg;
• Outside lay down area for heavier items;
• Facilities for loading and off-loading trucks carrying containers up to 12 m;
• Storage area for lubricants and FeSi; and
• Ablutions facilities and dedicated office block.
• The workshop with a floor area of 2397 mz will consist of a machine shop section. 6 bays for heavy mining
Mire workshops 2397 m2 equipment, 4 bays for light duty vehicles and a separate building for tyre repairs and hydraulic pipe repairs; and
• A wash bay for the cleaning of fleet.
• Explosive store wilt have earth walls around the perimeter and a Q-deck roof will be used; and
Explosives store 905 m2
• To be constructed to provide protection should an explosion occurs.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
infrastructure Area Description
• Lightning protection will be provided
• Incinerator house consisting of a bnck building with a chimney through the roof will have a floor space of 80 m2;
Incinerator house 80 m? and
• General waste from the mine site will be incinerated.
Emulsion shed 1125 m* • Dedicated emulsion shed with an office block and plinths to support emulsion dispensing tanks.
Generator house 344 m2 • Generator house with a floor space of 344 mz vail allow for additional generators, as required.
Camp mess and kitchen 1371 mz • To be located at the foot of Monkey Hill:
• Kitchen facility will cater for 120 seated people:
• Ablution facilities, washing facilities and relaxation areas; and
• Swimming pool and gym facilities.
Main camp 4315 m2 • Accommodation for 84 personnel consisting of ablution facilities and single room bedding.
Security and fencing • Central security control centre to supply 2 tier security monitoring;
• Fencing of the entire concession area will be done consisting of a 3 m x 1 m gabion wall. The wall is to be
electrified and have surveillance cameras installed:
• The Koidu-Garcdorhun Road which runs through the mining lease area will have to be diverted around the wall;
• The store, workshops and buildings will be fenced off wilh standards perimeter fencing; and
• The plant area will have double fencing around the perimeter.
Road and conveyor 1 100 m « Upgrade of approximately 5 km of road will take place of which 70% are existing roads;
• Roads wii typically be 12 m wide with drainage furrows on the side;
infrastructure • Surfacing of roads to be done with a mixture of aggregate and finer gravel material;
• A mixed layer of 300 mm wilt be placed and compacted;
• Conveyors of the modular gantry type wll be restricted to the plant and tailings areas. Columns are to be
supported on civil bases; and
• Conveyor head pulleys will prevent spillage underneath die belts.
Power supply
• Power plant with an installed capacity of 9 MVA consisting of five prime mover low voltage generators;
• Generator cooling will be forced ventilator radiator cooling:
• Output voltage will be 400 V, stepped up to 11 kV;
• Substation to be housed fri a brick building with a steel sheeted roof; and
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
Infrastructure Area Description
• Potenlial spillage of oil and lubricants will be bunded with a suitable drainage and pumping system.
Sewage treatment « Three sewage collection networks to cater for accommodation units at Monkey HHI and planl area, respectively:
« Each treatment plant will have adequate capacity to peak and average demands:
• Treatment will take place via anaerobic and aerobic processes leading to minimum odour;
* Clean treated water will be discharged to the environment through reed beds.
Waste disposal • Waste will be stored at demarcated areas within the concession and collected on a fixed roster and transported
to the incinerator:
« Two incinerators will be installed;
« One unit includes a mild steel chimney, oil burners and a control panel and is capable of burning 500 kg/hour of
general waste with a plastic content of 5%;
• One unit will be capable to dispose of 50 kg/hour waste with a plastic content of 15%;
• Incinerators comprise features leading to smokeless operation and saving of valuable fuel.
Tailings 30 ha • Tailings and grits will be stockpiled as a combined stream on one footprint;
• A conveyor with spreader will be used to transport and deposit the material;
• The tailings stockpile will have a maximum height of 50 m to elevation 420 mamsl. Total lormes slored will be
11,317,500 tonnes; and
• A total life of 14 years will be available
Slimes 37 ha • The slimes facility will be a waste rock impoundment type facility with a maximum height of 20m lo elevation 400
mamsl;
• Life of the slimes dump facility is 14 years.
• The waste rock containment wall will have a crest width of 10m and will be raised in 6m lifts.
• A downstream method of wall development will be used.
• Water from the slimes containment facility will be decanted via die penstock to a return water dam and then
pumped to the plant via the return water line.
Road Diversion ±3 km • Diversion of the Koidu-Gandorhun road to Ihe southern border of the mining lease area. This diversion is
required to ensure efficient access control lo Ihe Koidu Kimberlite mine.
RES 965 14
I i I I i 1 I I i \ ! | I i i ( I
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project tl
2.3.3. Open pit mining
An open pit optimisation and practical design exercise was carried out on both K1 and K2 ore
bodies. Both pipes will be mined by means of two interim cuts and concluded with a third and
final cut. The final open pit at K1 will be 310 m deep and at K2 will be 240 m deep (Figure 2-1).
The open pit optimisation process was constrained by an underground operation resulting in the
final pit depth of K1 being 80 m shallower than for a fully optimised open pit. This is due to the
underground starting to contribute more than the open pit operation from a depth of about 310
m with the associated waste stripping ratio of +/- 17:1.
Open pit mining will be executed by Koidu Holdings with an owner operator approach. The final
open pit plans are generally considered to be conservatively designed, with an aggressive
execution schedule applied. Figure 2-1 illustrates the open pit high level schedule and results.
K1 K2
♦/- 500m Wide March 2011 */-37Sm Wide
+/- 240m Oe
+/- 310m Deep June 2015
Dec 2015
5
Figure 2-1: Open pit high level schedule and illustration
Table 2-4 summarises the open pit mining equipment fleet required.
Table 2-4: Open pit mining equipment
15
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
Mercedes Benz - Diesel 1 0 1
Bowzer (8kl)
Mercedes Benz - Service 1 0 1
Truck
Mercedes Benz - Charging 2 0 2
T rucks
Flyght BIBO Pumps 2 0 2
LDV’s 4 0 4
Volvo - SD160Dx Compactor 1 0 1
Slope Radar 0 1 1
Geomoss Survey Monitoring 1 1 2
System
2.3.4. Underground mining
The main underground operation will be accessed through a single decline, protected by a “cut
and covered” portal on surface (Figure 2-2). Dyke Zone B West will also be accessed through a
decline developed from the existing open trench. Return air will be directed to return air passes
which will also be equipped to serve as emergency outlets. Blast Hole Open Stoping is the
mining method proposed for the K1 and K2 ore bodies, with no crown pillar left in-situ between
the open pit and underground operations. Figure 2-2 illustrates the general lay-out of the open
stopes beneath the K1 and K2 open pits.
Figure 2-2: Decline layouts for K1 and K2 underground access
Mechanised Long Hole Stoping (non-entry) is the proposed mining method for the Dyke Zones,
with a 30 m crown pillar left in-situ between surface and the first working levels of the dyke
zones. The ore strike drives will be developed to the currently determined dyke limits, with
production blasting then commencing targeting only the dyke zone portion between two
consecutive drives (20 m vertically apart). The blasted material will be loaded by small load haul
dumpers and dumped into a series of ore passes. These passes discharge on every fifth level,
16
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
on which a haulage is also developed. The ore is then re-handled out of the passes into 20
tonne dump trucks and transported through a haulage, access spiral and decline ramp to the
plant. Figure 2-3 illustrates the general lay-out of the mining infrastructure at a dyke zone mining
operations. Figure 2-4 illustrates the high level underground development plan for the main ore
bodies.
Figure 2-3: General layout of the mining infrastructure at a dyke zone mining operations.
Standard trackless diesel powered mobile equipment will be used in the underground operation.
The fleet will consist of development rigs, long hole production drilling rigs, load haul dumpers,
haul trucks and other utility type equipment. Table 2-5 summarises the underground mining
equipment fleet purchase schedule.
Figure 2-4: High level underground development plant for the main ore bodies.
17
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
Table 2-5: Underground mining equipment.
Underground Fleet Description 201 201 201 201 201 201 Tota
Purchases 2012 3 4 5 6 7 8 I
Sandvik 00320 12 X Boom) Dev Rio 1 2 3
Sandvik 00210 (1 x Boom) Dev Riq 1 1 1 3
Sandvik DL320-7 (89 mml Prod Ria 1 1 2
Sandvik DL210 (64 mm) Prod Ria 1 1 2
Sandvik LH 307 (6.5T) Prod LHD 2 2 2 6
Sandvik LH203 (3.5T) Dev LHD 1 1 1 2 2 7
LHD *
Sandvik LH301 + Hammer Hammer 1 1
LHD +
Sandvik LH203 + Hammer Hammer 1 1
Sandvik 30SX (30 T) Prod Truck 2 3 5
Sandvik TH320 (200 Dev Truck 2 1 1 1 1 6
Sandvik TH205L (Casette) Utility 1 2 2 1 6
Sandvik TH205L (S/Llft) Utililv 1 3 2 1 7
Sandvik TH205L (Blast) Blastlnq 1 2 2 1 6
Tovota Land Cruiser Utility 1 3 1 2 1 8
2.3.4.1 Waste rock management
All hard rock will be drilled by a fleet of hydraulic self-propelled drill rigs and then blasted using
bulk emulsion explosives. The blasted material will be excavated by a fleet of excavators and
hauled to surface by a fleet of articulated dump trucks. The waste material will be loaded and
hauled to designated waste rock dumps in close proximity to the pits.
2.3.4.2 Ore handling
All the ore materia! will be loaded, hauled and tipped into the primary crusher at the processing
plant. Excess ore production will be stockpiled for limited periods on designated stockpiles
adjacent to the new processing plant, from where it will be fed into the process plant on
demand.
A fleet of utility vehicles including dozers, graders and re-fuelling trucks will be deployed to
ensure sufficient support to the main production fleet.
18
Dailola • • Plan 1
Dalaba . Kouroussa
Koidu Kimberlite Project
Fria Mamou Kankan Regional Setting
b
* Guinea. •
Kintiip Faranah Legend
10‘00'N*
a Project Location
onakry © Cities
Forecsariah
Settlements
International Boundary
Kissidougou
□ Provincial Boundary
Makeni
Gueckedou Macenta
^^^*^^Valniama
Kenema
Yomou
Liberia
Gbamga
DIGBY WELLS
Robertsport ENVIRONMENT!
Africa
Kakata PlOjecton UTM 29 N VVGSS I Rel - aiiK RES9oS2CI!C4 004
Bento I False EdsCng. SCCCCCin RcMfioi Number: 1
Central Meridian: 9’W Dale. 04/0*201:
Monrovia 0 12.5 25 50 75 100
Kilometres
1:2,000,000
C D«Uy Wen. & Associates
mom/ 275OCO 300 COO 325 CGO
Plan 2
Kolnaduflu Koidu Kimberlite Project
DWkt
Local Setting
Kume a
Legend
Project Location
; Mountain
Cities
Settlements
Cayima Roads
Rivers
Water Areas
International Boundary
5edu □ Provincial Boundary
Baqbema District Boundary
Outlet
Chiefdoms
Sefadv
- .Koidu P
Vengema JauuwBiiid
Tonkollll
Dto*kt
m
DIGBY WELLS
tmiRDHMUIIA!
lr! 07 II WW
KerMma Projection UTM 29 N WGSM Ret* am.- KES9(iS.20il0-l 005
Dlttfcl False EaitnE SOOCGOm Revision Number 1
Crntia! Ntnidjn: 9®W Date 04/040011
N 0 2.5 5 10 15 20
t\ “ " (ilo metres
1:400,000
«• ihgry We& * Auorutci
1111(111
I i
Plan 4
Koidu Kimberlite Project
Proposed Mine Plan
Legend
■■ " New Road
Paths
Roads
Proposed Additional Infrastructure
Mining Lease Area
Resettlement Boundary
Comp Extension
Rivers
Mine Plan
Blast Radius
Dumps
Mine Buildings
Offices
--- Water Pools
Artisinal Workings
Land Use
Cultivated Land
Dams
Swamps
DIGBY WELLS
Projection UTM29NWGS84 Rel » ante RES96S201104 007
False E«tny SOODDDm Rrvtsicn Number »
Ccnlxal Meridian 9'W Dale 03/0^2011
Marcs
1:15,000
: I>5f0y WciM A: Auocutei
i I ! I I I I I I
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project Mm
2.3.5. Waste management
2.3.5.1 Domestic waste
No hazardous waste is generated during operations and all domestic waste that is generated
will be collected and disposed of by use of the incinerators.
2.3.5.2 Tailings and slimes management
Once the diamonds have been recovered from the Kimberlite, there are two waste streams that
come from the plant that need to be disposed. There is a -0.5 mm slimes portion and a -28+0.5
mm tailings portion.
The -0.5mm slimes is pumped into a slimes dump. This dump is an impoundment type dam that
has walls constructed out of waste material from the pit. The tailings are disposed of via several
deposition points into the tailings storage facility (TSF). The TSF is equipped with a penstock-
this is used to recover water from the dam, and is equipped with trenches to catch any water
that leaks out of the dam. All water recovered from the dam will be channelled into a return
water dam. From the return water dam, the water will be pumped into the processing plant for
re-use.
The tailings will be transported by a conveyor belt to the tailings deposition dump. A tripper and
spreader arrangement will be used on the dump to deposit the tailings in a heap. The tailings
will be deposited such that it is a maximum of 50 m from the ground level. Additional conveyor
segments will be constructed to ensure that the deposition can take place.
2.3.6. Storm water management
Storm water will be pumped out from the open pits by means of electrical submersible pumps
powered by diesel-driven generators. Adequate water storage and pumping capacity will be
provided for the underground workings in order to ensure a safe underground working
environment.
2.3.7. Water supply to local community
Several dewatering boreholes were drilled in 2007 around the perimeter of Kt and pumps were
introduced into these boreholes in an effort to control water influx into the vertical pit. The
discharge from these pumps was directed away from K1 into a drainage system that would
carry the water into the stream flowing into the Meya River. The 7.5 kW pumps were
approximately 90 m deep and had a water delivery capacity of 8 000 L per hour. The discharge
of one of the pumps was located near to where the local community could benefit from the use
of the water.
A borehole was drilled in 2008 in the planned resettlement area and is equipped with a diesel
engine driven mono-pump installed to a depth of 73 m, with a water delivery capacity of 18 000
L per hour. A system of water tanks has now been erected at strategic points to supply water to
the community in the area, water samples were taken from this water source, and was deemed
fit for human consumption by the Sierra Leone Water Company (SALWACO).
Installation of a water reticulation system which wili benefit the resettlement community is
currently in progress. Four large water tanks, each with a capacity of 30 000 L. have been
erected on at the highest point in the resettlement area, a water reticulation pipe system has
23
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidli Kimberlite Project :W
been installed to provide every four houses with a water outlet point. The current delivery
capacity is approximately 400 000 L per day.
2.4. Mineral processing
The following section details the mineral processing to be followed.
2.4.1. Ore receiving
The ore will be tipped into a receiving bin which is fitted with a 600 mm square aperture static
grizzly. Any oversize material that has not passed through the 600 mm opening will be either
broken using a static rockbreaker or hydraulically lifted and removed.
The material that passes through the 600 mm static grizzly will be drawn out of bin using an
apron feeder and discharged onto a vibrating grizzly feeder. The vibrating grizzly feeder has a
setting of around 120 mm and any material that does not pass through the opening is
discharged into a primary jaw crusher. The jaw crusher has an open-side setting of around
90 mm and delivers a discharge product of around 150 mm.
Both the jaw crusher product and the vibrating grizzly undersize discharge onto the primary feed
conveyor. The primary feed conveyor discharges into a 2.4 x 6.0 m roller supported scrubber.
The scrubber has been included in the circuit to allow for flexibility in material processing,
should the characteristics of the material from the pit change. Although the plant should be
treating very competent Kimberlite, there is still the possibility that the plant will be fed with
material that contains clay. The scrubber is able to process the material and remove the clay.
2.4.2. Primary sizing, secondary crushing and coarse DMS
The scrubber discharges onto the 1 830 mm x 3 600 mm primary sizing screen. The primary
sizing screen is a double deck fitted with 28 and 1.2 mm panels. The >28 mm material is then
feed to the secondary crushing section. The 1.2 to 28 mm fractions are classified as fines and
the <1.2 mm as slimes.
The >28 mm material discharges onto the secondary screen feed conveyor. The secondary
screen is a double deck 2 100 mm x 4 200 mm screen fitted with 55 mm and 28 mm panels.
The >55 mm material is conveyed to the secondary crusher surge bin. This conveyor is fitted
with a weightometer for accounting purposes. The material is drawn out of file surge bin with a
750 mm x 1 500 mm vibrating pan feeder into a Sandvik CH440EC secondary cone crusher.
The cone crusher product is discharged onto a conveyor and is re-circulated back to the
secondary screen.
The 28 to 55 mm fractions report to the 150 tph coarse DMS feed conveyor. This conveyor is
fitted with a weightometer for accounting purposes. The coarse DMS has been designed with a
large diameter 800 mm DMS cyclone to handle the bigger size fractions delivered to it.
Due to the fact that there is a good chance of a large diameter diamond being present in the
feed, it is important that the possible recovery of this diamond is maximised before the material
goes to secondary crushing.
The coarse DMS can handle a high tonnage throughput. The size fraction being fed into the
coarse DMS has been set at around 55 mm. This allows utilisation of the DMS to its capacity
and reduction of the DMS requirements downstream. The coarse DMS is fitted with a 2 440 mm
x 4 270 mm floats screen. Once the material has passed through the DMS. the floats portion is
conveyed to the secondary crusher.
24
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Khnbertite Protect
The sinks from the coarse DMS is conveyed using a specialised and secure pipe conveyor to
the final recovery building.
2.4.3. Fines Dense Media Separation (DMS) and re-crusher
The <28 mm material from the primary and secondary screens is conveyed to the fines 260 t
DMS surge bins. The fines DMS surge bins discharge onto the DMS feed conveyors using two
750 mm x 1 500 mm variable speed vibrating pan feeders. The pan feeders are connected to a
weightometer which regulates the feed to the DMS.
The fines DMS modules are configured as 130 tph DMS utilising two 510 cyclones each. The
DMS has a double deck floats screen with an 8 mm aperture. The >8 mm material is conveyed
to the re-crush 2 500 t stockpile. The re-crush stockpile conveyor is fitted with a weightometer
for accounting purposes.
The re-crusher feed is drawn out from underneath the stockpile using two 750 mm x 1500 mm
variable speed vibrating pan feeders and will discharge into the tertiary crusher feed conveyor.
The conveyor will feed two Sandvik CH440F tertiary cone crushers. The cone crushers will be
wet flushed (if required) to assist in the crushing process and will discharge directly onto the re¬
crusher sizing screen.
The re-crusher sizing screen is a 2 440 mm x 4 200 mm double deck screen fitted with an 8 and
1.2 mm aperture. The >8 mm material is transported back to the re-crusher stockpile. The <8
mm is conveyed back the fines DMS surge bin and the <1.2 mm material reports to the water
recovery section.
The <8 mm material from the fines DMS is conveyed to a camel back movable stacker conveyor
that will deposit the tailings onto the tailings dump. The sinks material from the fines DMS is jet
pumped to the final recovery
2.4.4. Final recovery
The concentrate from the fines DMS jet pump is received into a concentrate holding bin. The
concentrates are drawn out of the holding bin into the attrition scrubber. The 1 m x 3.5 m
attrition scrubber has been designed for a 12 minute retention time to give adequate scrubbing.
The material is then jet pumped up to the 1 220 mm x 2 440 mm primary de-watering screen.
The primary de-watering screen is fitted with 1.2 mm2 polyurethane panels and is inclined at 5°
to facilitate maximum drainage.
The oversize from the de-watering screen discharges onto the 610 mm x 4 270 mm x-ray sizing
screen. Here the material is sized into 16 to 28 mm; 8 to 16 mm; 4 to 8 mm; 2 to 4mm and 1.2
to 2 mm fractions. These fractions are stored in the 1 m3 x-ray surge hoppers under the screen.
The undersize from the de-watering screens drains to a splitter box. The splitter box operates as
a decanting device which allows for the separation of the fine material and water. The fines
material separated in the splitter is diverted to the final tailings screen. The water from the
splitter is then diverted back to the jet pump motive sump for re-use.
The 28 to 55 mm material is delivered to a 15 t surge bin from where it is drawn out and sorted
through a single pass, wet x-ray sorter. All other size fractions are fed through double stage wet
x-ray sorters.
25
Environmental and Sadat Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project m
The rejects from the x-ray sorters that are larger than 8 mm report to the recrush section for
further crushing and diamond recovery. All -8mm rejects is stockpiled in the recovery yard on a
tailings stockpile.
The concentrate from the uitrafine x-ray sorters is discharged into a tube feeder and the
concentrate from the x-ray sorters treating the fines, middlings and coarse fractions is
discharged into another tube feeder. Both tube feeders discharge into the concentrates bin
ahead of the dryer.
All effluent from the other operations in the recovery plant, namely x-ray effluent and dewatering
screen effluent, report to the final tailings pump. The final tailings pump delivers the effluent to
the thickening section of the plant.
Ail concentrates are then fed through the Infrared dryer. This dryer is a rotary belt dryer utilising
both low frequency infra-red drying and hot air blowers to dry the concentrate. Once dried, the
concentrates are discharged onto the sort house gloveboxes.
Ail glove box pickings are sent from the glove boxes to the accounting glove box. Here the
diamonds are weighed and sized. A drop safe is attached to the accounting glove box to
facilitate direct deposit of packaged diamonds. All pickers' rejects are conveyed out of the sort
house and onto the recovery tailings conveyor which will exit the side of the recovery building
and discharge onto the recovery tailings stockpile conveyor.
2.4.5. Water recovery circuit and process water
Alt <1.2 mm material from the primary screen, secondary screen, re-crusher screen and both
DMS plants will be pumped to a degrit plant. From the degrit plant, the slurry is separated into a
+0.5 and a -0.5mm fraction via a cyclone. The +0.5mm fraction reports to the tailings conveyor
for disposal while the -0.5mm fraction is sent to the thickener. The thickener is a high rate type
thickener as currently used on the Koidu site.
The slimes being pumped to the thickener will receive flocculent addition from an automated
flocculent make-up and dosing plant. Thickener underflow will be pumped to the slimes dam at
a distance of 400 m using steel and high pressure high-density polyethylene (HOPE) piping.
Clear water overflow from the thickener will be collected in process water dam situated next to
the thickener. The process water dam will have the plant process water pump connected to it.
Make up water from the river water pump at a distance of 2 000 m will supply any short fall of
water required due to the loss of water through slimes pumped to the slimes dump. Slimes
dump return water will also be returned to the process water dam through a penstock ring and
overflow dam with pumps which have been provided.
2.5. Employment opportunities
During the construction of the infrastructure and plant 200 local employment opportunities will
be created. Post construction, in excess of 1000 employment opportunities (skilled, semi-skilled,
unskilled) will be created. The total national staff complement at full operation is indicated in
Table 2-6.
26
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report tor the Koldu Kimberlite Project
Table 2-6: Total national staff complement at full operation of the Project
Nationals No of Staff
Strategic Management 1
Freetown Office 14
Mine Management 36
Mining Department 563
Metallurgy Department 167
Engineering Department 144
Support Functions 261
Security Department 2
Total 1 188
2.6. Project timing
The proposed expansion project schedule commences in October 2010 as indicated in Table
2-7, with the ordering of the new plant and other long lead time items, such as earth moving
equipment. Construction of plant and infrastructure will commence in January 2011, to ensure
all civil engineering work is completed by the time the plant and equipment arrive on site.
The mine will continue producing with the existing 50 tph plant until the new plant is erected,
commissioned and has ramped up to full production, after which the existing plant will be
dismantled and relocated to the Tongo Diamond Field Project south of Koidu.
The five year open pit mining phase of the operation will be followed by underground mining of
kimberlite pipes, as well as the dyke zones and blows, for the remainder of the life of the mine.
Construction of the underground access will commence with first ore being extracted from the
underground in 2015.
Table 2-7: Proposed timing, duration and sequence of the project
Project Implementation Expected commencement Expected duration
date
Ordering of equipment Quarier4 of 2010 3 months
Construction of plant Quarter 1 of 2011 12 months
Construction of underground
access Quarter 1 of 2012 24 months
UG Infrastructure Development Quarter 4 of 2013 9 months
2.7. Project activities
The project activities have been categorised into three project phases, namely the construction
operational and decommissioning, closure and post-closure phases.
27
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
2.7.1. Construction phase
The following activities will be conducted during construction of the Koidu Kimberlite Project
expansion:
2.7.1.1 Preparation for mining
During the project construction phase, the mining operations will be executing the open pit
mining plans for both the K1 and K2 pits. Preparing for open pit mining will consist of the
following activities:
• Procurement of new earth moving fleet;
• Recruitment and training of new employees to man the expanded fleet;
• Mining and material dumping area preparation; and
■ Establishment of dewatering infrastructure.
2.7.1.2 Site clearance
This project is expanding a current brownfields operation and the site clearance for mining
areas will consist only of dozing and levelling of areas that will fail within the mining push-back
zone and the waste-dumps' expansion foot print. There are plans for the topsoil to be stockpiled
separately for future use.
The construction areas will also be cleared and levelled by means of dozers and other earth
moving equipment. Attempts will be made to preserve indigenous fauna as far as practically
possible.
2.7.1.3 Sourcing of construction materials
Concrete and buliding aggregates will be sourced locally. Sand will be made available from
existing borrow pits. Stone will be produced by crushing waste rock from the mining operation,
thus alleviating the amount of unusable material being generated during mining.
Cement will be procured locally. Bricks will be manufactured locally with sand from the
borrowing area. All other materials of construction will be sourced from South Africa and Europe
and Imported to site.
2.7.1 A Disturbances to natural water courses
Wherever the installation of a new facility interferes with a natural water course, the course will
be replaced and re-routed by a suitable furrow or canal or be linked to the drainage network and
be joined up with the natural course downstream.
In the instance of a road crossing a natural water course, a practical and suitable culvert wiil be
instaiied to allow normal continuation of the water. Silt traps will collect the majority of silt from
the drainage networks before it deposits its water back into natural courses,
Velocity breakers by means of a sudden drop in canal floor depth and width will also be utilised
to minimise the force with which the drainage network deposits water into the natural courses.
2.7.1.5 Construction of new infrastructure
The infrastructure to be constructed are listed and described in Table 2-3.
28
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koldu Kimberlite Project
2.7.1.6 Diversion of the Koidu-Gandorhun road
Diversion of the Koidu-Gandorhun road to the southern border of the mining lease area is
required to ensure efficient access control and security to the Koidu Kimberlite Mine. The total
length of Use road diversion route is approximately ± 3km.
2.7.1.7 Resettlement
Resettlement under the 2003 RAP is on-going. Households located between the 250 and 500
meter blasting envelope (the Extended Affected Area) will be resettled during the construction
phase following the completion of the RAP for this area.
2.7.2. Operational phase
During the operational phase, the activities described below will take place. Mining and
processing will be done according to existing practices as described in Section 2.4
2.7.2.1 Access to resource
During the open pit operations, the resource will be accessed by means of a spiral ramp
developed as part of the mining operations. This 20 m wide ramp will be developed at a
gradient of 10% and the road surface compacted and graded to ensure a smooth and safe
running surface for the mining trucks.
The underground resources will be accessed through an access decline tunnel. This 5 m x 5 m
tunnel will be developed at a gradient of 14% and will be protected on surface by means of a
portal. Once the decline tunnel reaches the ore horizon levels in the ore bodies, access to it
changes to access spirals in close proximity to the ore bodies.
2.7.2.2 Fuel and chemicals storage and use
A dedicated cordoned off area for refuelling will be constructed. The area will consist of a
55 000 L tank into which diesel will be received. It will be transferred via a filtration plant into ten
separate 55 000 L diesel storage tanks. It will then go via another filter plant prior to the diesel
being dispensed for refuelling.
These storage tanks will be stationed within a bunded concrete area, which will be capable of
containing 110% of diesel in the tanks, should some catastrophic failure cause a complete spill.
There will be three double fuelling stations, of which two will service big machinery and one bay
will service light vehicles. The area will have a dedicated lab for quality control of the incoming
and outgoing diesel. The area will also include an emergency fire suppression area.
Chemicals will be stored in demarcated areas, which wilt be controlled, in the main store facility.
Should there be any requirements to treat a spill of any of these chemicals the store area will
ensure that correct requirements are in place.
Emulsion for blasting (non explosive until pumped into the blast hole) will be manufactured on
site and stored in dedicated silos at the emulsion manufacturing facility. Blasting Accessories
which are considered high explosives, will be stored in dedicated explosives storage areas, with
the area securely fenced-off and accessed controlled.
2.7.2.3 Transport and roads
29
Environmental and Social impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
All equipment, supplies and material will be transported in by truck or car via road. Access on
site is by means of 12 m wide graded dirt roads. These roads are maintained periodically by the
mine. New access roads will be established as per the general site lay-out plan.
Mine haul roads are constructed for the exclusive use of mining equipment. These haul roads
link the pits to the waste rock dumps and/or the ore process plant. These roads are maintained
by the mining department and dust allayed by means of periodical sprinkling with a water
bowser.
2.7.2.4 Water requirements and supply
Process plant
The 180 tph processing plant will require a total of 610 m3 water per hour. Of this requirement,
550 m3/hr will be re-used from the return water from the thickening system that will be installed
with the plant. The remaining make-up water will be pumped from the main storage dam that is
situated approximately 1.5 km from the plant at the foot of Monkey Hill.
As the TSF is built up and brought into operation there will be a return water supply from the
TSF which will then reduce the quantity of water required from the main dam. The total water
requirements for the proposed expansion are summarised in Table 2-8.
Table 2-8: Total process water requirements for the project
Water use Quantity
Plant process water 778 m3/hr
Process water treated and re-circulated 700 mJ/hr
Process water required from water storage dam 78 m'/hr
Potable water
Raw water will be pumped from a local borehole to a temporary storage tank of approximately
100 000 L capacity. Thereafter the water will go through a treatment plant into another 100 000L
surge tank, prior to being pumped into a storage tank of approximately 250 000L which will be
situated on Monkey Hill.
Surface water drainage
Rainfall will be collected via a gutter system and channelled to intermediate V-shaped drainage
canals. As these join together and the volumes of water increase, these canals will be replaced
by U-shaped canals, channelling water towards natural water courses.
Silt traps will be allocated to these waterways, whereby a method of slowing the water speed in
certain areas will be used to settle fines and gravel out of the water. This material will be
deposited in suitable areas that need to be backfilled.
Water storage
Water pumped from the main dam will be stored in the plant's 300 m3 process water dam for
use within the plant. The process water tank is of a galvanised sectional design and is erected
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
on site during the construction phase. Treated water will be stored in 2 x 50 000 L closed
reservoirs and a 10 000 L water tower.
Process water and treatment facility
The process water from the main treatment plant circulates at volumes of 778 m3'hr. All process
water used by the plant will be pumped to a high-rate thickening system. With the aid of
flocculent addition, the solid particles will be settled out and pumped to the slimes dump. The
clear water overflow from the thickener is transferred to the process water dam for re-use.
The slimes will be pumped to the slimes dump at a rate of 10 to 15 tph and will consist of -0.5
mm solids with an SG of 1.2 to 1.35. The slimes dump will be fitted with penstock rings to allow
water return from the slimes dump. This return water will be channelled to a return water dam
located next to the slimes dump from where it will be pumped back to the process water dam in
the plant for re-use.
2.7.3. Decommissioning, closure and post-closure phases
The majority of the area disturbed during the operation of the mine will be restored to a land
capability as close as possible to that practiced before operations commenced. For reasons of
safety, and in order to protect certain rehabilitation works from damage, portions of the mine
area may. however, be designated as areas not available for farming. Access to such areas by
humans and/or livestock will be discouraged until such time as they are deemed safe and the
rehabilitation has been stabilised. The protected areas will predominantly apply to the areas of
ongoing rehabilitation during the LoM. After closure, flooding of open pits will occur. The pits
can be used for water storage and fish farming.
in terms of ciosure cost assessment, it is assumed that all infrastructure will be removed and the
area will be stabilised and revegetated. A framework closure plan forms part of the ESIA and a
detailed closure plan will be developed closer to the time of closure.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koldu Kimberlite Project
3. REGULATORY AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
The legislative and administrative framework in respect of environmental and social
management of mining projects in Sierra Leone has changed significantly in the past few years.
The following section presents a brief history of environmental and mining policy development in
the country, with specific reference to the Koidu Kimberlite Project.
3.1. Policy development
A Core Minerals Policy (CMP) was developed in 2003. with the aim of providing an enabling and
investor-friendly environment for the sustainable development of Sierra Leone's mineral
resources. The objective of the policy was to facilitate foreign and domestic investment in the
minerals sector, to provide economic benefits to the people, and to ensure protection of the
environment.
In line with this policy, specific reforms have been undertaken by government through the World
Bank and DFID in the areas of fiscal, legal and regulatory frameworks as well as institutional
capacity strengthening through the formulation of a National Minerals Agency transformation
plan leading to the enactment of a law to govern the administration of the institution. The CMP
was updated in 2009, but has not yet been published.
The Creating an Enabling Policy Environment in Sierra Leone (CEPESL) Project was designed
by USAID to support the Government of Sierra Leone in developing an enabling environment
for improved natural resources management. The project team commenced in 2009 with
information gathering and analysed information on the existing policy, legal, and regulatory
frameworks for forestry, conservation, mining and agriculture and consulted extensively with
stakeholders from the Government of Sierra Leone and civil society to identify priority reform
needs. The Forestry. Mining and Agricultural sectors required law reform measures and the
following policies and laws were identified as priority:
• Forestry Policy;
« Wildlife Policy;
® Artisanal Mining Policy;
• Forestry Act;
• Wildlife Act;
® Companies Act;
« Cooperatives Act; and
• Regulations relating to the Forestry, Mining and Agriculture sectors.
In January 2010, two draft policies were completed, namely the Forestry Policy and Wildlife
Conservation Policy. The process of developing the first draft of the Artisanal and Small-Scale
Mining Policy was also underway.
Once the draft policies are finalised CEPESL will immediately begin working with the Law
Reform Commission to draft the associated laws and regulations.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
3.2. Legislative reform
Of particular importance to the ESIA process, are the recently promulgated Environmental
Protection Agency Act, 2008 (Act 11 of 2008) and the Mines and Minerals Act, 2009 (Act 12 of
2009). However, all relevant Acts and Regulations were considered in order to guide the
environmental and social studies and to ensure the projects overall compliance with national
legislative provisions. The following National Acts are therefore relevant to the Koidu Kimberlite
Project:
• The Constitution of Sierra Leone (Act No. 6 of 1991
• Environmental Protection Agency Act, 2008 (Act 11 of 2008);
• Mines and Minerals Act, 2009 (Act 12 of 2009);
• Forestry Act, 1988; and
• Forestry Regulations, 1989.
3.2.1. The Constitution of Sierra Leone (Act No. 6 of 1991
Section 15 of the Constitution states that: "... every person in Sierra Leone is entitled to the
fundamental human rights and freedoms of the individual.” This indudes protection from
deprivation of property without compensation. Section 21 (1) further stipulates that no property of
any description shall be compulsorily taken possession of, and no interest in or right over
property of any description shall be compulsorily acquired, except where land is required by the
GoSL in the public interest.
3.2.2. The Environmental Protection Agency Act, 2008 (Act 11 of 2008)
The Environment Protection Agency Act, 2008 (Act 11 of 2008) was enacted to establish the
Sierra Leone Environment Protection Agency (SLEPA) and to provide effective measures for
the management and protection of the environment. The Act repeals the Environment
Protection Act, 2000 (Act 2 of 2000).
In terms of Section 24 of the Act, any person who wishes to undertake any of the projects set
out in the First Schedule of the Act must apply to SLEPA for an EIA licence. The projects or
activities in the First Schedule of the Act that require an EIA licence include extractive
industries, e.g. mining, quarrying, extraction of sand, gravel, salt, peat, oil and gas.
The application for an EIA Licence must be accompanied by a description of the proposed
project to be undertaken. SLEPA must within 14 days of receiving an application decide
whether an EIA is required for the project or not. Section 25(2) requires SLEPA to take the
matters set out in the Second Schedule to the Act into consideration when deciding on whether
an EIA is required in respect of the project. The factors for determining whether a project
requires an environmental impact assessment includes the following:
• Environmental impact on the community;
• Location of the project;
• Whether the project transforms the locality;
• Whether the project has or is likely to have substantial impact on the ecosystem of the
locality;
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Environmental and Social impact Assessment Report for the Koldu Kimberlite Project
• Whether the project results in the diminution of the aesthetic, recreational, scientific,
historical, cultural or other environmental quality of the locality;
o Whether the project will endanger any species of flora or fauna or the habitat of the flora or
fauna;
® Scale of the project;
e Extent of the degradation of the quality of the environment
« Whether the project will result in an increase in demand for natural resources in the locality;
and
» Cumulative impact of the project together with other activities or projects, on the
environment.
The applicant will be advised in writing where a decision has been taken that an E1A is not
necessary for the project. In instances where projects require an EIA Licence the applicant will
be requested to prepare and submit an ESiA in respect of the proposed project. The content of
the ESIA are included in the Third Schedule to the Act.
Section 27 of the Act provides that SLEPA must after receiving an ESIA. circulate it to
professional bodies or associations, Government Ministries and NGOs for their comments. The
ESIA must also be made available for public review and comments. Notice of the public review
must be given in two consecutive issues of the Government Gazette and two issues in a
newspaper. In respect of the newspaper publication an interval of at least seven days must be
afforded between the first and second publications. Public comments on the ESIA must be
submitted to SLEPA within 14 days of the last publication in the Gazette or newspaper. Failure
to comply with the EPA Act of 2008 is a punishable offense.
3.2.3. The Mines and Minerals Act, 2009 (Act 12 of 2009)
The Mines and Minerals Act. 2009 (Act 12 of 2009) ushers in a new era of mineral development
in Sierra Leone by consolidating and amending the previous minerals legislation and by
introducing new improved provisions for exploration, mine development and marketing of
minerals and mineral secondary processing for the benefit of the people of Sierra Leone. The
Act intends to:
• Ensure that management of the mineral sector is transparent and accountable in accordance
with international best practice;
• Promote improved employment practices in the mining sector;
• improve the welfare of communities adversely affected by mining; and
• introduce measures to reduce the harmful effects of mining activities on the environment and
to provide for other related matters.
The Mines and Minerals Act. 2009 repealed the Mines and Minerals Act, 1994 as well as the
Commission for the Management of Strategic Resources. National Reconstruction and
Development Act, 1999.
Any mineral right or permit granted under prior laws or amendments will continue to be valid
until it expires by the passage of time. The holder of a mineral right granted prior to the Mines
and Minerals Act, 2009 may apply for a mineral right covering the area subject to its existing
right on a priority basis.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Protect
In terms of the Act, a mineral right is defined... “A right to explore for or to mine minerals by
holding a valid reconnaissance licence, exploration licence, artisanal mining licence, small-scale
mining licence, or large-scale mining licence, as the context requires". The mineral rights holder
is hereby defined as... The holder of a mineral right in whose name the mineral right is
registered under this Act'.
3.2.3.1 Environmental Impact Assessment
Of particular importance to the Koidu Kimberlite Project are the provisions of the Act contained
in Part XV which deals with the protection of the environment. Section 131(2) of the Act
provides that all small-scale and large-scale mining licence holders to acquire an EIA Licence
as prescribed under the Environmental Protection Act, 2000 (Act 2 of 2000). The
Environmental Protection Act, 2000 has since been repealed by the Environment Protection
Agency Act, 2008 (Act 11of 2008) and the EtA Licence must therefore be obtained in terms of
the provisions of the new Act.
The holder of a mineral right is required to carry on its operations in a manner that is reasonably
practicable in order to minimise, manage and mitigate any environmental impact including but
not limited to pollution resulting from such operations and is subject to all laws of the Republic
concerning the protection of the environment.
Section 133 provides that an EIA prepared by a small-scale or large-scale mining licence
applicant shall be based on environmental baseline assessment work and shall contain the
types of information and analysis reflecting international mining best practice which shall
include:
• A detailed environmental baseline description, backed up with applicable measurements (air
quality, water quality, etc.) to present the environment prior to any mining operations;
a A detailed description of the project including all phases of development, operations,
reclamation and closure including but necessarily limited to:
® Detailed resource requirements and emissions;
® identification of the likely major environmental and social impacts;
• Review of residual and immitigable environmental impacts;
• Broad and detailed objectives regarding each major environmental and social impact and
means of achieving them;
• Predicted or expected effect of each environmental mitigation activity;
• Timetables and budgets for implementation;
• Projected budget and budget timetable to achieve environmental objectives;
• Identification of employee position responsible for implementation of environmental
mitigation;
• Mitigation measures for each major negative social impact;
• The person or agency responsible for monitoring, the methodologies to be used for
monitoring of potential negative impacts and the effectiveness of mitigation and the source
of funding for monitoring; and
An Environmental Management Plan (EMP).
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koldu Kimberlite Project
The public consultation requirements are included in Section 133(2) of the Act and provide that
an applicant or mining licence holder is required to consult with the public to introduce the
project and to verify the possible impact of the project from the public and stakeholders
perspective. Further details in respect of public consultation are not provided in the Act.
However, the Act does make provision for public access to the contents of the EIA report and
the EMP [Section 133(3)], as well as the annual EMP Reports [Section 134(4)] which should be
made available for public review at the Mining Cadastre Office.
In instances where the holder of a mining licence proposes to make a change in its mining
operations that would cause a need for a material change in the EMP, mining licence holder
must submit an updated EMP for approval.
Section 134 of the Act requires a mining licence-holder to annually update the EMP Report and
to submit the updated EMP Report to the Director in triplicate. The initial update must be
submitted within a year after the first year In which commercial production first occurred. The
updated EMP Report must be sufficiently detailed so that the Director can determine whether
the EMP is succeeding. If the Director determines that the plan is not succeeding, the Minister
may suspend the licence until such time as measures are taken to insure its success. The
Director shall provide a copy of any annual EMP Report to SLEPA.
The Act also introduces the requirement to provide financial provision for the performance
against any obligation originating from an EIA and EMP. The eligible forms of financial provision
include surety bonds, trust funds, insurance policies, cash deposits or annuities.
A Section 137 directive may be issued to any mining company in order to comply with the
condition of the mineral right for the protection of the environment. The Act provides that should
a company not comply with the directive, the Minister may undertake the necessary steps or
remedial measures as provided in the directive and recover the costs thereof from the mineral
right holder. Where Iwo or more persons constitute, or constituted, the holder of a mineral right,
those persons are jointly and severally liable for the payment of any costs and expenses which
may be recovered under this section from the person who is or was the last holder of the
mineral right.
3.2.3.2 Compensation and resettlement
Section 38 of the Mines and Minerals Act introduces the rights to resettlement for parties directly
affected by mining operations. The Minister shall ensure that all owners or lawful occupiers of
land who prefer to be compensated by way of resettlement as a result of being displaced by a
proposed mining operation are resettled cm suitable alternate land. The resettlement process
must have due regard to the economic well-being and social and cultural value of the affected
parties so that their circumstances are similar to or improved when compared to their
circumstances before resettlement. Resettlement must be carried out in accordance with the
relevant planning laws.
The cost of resettlement shall be borne by the holder of the mineral right as agreed by the
holder and the owner or lawful occupier of land or by separate agreement with the Minister.
The mineral right holder shall on demand being made by the owner of any crops, trees,
buildings or works damaged during the course of such operations, pay compensation for such
damage. If the owner or lawful occupier of any land is dissatisfied with compensation offered,
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidli Kimberlite Project
such compensation may be determined by the Minister on the advice of the Minerals Advisory
Board.
3.2.3.3 Community development
A genera! duty is placed on holders of a mining licence to assist in the development of mining
communities affected by its operations to promote sustainable development, enhance the
general welfare and the quality of life of the inhabitants and must recognise and respect the
rights, customs, traditions and religion of local communities. Besides this general duty,
companies may be required to enter into formal Community Development Agreements (CDA). A
CDA does not replace other obligations and/or agreements associated with resettlement,
surface rents, or compensation.
The criteria used to establish whether a formal CDA is required depends on the mine's
throughput and where the licence holder employs more than 100 employees or workers on a
typical day. The CDA is intended to benefit the primary host community situated within 30 km of
any boundary defining the mining licence area.
The holder of the mining licence is required in terms of Section 139(4) to expend in every year
that the community development agreement is in force no less than one percent of one percent
(0.1%) of the gross revenue amount earned by the mining operations in the previous year to
implement the agreement.
The content of the CDA must be negotiated with the primary host community and must include
the following:
® Details of the primary host community representative;
a Objectives of the CDA;
• Obligations of the licence holder, including:
o Social and economic contributions that the project will make to the sustainability of
the community:
o Assistance in creating self-sustaining, income-generating activities, such as but not
limited to, production of goods and services needed by the mine and the community:
and
o Consultation with the community in the development of mine closure measures that
seek to prepare the community for the eventual closure of the mining operations.
• Obligations of the primary host community with regard to the licence-holder;
• The means by which the CDA will be reviewed by the licence-holder and primary host
community every five calendar years.
• The consultative and monitoring frameworks and community participation in the planning,
implementation, management and monitoring of activities carried out under the agreement;
and
• A statement defining a dispute resolution process as prescribed by the Act.
The CDA entered into by a mining licence holder and the primary host community must be
approved by the Minister who is authorised to return the CDA for further deliberation and
negotiations. In instances were parties cannot come to an agreement the Minister is
empowered to make the relevant determinations.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
3.2.4. Forestry Act, 1988
The Forestry Act is mostly concerned with the management of classified forests which could be
either national or community forests. The Chief Conservator of Forests is the responsible
authority tasked with the management of the forest resources of the country. He is required to
compile a national inventory of forest resources and a national forest management plan
designed to obtain the “...optimum combination of economic, social and environmental
benefits”.
The Act is relevant to the Koidu Kimberlite Project in respect of Section 21 and 22 of the Act
which makes provision for the Minister to declare protected areas for soil, water, flora or fauna
conservation and protected trees anywhere in Sierra Leone. There are no protected areas
within the mining iease area.
In a protected area no vegetation may be ait. burned, uprooted, damaged or destroyed without
a written permission from the Chief Conservator. Protected trees may not be cut. burned,
uprooted, damaged or destroyed without a licensed issued in terms of the Act. The removal,
destruction or exploitation of forest, without legal permission, is considered a criminal offence.
Anyone that is permitted to fell timber has to pay a deforestation fee. However, if the Mine
Company embarks on reforestation upon closure or mine decommissioning and satisfies the
requirements of the Chief Conservator, then the fee previously paid for reforestation will be
refunded.
3.2.5. Forestry Regulations, 1989
The application for a licence to fell or cut a protected tree is provided in Regulation 14 of the
Forestry Regulations of 1989. A protected tree licence shall be in the form set out in the Ninth
Schedule. A clearance licence to remove vegetation in a classified forest may be issued for
mining purposes however the removal of vegetation will only be possible under the following
conditions:
• Removal of vegetation, can be done for mining operations only within an area licensed for
this purpose;
• The specified land area, shall be cleared within a stated time, but trees requested not to be
felled, removed or damaged, are to be left standing;
• Trees to be felled shall be identified, except where total felling is authorised;
• A forest severance fee and a minor forest produce fee shall be paid in respect of all forest
produce that is merchantable, which may be removed by clearance of vegetation;
• At the completion of mining, the area shall be replanted with approved crops or trees by the
mining company, or provision made for this to be done by payment of the estimated
reforestation cost; and
» Required method of cultivation and silviculture, specified by the Chief Conservator, must be
employed.
This excludes land between the high and low water marks on both sides of the bank of any
waterway, covering a distance of one hundred feet or sacred bushes protected by stipulated
regulations.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
3.3. International Conventions and Protocols
Sierra Leone has accepted its role within the international community by being a signatory party
to numerous environment agreements, treaties and conventions. Table 3-1 below provides a list
of the key environmental international conventions applicable to Sierra Leone.
Table 3-1: Key international conventions and protocols relevant to environmental management in
Sierra Leone
Convention or protocol Ratification date
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna 26/01/1995
and Flora (CITES)
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 1994
The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) 1997
The Convention on Wetlands of Importance as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar 13/04/2000
Convention)
The Vienna Convention for the protection of the Ozone layer 2001
The Montreal Protocol on the Substances that deplete the Ozone layer 2001
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 1995
Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change 2006
The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural 7/01/2005
Heritage
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants 2003
Convention to Combat Desertification 1997
These International Conventions have particular relevance to Koidu Holdings, as the company
must be aware of commitments made by the host country under the relevant conventions to
ensure that mining activities, environmental emissions and resource use are not in conflict
therewith.
3.3.1. Convention on Biological Diversity
The GoSL signed and ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1994 and 1996,
respectively. By ratifying the convention the government pledged to support the basic objectives
of the Convention namely:
• Conservation of biological diversity;
• The sustainable use and the equitable sharing of the benefits accruing from the use of
genetic resources; and
• Develop a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) and to integrate the plan
into the overall development plan of the country.
The overall goal and strategic objectives of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan is
to seek conservation measures that provide the framework for the sustainable exploitation of
the country's biodiversity for the benefit of present and future generations. Koidu Holdings
should ensure that biodiversity management on the mining area takes place in accordance with
the goals set by government for the conservation of biodiversity. Performance Standard 6 of the
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Environmental and Social impact Assessment Report for the Koldu Kimberlite Project 3$
IFC Performance Standards requires the compilation and implementation of a Biodiversity
Action Plan.
3.3.2. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
The objective of this Convention, as stated in Article 2, is "...to stabilise, in accordance with the
relevant provisions of the Convention, concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.
Such a level should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt
naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable
economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner".
Sierra Leone ratified the UNFCCC in January 1994 and as part of the Convention Sierra Leone
is required to record their emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). To facilitate the government’s
responsibility under the Convention it is necessary for the Koidu Kimberlite Project to estimate
and record the GHG emissions generated from the mining activities on the basis of the chemical
composition or through direct measurements.
3.3.3. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
Sierra Leone is a party to both the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and
the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. The country acceded to
both multilateral agreements and its amendments in 2001. Sierra Leone has set up the
mandatory structures for the implementation of the Protocol in the country, which includes the
preparation of the Country Programme for the phase out of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)
and setting up of the National Ozone Unit (NOU).
Enforcement of the ODS regulation is undertaken by the National Ozone Office. The ODS
legislation is incorporated in the Environment Protection Agency Act, 2008. This legislation
regulates the importation and use ODS and ODS dependent equipment in the country.
In terms of the Protocol Sierra Leone has implemented a Terminal Phase-out Management Plan
(TPMP) which is aimed at a gradual but sustainable phase out of ODS in Sierra Leone. This
objective is to implement chloro-flourocarbons (CFC) phase out and to sustain zero
consumption of other ODSs controlled by the Montreal Protocol after 2010 except for hydro-
chloro-flourocarbons (HCFCs).
It is therefore important that in all applications in which ODS could be utilised at the Koidu
Kimberlite Project, such as refrigeration, air conditioners, degreasers, solvents and cleaning
agents, aerosols spray cans, fumigants and fire extinguishers for example do not contain ODS
which are covered by the Montreal Protocol. Suitable alternatives should be sourced and where
these do exists a programme to phase out the ODSs should be implemented.
3.3.4. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
Sierra Leone acceded to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
commonly known as the POPs Convention in 2003.
By acceding to the Convention, the GoSL has agreed to stop production and use of POPs. All
intentionally produced POPs are mostly pesticides and not directly applicable to the Koidu
Kimberlite Project. PCBs may however be available in transformer oils and it is recommended
that any new transformers to be installed at the mine are PCB free.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
The Stockholm Convention requires that equipment containing PCBs must be phased out by
2025. Any PCBs recovered in the interim from such equipment must be treated and eliminated
by 2028. Current in situ equipment, such as transformers and capacitors, may remain in place
and operational as long as ail reasonable steps are taken to prevent leaks which may lead to
soil and water contamination.
3.4. IFC Performance Standards
The Koidu ESIA will make reference to and aim to comply with the applicable IFC Performance
Standards and the applicable General and Industry Specific Environmental Health and Safety
(EHS) Guidelines.
The relevant IFC Performance Standards are:
® Performance Standard 1: Social and Environmental Assessment and Management System;
® Performance Standard 2: Labour and Working Conditions;
® Performance Standard 3: Pollution Prevention and Abatement;
• Performance Standard 4: Community Health, Safety and Security;
« Performance Standard 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement;
• Performance Standard 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Natural Resource
Management;
« Performance Standard 7: Indigenous Peoples; and
« Performance Standard 8: Cultural Heritage.
The latest versions of the World Bank Group Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines
{known as the EHS Guidelines) have been compiled by the IFC and are applicable from 30 April
2007. The EHS Guidelines are technical reference documents with general and industry-
specific examples of Good International Industry Practice (GHP). According to IFC
requirements, where Sierra Leone regulations differ from the levels and measures presented in
the EHS Guidelines, the Koidu ESIA is required to apply, whichever is more stringent. The
relevant Industry Sector Guideline relevant to Koidu is the Environmental Health and Safety
Guidelines for Mining.
3.5. Equator Principles
The Equator Principles (EPs) will be adhered to during the Koidu Kimberlite Project and are as
follows:
• Principle 1: Review and Categorisation • Projects are classified according to social and
environmental impacts, in Category A (significant impacts), Category B (limited impacts)
and Category C (minimal or no impacts);
• Principle 2: Social and Environmental Assessment - For Category A and B projects,
sponsors complete an Environmental Assessment;
« Principle 3: Applicable Social and Environmental Standards;
• Principle 4: Action Plan and Management System:
• Principle 5: Consultation and Disclosure;
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
• Principle 6: Grievance Mechanism:
• Principle 7: Independent Review;
• Principle 8: Covenants;
• Principle 9: Independent Monitoring and Reporting: and
• Principle 10: Equator Principle Finance Institutes (EPFI) Reporting.
3.5.1. Project categorisation
As part of the review of a project’s expected social and environmental impacts, EPFIs use a
system of social and environmental categorisation, based on the IFC's environmental and social
screening criteria, to reflect the magnitude of impacts understood as a result of assessment.
These categories are:
« Category A - Projects with potential significant adverse social or environmental impacts
that are diverse, irreversible or unprecedented;
• Category B - Projects with potential limited adverse social or environmental impacts that
are few in number, generally site-specific, largely reversible and readily addressed
through mitigation measures; and
• Category C - Projects with minimal or no social or environmental impacts.
The anticipated impacts on the existing biophysical and social environment, associated with the
Koidu Kimberlite Project, led to the Project categorised at a Category A project. This
categorisation is furthermore supported by:
• The anticipated impacts associated with open pit and underground mining; and
• Resettlement of people from within the 500 m blasting envelope,.
3.5.2. Land acquisition and involuntary resettlement
Involuntary resettlement according to Performance Standard 5 refers to both physical
displacement (relocation or loss of shelter) and to economic displacement as a result of project
related land acquisition. Land acquisition includes both outright purchase of property and
purchase of access rights, such as rights of way.
Resettlement is considered involuntary when affected individuals or communities do not have
the right to refuse land acquisition that result in displacement. This occurs in the case of:
• Lawful expropriation or restrictions on land use based on eminent domain; and
• Negotiated settlements in which the buyer can resort to expropriation or impose legal
restrictions on land use if negotiations with the seller fail.
This Performance Standard applies to physical or economic displacement resulting from the
following types of land transactions:
• Type I: Land rights for a private sector project acquired through expropriation or other
compulsory procedures; and
• Type II: Land rights for a private sector project acquired through negotiated settlements with
property owners or those with legal rights to land, including customary or traditional rights
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Environmental and Social impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
recognised or recognised under the laws of the country, if expropriation or other compulsory
process would have resulted upon the failure of negotiation.
In the case of Type I and Type II transactions that require physical displacement of people, the
mine is required to develop a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) or a resettlement framework.
3.5.3, Biodiversity management
In accordance with the requirements of Performance Standard 6: Biodiversity Conservation and
Sustainable Natural Resource Management the ESIA process must include the assessment of
the significance of the project impacts on all levels of biodiversity. The services of a qualified
and experienced external expert must be obtained to assist in conducting an ecological
assessment of the Koidu area of Influence.
The assessment must take into account the differing values attached to biodiversity by local
communities and other interested parties and will identify impacts on ecosystem services and
must focus on major threats to biodiversity which Include habitat destruction and invasive alien
species.
Once it has been identified that the Koidu area of influence includes critical habitats or species
or legally protected areas a Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) will be required for the project area.
The ecological assessment should culminate in the development of Management Plans relevant
to the protection of fauna and flora, the management of alien invasive species and the
introduction of indigenous species for rehabilitation and soil stabilisation purposes. Management
plans should also consider the remedial measures required to deal with loss of biodiversity in
the form of provisioning services and cultural services, such as the loss of grazing, use of
firewood and building materials and the use of medicinal plants.
3.5.4. Closure Requirements
The EHS Guidelines for Mining includes particular requirements for closure and post-closure
activities. Closure and post-closure activities should be considered as early in the planning and
design stages as possible and a Mine Reclamation and Closure Plan (MRCP) must be prepared
for the proposed mining operation. The MRCP should include the following key aspects:
• Drafted prior to the start of production;
• Clearly identify allocated and sustainable funding sources to implement the plan;
• Include both physical rehabilitation and socio-economic considerations;
• Be an integral part of the project life cycle;
• Designed that future public health and safety are not compromised;
• Designed that the after-use of the site is beneficial and sustainable to the affected
communities in the long term and adverse socio-economic impacts are minimized and
socioeconomic benefits are maximised;
• Should address beneficial future land use;
• Detailed consultation process which includes regulatory agencies, local communities,
traditional land users, adjacent leaseholders, civil society and other impacted parties;
• Regularly updated and refined to reflect changes in mine development and operational
planning, as vveH as the environmental and social conditions and circumstances;
43
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project m
• Records of the mine works should also be maintained as part of the post-closure plan;
• Include appropriate aftercare and continued monitoring of the site, pollutant emissions and
related potential impacts;
• The duration of post closure monitoring should be defined on a risk basis, however, site
conditions typically require a minimum period of five years after closure or longer;
• Include contingencies for temporary suspension of activities and permanent early closure.
Further objective in respect of financial feasibility and physical, chemical and ecological integrity
are included in the Mining Guidelines.
44
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
4. PROJECT ALTERNATIVES
4.1. Mining method alternatives
The initial conceptual mining layout considered for the expansion of the Koidu Kimberlite Project
envisaged immediately accessing the K1 kimberlite orebody from newly developed underground
workings.
This conceptual layout was abandoned in favour of an open pit option as a consequence of the
risk that the remnants of the K1 vertical pit would pose to an underground operation directly
underneath the old vertical pit. Both safety and economic considerations thus made the
underground option from the onset of the expansion less favourable, measured both in terms of
Net Present Value (NPV) as well as the safety of workmen.
4.1.1. Block caving vs open sloping
Block caving versus open stoping was evaluated as a potential mining method for the
underground operations in the main ore bodies. Open stoping was chosen as the preferred
option due to the competent rock characlerislics of the Koidu kimberlites, the hardness of which
makes caving virtually impossible.
4.1.2. Dykes
Mechanised long holing was chosen over the labour intensive over-hand shrinkage method for
the kimberlite dyke orebodies. This was mainly done due to better integration of the mechanised
solution with the main production operations as well as the establishment of a safer work
environment for the workers working in the dyke zones.
4.1.3. Underground access
During an earlier study, alternative underground access methods were also evaluated. A
vertical shaft was compared to a declined tunnel access. The decline tunnei option was chosen
as the preferred option based on the life of mine cost benefit, with the fairly shallow operating
depth and high cost of electricity penalising the vertical shaft option. This trade-off will be re¬
evaluated in future should cheaper electricity become available in the form of hydro-power.
4.2. Beneficiation plant
4.2.1. Upgrade of the existing 50 tph Plant to 100 tph
It was envisaged that the existing plant could be upgraded from a 50 tph plant to a 100 tph. This
would assist the mine in increasing the overall tonnage treatment capacity of the mine and
would incur the least amount of capital expenditure from the mine.
in order to increase the throughput of the existing plant, it would be necessary to install a
complete new ore receiving and primary crushing section. This would comprise a larger feed bin
with a new rock breaker; the bin would also be large enough to accommodate direct tipping
from the dump trucks.
A new vibrating grizzly feeder and primary jaw crusher would be installed capable of handling
800 mm lump sizes. The primary jaw crusher will discharge onto a new primary feed belt that
will transfer the material to a new scrubber. The scrubber has a bell mouth discharge
configuration that will expel directly onto a new double deck primary sizing screen.
45
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu KimberfKe Project £
The primary double deck screen is fitted with a 45 mm and 1.2 mm deck. The -120 +45 mm
material from the screen will be transferred to a new secondary crusher installation capable of
handling the tonnages; the secondary crusher product is conveyed back to the scrubber feed
conveyor.
The -45 +1 2 mm material will be transferred via a new conveyor to a secondary sizing screen
fitted with 8mm and 1.2mm poly decks. The -45 +8 mm product from the screen will be
transferred onto a new conveyor feeding a new coarse DMS module capable of handling the •
45 mm lump size.
The -8 +1.2 mm fraction from the secondary sizing screen will be conveyed to a new 401 surge
bin that has a double chute arrangement in order to allow the product to be fed to two 50tph
fines DMS units, one new and the other utilising the existing 50 tph DMS.
The floats fraction from the coarse DMS unit will be screened on a double deck floats screen at
8 mm. The +8 mm fraction will be transferred to a new feed bin and tertiary crusher. The tertiary
crusher will discharge onto a conveyor back to the secondary sizing screen and will be sized
into the correct fraction to go through to the fines DMS units.
Product from the three DMS units wifi be jet-pumped to the final recovery; a completely new
final recovery will be needed for this function. It will comprise a feed receiving screen which will
divide the feed into four fractions. The fractions will be discharged into holding bins under the
screen until they are required to be fed through the X-ray units.
Wet X-ray machines will be utilised in the recovery section; two new ones and two from the
existing plant. The fractions will be fed through the X-ray units individually. Concentrate from the
X-ray units will discharge onto a UV!R dryer prior to being discharged Into the glove boxes in the
final sorting area.
The tailings from the X-ray machines will be attrition scrubbed and pass over a grease table for
audit of the X-ray tailings before being conveyed onto the recovery stockpile.
DMS floats from the two 50 tph DMS units will be conveyed to a floats stockpile.
The existing water recovery and thickening system will be used for this plant configuration,
along with a de-grit section to assist the thickener in handling the increase in load through the
plant.
Additional power generation and electrical requirements for the new equipment required for the
upgrade will be needed.
To upgrade the existing plant to allow the feed rate to be increased to 100 tph entails major
equipment changes and retrofitting of the existing plant, to such an extent that very little of the
existing plant equipment can be used.
Due to the extent of the changes that need to be implemented into the existing plant to enable
the plant to run efficiently at 100 tph, the cost of the changes required would be very close to
the costs that would be incurred should a total green field's plant of the same size be built.
In conjunction with the capital outlay required, the current plant would have to be taken offline
for the duration of the construction phase in order for the retrofitting to be successful, The
duration of construction would be In the order of at least 4 months to effect the changes and
upgrades required. This would mean that a total loss of production for this period would be
Incurred.
46
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
4.2.2. New 100 tph Greenfields plant
A detailed flow sheet was designed for a new 100 tph. This flow sheet is the same as that
which was developed for the 180tph plant option, with the exception of the equipment sizing
being related to a 100tph plant. The layout and concept of the plant and its philosophy remain
the same for the two plants (see 180tph plant description).
An OPEX for the two relevant plants was drawn up as well as a detailed costing schedule for
the two plants.
From the detailed OPEX and CAPEX for these two plants, it is noticeable that the CAPEX for
the 100 tph plant is not significantly lower than that required for the 180 tph plant. This is mainly
due to the fact that the two plants require very similar infrastructures and only certain elements
of the 100tph plant are in fact smaller than the 180 tph plant.
The 100 tph plant still requires the 800 mm cyclone DMS for large diamond recovery and is not
a factor of throughput but rather of lump size requirements. Thus the coarse DMS is common in
both plants.
The recovery section for the 1 QOtph plant has fewer X-ray machines, but the layout and building
requirements required for each size plant is similar.
The primary crushing station for both plants is the same in order to cater for direct tipping of the
dump trucks and for the lump size entering the jaw crusher.
The secondary and tertiary crusher requirements for the 100 tph plant are slightly smaller than
the 180 tph plant.
In conclusion, the capital outlay for a new Greenfield's 100 tph plant is only marginally lower
than that required for the 180 tph plant. In conjunction with this the cost per ton treated on the
100 tph plant is more, as the economies of scale come into play with the higher throughput of
the 180 tph plant.
Therefore, the 180 tph treatment plant is the more economically viable of the two options with
regards to a new Greenfield’s plant.
4.3. No-mining alternative
The "no go" alternative entails the maintenance of the status quo. Without the expansion of the
existing mining activities at the Koidu Kimberiite Project, the resource will not be exploited. As
all the expansion facilities are to occur within Koidu Holdings’ existing mining area, the
proposed project area will remain fallow. The current land use potential and capability to uplift
the local population would thus remain unchanged and the resource would remain unused. The
regional economic benefits associated with the project would not occur and no employment will
be created.
When considering the "no go" alternative, it must be noted that assessment of potential impacts
of the proposed expansion project would be made against the status quo, thus allowing the
“impact" of the "no go" alternative to be inferred, if the project were not to proceed, the foreign
revenue, economic activity and available jobs would not be created. This would have a negative
impact on the country as Sierra Leone has a paucity of revenue generating, profitable, operating
mines and the Koidu Kimberiite project is a technically advanced, world class mining operation.
47
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project ig§
Koidu Holdings from 2003 to date has a record of delivery by management, As a direct
consequence of the mining operations and interventions by Koidu Holdings management, the
general environment has been vastly improved and much of the damage done during the time
of the civil war reversed.
48
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report tor the Koidu Kimberlite Project
5. DESCRIPTION OF THE RECEIVING PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
5.1. Introduction
The Koidu Kimberlite Project is located on the southern outskirts of Koidu town and is unusual
in that the town has expanded into the mining lease area unchecked since the initial
demarcation of the larger mining lease area held by Sierra Leone Selection Trust (SLST) in
1934. The property has been subject to mining activities since the discovery of diamonds in the
area and the scale and impact of the early workings and artisanal diggings was significant.
Much of the environmental degradation in the area is as a result of these early activities by
SLST and National Diamond Mining Company (NDMC) and more recent illegal activities during
the 1990‘s. It must be pointed oul from Ihe outset that since the initiation of the operations of
Koidu Holdings in 2003, the general environment, environmental damage as a consequence of
artisanal mining, infrastructure, housing and safety and health of the general population in Koidu
town has been improved, largely as a result of initiatives by the operational management of the
mining operation.
In previous years, the absence of a boundary wall or fence which is the norm at diamond mining
and other operations worldwide, made controlling of artisanal mining activities extremely difficult
during the period SLST and the NDMC held the rights to the property, and was one of the
factors that contributed to the closure of their operations. In the current environment in 2010, the
necessity for properly securing the mine property in line with security standards in South Africa,
Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho and other diamond producing regions of the world has become a
paramount consideration for both management and government, particularly when compliance
with the Kimberley Process and the establishment of an auditable Chain of Custody for the
diamond product is a stated objective of Koidu Holdings management and in line with
government policy. Sierra Leone is a signatory to the Kimberley Process, The risk posed to the
local population by machinery in the form of heavy earthmoving equipment and metallurgical
plant can also be ameliorated by securing the lease area and restricting access lo the site.
The problem of encroachment became more pronounced from the 1990s onwards, with a
substantial influx of people into the concession area and Koidu town prior lo the
commencement of operations after the end of the war in 2002, mostly driven by an expectation
of the work and financial benefits an operational mine could possibly bring. It was against this
backdrop that Koidu Holdings undertook to develop the mine, with the understanding that the
newly elected government would take the necessary steps to enable the mine to operate safely
in order to promote economic growth in the area. Regrettably, this did not occur and the
Company was forced to manage an increasingly difficult situation and. despite 24 hour guard
patrols, illegal mining of the alluvial deposits has continued sporadically during Koidu Holdings'
tenure, as can be seen by the pock marked features of some of the drainage systems to the
south of Monkey Hill where the Company has not had a strong presence to date. With the
limited access control achieved, the vegetation on and around Monkey Hill has begun to re¬
establish itself and the clean water sources created by the mine have attracted many different
bird species Into the area.
Approximately 0.36 km2 of the mining lease area is occupied by Monkey Hill, which reaches a
height of just over 470 mamsl, surrounded by gently undulating topography (between 365 m
and 391 m amsl) where the kimberlites occur. Monkey Hill forms a watershed, with the northern
tributaries draining into the Woyie River and those to the south joining up with the Meya River.
Both of these rivers merge into the Moinde River which flows in a north westerly direction along
49
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the KoMu Kimberlite Project
the Meya-Moinde Fault. All of the water courses in the mining lease area were reported to
contain alluvial diamonds (Hall, 1969) which are easily accessible to artisanal miners and on
which all of the illicit mining in the country is focussed.
5.2. Climate
The climate in the region is described as wet tropical monsoon, with a single wet season each
year between mid-May and mid-November. The average rainfall is approximately 2 540 mm,
with the wettest month usually in August and rivers attaining maximum discharge in mid-
September. The dry season is between December and February. River discharge is at its lowest
in March and April, and begins to increase gradually in May with the onset of the rains.
Groundwater levels do not rise significantly until late July.
Normal temperature range is 20°C to 33°C, although it can drop as low as 10°C at night during
the Harmattan season in January. Day temperatures average 31°C in the dry season and 28°C
in the wet season.
Although the heavy rainfall does impact on the operation, making working conditions difficult, to
date it has not resulted in any significant production delays.
5.3. Topography
Regionally the Koidu site is located in the Tankoro Chiefdom within the Kono District of the
Eastern Province of Sierra Leone. This area (Plan 5) is on a plateau which is typically higher in
elevation in relation to the rest of the country. The Tingi Mountains, located approximately 40
km to the north of the site are one of the highpoints in the country at an elevation of 781 mamsl.
The stream directly south of the site drains in a westerly direction before turning north-west.
Thereafter, the stream heads in a south-westeriy to southerly direction and feeds into Sewa
River which eventually terminates in the North Atlantic.
Locally, the site Is located at an elevation of approximately 390 mamsl, with the significant
natural topographical feature being Monkey Hill, which has a peak elevation of approximately
470 mamsl and is characterised by slopes which are steeper than that of the rest of the site
(Plan 6). The topography of the site has been altered by historical and current mining activities
focussed primarily on the alluvial deposits surrounding the town (both formal and artisanal). The
waste rock and tailings facilities as a consequence of the mining of the K1 and K2 kimberlites
have as a matter of course minimally altered the topography of the area, but this has since 2003
been properly planned and implemented by Koidu Holdings management.
Since the site is already topographically disturbed, the additional impacts associated with the
project are estimated to be of low significance, as the waste rock and tailings deposition
facilities have been properly planned by current management in order to minimize to impact on
the topography of the area.
50
Plan 5
Koidu Kimberlite Project
Regional Topography
■I ft ■
Kintals
Legend
Project Location
Tingl Mountains • Cities
• Settlements
+*. ■ St, Rivers
W t/ Water Areas
.Kayima Ajo * •%, ' ... j International Boundary
rv>j Ifi * J
\ Elevation
Sumbana
.^r : Above 2,000m
■ 1,500 - 2,000
□ 1,000 - 1,500
. rn jj! 4 □ 500 - 1,000
V* .1} >*-' &Tr-\ □□ 250 - 500
Bagbema
125 - 250
50 - 125
j 0 - 50
,■5 ■ Below Sea Level
1 t / If r» , J
/•■JT ^ i G uin»s
. 4VJ3 , y*5 *' M > .•* f*,, I
l' 'it 'if ■■'■ ’-ri ' V
9
DIGBY WELLS
INVIRONMENtAL
r«i *2? II 7BVMSJ
l*ij;cccon UTM 29 N WGS84 Rcl» ame.RESVoiJCUCJOOB
False Easting SOOOOOm Revitioi Number 1
Crniul Mention 9'W Due 04-C4201:
N 0 2,5 5 10 15 20
k
r\ 1:400,000
•S !>*&>• Wall * AuoCUtci
282COO losrjwf 285000
| Plin 6
Koidu Kimberlite Project
Local Topography
Legend
,■ ■ I P-oposed Infrastructure Elevation (m.c
- Resettlement Boundary | 421 - 444
- Camp Extension tZ3 403 - 420
Rivers □ 392 - 402
11 ■ ■ =• Road □ 38b - 391
Paths □ 380 - 384
W>m Dump □ 374 - 379
Roads
a-setr -(T.WM feline Plan 367 - 373
Blast Radus 362 - 366
Dumps 355 - 361
] Mmc Buildings 339 - 354
Offices 307 - 338
267 - 306
| waterPoos
ArtiSiNPl Workings
fopaoil Dump
Wim Dump
r3730J -mrao-N
DIGBY WELLS
I70*N fHVIRDNMENTAL
Tel WM
FiDjrccon ITTM ‘9NWGSH1 Ret - lime RFS96S20U0J Ii09
False Eastng SOOOOOm Revnim Number: i
Cenlul Meridian: 9'W Dale OJ'OMOli
N 0 125 250 500 750
= Metres
r\ 1:15,000
282000 <• &sTiv Weli ii Auocultl
( I I I I I I ( I < 1 ' I I I ( I {
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koldu Kimberlite Project
5.4. Air Quality
in characterising baseline air quality, reference is made to details concerning the study area,
atmospheric dispersion potential and other potential sources of atmospheric emissions in the
area. The consideration of the existing air quality is important so as to facilitate the
assessment of the potential for cumulative air pollutant concentrations arising due to the
proposed development.
5.4.1. Atmospheric Dispersion Potential
in the assessment of the potential for air quality impacts on the surrounding environment and
human health, a good understanding of the regional climate and local air dispersion potential
of a site is essential.
Meteorological characteristics of a site govern the dispersion, transformation and eventual
removal of pollutants from the atmosphere (Pasquill and Smith, 1983; Godish, 1990). The
extent to which pollution will accumulate or disperse in the atmosphere is dependent on the
degree of thermal and mechanical turbulence within the earth's boundary layer. Dispersion
comprises vertical and horizontal components of motion. The vertical component is defined
by the stability of the atmosphere and the depth of the surface mixing layer. The horizontal
dispersion of pollution in the boundary layer is primarily a function of the wind field.
The wind speed determines both the distance of downwind transport and the rate of dilution
as a result of plume ‘stretching’. The generation of mechanical turbulence is similarly a
function of the wind speed, in combination with the surface roughness. The wind direction
and the variability in wind direction, determine the general path pollutants will follow, and the
extent of cross-wind spreading (Shaw and Munn, 1971; Pasquill and Smith, 1983; Oke,
1990).
Pollution concentration levels fluctuate in response to changes in atmospheric stability, to
concurrent variations in the mixing depth, and to shifts in the wind field. Spatial variations,
and diurnai and seasonal changes, in the wind field and stability regime are functions of
atmospheric processes operating at various temporal and spatial scales (Goldreich and
Tyson, 1988). Atmospheric processes at macro- and meso-scaies need therefore be taken
into account in order to accurately parameterise the atmospheric dispersion potential of a
particular area.
Parameters that need to be taken into account in the characterisation of meso-scale
ventilation potentials include wind speed, wind direction, extent of atmospheric turbulence,
ambient air temperature and mixing depth.
5.4.1.1 Local Wind Field
The analysis of hourly average meteorological data is necessary to facilitate a
comprehensive understanding of the ventilation potential of the site, and to provide the input
requirements for the dispersion simulations. A comprehensive data set for one year of
detailed hourly average wind speed, wind direction and temperature data are needed for the
dispersion simulations.
53
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project 61
In characterising the dispersion potential of the proposed open cast pits, reference was
made to hourly average meteorological data recorded at Koidu for the years 2009 and 2010
using the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) approved AERMET
meteorological model. The AERMET meteorological data was obtained from Lakes
Environmental and comprised of surface hourly meteorological hourly average data in closer
proximity to the proposed site. Upper air data used was also obtained from Lakes
Environmental.
5.4.1.2 Surface Wind Field
The vertical dispersion of pollution is largely a function of the wind field. The wind speed
determines both the distance of downward transport and the rate of dilution of pollutants.
The generation of mechanical turbulence is similarly a function of the wind speed, in
combination with the surface roughness.
Wind roses comprise 16 spokes, which represent the directions from which winds blew
during the period. The colours used in the wind roses below, reflect the different categories
of wind speeds; the red area, for example, representing winds of 4 m/s to 5 m/s. The dotted
circles provide information regarding the frequency of occurrence of wind speed and
direction categories. The frequency with which calms occurred, i.e. periods during which the
wind speed was below 1 m/s are also indicted.
Period, day-time and night-time wind roses for Koidu are presented in Figure 5-1. The wind
regime largely reflects the synoptic scale circulation. The flow field is dominated by south¬
westerly and westerly winds, with little or no flow from the north-easterly sectors. Thermo-
topographical impacts on the flow regime give rise to distinct diurnal trends in the wind field.
During the day-time, the predominant wind flow is from the southwest, with frequent winds
also from the south and the southeast. Strong winds (> 5 m/s) occur from the westerly
sector. During night-time the decrease in winds from the south-easterly sector are evident
with the prevailing winds from the southwest. A decrease in the wind velocity is also
apparent with wind mainly between 1m/s to 3m/s for most of the time. This is typical of
night-time airflow when calm periods and low wind speeds are generally more prevalent.
Period, Day-lime and Night-lime Wind Rosa for Koidu
2009 - 2010
'u'lri VhIip < 'jlcsoiy *1) !
.‘u'le ft*ale
Wind Speed Catcgoriet (m/t) • / /'■,-! ■-
■ 2 /
--- : -1 1 KKV’i .....a
10 ----» " ' ,
S -10 : ' *?, <■
4 5
3-4 ft'' J / \\
2 3 \ • ...j...
1 -2
/
Period Day-time Night-time
Figure 5-1: Period, day-time and night-time wind roses for Koidu (2009 - 2010)
Seasonal average wind roses reflect distinct shifts in the wind field between summer,
autumn, winter and spring months. These are portrayed in Figure 5-2 overleaf. During the
54
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koitiu Kimberlite Project ta
summer months the average wind direction is from the northeast, the southeast and
southwest, with limited flow from the north. During autumn the north-easterly component
decreases with increased airflow from the southwest. During winter the field shifts towards
the west, with a distinct decrease in winds from the easterly sector. During spring time the
wind field shifts again to reflect the prevailing wind directions as in autumn (i.e. southwest
and west).
Seasonal Wind Roses for Koidu
2009-2010
Cari* Ceune Catefoiv all Wlo'r 1-2 r:j N i
........---.
,v.me o ’’ .-I--.
/ ..-i-.. \ \
iVind Speed Categories (-n/s) : \ i i \ ; \
■ . «CJ. ■ ................. ............
;n 10 , 'm' /
4 5 ' ^ < •• •• '/7JV )
3 4 0* /
1 2 3
1 2
N •' Summer ^ Autumn
/ ';W:. \ \ / / /<*...';>» \ \ \
'fit
/ ......\......."
Winter Spring
Figure 5-2: Seasonal average wind roses for Koidu (2009 - 2010)
5.4.1.3 Temperature
Air temperature is important, both for determining the effect of plume buoyancy (the larger
the temperature difference between the plume and the ambient air, the higher the plume is
able to rise), and determining the development of the mixing and inversion layers.
The seasonal and diurnal variations in temperatures recorded at Koidu are depicted in
Figure 5-3. At Koidu the average daily maximum temperature is about 30.5 °C, the minimum
temperature is 22.1°C and the average temperature of 25.9 °C.
55
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project ta
Monthly Diurnal Hourly Arithmetic Mean
Temperature Aug (X) @ 10 m
in Koidu for 2010
Temperature (°C)
H JCJS
a ?;■}!)
oio-n
a ii jo
mio-is
05*10
Figure 5-3: Diurnal temperature trends modelled at Koidu (2010)
The maximum, mean and minimum temperatures recorded at Koidu are given in Table 5-1.
Annual maximum temperature of 32.5 °C was recorded during the month of May 2010 with
minimum temperatures ranging from 21 °C to 24 °C in June.
Table 5-1: Minimum, maximum and mean temperatures (°C) recorded at Koidu (2010)
Month Minimum Maximum Mean
January 21.1 31.2 25.9
February 22.2 31.1 26.4
March 23.4 31.7 26.9
April 24.0 32.5 27.7
May 23.4 32.5 27.6
June 22.4 31.0 26.4
July 21.3 28.9 24.7
August 21.3 28.3 24.3
September 21.2 28.5 24.3
October 21.7 29.9 25.4
November 21.9 30.6 25.8
December 21.2 30.1 25.3
5.4.1.4 Mixing Height and Atmospheric Stability
The vertical component of dispersion is a function of the extent of thermal turbulence and the
depth of the surface mixing layer. Unfortunately, the mixing layer is not easily measured,
and must therefore be estimated using prognostic models that derive the depth from some of
the other parameters that are routinely measured, e.g. solar radiation and temperature.
During the daytime, the atmospheric boundary layer is characterised by thermal turbulence
due to the heating of the earth’s surface and the extension of the mixing layer to the lowest
elevated inversion. Radiative flux divergence during the night usually results in the
establishment of ground based inversions and the erosion of the mixing layer. The mixing
layer at the proposed site ranges in depth from ground level (i.e. only a stable or neutral
56
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
layer exists) during night-times to the base of the lowest-level elevated inversion during
unstable, day-time conditions.
Atmospheric stability is frequently categorised into one of six stability classes. These are
briefly described in Table 5-2. For the model used here, atmospheric stability is described as
a continuous variable in terms of the Monin-Obukhov length and the height of the mixing
layer.
The atmospheric boundary layer is normally unstable during the day as a result of the
turbulence due to the sun's heating effect on the earth’s surface. The thickness of this
mixing layer depends predominantly on the extent of solar radiation, growing gradually from
sunrise to reach a maximum at about 5-6 hours after sunrise. This situation is more
pronounced during the winter months due to strong night-time inversions and a slower
developing mixing layer. During the night a stable layer, with limited vertical mixing, exists.
During windy and/or cloudy conditions, the atmosphere is normally neutral.
Table 5-2: Atmospheric Stability Classes
A very unstable calm wind, dear sides, hot daytime conditions
B moderately unstable dear skies, daytime conditions
C unstable moderate wind, slightly overcast daytime conditions
D neutral high winds or doudy days and nights
E stable moderate wind, slightly overcast night-time conditions
F vary stable low winds, dear skies, cold night-time conditions
For elevated releases, the highest ground level concentrations would occur during unstable,
daytime conditions. The wind speed resulting in the highest ground level concentration
depends on the plume buoyancy. If the plume is considerably buoyant (high dust velocity
and temperature) together with a low wind, the plume will reach the ground relatively far
down-wind. With stronger wind speeds, on the other hand, the plume may reach the ground
closer, but due to the increased ventilation, it would be more diluted. A wind speed between
these extremes would therefore be responsible for the highest ground level concentrations.
The highest concentrations for low level releases would occur during weak wind speeds and
stable (night-time) atmospheric conditions. Air pollution episodes frequently occur just prior
to the passage of a frontal system that is characterised by calm winds and stable conditions.
5.4.2. Current Ambient Air Quality
The quantity of dust particles in the air was recorded within and around five settlements that
will be affected directly or indirectly by the mining activities of the project. The measurements
were recorded at different times and for different durations.
57
Environmental and Social Impact Assessmant Report for the Koldu Kimberlite Project m
Readings were taken using a portable micro-dust aerosol monitoring system. This was done
by carrying the equipment held above the head within and around the selected settlements.
After recording the levels, the measurements were calculated, compiled and interpreted.
Table 5-3 below indicates the air quality monitoring results in terms of the dust particle
quantity in the atmosphere at the different settlements, The maximum value ranges between
0.036 and 0.049 mg/m3 while the average value ranges between 0.033 and 0.038 mg/m3.
These values are below the WHO air quality guidelines discussed in above.
Table 5-3: Air quality levels for settlements within and close to the Koldu mining lease area
(ESIA Report, 2010)
Starting Average Maximum
Location Date time Duration values values
(mg/m3) (mg/m3)
Yamandu 05/11/2008 03:48 PM 41 mins 0.038 0.041
New Sembehum 06/11/2008 10:49 AM 3 hrs, 40 mins 0.034 0.038
Sokoqbe 07/11/2008 10:14 AM 1 hr. 40 mins 0.038 0.049
Swarrav Town 07/11/2008 04:02 PM 1 hr. 2 mins 0.033 0.036
Saquea Town 09/11/2008 10:14 AM 3 hrs, 10 mins 0.034 0.039
The results indicate that the settlements had a good air quality with respect to particulates
when the measurements were taken. Yamandu and Sokogbe have the highest average
values with Sokogbe having the highest maximum value of dust particulate in the
atmosphere. This is due to the fact that Yamandu settlement is one of the largest and
populated with significant movement of people and vehicles while Sokogbe is along a very
busy and dusty road. The lowest average and maximum values are recorded in Swarray
Town because of its small size and lower population with very limited activities.
5.4.3. Identification of Sensitive Receptors
All the residential areas in the vicinity of the proposed development should be regarded as
containing sensitive population from the point of view of health impact. These include the
town of Koidu located north of the site as well as the proposed resettlement area which is
located in the east of the mining lease area. Given the location of the site and the wind
direction distribution, both the sensitive receptors will have a lower probability of being
impacted.
5.5. Noise
The approach used in investigating noise impacts for this project is based on guidelines
provided by the IFC EHS. According to the IFC EHS guidelines, noise impacts should not
exceed the levels presented in Table 5-4 below, or result in a maximum increase in
background levels of 3 dBA at the nearest receptor location off-site.
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report (or the Koidu Kimberlite Project *3
Table 5-4: Acceptable rating levels for noise in districts (IFC EHS, 2007}
Noise level guidelines One Hour LAeq (dBA)
Receptor Daytime Night time
07:00-22:00 22:00-07:00
Residential; institutional; 55 45
educational
Industrial; commercial 70 70
Baseline noise measurements were taken at seven locations in Koidu village to measure the
general noise climate in the village. The noise measurement locations are presented in
Table 5-5 and illustrated on Plan 7.
According to the IFC EHS: 2007 guidelines, 'daytime' is defined as anytime between 07:00
to 22:00 and 'night time’ between 22:00 to 07:00. As a result of these guidelines,
measurements were taken once during the daytime and once during night time at each
location. Monitoring was taken at a measurement of 1.5 meters above ground level, and for
a minimum period of one hour.
Table 5-5: Noise measurement locations
ID Description of location GPS coordinates
Measurements were taken at a residential area off of 8®37'13.62'N; 10°59*12.06"W
N1 Mining road in the village of Koakoyima
Measurements were taken at a residential area in Koidu
N2 8‘37'58.91-N; 10°58'56.55"W
Town, near the north western boundary of Koidu Mine
N3 Measurements were taken at a residential area in Koidu 8®38'31.60"N; 10°58'31.06’W
Town, on the northern side of Koidu Mine
Measurements were taken in Gbessengumbu street, at
N4 Ansurul boys primary school, Koidu town 8638'30.32"N; 10°57'59.63,,W
N5 Measurements were taken in Bongafou village, Koidu town 8’38'0.55“N; 10°57'28.60"W
Measurements were taken in the new resettlement area on
N6 the eastern side of Koidu Mine 8’37'31.67"N; 10e5r5.15"W
N7 Measurements were taken at a residential area 430 meters 8'37'1.52-N; 10657'14.99"W
of the south eastern corner of Koidu Mine
S3
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project ;:i
5.5.1. Daytime noise baseline results
The results from the daytime noise meter recordings for all the sampled locations as well as
the rating limits according to the IFC guidelines are presented in Table 5-6. The results of
the noise measurements taken of the ambient noise levels at relevant locations in Koidu
Town, indicated that the baseline noise levels are below that of the IFC daytime guideline
levels for residential districts, at N1, N2. N5 and N6.
Baseline levels measured above the daytime guidelines at N3, N4 and N7. The ambient
noise levels at KN3, KN4 and KN7 were impacted on by the noise produced by vehicular
activity, mostly motorbikes as well as the social activities by the local people.
5.5.2. Night time noise baseline results
The results from the night time noise meter recordings for all the sampled locations as well
as the rating limits according to the IFC guidelines are presented in Table 5-6.The results of
the noise measurements taken of the ambient noise levels at relevant locations in Koidu
Town, indicated that the baseline noise levels are mostly above the IFC night time guideline
levels for residential districts, the levels were only below the guidelines at KN5 an KN6.
The baseline levels measured above the night time guidelines at N1, N2, N3, N4 and N7.
The night time ambient noise levels at N1, N2, N3. N4 and N7 were mostly impacted on by
the noise produced by Gryliidae (crickets) and frogs. Additional noise producing sources
included community generators running throughout the night at KN3 as well as a cinema at
KN4 near the Ansurul boys primary school which was screening local movies.
Noise that was audible during the baseline measurements and which was responsible for the
day/night time measurements are summarised in Table 5-7.
60
) I 1 l
Koidu Kimberlite Project
Noise
Measurement Locations
Legend
Noise Sampling Points
Proposed Infrastructure
Mining Lease Area
New Road
Paths
Roads
Rivers
Resettlement Boundary
Camp Extension
Mine Plan
Blast Radius
Dumps
Mine Buildings
Offices
Water Pools
Artisinal Workings
DIGBY WEI LS
ENVIRONMENTAL
Projection: Transverse Mercator So! *: arrc.ftCS965.201104.012
Datum: Hart ebecst hoc* 1994 ftevslon Number. 3
Central Meridian: 27*E Date: 03/05/2011
250 1,000
Metres
1:20,000
!■ aooy Wtfls tnvlronn'wnat
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
Table 5-6: Results of the baseline noise measurements taken at receptors located around Koidu Mine
Sample
ID IFC rating limit Measurement details
Type of district Period Acceptable rating i-Areq,T dt3A Maximum/Minimum dBA Date/Time
ievef dSA
Daytime 50 39 53/32 03/02/2011; 09:00
N1 Residential
Night time 40 52/45 03/02/2011; 22:00
Daytime 50 46 58/38 03/02/2011; 10:10
N2 Residential
Nighttime 40 56/50 03/02/2011; 23:10
Daytime 50 69/41 03/02/2011; 11:20
N3 Residential Night time 40 59/57 07/02/2011; 23:15
Daytime 50 78/44 04/02/2011; 09:10
N4 Residential
Night time 40 75/48 04/02/2011; 22:00
Daytime 50 44 56/38 04/02/2011; 10:15
N5 Residential
Night time 40 39 49/35 04/02/2011; 23:10
N6 Residential Daytime 50 49 74/33 04/02/2011;11:30
62
J ( i i i i / < t e i i ( i ( ( } (
i i i r » i i > i \ / )
Environmental and Social impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
Sample
ID IFC rating limit Measurement details
Type of district Period Acceptable rating l-Areq.T dBA Maximum/Minimum dBA Date/Time
level dBA
Night time 40 35 48/32 04/02/2011; 22:00
N7 Residential Daytime 50 81 / 35 07/02/2011; 11:05
Night time 40 64/38 07/02/2011; 22:00
| Indicates LAeq T levels above either the daytime rating limit or the night time rating limit
Note: Lfteqj is the equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level, in decibels, determined over a time period of not less than 30 minutes (the average
noise level over the specified time period). The maximum/minimum is the highest/lowest reading during the specified time period over which the measurement
was taken. ‘A-weighted’ is a standard weighting of the audible frequencies designed to reflect the response of the human ear to noise.
63
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koldu Kimberlite Project
Table 5-7: Summary of noise sources that were audible during the baseline measurements
around the proposed site.
Noise source description
ID Day Duration Night Duration
Birdsong Intermittent Frogs Continuous
N1
Villagers socializing Continuous Gryllidae Continuous
Birdsong Intermittent Gryllldae Continuous
N2 Villagers socializing Continuous Frogs Continuous
Birdsong Intermittent Gryllidae Continuous
N3 Villagers socializing Continuous Generators Continuous
Motorbikes Intermittent Frogs Continuous
Birdsong Intermittent Gryllidae Continuous
N4 Villagers socializing Continuous Cinema Continuous
Motorbikes Intermittent Frogs Continuous
Birdsong Intermittent
N5 Villagers socializing Continuous Gryllldae Continuous
Motorbikes Intermittent
Birdsong Intermittent
N6 Villagers socializing Continuous Gryllidae Continuous
Motorbikes Intermittent
Villagers socializing Continuous Gryllidae Continuous
N7 Motorbikes Intermittent Frogs Continuous
5.6. Soils
Almost all the soils in the uplands and the swamps within the project lease area have been
previously mined out by historical and illicit artisanal mining prior to initiation of operations in
2003. The mining operations conducted by Koidu Holdings in the K1 pit have had a minimal
to negligible impact on the soils in the lease area, as the total area affected by ore extraction
from the kimberlite pipe is less lhan 0.5 hectares.
The mainly illicit artisanal mining activities which have never been monitored or controlled
have resulted in the previous loss of topsoil, a situation which the management of Koidu
64
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koldu Kimberlite Project .3
Holdings is attempting to reverse in the areas under its direct influence and control. Koidu
Holdings recovers and stockpiles the topsoil prevalent in the area on which operations are
focussed, which topsoil is earmarked for rehabilitation and the re-establishment of land
suitable for agriculture. The topsoil is recovered from its own operations as well as during the
rehabilitation of areas damaged by historic artisanal operations.
By continuing the soils management measures as currently implemented by Koidu Holdings
management, the identified impacts of the Koidu Kimberlite Project on the soils within the
mining lease area are of low significance.
The general description of the soils in the Project area is indicated in Table 5-8.
Table 5-8: General description of the soils in the Koidu Kimberlite Project area
Soil map Land form Soils
unit
A Isolated hillcrests; short to medium Shallow soils to bedrock with pockets of deep
length; almost flal with boulders and soil over saprolite (> 100cm). Well drained,
locally rocky. strongly acid
B Isolated hill slope; short, straight; steep Deep, well drained. Sandy loam to coarse
to moderately steep (15-30%), locally sandy clay loam over coarse sandy clay sub-soil
with boulders and rocks.
C Dissected low uplands with Interfluve Deep, well drained sandy clay to sandy day
crest, gentle slopes (1-2%) loam over gravely sandy day sub-soil
D Irregular Interfluve slopes; short to long Deep, well drained gravely sandy clay loam over
undulating, very gentle-to-gentle slope gravely sandy clay sub-soil
(2-5%),
E Inland valley swamps, level; 20-150 m Deep, very poorly drained silty day loam to
wide; Locally channelled; previously sandy clay loam over coarse sandy clay to clay
mined out sub soil
E1 Inland valley swamps nearly level; 20- Deep (o moderately deep, imperfectly to poorly
150m wide; locally channelled; currently drained, sandy clay loam to gravely sandy clay
mined out over coarse sandy clay.
Plan 8 contains the historic data as previously surveyed. Groups A and B represent isolated
hill crests and isolated slopes. Soils are generally well-drained. Texture ranges between
sandy loam and sandy clay loam overlying sandy clay to gravely coarse sandy clay sub soil.
Colours range between dark brown to brownish yellow in the topsoil to dark red in the
subsoil.
Groups C and D represent low uplands (interfluves crest) and interfluves side slopes. Soils
are generally well drained and of similar textures than groups A and B. Colours vary from
greyish brown to dark yellowish brown in the topsoil over brownish yellow to strong brown
subsoil. Reddish yellow and yellowish red mottles in the subsoil due to weathering of
ironstone gravels.
65
Environmental and Social impact Assessment Report for the Koldu Kimberlite Project
Group E represents soils of the inland valley swamps. These soils are extensively disturbed
by historical illegal mining activities prior to 2002. The soils are of gravelly texture but poorly
drained and as a result permanently waterlogged. The soil colours are greyish brown to
yellowish brown topsoil over light olive brown to dark greenish grey sub soils.
5.7. Geology
The Koidu kimberlite cluster comprises two main pipes and several small blows associated
with four main sub-vertical to vertical kimberlite dyke zones that extend for approximately 5
km along strike. The dykes both pre-date and post-date the formation of the pipes that were
emplaced into Archean granitoids of the Man craton approximately 146 million years ago.
Significant quantities of high quality macro-diamonds have been recovered from the dykes,
pipes and blows with grades ranging from 0.2 to 0.7 carats per tonne (cpt).
The main pipes, named K1 and K2 are smooth, steep sided pipes that are morphologically
similar to those mined in the Kimberley area of South Africa (Class 1). Surface expressions
of the pipes are approximately 0.3 ha for K1 and 0.5 ha for K2. The external morphology and
infill present within the pipes is consistent with a diatreme setting and significant erosion of
the pipes has occurred. The pipes are infilled by multiple phases of kimberlite characterised
by contrasting textures due to different emplacement processes (highly explosive vs.
intrusive). Texturaliy, the infill within the bodies is dominated by massive to locally bedded
volcaniclastlc kimberlite classified as tuffisitic kimberlite breccja (TKB).
Volcaniclastic rocks are typically associated with a high proportion (15 - 90%) of fresh
granite xenoliths and variable proportions of olivine, mantle derived indicator minerals and
mantle xenoliths. Coherent kimberlite is less common but volumetrically significant within the
pipes and occurs as main pipe infill, as well as late stage dykes and rare sills. The different
rock types or phases of kimberlite present within the pipes are characterised by different
grades.
In addition to the well-formed pipes, there are a number of blows that represent poorly
developed, small, volcanically immature pipes. These bodies are named Blow A, Blow B1.
Blow B2 and Blow B3. These bodies are characterised by more complicated external pipe
shapes compared to K1 and K2 and are dominantly infilled with coherent kimberlite, textural
transitional kimberlite (characterised by both coherent and volcaniclastic features) and less
common, well developed, massive volcaniclastic kimberlite classified as TKB.
The four main dyke zones, termed DZA, DZB, DZC and DZD, were emplaced along a
southwest to northeast structural trend and are classified as Group 1, macrocrystic,
phlogopite (± calcite and monticellite) hypabyssal kimberlites. Structurally, the dykes consist
of irregular, braided and en-echelon arrays typically made up of multiple segments each
ranging in thickness from a few centimetres to over 4 m. Simple single segment dykes are
less common. In addition to variations in external morphology, the dykes display
considerable interna! variation in the size and proportion of olivine macrocrysts, the type and
abundance of mantle derived indicator minerals, mantle xenoliths and diamond grade. The
dykes in general are characterised low proportions (<5%) of country rock xenoliths.
66
Environmental and Social impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
Associated with the main pipes and blows and less commonly with the dykes are locally
extensive zones of leached granite (Si02 removed) and marginal (or contact) breccias that
contain typically low proportions (<10%) of kimberlite. The development of these zones is
interpreted to both predate and postdate the formation of the pipes and have been
incorporated into the geological models. Concentric 'onion-skin' shells of altered granite
surrounding rounded granite cores are also observed, as well as joints filled with pulverised,
angular shards of country rock around many of the dyke exposures and pipe walls. Although
these zones will in most cases not be considered as ore, these zones will have an impact on
the mine design.
07
to-teivw wbtro'w ursritrw
Plan 8
Koidu Kimberlite Project
Soil Types
Expansion Area
Legend
m m m f
Proposed Infrastructure
• New Roads
Paths
Roads
Mining Lease Area
Rivers
Mine Plan
(=□ Blast Radius
Dumps
|_ Mine Buildings
□ Offices
^ Water Pools
Artisinal Workings
Soil Types
Soils of Dissected Low Upland
;8VN Wetland
Wi Mi Dump
Watte Dump
m
-3-3WN DIGBY WELLS
(NVIfiniiMChTAL
Tel OTI 17*99*9}
ftotccton UTM 29 N WGSS4 Rrf * atnc RES965 2C1104 007
False Eating- 500000m Rcv.iiai Number 1
Ccotia) Meridian 9*W Dmc 03/0S2O1;
|\j 0 50 100 200 300 400
A " Metres
Monhay r\ 1:8,000
£ DifOy We lit ft Auucults
l I I I I I I I I I I I
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koldu Kimberlite Project
5.8. Ecology (Fauna and Flora)
To achieve the aim of the study the characterisation of the fauna and flora present on site
and along the road diversion route at this time was set as one of the objectives. This
objective was accomplished by following accepted methodologies used to quantify the
presence of the following habitat components:
• Vegetation, according to Braun-Blanquet (1964);
• Mammals (Visual, trapping);
• Birds (Visual);
• Reptiles (Visual, trapping); and
« Amphibians (Visual, trapping, auditory).
The above mentioned five measurable habitat components were measured according to the
methodologies set forth in fauna and flora report contained in Volume 3. The survey was
undertaken to gain insight into the current state of the habitat present on the project area.
Furthermore, the delineation of habitat units was accomplished by noting the effect that
landscape features and anthropogenic activities have on fauna and flora assemblages.
5.8.1. Flora
5.8.1.1 Regional natural environment
As a transitional habitat between the rain forests of the Guinean-Congolian region and the
dry savannas of Sudan, the Guinean Forest-Savanna Mosaic ecoregion is home to a wide
range of species. This area is a convergence zone for savanna and forest species. The
predominantly savanna habitat is checked with forest patches that run along the rivers and
streams and occasionally adorn hilltops, mountains, and ridges. Wetland areas of this
ecoregion host a diversity of waterfowl and wading birds. These varied habitats are home to
Ghana Worm Lizards, Emerald Starlings, hunting spiders, Patas Monkeys, and many other
species.
5.8.1.2 Local natural environment
The tropical rainforest cover of Sierra Leone is characterised by seven different vegetation
types: moist rain forest, semi-deciduous, montane, mangrove, wooded grassland, farm bush,
and swamp forests (Maley 1994). Farm bush arises from siash-and-burn agriculture and is
becoming the dominant vegetation type in Sierra Leone.
The vegetative cover for Sierra Leone (NAPA, 2007) indicates that the savannah woodlands
are limited to the northern parts of the country. The savannah woodlands and wooded
grasslands are increasingly being subjected to frequent fires, both man-made and natural.
Most of the moist and semi-deciduous forests are located within protected areas, often on
mountaintops and slopes (USAID, 2007).
The current vegetation cover for the project area comprises a limited coverage of secondary
forest, forest regrowth, grass cover on mined-out uplands and hydromorphlc/aquatic
vegetation in swamps (inland Valley Swamps).
69
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project ‘1
5.8.1.3 HabitatA/egetation types
A total of six vegetation and/or habitat types were delineated for the project area and are
presented in Table 5-9 as well as Plan 9. Wetland habitats were investigated during an
aquatic assessment conducted as part of the Koidu Kimberlite Project Environmental and
Social Impact Assessment (ESIA).
Table 5-9: Hectares of vegetation types
Name Area in ha. Percentage of total (%)
1. Secondary Forest 41.18 4.87
2. Wooded arassland 240.46 28.45
3. Villaqes/Local Housinq 180.80 21.39
4. Deqraded Areas 216.55 25.62
4.1. Aariculture 169.91 20.10
4.2. Artisanal Mininq 46.64 5.52
5. Mininq Infrastructure 135.00 15.97
6. Aquatic Environments Refer to Aquatic Studv
The degraded areas habitat type was sub-divided to illustrate the artisanal mining and
agriculture subtypes. Topographic features were the primary consideration for the
delineation of the various units. These features included the location of the habitat type in
the landscape, influence of available soil type, influence of available moisture, gradient and
aspect. The above mentioned factors have an effect on the habitat type in isolation and in
conjunction with each other.
Secondly, anthropogenic activities were also considered to assist with the delineation of
vegetative and/or habitat types. Owing to the settlement of rural communities within the area,
plantations, previous and current artisanal mining and subsistence farming landscape
features have formed in the area, As is the case with natural factors, anthropogenic factors
could have an effect in isolation or in conjunction with other factors.
70
I I i I I
| Plan 9
Koidu Kimberlite Project
Vegetation Types Identified
Legend
Proposed Infrastructure
Mining Lease Area
- New Road
Paths
Roads
Rivers
Resettlement Boundary
Camp Extension
Mine Plan
Blast Radius
Dumps
Mine Buildings
CD Offices
Water Pools
Vegetation Types
1 Secondary Forest
2 Wooded Grassland
3 Local Housing
4.1 Agriculture
4.2 Artisinal Mining
5 Wetlands & Rivers
6 Mining Infrastructure
DIGBY WELLS
ihvbiihminui
Tel 42T1I7WWM
Projection UTM 29N WGS84 Kct» amc,RES96S2C:]04C!3
False Easting- SOOOOfcn Revivim Nutnbei : 4
Central Mend an 9*W Date 04W20J1
A 0 100 200 400
Metres
1:15,000
C !>£*>y WcD, * A no: n*f •
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project •1
Below in Table 5-10 the habitat types identified during the survey are summarized into
individual topographic setting, ecological functioning, ecological integrity and ecological
sensitivity. . As can be seen, secondary forest and wetland cover the two smallest portions
of the study area host the highest ecological integrity and therefore the highest ecological
sensitivity.
Table 5-10: Description of habitat types
Size Topographic Ecological Ecological Ecological
Vegetative Unit
Secondary forest 41.18 Lowland flats. Biodiversity High High
Ridges, slopes maintenance
Wooded grassland 240.46 Lowland flats. Biodiversity Medium Medium
Hills maintenance high high
Villages/Household 180.80 Lowland flats None None Low
compounds
Degraded Areas 216.55 Lowland flats None None Low
Mining Infrastructure 135.00 Lowland flats None None None
Aquatic Environment Refer to Aquatic Study
Secondary forest
Secondary forests are characterised by tall trees with a fairly closed canopy that provides
the required shade for the underlying plantations. The extent of the forests that historically
covered the lower lying areas have been reduced by subsistence farming activities with only
isolated remnants occurring in sheltered areas. These secondary forests still contain many
of the more hardy forest species found within the forest. However, the method of previous
farming and previous artisanal mining practices have destroyed much of these species and
created a patchwork of agricultural fields or farm bush and mining pits across the lower lying
and bottom slope areas of hills throughout the project site, The natural factors that played a
role in the formation of the original forest were also responsible for this vegetation type.
However, the introduction of anthropogenic pressure in the form of subsistence agricultural
has isolated many parts of the forest type, producing an attempted re-generation of the
forests, which gives rise to the secondary forest vegetation
The secondary forest vegetation type is not common within the project area (4.8%),
However, secondary forest cover is present within the project area and, is evident on the
upper slopes and crest of Monkey Hill as a direct consequence of the efforts of mine
management to maintain and protect it and the limited accessibility afforded to the general
population by mine security.
The secondary forest type is also evident in Swarray Town where it has been used to shade
cacao and coffee plantations. Other areas within the project area classified as secondary
forest comprise the cluster of fruit trees that are usually found around settlements,
72
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koldu Kimberlite Protect
Wooded grasslands
The secondary forests and regenerating woodlands give way to expansive, wooded
grasslands that characterize this ecoregion (Mayaux ef a/. 1999, Justice 1997) and covers
28.4% of the study area. Most of the tail grass savannas are fire-climax communities that
generally grow on well-drained soils. Woody complexes regenerate on these grasslands
when burning is halted and seed trees are available (White 1983). Savanna woodland (and
shrubland) is more densely vegetated than Acacia savanna or wooded grassland, but not
densely enough to form a closed canopy. The open canopy allows sunlight to reach the
ground, allowing grass to grow and form a significant groundcover.
The wooded grassland areas are under constant threat from anthropogenic expansion in the
form of two identified land uses. These are firstly agricultural, artisanal mining and plantation
areas and secondly, human habitation, not necessarily in that order.
The natural factors responsible for the formation of this vegetation type has made it very
attractive to humans in the sense that these areas are low lying, relatively flat, has medium
clay content soil with good water holding capacity • this does not include the hill areas which
also counts under this vegetation type. These flat areas are suitable for agricultural practices
such as plantations and grazing areas. The hills in the study area is also partially covered
with the wooded grassland vegetation type, however the gradient of these hills have made
them un-attractive for farming and building. They do however suffer from the same
uncontrolled burning regime as the lowland moist savannah.
Degraded. Agriculture and Artisanal Mining
The degraded areas encountered within the mine lease area consisted of areas where
anthropogenic activities have impacted heavily on the natural occurring habitat types
totalling 25.6%. The practice of artisanal mining and various stages of agricultural
development were noted. The agricultural expansions consisted of uncontrolled burning that
is used to clear vegetation and prepare areas for planting crops. These fires often spread
further than the intended agricultural patch and therefore clear large areas not used for
actual planting of crops.
The natural factors that was suitable for agricultural expansion, such as slope that is not to
steep, or suitable but not excessive water accumulation, has resulted in the formation of this
sub-habitat type. These areas are exclusively used for agricultural practices, with isolated
huts being found. This land use has destroyed much if not all if the natural species in these
areas. Agricultural and plantation areas were mostly encountered on the relatively flat lower
lying areas, very similar to wooded grassland areas, except for more human disturbance.
As mentioned previously a correlation exists between habitat quality and animal species
present. The habitat quality in these areas was highly modified which has resulted in the loss
of ecosystem functioning and services offered to wild animals, such as shelter and food.
Relying on this correlation, the species diversity within this vegetation type was not expected
to be high.
73
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for (he Koldu Kimberlite Project s.'^a
Villages
Areas suitable for human habitation are reliant on natural features, these features are much
the same as what is needed for agricultural activities, and they include relatively level
surfaces, with minimal slope. The untransformed and natural vegetation type associated with
these features are tie wooded grassland and secondary forest habitat units, it therefore
stands to reason that these two natural vegetation types made way for the areas of human
habitation. This habitat type was identified as the most transformed of all six of the identified
habitat types. Subsequently its ecosystem value in terms of services that are provided has
been compromised and animal species that were reliant on these services are not expected
to occur in these areas. This habitat type occurs predominantly to the north of the mine, with
isolated areas occurring in the north east of the study area totalling 21.3%.
5.8.1.4 Conservation areas
Secondary forest
Isolated forest patches or secondary forest vegetation types were encountered where the
natural factors made the area unsuitable for agriculture and housing. The secondary forest
paths occur in areas similar to gallery forests, however as mentioned previously, these areas
are isolated. The relationship between these vegetation types go further than this in that they
share 42 % of the plant species encountered between them. Furthermore, the fact they
share certain species, will mean that a number of principles that apply for one wilt apply for
the other, such as gap formation. This vegetation type occupied 4.8 % of the total area of
concern or 41.1 ha. Within this area, 59 % of the plant species encountered during the
survey occurred here.
Once more, secondary forest occupies a relatively small area that harbours a large amount
of plant species, indicating an important area for conservation. Tree species found in these
areas included Ficus elastica, Klainedoxa gabonensis. Mitragyna stipulosa. With the shrub
component consisting of Bridelia ripicola and Sida acuta.
Wooded Grassland
On flatter and drier areas that are higher lying, the wooded grassland vegetation type was
encountered. Plant species encountered here were very often the re-growth of previous
season burning practices mixed with oil palm trees, where only a small area was deliberately
burnt but the fire spread to a larger part of the wooded grassland vegetation type.
Common grasses, many growing taller than two meters, include Andropogon spp.,
Hyparrhenia spp. and Loudetia spp. Fire-adapted woodland trees grow in varying densities,
depending on fire frequency and current or previous land use.
Upper slopes and crests of many of the hiils support wooded grasslands. The vegetation
type includes trees and shrubs, such as Albizia ferruginea, Acacia sp. and Erythrina
abyssinica with the undergrowth including species such as Trema orientalis, Spathodea
campanulata and Harungana madagascariensis.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report tor the Koldu Kimbsrftta Project
The herbaceous layer on drier ground is dominated by, Thaumatococcus danie/l/i,
Marantochloa congens/s, Aframomum sanguirteum, A, laurentii, and Costus lucanusianus.
Various grass species are also present. The herbaceous layer under woody vegetation is
dominated by Olyra latifolia. Mainly due to unregulated and frequent fire occurrences only
fire adapted plant species occur in these areas for more than one season,
Forest rearowth
Forest regrowth is considered to be the vegetation derived from the shifting cultivation
pattern of farming common in Sierra Leone. It is generally found on both low and high
uplands (hills of variable heights) throughout the country. Within the Koidu Kimberlite Project
area, however, this vegetation type is mainly evident on the middle and lower slopes of
Monkey Hill. This may be attributed to this area being about the only land area that presents
cultivation viability following the shifting cultivation practice. Forest regrowlh is scattered on
these slopes and generally ranges from a mixture of low shrubs, grasses, herbs and crop
remnants to thicket vegetation. Specific areas of forest regrowth are uncommon due to the
previous intensive /extensive artisanal diamond mining which depleted the area of
agriculturally viable lands, occurring over much larger areas.
The regrowth vegetation community with its undergrowth of shrubs, herbs and grasses such
as the Scleria barteri (Sword Grass), is generally much more difficult to penetrate than the
secondary forest. Tree species include Musanga cecropioides (Umbrella Leaf Tree),
Morinda geminata (Brimstone), Etaeis guineensis (Oil Palm). Terminalia ivorensis (Ronko
Tree) and Ceiba pentandra (Cotton Tree). Fruit trees such as Arisophillea laurina (Monkey
Apple), Dialum guineense (Tamarind) and Magnifera indica (Mango) are also identified. The
sensitive plant. Mimosa pudica is also evident in places helping to hinder penetration with its
thorny creeping stem.
The various species comprising this vegetation type are not rated as threatened or
endangered, because regrowth vegetation usually persists in areas where the forest was
removed for the purpose of cultivation. Often such clearing does not involve much de~
stumping and this makes it possible for the same species to regenerate when left to fallow.
Due to limited accessibility to the mining lease area, a positive impact on the vegetation
cover and rehabilitation of previously disturbed areas is observed within the mining lease
area.
5.8.1.5 Medicinal species
These plant species have properties that relieve or cure ailments and have been used by
local people or foreigners alike. Various parts of a plant may contain the substance that
possesses these properties, these include, roots, tubers, bark, stem, leaves, flowers or fruit.
Plant species with medicinal properties are very often exploited which results in their
populations and individuals being under threat and in need of conservation. The plant
species identified during the field work yielded 20 medicinal species, 24 % of the total
number of pants encountered. Of these medicinal species 50 % was exclusively found within
the confines of the secondary forest, which, as discussed earlier only occupies 4.7 % of the
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
total land area of the area of concern. This further emphasises the fact that forest habitat
type is of importance and must be conserved.
5.8.1.6 Alien invasive species
Alien invasive plant species are non-specific in their habitat requirements, which is one of
the characteristics that make them successful. A complete list of alien invasive species can
be found in Table 5-14.
The secondary forest habitat type contained one alien invasive species Chromoiaena
odorata. According to the ISSG (invasive species specialist group) database Chromoiaena
odorata, species that was encountered in this vegetation type is a fast-growing perennial
shrub, native to South America and Central America, it has been introduced into the tropical
regions of Asia, Africa and the Pacific, where it is an invasive weed, Also known as Siam
weed, it forms dense stands that prevent the establishment of other plant species, it is an
aggressive competitor and may have allelopathic effects, it is also a nuisance weed in
agricultural land and commercial plantations. It ranks no. 23 on the worst Invasive species in
the world (ISSG.com).
Furthermore the secondary forest contained the alien invasive. Bambusa vulgaris which
occurs spontaneously or naturalised mostly on river banks, road sides, wastelands and open
ground; generally at low altitudes. In cultivation it thrives best under humid conditions up to
1000 m altitude, but tolerates unfavourable conditions as well. Plants may become
completely defoliated during the dry season, the plants can survive low temperature (grows
up to 1200 m altitude, survives -3 degrees C) and also tolerates a wide range of soil types
(Ohrnberger 1999).
Bambusa vulgaris forms extensive monoculture stands where it occurs, excluding other plant
species. B. vulgaris coionises along streams into forest (Blundell el al. 2003).
Bambusa vulgaris is used for construction of houses, huts, boats, fences, props and
furniture; as raw material for paper pulp; shoots are rarely used as a vegetable or as
livestock fodder (Ohrnberger 1999; Quatrocchi 2006).
The plantation habitat type contained three exotic plant species and one invasive plant
species, with the exotic plants not necessarily being aggressive invaders. It was expected
that this area contained high numbers of exotic or alien plants as this vegetation unit is
actively stocked by any plant species that are edible by the local population, with no regards
given to ecological status of these plants.
5.8.1.7 Protected species
Albizia (Albizia ferruginea) is considered to be of conservation significance and has to be
protected and conserved. This tree was encountered in secondary forest only. It is listed as
being Vulnerable by the IUCN (www.fUCN.org). It is described as a widespread and often
common timber species, which has suffered heavy exploitation. The IUCN descriptive code
for Albizia ferruginea is VU A1 cd.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
Protected plant species that could also occur in the mining concession is Entandrophragma
cyfindricum (VU Atcd), Entandrophragma angolense (VU A1cd). Militia excels (Lower
Risk/near threatened), Terminalia superba. None of the aforementioned species were
identified within the vegetation types delineated.
5.8.2. Fauna
5.8.2.1 Mammals
Table 5-11 lists the mammals that were identified and found to occur within the project area:
Table 5-11: Mammals that occur on the project area.
Scientific name Common name
Cephatopus rufSatus Red flanked duiker
Cercopithecus sabaeus Green monkey
Felis serval Serval cat
Ichn&umia albicauUa White tailed monqoose
Mus selutosus Peter's mouse
Paraxerus poenis Green squirrel
Svlvlcapra qrimmia Bush duiker
Trapglaphus scnptus Bushbucfc
Of the mammals found on site, none have a Red Data status according to IUCN red species
list and are not protected. However, it is recommended that the mammals that do occur on
site be given protection.
The fact that no Red Data species occur on site can also be related to the high
anthropogenic pressure present. Although forested areas occur on the concession area, it is
freely accessed by the local community that utilise It for firewood and food, unsustainably.
Further, the site has been severely impacted by previous and current illegal artisanal mining
activities.
However, although these species are not listed, they play a very important role in the
ecology of the site and without protection wiil become extinct within the area. Predatory
animafs such as Serval found on site play an important role in ecological systems. The
Serval Is not a commonly found species in Africa, but only a few countries protect it due to a
lack in a protected species lists/legislation in some countries such as Sierra Leone, it has not
been evaluated specific to Sierra Leone, so Its status locally is unknown.
Due to the lack of background information, any of the species found can be keystone
species that play vital part in the ecological system of the site and may need a protective
status within the country. When consultation occurred with the local community, they
indicated that they have not seen any predatory animals and that they are hard to find,
indicating the necessity to conserve where possible specifically for the predatory Felidae and
Canldae. Currently the probability that Red Data species might occur on site is seen as low,
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project v*«?
but with conservation efforts of forest and sensitive areas, habitat avaiiability for Red Data
species can increase to moderate to high probability.
5.8.2.2 Avifauna
The following birds were identified to occur on the project area as seen in Table 5*12.
Table 5-12: Avifauna that occurs on the project area
Scientific name Common name
ActODhllomis afrtcanus African lacana
Andropadus virens Little areenbui
Adus affinis Little swift
Ardea cinerea Grev heron
Artiaa acliath Goliath heron
Batis seneaatensls Seneaal batis
Bubo clnerascens G ravish eaole owl
Bvcanlstes fistuiator PlDina hombtH
Campaohaqa phoenlcea Red-shouldered cuckooshrike
Campethera maculosa Little qreen woodpecker
Caprlmulaus inornatus Plain nlahtiar
Centropus seneqalensis Seneaal coucai
Cen/le rudls Pled kinafisher
Columba unicincta Afeo olaeon
Con/us aibus Pied crow
Crinifer piscator Western qrev plantain-eater
Cuculus solilarius Red-chested cuckoo
Cvnnvris cuprous Copper sunbird
Cvnnvris minullus Tinv sunbird
Cypsiurus parvus African palm swift
Dendcocvona viduata White-faced duck
Dendropicos fuscescens Cardinal woodpecker
Dvaphorophvia castanea Chestnut wattle-eye
Eqretta ardesiaca Black heron
Eqretta qarzetta Liltle eqret
Epretta intermedia Yellow-billed eqret
Elminia tonaicauda African blue flycatcher
Esfrifda mefpoda Orarwe-cheeked waxbill
Gallinula chloropus Common moorhen
Gvmnobucco caivus Naked-faced barbet
Gvoohierax anpofensis Palmnut vulture
Halcyon leucocephala Greyheaded kinqfisher
Hirundo rustica European swallow
Hirundo semirufa Red-breasted swallow
Indicator minor Lesser honeyquide
Ispidina picta African pvqmv-kinqfisher
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
Laaonosticla rubricata African firefinch
Lanius coltaris Common fiscal
Macrodiotervx lonqipennis Standard-winged niqhtjar
Merops pusillus Little bee-eater
Milvus aeqvptius Yellow-billed kite
Milvus miarans Black kite
Muscicapa striata SDotted flycatcher
Necrosvrtes monachus Hooded vulture
Nettapus aurltus African Dvamv aoose
Numlda meleaqris Helmeted quineafowl
Onvchoanathus harttaubi Chestnut-winged starling
Ploceus cucuilatus Village weaver
Podica seneqalensis African finfoot
Polvboroides typus Gvm nogene
Psalidoprocne nitens Square-tailed saw-winq
Pteronetta hartiaubii Hartlaub's duck
Pvcnonotus barbatus Common bulbul
Quelea erythrops Red-headed guelea
Scopus umbretta Hammerhead
Serinus canicapillus West african seedeater
Serinus mozambicus Yellow-fronted canarv
Spermestes cucullata Bronze mannikin
Streptopelia semitorquata Red-eved dove
Streotopella seneaalensis Laughing dove
Tauraco oersa Guinea turaco
Tchaara mlnuta Marsh tchagra
Tchaara seneqalus Black-crowned tchagra
Temsiphona viridls African cared ise-flvcatcher
Tockus er/throrhvnchus Northern red-billed hornbill
Tockus hartlaubl Black dwarf hombill
Traron calvus African areen oiaeon
Turtur afar Blue-spotted wood-dove
None of the birds found have a Red Data status or are protected within Sierra Leone,
however this does not mean that the species do not need protection. The lack of protection
Is due to the lack of environmental studies and legislation. Sierra Leone does not have a
protected species list indicating sensitive species and by the rate that the environment is
being impacted, such an effort Is urgent.
Bird habitat on the concession area included open areas, forests, ridges and wetlands. The
species found were very well established communities. Common bulbuls, swallow, turacoes
and bee-eaters were found to dominate the ridge area. In the more forested sites, hombill,
woodpeckers and sunbirds were abundant. Open areas were dominated by doves and
crows, and finally wetlands and rivers included birds dependant on these systems such as
herons, kingfishers and ducks. Vultures and kites were found feeding on kitchen waste
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
around a dump site on the concession area. The current probability that Red data species
might occur is seen as medium, but with the conservation of sensitive areas and iimiting
impacts and pollution, this could be increased to a high probability.
5.8.2.3 Herpetofauna
Snakes are commonly occurring and abundant In Sierra Leone. Although the site is Impacted,
It is suggested by Menzies (1966) that this will allow for the penetration of Savannah species
into impacted forested areas, whereas forest snake species are becoming less common and
only locally occurring. Reptile and amphibians found on site are presented in
Table 5-13, None of these species have a Red Data status. The frog species found was
abundantly represented in all the aquatic habitats on site. Species were found by more than
one ecological specialist during the field survey: also local people assisted in mentioning
species they have seen. Due to the impacted nature of the site, the occurrence of Red Data
Herpetofauna is seen as medium to low.
Table 5-13: Herpetofauna that occur on the project area.
Species Name Common Name
Agama agama Agama lizard
Arthrolaptls sp. Squeaker
Mehelya poensis Forest file snake
Naja nigricollls Spitting cobra
Natriciteres varlegata Forest marsh snake
Philothamnus heterodenvus Variable green snake
5.8.3. Conclusion
The summary of the habitat types and the fauna associated with the habitat types, as per the
field work, is shown In
Table 5-14. The number equals the amount of individuals found during the field survey and
the value is seen as ecological value linked to species richness.
Table 5-14: Summary of Fauna and Flora
Habitat Flora Mammals Birds Amphibians Reptiles Value
Type
Secondary 39 5 43 - 2 High
Woodland 20 2 12 - 1 High
Wetlands 16 - 19 1 - High
Degraded 16 2 4 - - Low
Village 12 - 3 - - Low
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Environmental end Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
Mine 3 • 6 - 2 Low
From the results discussed above, it is evident that the area of concern is under
anthropogenic pressure, most notably from the surrounding communities and to an extent
the effects of previous and current mine workings. !t is largely due to human actions that the
degree and type of differentiation between vegetation types has taken place. The
identification of these vegetation types were on the basis of presence, absence and
assemblages of plant species and the effect of natural and human factors. The subsequent
habitat types created smaller niches where animals were adapted to survive.
A major threat to natural habitat types, and subsequently wild animals, was informal
subsistence agriculture practiced by locals, in these instances a piece of natural habitat is
burnt to remove vegetation. Thereafter, the area is ploughed and planted. The effect of this
action is far reaching, firstly the natural vegetation is removed which decreases the amount
of available graze and browse, thereafter a fallow piece of land will provide good habitat for
alien and invasive species to colonise. If an area is cleared and receives a large amount of
rainfall before planting has commenced, the surface runoff will be much greater because of
the reduced infiltration, this in turn will cause erosion and a loss of valuable topsoil. A second
major threat is the practice of illegal artisanal mining within the boundaries of the mining
concession. This not only destroys the vegetation present on the footprint but also the
vegetation where the discarded soil is dumped. The frequency of these small pits and not
their size is the major contributing factor in the destruction of the vegetation type.
The subsequent reduction in natural habitat has meant that adaptable animal species have
remained in the area, with sensitive species having moved away to more suitable habitat.
However, availability of habitat is not the only driving force in the emigration of animal
species, frequent small scale hunting for bush meat has reduced the numbers of wild
animals even further. The presence of many homemade snares found during the field work
was evidence of this.
As mentioned previously the proliferation of informal subsistence farming and the
accompanied slash and bum practice has created favourable conditions for alien and
invasive plant species.
The size and condition of the habitat types identified in the area revealed an advancing
degraded land which consists of agricultural/artisanal mining (216 ha) and village (180 ha)
habitat types driven by human expansion. This expansion is as a result of the need for
natural resources to support natural as well as anthropogenic activities in Koidu Town,
resulting in a shrinking or declining secondary forest and wooded grassland type.
Furthermore, monitoring how the interfacing ecosystems advance and retreat can offer
insight into the nature and rate of environmental change over time, and into the causes of
this change (Furley 1992). Such changes between domination by secondary forest or
savanna woodland habitats are believed to have occurred many times over the past few
million years (Kingdon 1989, Maley 1994). However, the introduction of the anthropogenic
factor has changed the dynamics of the ecosystem to a large extent.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
During the field survey no Red Data or protected fauna species were found. Not only is this
due to the already impacted environment and the hunting pressures of the community, but
also due to the fact that no locally protected species lists exist. This is due to the fact that
there are no environmental studies defining species in Sierra Leone, no funding to conduct
such needed studies and no legislation protecting current occurring species, apart from
international legislation. Also, little Is known on the ecological processes and any of the
species that were found can be keystone species in the ecological functioning of the system.
This study did confirm there is a continuing decline of species within the study area,
specifically predatory species, and for this reason all species and its habitat need protection
before they become locally extinct. At this point the concession area is providing a form of
protection to fauna species. The Project will further promote the protection of fauna and flora
by piacing infrastructure in already disturbed or degraded areas.
In addition, a perimeter wall is currently being constructed for security purposes and to
comply with Kimberley process requirements. Access control due to the wall will also aid in
protecting fauna and flora from poaching, fires and logging.
A solid wall may result in ecological impacts by secluding the concession area from the
outside environment, and may lead to:
• Seclusion of species from other species (system limitations);
» Seclusions of food resources from included species, such as predatory animals will
have limited feeding options and will not be able to seek food outside of the
concession area; and
• Limitation on mating/reproducing opportunities (genetic limitations).
This seclusion from the outside environment will need continual, human interference,
accurate management and studies of the concession ecosystem. This is in line with Koidu
Holdings' current rehabilitation and environmental management carried out in support of
their intention to establish a nature conservation area within the concession.
5.9. Aquatic Environment
The water resources considered for this study included the associated wetland areas as well
as the local rivers/streams. In order to assess the current status of these two systems,
different methodologies were applied. Information pertaining to the different methodologies is
contained in the Aquatic Specialist Report (Volume 3).
5.9.1. Water quality (in situ)
The overall in situ water quality of the Meya River was in an acceptable state, with no water
quality parameters being considered a limiting factor for aquatic biota. The in situ water
quality results for the system are presented in Table 5-15.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project A
Table 5-15: The in situ water quality results for the Meya River
Parameter Acceptable Range Meya River
Temperature (*C) 5-30 21.6
pH 6.5-9.0 7.2
Dissolved Oxygen Saturation (%) 80 - 120 119.6
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration (mg/I) > 5 10.11
Total dissolved solids (mg/I) < 1000 25
Note: denotes water quality parameter measured to be within a desired range
According to the South African Water Quality Guidelines for Aquatic Ecosystems (DWAF,
1996), the temperature of water plays an important role for aquatic ecosystems by affecting
rates of chemical reactions and, therefore, also the metabolic rates of organisms. The rate of
development, reproductive periods and emergence time of organisms are all affected by
temperature. The temperature of 21.6'C recorded for the survey was within the desired
range.
According to DWAF (1996) both geology and the atmosphere has an influence on the pH of
natural waters. Fresh water systems are mostly well buffered and more or less neutral, with
a range from 6.5 to 8.5. Most species will tolerate and reproduce successfully within a pH
range of 6.5 - 9.0 (DWAF, 1996) and as result, this is the adopted range for the study. As a
result of the presence of bicarbonates of the alkali and alkaline earth metals most fresh
water systems are slightly alkaline (Bath, 1989). A pH of 7.2 was recorded for the system
which is close to natural but slightly alkaline. This value is within the required range
described.
The target water quality range for an aquatic ecosystem is between 80 - 120% of DO
saturation (DWAF, 1996). The minimum allowable values for sub-lethal and lethal DO
saturation is greater than 60% and 40%, respectively. The in situ DO saturation for the Meya
River was recorded as 119.6% and this is within the desired range.
According to Mason (1991), dissolved oxygen (DO) is possibly the most important measure
of water quality, especially for aquatic life. Both the survival and functioning of aquatic biota
is dependent on the maintenance of aquatic DO concentrations because it is required for the
respirations of all aerobic organisms. Thus, it may be stated that DO concentrations provide
a useful measure of ecosystem health (DWAF, 1996). The median guideline for DO for the
protection of aquatic biota is >5.0 mg/I (Kempster et ai, 1980). The DO concentration
recorded for the Meya River (10.11 mg/I) was double this minimum limit, indicating a suitable
concentration of dissolved oxygen within the system for aquatic biota.
Macro-invertebrate fauna appear to be sensitive to salinity, with acute toxic effects likely to
occur in most of the sensitive species at salinities in excess of 1000 mg/I. The TDS
concentration for the Meya River (25.0 mg/I) was considerably below this level.
83
Environmental and Soda) Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project ■'J
The overall in situ water quality of the Meya River adjacent to the mining area is in a good
state, with none of the assessed water quality variables being a limiting factor for aquatic
biota. This is important to note, considering the activities such as washing, bathing, ablutions
and artisanal mining which are abundant. It appears that the current activities and mining
operation are not having an impact on the in situ water quality of the Meya River,
5.9.2. Index of habitat integrity
The scores pertaining to the IHt assessment for the Meya River are presented in Table 5-16.
This index assesses the severity of any damage inflicted to the instream and riparian
habitats of the system caused from anthropogenic perturbations.
Table 5-16: The scores of the IHI assessment for the Meya River
Instream habitat Riparian habitat
Integrity Score Inteorltv Score
Water abstraction 0 Vegetation removal 15
Flow modification 18 Alien encroachment 12
Bad modification 23 Bank erosion 13
Channel modification 17 Channel modification
18
Water quality 3 Water abstraction 3
Inundation 8 Inundation 8
Exotic macrophytes 3 Row modification 13
Exotic fauna 2 Waler quality 18
Solid waste disposal 4
Integrity score 43 Integrity score 23
integrity class Largely modified Integrity class Seriously modified
Note: No impact (0). Small impact (1-5). Moderate impact (6-10), Large impact (11-15),
Serious impact(16-20). Critical impact (21-25)
The overall instream habitat has been “largely modified” and this may be largely attributed to
the artisanal mining activities within the system. These artisanal mining activities have
caused serious impacts to the system, modifying the flow and channel structure.
Additionally, artisanal mining activities have also imposed a critical impact on the Meya River
due to bed modification. Similarly, the riparian habitat has been “seriously modified” due to
the artisanal mining activities. These activities have had a serious impact due to channel
modification and altered water quality. Additional impacts which are considered to be large
resulting from the artisanal mining activities are the removal of vegetation, alien vegetation
encroachment due to the placement of fields in the riparian areas, bank erosion and
modifications to flow. The findings of the habitat integrity assessment indicate that the
current artisanal mining activities are having a considerable impact on the habitat integrity of
the Meya River.
5.9.2.1 Habitat assessment for low gradient stream
The results of the habitat assessment for the Meya River as per the USEPA (2006)
guidelines are presented in Table 5-17. Based on these findings, the quality of habitat
suitable for aquatic biota was determined to be “moderate” for the system. None of the
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Kokiu Kimberlite Project ;i
assessed habitat parameters were determined to be optimal for the system. Vegetative
protection and epifaunal substrate were determined to be the most intact and important for
the system. This component includes the relative quantity and variety of natural structures in
the stream, such as cobble (riffles), large rocks, fallen trees, logs and branches, and
undercut banks, available as refugia, feeding, or sites for spawning and nursery functions of
aquatic macrofauna, tt was evident from the study that the surrounding artisanal mining
activities are impacting on the habitat integrity of the system with the majority of the habitat
parameters determined to be suboptimal in state. These activities have resulted in excessive
sedimentation of the system, resulting in the decrease in habitat quality and a loss in habitat
diversity.
Table 5-17: The habitat parameter scores for the low gradient Meya River
Habits Parameter Score
Epifaunal substratefAvaHaUe cover 14
Poo' substrate characterization 11
Poo: variability 8
Sediment deposition 4
Channeitiow status 6
Channel alteration 12
Channel sinuosity 11
Bank stability (L)& (R) 11
Vegetative protection (L) & (R) 15
Riparian vegetative rone width (L) & (R) 7
Total score 99
Habitat percentage (%) 49.5
Habitat description Moderate
5.9.2.2 Benthic macroinvertebrates
In order to assess the macroinvertebrate community structure of the Meya River, a variety of
biotopes are sampled. These biotopes consist of various water velocities and depths, as well
as habitat structures. A total of 13 macroinvertebrate taxa were sampled during the survey
and a total of 505 individuals were sampled from the Meya River. The abundances of the
sampled macroinvertebrate taxa and the respective sensitivities are presented in Table 5-18.
Macroinvertebrates with different tolerances to poor water quality were sampled from the
Meya River. Ten of the taxa sampled are considered to be highly tolerant (1-5) to poor water
quality and three of the taxa are considered to be moderately tolerant (6-10) to poor water
quality. No taxa which are sensitive to poor water quality were sampled during the survey.
The total number of families within the three insect orders Ephemeroptera (Mayflies),
Plecoptera (Stoneflies), and Trichoptera (Caddis flies) identified for the project was three.
This metric gives an indication of the variety of the more pollution sensitive orders. Thus, this
provides a confirmation that very few taxa considered to be sensitive to poor water quality
were sampled for the study.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
Table 5-18: The abundances of the sampled macroinvertebrate taxa and associated
sensitivities for the Meya River as well as the respective EPT scores
Famllv Taxon Sensitivity Abundances
AKNB.CA i' itruflrnoo 3 11
CRJSTACEA PrttflrronauieAp 3 7
4 13
ODO^TA Gciphaa© Q 9
lib»:!ulJdan A 23
i'ZVtrTERA Gorriflan r, 49
Neodao 3 5
TKJCHOTTTE7V\ i'Ndrpo£vch:dai> 2ft ao 0 og
LHMOflftfrbiskw 9 3
tup <<5011: rJ*n !. 0
O'-'TEHA Clvrrmrntoft 2 226
!».TUlld
GASTRC=ODA AirottmM i a
NurnOor of |r>dlvfriwfll® wr>
Numoar oi Taxa 13
Ephemeroptera, Ptecoptorq, Tflehoptera (EPT) 3
5.9.3. Invertebrate habitat assessment system
The I HAS assesses the quality and availability of habitat suitable for macroinvertebrate
communities. The results of the IHAS assessment for the Meya River are presented in Table
5-19. Based on these results, the quality and diversity of habitat for the system was
determined to be in a moderately suitable state. This is an indication that a large variety of
biotopes are absent from the system. Additionally, the quality and quantity of the available
habitat types and flow scenarios may be limited. These impacts are largely attributed to the
local water uses and in particular to the artisanal mining activities. The reach of the Meya
River considered for the study was largely unimpacted on by artisanal mining and
agricultural activities.
Table 5-19: The scores of the (HAS assessment for the Meya River
Biotope Meya River
Slones in current 14
V) Vegetation 8
< Other habitats 12
X Stream condition 22
IHAS score percentage (%) 56
Classification Moderate
5.9.4. Ichthyofauna assessment
In this assessment 164 individual fish were collected representing 9 types or species (known
and unknown) of fishes from five families. This included a single species from the
Charaddae family, five Cichlidaens, one Clariidae species, one Mastacembelidae species
and a single Mochokidae species. The identified genus and species as well as the
assodated quantities sampled for each are presented in Table 5-20.
86
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project 63
Table 5-20: The fish species sampled for the study area and associated quantities
Family Genus Species Local name Quantity
Characidae Brycinus nurse' Shiny fish 43
Cichlidae Hemichromis faciatus Ngog 12
Cichlidae Oreochromis niloticus Ngog 45
Cichlidae Pelmatochromis buettikoferi' Ngog 32
Cichlidae Sarotherodon Unknown Ngog 17
Cichlidae Tilapia louka * Ngog
12
Clariidae Clarias sp Unknown Slippery fish 1
Mastacembelidae Mastacembelus cryptacanthus * Snake fish 1
Mochokidae Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus' Spiny fish 1
Total abundance 164
Note: (*) denotes relatively uncertainty to identify to species
In addition, the preferences or sensitivities for each of the sampled fish species to water
quality, habitat and flow and combined or total sensitivities are presented in Table 5-21. A
brief review of the families of fishes collected is provided as well as considerations of taxa
sensitivities.
Table 5-21: Overview of the types and abundances of fishes collected in the study including
preferences or sensitivities of types to water quality, habitat and flow and combined or total
sensitivities with species scoring 100% considered to be extremely sensitive types (blue), 83%
representing very sensitive types (turquoise), 67% representing sensitive types (green), 50%
representing tolerant types (yellow), 33% representing very tolerant types (orange) and 0-17%
extremely tolerant species (red).
Family Genus Species Water quality Habitat Flow Sensitivity
Characidae Brycinus nurse' Moderate Moderate Low 33%
Cichlidae Hemichromis faciatus Low Moderate Low
Cichlidae Oreochromis niloticus Low Low Low
Cichlidae Pelmatochromis buettikoferi* Low Moderate Low
Cichlidae Sarotherodon Unknown Low Moderate Low
Cichlidae Tilapia louka * Low Moderate Low
Clariidae Clarias sp Unknown Low Low Low
Mastacembelidae Mastacembelus cryptacanthus* High High High 100%
Mochokidae Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus* Moderate High Moderate 67%
Note: (*) denotes relatively uncertainty to identify to species
5.9.4.1 Characids represented by the Brycinus nurse collected in the study
This is a large family of African and South American freshwater fishes (Skelton, 2001). The
Characidae family is identified by having sharp teeth and a small adipose fin. According to
Skelton (2001) there are 18 genera and over 100 species of African characins confined to
tropical water. They are considered to be a shoaling species.
5.9.4.2 Cichlidae family or Cichlids of which four were collected in the study
Cichlids form a very large family of fishes found throughout Africa, in South and Central
America, Madagascar, Arabia and India (Skelton, 2001). They are considered to be an
87
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project -
Important source of food throughout the region and are an attractive aquarium fish that is
cultured and relocated to all regions of the world. There are over 800 known species of
Cichlids in Africa specifically from the great lakes in Africa. In this survey four Cichlids
species were obtained and photographs of the sampled species are presented in Error!
Reference source not found..
5.9.4.3 Clariids represented by the one Sharptooth catfish collected in the study
Clariids are found in Africa and Asia and are very important as aquaculture and fisheries
species and as a targeted angling species. They are very hardy or tolerant and can often
outlast many other fish in desiccating environments. They have a distinct bony helmet-like
head and an elongated body with long dorsal and anal fins (Skelton, 2001). In Africa 12
genera and 74 species are known. In this study, a single Sharptooth catfish (Clarias sp) was
collected from the Meya River system. A photograph of the sampled Clarias sp is presented
in Error! Reference source not found.. These fish are extremely tolerant and are able to take
advantage of adverse environmental conditions.
5.9AA Mastacembeiidae or Spiny eels represented by one species in the study
This slender eei like fish has an unusual rostral appendage and a series of detached spines
along the back in front of the soft dorsal fin (Skelton, 2001). They are found in various
freshwater environments in tropical Africa and Asia with two genera and about 45 species
found in Africa (Skelton, 2001). In this study one species of Spiny eel (Mastacembelus
cryptacanthus) was collected from the Meya System (Error! Reference source not found ).
These Spiny eels are known to be sensitive to modified water quality and have specialist
habitat requirements. The occurrence of this fish suggests that habitat availability and
diversity as well as water quality states are suitable in the Meya River to maintain an
acceptable fish community.
It is important to note that M. cryptacanthus has not been recorded in this region of West
Africa and the presence of this species is indicates this to be a considerable range extension
(SAIAB, 2011) which should be further investigated.
Mochokideans are endemic to Africa where 10 genera and approximately 170 species have
already been identified. Distinct features of this family include their complex mouths and
tough spines in the dorsal and pectoral fins. They can be difficult to identify due to the wide
variation in features like colour patterns, teeth and barbells (Skelton, 2001). These species
are known to be habitat specialists and were collected within riffle, rapid areas of the sites
considered. In this study, only Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus was sampled from the Meya River
system.
5.9A.5 Considerations of the sensitivities of fishes obtained in the study
In this study a simple scoring system was used to score the possible sensitivities or
preferences of the fishes collected to impaired water quality states, modified habitats and
flow regimes. Results in Table 5-5 show that the fishes collected in the study have been
determined to have a wide range of sensitivities to water quality modifications with all of the
Cichlidae species and the Clarias sp having a “low" preference or determined to be
insensitive to water quality and only the Mastacembulus sp being allocated a “high" score.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project a
determined to be a sensitive species. The habitat assessment revealed that only O. nilotcus
and Clarias sp were determined to have a “low” score for habitat, while the Mastacembulus
sp and C. nigrodigitatus received “high” scores. Most of the Cichlidae species and B. nurse
received “moderate” scores. B. Nurse, Clarias sp and all of the Cichlidae species received
“low" scores for flow preference. C. nigrodigitatus received a “moderate" score and
Mastacembulus sp received a “high” score. The “high” sensitivity scores recorded for the
flow component are surprising when considering the extreme low flow conditions
experienced during the survey. No clear relationships between sites and these ecosystem
components (water quality, habitat and flow) were observed.
In consideration of overall sensitivities, findings in Figure 8-8 initially reveal the total
dominance of tolerant to extremely tolerant species for the Meya River system. In spite of
this, a “sensitive” species as well as an “Extremely Sensitive" species was also sampled
from the system. The abundances of the two sensitive species was extremely low with only a
single species of each being sampled which constituted less than 1% of the sample
population. In spite of this, it is encouraging to note that species considered to be sensitive
to various driving components are present within the system in spite of the impacts on the
system.
80.00%
70.00% Ls Extremely tolerant
60.00%
& 50.00% ■ Very tolerant
ro Tolerant
c 40.00%
s Sensitive
& 30.00%
a. ■ Very Sensitive
20.00%
10.00% 0.61% 0.61% ■ Extremely Sensitive
0.00%
Meya River
Figure 5-4: Percentage contribution of total sensitivities of fishes collected at each site
5.9.5. Conclusion
The water resources associated with the project area are in a largely impacted state when
compared to natural reference conditions. This is in accordance with findings published by
the US AID (US AID, 2007) stating that the water resources of Sierra Leone have been
impacted on by rudimentary farming techniques and artisanal mining activities. The impacted
water resources are largely representative of the adjacent and surrounding areas which
have also been impacted on by local users.
The Koidu Kimberlite Mine has not impacted directly on the integrity of the Meya River with
impacts most notably originating from the local water users and artisanal miners. In spite of
this and in light of the proposed KKP expansion project, the Meya River should be
considered for future monitoring objectives.
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Environmental and Social impact Assessment Report for the Koldu Kimberlite Project
The wetlands associated with the project area have largely been formed due to mining
activities and profiling in the area extending over a 70 year period. Thus the wetlands are not
necessarily representative of historical natural reference conditions. In addition to this, the
delineated wetland areas have been considerably impacted on by historic mining activities
as well as by local artisanal mining operations. The placement of agricultural fields by locals
within the wetlands has also impacted on the systems, but the severity is considered to be
less severe than that of the artisanal mining operations.
The study component conclusions pertaining to each of the specialist study components are
presented separately in the subsequent sections.
5.10. Wetland systems
5.10.1. Wetland delineation
The wetland area was delineated whereby features such as soil, vegetation, topography and
hydrology were coilectively considered (Rian 10). The extent of the artisanal mining and
agricultural activities within the system is a concern.
5.10.2. Wetland unit characterisation
The wetland unit associated with the Koidu mining project area was initially identified at
desktop levei and then ground truthing was conducted to confirm these findings. The
wetlands in the study area are linked to both perched groundwater and surface water. A
single HGM type of natural wetland system occurs within the area assessed. The HGM unit
identified for the project area is an unchanneled valley bottom wetland system.
5.10.3. Wetland unit setting
The identification of various wetland units is often characterised by the position of the units in
the landscape and the genera! topography of the survey area. A schematic diagram of how
the identified wetland unit for the project area is positioned in the landscape and the general
topography of the study area is illustrated in Figure 5-5. A description based on the setting of
the identified HGM unit In the landscape and the associated hydrologic components is
presented in Table 5-22.
Figure 5-5: A schematic illustration of the HGM wetland types identified for the study area
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koldu Kimberlite Project
Table 5-22:The definition of the different HGM wetland types occurring in the study area
[based on the system first described by Brinson (1993) and modified by Mameweck and
Batchelor (2002), and further developed by Kotze, Marneweck, Batchelor, Lindley and Collins
(2004)]
TOPOGRAPHIC SETTING DESCRIPTION
t/i
*3 Occur in the shallow valleys that drain Valley bottom areas without a stream channel. Are gently or steep
the slopes sloped and characterized by the alluvial transport and deposition of
material by water.
HYDROLOGIC COMPONENTS
inputs _Throughputs Outputs
Receive water inputs from adjacent
slopes via runoff and interflow. May also
I receive inpuls from a channelled system, Surface flow and
interflow may be from adjacent slopes, interflow. Variable but predominantly slream flow,
f adjacent hlllslope seepage wetlands if
these are present, or may occur
longitudinally along the valley bottom.
5.10.4. Description of unchanneled valley bottom wetlands
This type of wetland resembles a floodplain in its location and gentle gradient, with
potentially high levels of sediment deposition (Kotze et al., 2007). Extensive areas of these
wetlands remain saturated as stream channel input is spread diffusely across the wetland
even at low flows (Kotze et al., 2007). These wetlands also tend to have a high organic
content. Facultative wetland indicator plant species, comprising a mixture of grasses and
sedges, are evident as longitudinal bands within a relatively narrow zone along the valley
bottoms. Facultative wetland plant species usually grow in wetlands (67-99% of
occurrences) but occasionally are found in non-wetland areas. Lateral seep zones form part
of the adjacent hillslope seepage wetlands, this is a characteristic for all the valley bottom
wetlands. The primary drivers for these systems, owing to the shallow gradients along the
valley bottoms are diffuse horizontal surface flow and interflow. There is generally a clear
distinction in the transition in the vegetation structure between the mixed grass-sedge
meadow zones that characterise these wetlands to the more intermittently wet grassland
habitats associated with the adjacent hillslope seepage wetlands (Kotze et al., 2007).
5.10.5. General wetland functional description
Valley bottom wetlands without channels also offer a service in the enhancement to the
quality of water. This is with respect to the removal of toxicants and nitrates. This removal is
higher than in valley bottom wetlands with channels owing to the greater contact of the
wetland with runoff waters, particularly if there is a significant groundwater contribution to the
wetland (Kotze et al., 2007). According to Cronk and Siobhan Fennessy (2001) and Keddy
(2002) the phosphate retention levels may be lower because a certain amount of phosphate
may be re-mobilized under prolonged anaerobic conditions. These wetlands provide an
additional service in trapping and the retention in the wetland itself of sediment carried by
runoff waters. Valley bottom wetlands without channels reduce the flooding potential as a
91
Environmental and Social impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project *4
result of diffuse flows over the surface of the wetland, thereby reducing the severity of floods
downstream. This depositional environment is created by the surface roughness caused by
the vegetation. The depositional environment is enhanced through the presence of dams.
These wetlands provide valuable grazing ground during winter periods and early spring as a
result of extended periods of wetness
5.10.6. Ecological functional assessment
The general features of the wetland unit were assessed in terms of functioning and the
overall importance of the hydro-geomorphic unit was then determined at a landscape level.
The level of functioning supplied by the hydro-geomorphic unit for various ecological
services for the project area is presented in Table 5-23. The result from the “WET-
EcoServices” tool for the respective wetland unit is presented below in
Figure 5-6.
Table 5-23: A listing and scoring of ecological services offered by the HGM unit identified for
the project area
Valley bottom wetland
Ecological service without a channel
Overall Score
Flood attenuation
Streamflow regulation
Sediment trapping
Phospahte trapping
Nitrate removal
Toxicant removal
Erosion control
Carbon storage
Maintenance of biodiversity
Water supply for human use
Natural resources
Cultivated foods
Cultural significance
Tourism and recreation
Education and research
Note: “Moderately high importance (3 - 4)
□ Intermediate importance (2 - 3)
□ Moderately low importance (1 - 2)
■ Low (0 - 1)
The identified wetland unit provides a variety of ecological services of varying importance.
The majority of the services provided were determined to be of low ecological importance.
Some of the assessed services considered for water quality enhancement such as
phosphate trapping and nitrate removal were determined to be of moderately low
importance.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
c 03J a: e-ua' ae
Figure 5-6: Radial plot of functions performed by the identified wetland unit
This is important to note due to the fact that unchanneled valley bottom wetlands contribute
considerably to the improvement of water quality for such a system. The provision of
“cultivated foods" by the system was determined to be of moderately high importance. This
may be attributed to the dependence of local villages on these systems for their potatoes
and rice plantations. It may be concluded that the placement of these plantations into the
system has affected the ability of these systems to enhance water quality and this may
provide an opportunity for the KKP to rehabilitate these areas in order to restore ecological
functioning to the catchment.
5.10.7. Conclusion
The wetland system assessed for the project area has largely been formed due to extended
periods of commercial and artisanal mining as result of artisanal pit creation and profiling. In
addition to this, the current land uses, namely artisanal mining and agricultural activities
have impacted considerably on the functioning and integrity of this system. Thus important
ecological services pertaining to the enhancement of water quality and the maintenance of
biodiversity have been lost. The severity of the associated impacts is considered to be
severe.
The prevention of agricultural and artisanal mining activities within the wetland systems
within the Project area would provide an opportunity for these systems to potentially recover.
Thus, long term objectives would need to be defined for these systems in order to ensure
that none or limited future impacts are imposed onto these systems so as to assist the
recovery of ecological integrity and functioning for the catchment. The Koidu Kimberlite
Project would therefore be afforded the opportunity to contribute to the rehabilitation of these
wetland areas.
93
| Pun 10
Koidu Kimberlite Project
Wetland Types Identified
Legend
Mining Lease Area
Rivers
Resettlement Boundary
Camp Extension
Wetland --------- New Road
Paths
Roads
Mine Plan
Blast Radius
Dumps
Mine Buildings
Offices
Water Pools
Artisinal Workings
Wetlands
: ♦ -
Wetland r Agriculture
V 'Sf Artisinal Workings
M fetes? Dam
& Re-Profiled Wetland
» Undisturbed Wetland
4
V Water Areas
V •« *sm ’-t
iinal Workings
II
DIGBY WFI.LS
[nvmONuiNUi
TeL II 7»9 W9S
Piojeccon UTM 29 N WOSS4 Rrl f .me KHS9eS201t04OH
Falie Eatng iOOOOClm Rrviticn Numtci 4
Crntnl Mend-in 9®W Dale 04/0S'2Cll
[\| 0 100 200 400 600
A - Metres
1:12,500
*■!>tfyy Wei * Auo.-utri
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project • '3
5.11. Surface Water
5.11.1. Rainfall
The Koidu area is extremely wet with about 2 600 mm of rain falling during the year.
Approximately 2 400 mm falls within an eight month period from April to November with five
of the months exceeding 300 mm. The rainfall measurements between 2005 and 2010 that
were recorded at the project site are summarised Table 5-24.
Table 5-24 : Rainfall measurements at the Koidu Kimberlite Project, 2005 - 2010
Month Rainfall (mm) Monthly statistics
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Mean 1 a cv % of total
January - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0%
February - 0 g 105 95 20 46 50 109.4% 1.7%
March - 68 0 126 124 97 83 52 62.7% 3.2%
April 93 159 113 229 80 178 152 58 38.1% 5.8%
May 178 218 147 145 158 315 197 30 154% 7.5%
June 153 309 246 219 333 402 302 73 24.1% 11.5%
July 153 481 430 361 500 150 384 142 36.9% 14.6%
August 150 402 571 590 550 321 528 86 16.2% 20.1%
September 290 36 629 402 363 - 465 244 52.6% 17.6%
October 325 482 327 307 416 - 383 81 21.2% 14.5%
November 229 72 85 59 156 - 93 43 46.6% 3.S%
December 7 0 0 3 2 - 2 2 237.7% 0%
Total - 2 655 2 556 2 545 2 776 1161 2 632 - - 100%
The evapo-transpiration for the area is approximately 1 400 mm and therefore there is
significantly more rainfall than there is runoff at the mine and spillages and discharges will
occur (UNDP/FAO- TR5, 1980).
5.11.2. Rainfall statistical analysis
A statistical analysis was done on rainfall data for the last 4 years, as well as 1 day data, that
were available for the Koidu site In Sierra Leone. The mean annual precipitation for the study
areas was determined from the rainfall data as 2 600 mm for the catchments. The adopted 1
day rainfall depths of the respective areas for the various return periods are given in Table
5-25.
Table 5-25: Adopted design rainfall
Duration Return Period Rainfall (mm)
1:2 1:5 1:10 1:20 1:50 1:100 1:200
1 day 122 155 181 209 251 288 330
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report lor the Koidu Kimberlite Project
5.11.3. Catchment description
As outlined in the 2003 EIA, the project area lies within the Meya stream sub-catchment
covering an area of about 188 km2, which is a tributary of the Bafi River. Many of the
streams which flow directly or indirectly into the Meya stream have their source at Monkey
HHI and run through the project area. The regional drainage is from south to north.
The bulk of the water supply in the area comes from rivers, streams and swamps. The pH of
the water in the major rivers in Sierra Leone ranges between 6.5 and 7 in the wet season
and 6.2 and 6.5 in the dry season. The pH of water in the swamps ranges between 5.2 and
6.0. The pH for samples selected in the project area ranges between 6.4 and 7.6 with a
mean value of 6.9.
The mine area has been divided into nine areas and each of the areas is described in more
detail below. Figure 5-7 indicates the catchment boundaries while Figure 5-8 indicates the
proposed and existing layout of the mine. Included in the mitigation measures are initial
thoughts on the clean and dirty water diversions that will be updated during the next few
weeks as more information is made available.
The catchments are summarised as follows:
« Catchment A includes the catchment to the south of the mine area. The catchment is
presently minimally impacted upon by mining and the river flows to the south. In the
future expanded mine this catchment will include the tailings dump, plant, offices, change
houses, clinic and workshops and will form the hub of the mining;
® Catchment B includes the existing K1 pit and the water drains to the North West of the
mining area;
a Catchment C in an area to the north west of the site and the river from catchment B flows
into catchment C;
• Catchment D is to the west of catchment A and presently is not impacted upon by the
mine but is in a catchment that is a possible site for the tailings dump. The river in this
catchment flows to the south of the mine;
• Catchment E includes the present day plant area and main dam and the water exits the
site to the east; and
• Catchment F G, H and I and smaller catchments presently flowing into the K2 pit.
5.11.4. Catchment characteristics
A catchment area is defined as the total area drained by a river or stream, measured from
the mouth of that particular water body. Assuming an evenly distributed rainfall event, a
bigger catchment in area will collect, and based on its slope, feed its water body with more
water than a small catchment. This is one, amongst others, of the catchment characteristics
such as, slope, vegetation cover, soii type, hydraulic length, etc that affect the volume of
water running in a river given the type and duration of rain failing. The catchment sizes, their
hydraulic lengths, and average slopes (measured from 10-85% of hydraulic length) are given
in Table 5-26 below. Refer to Figure 5-7 for the delineated catchment areas.
86
Environmental and Social impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
Table 5-26: Catchment characteristics
Catchment Incremental Longest 10:85 slope Tc (hrs) C-F actor
name area (km2) watercourse (m) (m/m)
A 0.395 925 0.0076 0.37 0.401
B 0.638 1120 0.0339 0.24 0.401
C 0.034 350 0.0486 0.08 0.396
D 0.230 916 0.0677 0.16 0.396
E 0.573 1288 0.0023 0.74 0.421
F 0.011 158 0.0823 0.04 0.365
G 0.022 243 0.0206 0.09 0.417
H 0.3 248 0.0323 0.08 0.395
I 0.675 1 704 0.0017 1.03 0.378
Please note:
« These catchment characteristics were determined using 1 m contour detail and aerial
photographs in GiS.
• 10-85 slopes denote hie slope of the catchment from a point 10% from the end point and 85%
of the distance to the furthest point.
• Time of concentration denotes the length of time it takes for a raindrop to travel from the
furthest point of the catchment to the outlet point.
« The runoff factor was adopted to describe the runoff response of the specific catchment to the
design rainfall. _
97
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
"SfiK ccnr.uftlnv
3ttT40 auoa :&3’»r js*mo ^'t*o jes^o »* 49 ?34?« :i*‘*o ?mt4o
' mU* * ■
* w' *
* tv /ii v - ^> v ~ l«*rt
►, • ,S*7 • • * ' v • .. %*_ £ . T J V/.
IrWJJI L«i 1
* •« Cd.r-'w*:
>19722
J.VnfoWS „p*>d
Figure 5-7: Catchment Boundaries for Water Course Outlets (SRK, 2009)
98
<1(1(1(1(1111
i \ \ ) I
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
-I.*-' • il > * a -8.
£ * ■ NM
.1^___ . CM ---i
Figure 5-8 : Existing and proposed mine layout (SRK, 2010)
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project I
5.11.5. Flood hydrology
Flood hydrological methods used in this study include the Rational method and the SCS
method. These models are suited for a catchment of these size ranges. The Universal
Programs for Discharge software incorporates the Rational method and the VisualSCS
software incorporates the SCS method. These programs were therefore used by SRK
Consulting to model the flood peaks.
Table 5-27 below gives a summary of the 1:50 and 1:100 year flood peaks calculated using
the methods described above.
Table 5-27: Summary of flood peaks
Catchment Area Return period years (m3/s)
name (kmJ) 2 5 10 20 50 100 200
A 0.395 6.60 9.10 11.30 13.80 17.50 20.80 24.50
B 0.638 13.60 18.70 23.30 28.30 35.90 42.60 50.30
C 0.034 14.00 19.0 24.0 29.0 36.0 43.0 51.0
D 0.230 6.00 8.20 10.30 12.50 15.80 18.80 22.00
E 0.573 6.20 8.60 10.70 13.10 16.60 19.80 23.40
F 0.011 0.80 1.10 1.40 1.70 2.10 2.50 3.00
G 0.022 0.80 1.10 1.40 1.70 2.10 2.50 3.00
H 0.030 1.20 1.70 2.10 2.60 3.20 3.90 4.50
I 0.675 5.90 8.10 10.20 12.40 15.80 18.80 22.20
The adopted peak selected for all the catchments is based on the SCS Tc Method. This
method produced the most conservative results and is a preferred method for catchments of
these sizes.
5.11.6. Pit inflows
The runoff into the K1 pit has will be substantial during a storm event to about 38 000 m3 for
a 1:50 year storm (see Table 5-29 below). An in-pit sump will be required to cater for the 1:5
year, 1 hour storm rather than the 50 year event. This will mean that during larger storms
water might be lying at the bottom of the pit for 8 to 10 days. Mining could continue on the
higher benches but it will mean more water will seep into the underlying material.
5.11.7. Water quality
Surface and groundwater samples were at five locations within the Koidu mining lease area
(Table 5-28). The hydrochemical analysis was undertaken by M&L Laboratories in
Johannesburg and included major ions, pH, EC, TDS and an ICP scan for dissolved metals
following filtering of the sample on site.
100
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report Tor the Koldu Kimberlite Project
Table 5*28: Surface and groundwater monitoring points within the mining lease area
Sampling Point Description Co-ordinates
SW1 Near proposed new tailing dump 953299.227 283360.703 378.633
SW2 Discharge from dam below plant 954467,7 284120.21 382.549
SW3 Discharge from dam slurry dams 954553.43 284240.128 332.95
SW4 Stream down-gradient of pit 955141.481 283862.204 374.75
BH1 Borehole at main accommodation 954252.652 281810.302 386.821
BH2 Borehole at office complex 954221.822 283763.263 390.721
BH3 Borehole at resettlement 954597.873 284513.472 388.31
WBH2 Piezometer at K1 Pit 954563.462 282867,562 375.38
WBH5 Piezometer at K1 Pit 954748.97 283086.94 383.2
The following water quality results were obtained:
® Camp water supply fBH ^): The water quality is reflective of recent recharge with a
calcium/bicarbonate signature, and no evidence of chemical contamination that might
affect its use as drinking water (although it should always be disinfected for drinking).
The water is moderately saline (as indicated by the Total Dissolved Solids - TDS)
and moderately hard (as indicated by the calcium concentration). All constituents
analyzed including dissolved metals and metalloids comply fully with the WHO
Drinking Water Quality Guidelines (2008);
• BH 2. Near Plant: Low TDS and hardness, without indication of chemical
contamination, and fully compliant with the WHO Guidelines (2008).
• BH3, Background groundwater quality: Water quality is reflective of recent recharge
(calcium / bicarbonate signature), with moderately high TDS and acceptably low
hardness, and fully compliant with WHO Guidelines (2008);
• SW 1. Background Surface Water Quality; Low TDS dominated by calcium and
bicarbonate with other constituents at trace levels. The cation-anion imbalance at -
8% is slightly high but explained by the trace levels of many of the cation and anions,
analyzed at concentrations dose to their analytical detection limits. Dissolved metals
and metalloids are generally close to detection limits, apart from iron probably
derived from suspended soil particles in a slightly acid water;
• SW 2 and SW 3. Water discharged from dam below the Plant fSW 2) and from slurry
dumps fSW 31: These waters are essentially similar in composition with pH values
slightly in the alkaline range and moderately high TDS values showing evidence of
slightly elevated sulfate and nitrate values indicative of contact with mining wastes.
The cation-anion imbalance for SW 2 is higher than desirable (orange shading)
indicating minor under-recoveries of calcium and magnesium during analysis,
although these are not considered significant. Despite these minor alterations to Ihe
101
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
background water quality, these analyses remain fully compliant with the WHO
Drinking Water Quality Guidelines (2008);
• SW 4. Surface water down-gradient of the Pit: Neutral water moderately low in TDS
and hardness with no evidence of chemical contamination. Metals and metalloids
remain in compliance with WHO Guidelines except for iron soluble iron and
manganese which are widespread in these geological formations and probably
leached from the suspended soil particles in the watercourse. At these levels the iron
and manganese have nuisance value but no adverse health connotations. It is likely
that the Fe and Mn in solution interfered slightly with the cation and anion analysis
resulting in the rather high cation-anion imbalance, which is not considered
significant; and
• WBH 5 and WBH 2, Piezometer holes adjacent to the Pit: This water complies with
the WHO Guidelines except for elevated iron and manganese in WBH 5 and (of more
concern) elevated dissolved lead at levels non-compliant with the WHO Guidelines
(2008). The soluble lead indicates the presence of lead in the mineralogy around the
Pit, and this should be noted in follow-up sampling of groundwater in the area.
102
) I I )
f
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
Table 5-29 : Runoff into the K1 Pit
Runoff Into K1 pit (24-hr storm)
Return period
2 5 10 20 50 100 200
Curve number 84.18 84.18 84.18 84.18 84.18 84.18 84.18
24 hour design rainfall (mm) 124.30 159.50 190.30 224.40 276.10 323.40 378.40
Runoff depth (mm) 85.41 118.24 147.56 180.41 230.73 277.11 331.29
Runoff from external catchment 7119 9 856 12 299 15 037 19 231 23 097 27 614
Runoff from haulroads 6 038 8 359 10 431 12 754 16 311 19 589 23 420
Direct pit area volume 1 287 1 652 1 971 2 324 2 860 3 350 3 919
Total Inflow into pit 14 444 19 866 24 701 30115 38 402 46 036 54 953
Table 5-30 : Runoff into K2 Pit
Runoff into K2 pit (24-hr storm)
Return period
2 5 10 20 50 100 200
Curve number 84.18 84.18 84.18 84.18 84.18 84.18 84.18
24 hour design rainfall (mm) 124.30 159.50 190.30 224.40 276.10 323.40 378.40
Runoff depth (mm) 85.41 118.24 147.56 180.41 230.73 277.11 331.29
Runoff from external catchment 4 473 6 193 7 728 9 449 12 084 14 513 17 351
Runoff from haulroads 3 794 5 252 6 554 8014 10 249 12 309 14 716
Direct pit area volume 809 1 038 1 238 1 460 1 797 2 105 2 463
Total inflow into pit 9 076 12 483 15 521 18 923 24130 28 926 34 529
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
5.12. Groundwater
A hydrogeological investigation was conducted in 2009-2010 in the Koidu mine area to
define the hydrogeological framework of the area, to predict the groundwater conditions that
will most likely be encountered during proposed mining, and to predict the potential impacts
of mining and dewatering on groundwater resources in the vicinity of the mine. The field
investigation included hydraulic testing in three coreholes drilled in the granite country rock
adjacent to the K1 and K2 pits and a 3-day pumping test of the leached granite adjacent to
the K2 kimberlite. The primary analytic tool for making the predictions was a 3-dimensional
groundwater flow model.
The geohydrology is divided into the two main aquifer types present in the area, the upper
weathered aquifer and the underlying fractured aquifer. The weathered aquifer consists of in-
situ weathered host rock as well as transported material. The underlying fractured aquifer
can be subdivided into the various geological units from which they are derived.
5.12.1. Hydrogeological Framework
The K1 and K2 pits and their planned underground extensions are within slightly fractured to
massive granites with a bulk hydraulic conductivity ranging from 3 x 10-3 to 2 x 10-2 m/day.
Hydraulic testing conducted in 2009 (HCItasca, 2009) indicate that the near-surface sub¬
horizontal (exfoliation) joints and the NNW-SSE striking high angle joints observable in the
ramp to Blow A do not extend to depth, and thus have no hydrologic significance with
respect to future mining.
The only hydrogeologic unit of significance is the so-called leached granite that forms an
altered 10- to 30-m wide rind with a hydraulic conductivity of about 6 x 10-1 m/day around
the K2 kimberlite.
5.12.2. Dewatering
The peak amounts of inflow, the approximation duration of the inflows, and the total volumes
of water to be managed for the 50- and 100-year rainfall events (using data provided by
SRK) are summarised in the following table for various stages of the mine.
Recurrence 50 100
frequency(yrs)
Depth Peak Inflow Approx Total Peak Inflow Approx Total
Mine Interval (m3/hr) Duration Volume (m3/hr) duration Volume
(mamsl) (hrs) (m3) (hrs) (m3>
above 0 4,500- 48 5,500 - 48
8,000 13,000
K1 -40 to - 8,000- 24 38,000 10,000- 24 46,000
100 15,000 17,000
-120 to - 12,000- 12 17,000- 12
160 16,000 12,000
above -30 1,800 4,500 72 4,500- 48 42,000
K2 24,000 9,000
-70 to 130 2,000- 48 3,000- 48 29,000
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Environm«nta1 and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Kofdu Kimberlite Protect i:.rl
Recurrence 50 100
frequency(yrs)
Depth Peak Inflow Approx Total Peak Inflow Approx Total
Mine interval (m3/hr) Duration Volume (mJ/hr) duration Volume
(mamsl) (hre) (m3) (hrs) (m3)
5,000 6,500
below 2,800 - 48 3,500- 48
150 5.200 6,200
These are quite large inflows and volumes of water. Koidu has designed pumping their
pumping systems based on the information above.
As a result of the overall low hydraulic conductivity of the granite country rock, the predicted
mine inflows will be managed passively (i.e., without any active dewatering) with two
exceptions:
• The water contained in the near surface joints around the K1 kimberlite that was
intercepted by wells installed by Aqua Earth in 2006 to help minimise inflow to the K1
vertical pit will be captured by a series of underground drainholes drilled from a
dewatering ring at about the 250 mamsl level; and
• The leached granite will be pre-drained by a series of underground drainholes drilled into
it from a dewatering ring around the K2 kimberlite at about the 150 mamsl level in order
to depressurise the leached granite to improve slope stability in the pit, and to minimise
inflow to the underground mine.
5.12.3. Depth of water table
It is expected that a difference in water table is present between the weathered and fractured
aquifers. Eighteen water level measurements were taken in March 2003 and the level varied
between 0.8 meter below ground level (mbgl) and 6.5 mbgl (Cemmats, 2003). All these
measurements were taken in hand dug wells and are therefore believed to be Indicative of
the weathered aquifer water levels.
Within the No. 2 pipe the water levels is 296.7 mamsl according to the levels surveyed on
site. This is expected to be an indication of the water levels within the kimberlite aquifer and
the fractured granitic aquifer is expected to have a similar level.
5.12.4. Presence of boreholes, wells and springs and their estimated yields
Twenty two wells in the study area were investigated by Cemmats (2003), but this
represents a sample of the wells and not the total number. The only indication of yield Is the
daily abstraction volume, which varies between 100 l/day and 2 500 I/d. These yields could
also be a function of the number of people utilising the wells and test pumping is required to
establish the yields.
The formations of springs are governed by the geology and are generally associated with a
pinching but of the weathered aquifer by an impermeable layer, e.g. the underlying rock bed.
No springs were recorded by Cemmats but surface water-groundwater interaction does
occur in low-lying areas as is evident from the numerous low-lying areas that are marshland
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
or are flooded. The weathered aquifer is expected to discharge in low lying areas, but this
discharge may occur below the water level of the receiving body thereby not appear as a
spring.
5.12.5. Groundwater quality
During a study conducted in 2009, the quality of potable water in the Koidu Holdings mining
lease area was sampled and analysis. During this study the following parameters were
measured:
• Physical parameters consisting of temperature, turbidity, conductivity and residual
chlorine;
• Chemical parameters consisting of Iron, Manganese, Nitrogen, Sulphate, Copper,
Allminium, Magnesium, Ammonia, Bromine, Nitrate, Phosphate, Silicone, Sulphide and
Clorine; and
• Bacterial parameters consisting of faecal coliforms.
The analysis indicated that the measurements of the parameters tested were all within the
permissible limits recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO). It also indicated
that the water had high chemical bacteriological qualities and is good for human
consumption.
5.13. Visual
In order to assess the visual disturbance of the site, Viewshed modelling was employed.
Within a Geographical Information System (GIS), a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) was created
from contour information to digitally display the relief of the topography surrounding the
proposed mine. This DTM was then used to create a theoretical viewshed model which is
the total area that theoretically has a direct visual connection with the project based on
topographical features. The theoretical viewshed model does not take into account aspects
such as vegetation and atmospheric conditions such as haze or fog.
Plan 11 depicts the extent of the viewshed of the current mining activities, it is evident that
the mine does have a high visibility within the local area already and that the area is already
largely disturbed from an aesthetic point of view, largely as a result of mining activities
conducted pre-2002.
Plan 12 depicts the viewshed model based on the proposed additional infrastructure in
addition to the existing infrastructure The area surrounding Koidu Town is already historically
aesthetically disturbed. This, together with the existing rehabilitation of vegetation within the
mining lease area, reduces the potential visual impacts of the Koidu Kimberlite Project. The
mine is also compatible with the area as there are mining operations alt around and it is not
near any historical or scenic site.
106
/ I 1 I I I I I \ i >
| PHn 11 |
Koidu Kimberlite Project
Existing Viewshed
Legend
Mine Not Visible
Mine Visible
Mining Lease Area
Resettlement Boundary
Camp Extension
Rivers
Roads & Paths
Paths
Roads
Mine Plan
Blast Radius
Dumps
Mine Buildings
Offices
Water Pools
Artisinal Workings
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
5.14. Arch aeology
5.14.1. Archaeological resources at the Koidu Kimberlite Project
As part of the environmental and social investigations required for the Koidu Kimberlite
Project (Koidu Project), an Archaeological Impact Assessment (AIA) was conducted- The
overall objective of the archaeological study was to use internationally recognised measures
to identify, document and assess potential sites of archaeological and heritage significance
in the project area in order to conserve, mitigate and manage heritage sites and artefacts
according to the recommendations and criteria of the relevant heritage authorities and
legislation.
Three sites were identified during the fieldwork (Plan 13):
• A possible residential settlement on a low hill to the south-west of Monkey Hill.
Potsherds found in close association with settlement deposit. There is evidence of
potential vegetable gardens and house mounds that may be related to sites
RES967/002 and 003.
• A metalworking site on the southern slope of Monkey Hill. Evidence of metalworking,
especially iron reduction and smithing found. Artefacts include fragments of pottery
vessels, tuyere pipes (blow pipes), iron slag, bloom and ore. May be related to sites
RES967/001 and 003. The site is at least 100 m2 in extent. The site has been partly
damaged and altered by agricultural activities, illegal woodcutting and other informal
impacts by the local community.
e A metalworking site and possible residential settlement on the crest and upper slopes
of Monkey Hill. Evidence of metalworking, especially iron and copper reduction
found. Artefacts include fragments of pottery vessels, tuyere pipes (blow pipes), iron
slag, bloom and ore. May be related to sites RES967/001 and 002. The site seems to
occupy the entire hilltop of Monkey Hill, and possibly also the upper 360° slopes of
the hill. It may represent a type of fortified site as described by DeCorse (1981,
1983).
In order to assess the significance of the identified sites, a literature review and additional
research were undertaken. This determined that a) there are known archaeological sites in
the project area, and b) these sites may be significant in terms of the archaeological history
of the area, as well as providing an understanding of the expansion and influence of West
African cultures southwards. Currently, the significance of the sites identified has been
preliminarily rated. Once dating and data capturing, which is currently being conducted, are
complete, will the significance of these sites be defined. Table 5-31 outlines the three
archaeological sites found within the Koidu Kimberlite lease area.
Currently, the significance and potential impacts were determined to be medium-high.
However, the potential impacts can be mitigated in order to decrease the severity of these
impacts. The recommended mitigation required is to excavate, sample, record, document
and map the sites according to internationally accepted archaeological techniques and
methods. Once this has been done, the appropriate significance rating can be assigned. As
the sites have already been impacted on by local farming and artisanal mining activities, this
recommended mitigation may be seen as a positive impact, Based on these results, it is
109
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project &
recommended that archaeological mitigation should take place at all three sites. The
environmental impacts will result in positive impacts if provision for the sampling, recording,
documentation and analyses of the sites are made, as this information will contribute
substantially to international research on West African archaeology and societies’ histories.
Table 5-31: Archaeological sites found within the mining lease area
Site ID GPS Location Description Illustration
A settlement - probably small T3flir£«
RES967/001 N8.62090 W10.97485 . 001
homestead - on a low hill. ■A
RES967/002 N8.62254 W10.97391 Metalworking, notably iron, and 002
possible settlement >
Metalworking, evidence of both
RES967/003 N8.62631 W10.97370 iron and copper, and possible 003 ^
fortification.
110
t 1 I > > / I ) ' I V ) I Y v I
Koidu Kimberlite Project
Archaeological Sites
Legend
Proposed infrastructure
Archaeological Sites
«■--------- New Road
Paths
Roads
--- Mining Lease Area
--- Resettlement Boundary
- Camp Extension
Rivers
Mine Plan
Blast Radius
Dumps
□ Mine Buildings
Offices
Water Pools
| Artismal Workings
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Swamps
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koldu Kimberlite Project
6. DESCRIPTION OF THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
6.1. Background
At the time of the re-establishment of the Koidu Kimberlite Project in 2003, Sierra Leone
was recovering from a particularly brutal civil war which had seen massive displacement
and forced removal of the civilian population, particularly in the diamond rich Kono
District. The war caused widespread destruction of infrastructure, dwelling structures
and agricuitural land. Kimberlite pipes near Koidu Town were left relatively untouched
during this time, as the exploitation of these requires considerable capital resources and
technical expertise. However, all mining equipment and infrastructure left on site at the
beginning of the civil war were completely destroyed.
The resettlement of a significant number of households residing in the 2003 mining lease
area required the development of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for implementation
prior to and during the exploitation of the deposits. A detailed RAP was developed in
2003, which was in line with the World Bank Standards at the time. In support of the
RAP, a household and agriculture survey was undertaken with directly affected
households and construction of replacement houses for affected households
commenced in 2004.
From 2003 to 2007 the Koidu Kimberlite Project experienced various challenges in
managing the impacts of the mine on surrounding communities. This was compounded
by the need to maintain security, access control and a safe working environment in line
with international norms for the diamond industry. In December 2007, mining operations
were suspended for several months following civil unrest in the project area. The Sierra
Leonean government subsequently reviewed the then mining (ease agreement and after
extensive consultation between stakeholders, a format agreement between Koidu
Holdings (KH) the Government of Sierra Leone, directly affected parties and the Tankoro
Native Administration was signed in 2008.
When mining activities resumed in 2008, a second household survey of the lease area
was undertaken to ensure that all households within the 250 meter blasting buffer zone
were surveyed. At present, ail the households within the 2010 confirmed mining lease
area have been surveyed and they form part of the 2003 RAP as amended and agreed
upon in August 2009.
A total of 144 replacement houses have been constructed between January 2004 and
April 2011. Construction delays have piagued the resettlement process since 2004, with
result that 112 households still have to be resettled. Koidu Holdings has now adopted
stringent measures in order to finalise the resettlement process.
All replacement houses are provided with Ventilated Improved Pit latrines (VIPs) and
shower facilities on the residential stand. All affected households have also been
compensated for the loss economic trees. Community facilities in the resettlement
village include community taps, a market and a recreational field.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koldu Kimberlite Project
6.2. Political Context
The Republic of Sierra Leone is situated in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea to the
north and east, Liberia to the south-east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south¬
west. The country covers a total area of 71,740 km2 and had an estimated population of
4.9 million in 2004 (Sierra Leone Population and Housing Census, 2004).
The British entered Sierra Leone in 1787 in search of natural resources and land for
repatriated and shipwrecked slaves from Great Britain and the United States of America
The country was established in 1792 and became a British colony in 1808. Under British
colonial rule Sierra Leone became a major trading site, as well as a source of resources
such as iron, palm kernel, diamonds, gold and chromites. Diamonds were unearthed in
the Kono District of Sierra Leone since the 1930s.
During the mid 1950s, British rule gradually diminished as Great Britain handed over
government responsibilities to the Sierra Leoneans. The country became independent in
1961 .Over time, the government became increasingly centralised which resulted,
amongst other factors, in the neglect of rural communities. Corruption, deprivation and
the abuse of power have led to political instability and poor economic growth. This has
fed to the brutal and destructive civil war between 1991 and 2001. The war officially
ended in 2002.
6.3. Project Location
The Koidu Kimberlite Project is located in the Kono District of Sierra Leone. The Kono
District is located in the eastern part of Sierra Leone. The administrative capital is Koidu
Town. The District is bordered by Kenema and Kailahun districts to the south, Tonkolili
and Koinadugu districts to the east and Koinadugu District to the north respectively. It
has a land size of about 5,641 km2 and is densely populated.
The Koidu Kimberlite Project is located near Koidu Town in the Tankoro Chiefdom of the
Kono District. The project area is surrounded by six settlements, namely, New
Sembehun. Saquee Town, Sokogbe. Swarray Town. Yormandu and Manjamadu (the
resettlement site). These settlements fall within or border on the existing mining lease
area. Other neighbouring settlements are Old Meama, Wordu and Kanya.
The Extended Affected Area is approximately 58 ha and is situated at the southern limits
of Koidu Town, to the north of the mining lease area (Figure 6-1) Three townships will be
affected by the proposed expansion project (excluding potential host communities at
resettlement sites). These townships are Saquee Town, Yormandu and New Sembehun.
They partially fall within the extended 500 m blasting envelope, and the houses located
within this area will have to be resettled. According to current planning all residential
houses, businesses and public/community facilities affected in the Extended Affected
Digby Wells & Associates (Pty) Ltd 113
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project d
Area will be replaced. A comprehensive RAP is currently being developed for the
Extended Affected Area.
Figure 6-1: Extended Affected Area
6.4. Legislative Framework
The legislative framework relevant for this ESIA report is discussed in Section 3.
6.5. Administrative Framework
Administratively, Sierra Leone is divided into four distinct areas; the Northern Province
with its headquarters in Makeni, the Southern Province with Bo as its headquarters, the
Eastern Province with Kenema as its headquarters and the Western Area comprising the
Freetown Peninsular with Freetown as its headquarters.
Provincial government
Provincial administration is governed by the Ministry of Local Government and Rural
Development. The Minister is assisted by a Resident Minister in each of the provinces
whose offices are in the respective provincial headquarter towns. The resident ministers
© Digby Wells & Associates (Pty) Ltd 114
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project ...M
are assisted by provincial secretaries. Provinces are divided into districts which are
divided into chiefdoms headed by Paramount Chiefs.
District government
Following the enactment of the Local Government Act of 2004, decentralized
governance was re-introduced in Sierra Leone in 2004. Local councils were established
and a number of activities and functions of government ministries, departments and
agencies (excluding the Sierra Leone Police and the Armed Forces), were devolved to
district councils. The Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development coordinates
district councils and oversees decentralization of local government reform. District
administration is carried out by district councils.
The Kono District capital is Koidu Town (also referred to as Koidu-New Sembehun City
in order to include more recent township additions). The District comprises 14
chiefdoms, 70 sections, eight parliamentarian constituencies and 29 wards and 36
townships. They are responsible for the overall management of the districts including the
provision of critical social services to the population. Local administrators assist the
councils.
Local Government
The Local Government Act of 2004 provides for Local and/or Town Councils, which are
the highest political authority in the locality, with legislative and executive powers, and
the responsibility for promoting the development and welfare of the people in die locality
with the resources at its disposal.
The Local Council is responsible, among other things, for:
• Mobilising human and material resources necessary for the overall development and
welfare of the people of the locality;
• Promoting and supporting productive activity and social development;
• Initiating and maintaining programmes for the development of basic infrastructure
and provide works and sen/ices;
• initiating, drawing up and executing development plans for the locality;
• Overseeing Chiefdorrt Councils in the performance of functions delegated to them by
the local councils; and
• Determining the rates of local taxes, approving the annual budgets of Chiefdom
Councils and overseeing the implementation of such budgets.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koldu Kimberlite Project
Local councils play an important role in the management of its development
programmes and the collection of licenses and taxes within their localities. Generally,
mining surface rent payments are made to local authorities as compensation. Cash
compensation is also paid for housing and cultivation within the surface rent area, should
relocation of these be necessary.
Koidu Town is administered by the Koidu-New Sembehun City Council. The Council is
one of 15 councils in the Kono District constituted by the provision of the Local
Government Act of 2004. Koidu-New Sembehun City Council lies within the confines of
Koidu and New Sembehun, the administrative capitals of the Gbense and Tankoro
chiefdoms respectively. The Council includes 15 councillors, seven of which are elected
from the Tankoro Chiefdom and eight councillors from the Gbense Chiefdom.
Representatives of the key line ministries serve on the Council's Technical Planning
Committee.
Chiefdom
Districts are divided into chiefdoms. Each of the chiefdoms in Sierra Leone is headed by
a Paramount Chief who is ultimately responsible for the administration, maintenance of
law and order, and the development of his chiefdom. The Paramount Chief inherits
custodian rights over the land within his chiefdom.
Chiefdoms are administered by chiefdom councils with the Paramount Chief as
chairman. Paramount Chiefs are assisted by Chiefdom Speakers. Paramount Chiefs are
elected for life-long terms by Chiefdom Councillors, who in turn are selected by the
residents of their chiefdoms. The Paramount Chief is assisted by a Chiefdom
Committee, Council of Elders and a Native Administration. The primary function of the
chiefdom structure is the distribution of land, collection of land taxes and the settlement
of disputes.
The Chiefdom is divided into sections comprising a number of villages. Tankoro
Chiefdom comprises three sections. Each section is headed by a Section Chief and
each town by a Town Chief Sections are further divided into areas.
The Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development, in consultation with
Paramount Chiefs, appoints local court chairmen in the 149 chiefdoms in the country.
The local court houses are known as court barriers, of which there are 287 throughout
the country.
6.6. Socio-Economic Baseline Conditions
6.6.1. National Context
6.6.1.1 Demographic aspects
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Environmental and Social impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project ea
Population
According to the results of the Sierra Leone Population and Housing Census (2004), the
population of Sierra Leone was estimated at 4.9 million in 2004. Population growth rate
for the period 1985 to 2004 was estimated at 1.8 percent. Approximately 64 percent of
the population resided in rural areas.
Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone, had a population density of 1,224 persons per km2
whereas Koinadugu, the largest district in Sierra Leone, had a density of 21.4 persons
per km2.
Age and mortality rates
The country’s population is young, with 41.8 percent being younger than 15 years
(Figure 6-1). Life expectancy is low, estimated at an average of 40 years, and the infant
mortality rate is amongst the highest in the world at 165/1000 live births (World Health
Organisation, 2006).
Figure 6-1: Age distribution of Sierra Leone (Source: Central Intelligence Agency, World Fact
Book (2011))
Ethnicity
According to the CIA World Factbook (2011) the two largest and most dominant ethnic
groups in Sierra Leone are the Mende and Temne, each comprising 31 percent and 35
percent of the total population respectively. The Mende is predominantly found in the
South-Eastern Province and the Temne in the Northern Province. The third and fourth
largest ethnic groups are the Limba comprising eight percent and the Kono comprising 2
percent of the total population respectively (Figure 6-2). The Kono is primarily found in
the Kono District in eastern Sierra Leone. Other ethnic groups in Sierra Leone include
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the Kriole1, Mandingo, Loko, and migrants predominantly including people from Europe,
Lebanon, Pakistan, and India.
y Femne
Mende
. Limba
y Kono
Kriole
. Maningo
Loko
Other
31%
Figure 6-2: Ethnic groups of Sierra Leone
Source: Central Intelligence Agency, World Fact Book (2011)
Lang,, i - i: 1 QQ
According to the CIA World Factbook (2011), English is the official language of Sierra
Leone, but Krio (language derived from English and several African languages and
native to the Sierra Leone Krio people), is the most widely spoken language in nearly all
parts of Sierra Leone. The Krio language is spoken by 97 percent of the country's
population and unites the different ethnic groups.
According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) report on
International Religious Freedom in Sierra Leone, 2010, followers of Islam are estimated
to comprise 77 percent of Sierra Leone's population. According to the same report, 21
percent of the total population are followers of Christianity; and 2 percent of the
population practice indigenous beliefs (Figure 6-3).
Descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area in the late 18th century, also known as
Krio.
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2%
Islam
Christian
Indigenous Beliefs
Figure 6-3: Religious groups in Sierra Leone
Source: Report on International Religious Freedom in Sierra Leone, 2010 (UNHCR)
6.6.1.2 Economic overview
Sierra Leone was ranked last among the 177 countries surveyed globally in the
2007/2008 United Nations Human Development Index, with a per capita GDP of about
US$806. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) 2007/2008 Human
Development Report estimates that in 2005 about 52 percent of the population lived on
less than US$1 a day (UNDP, 2007).
Despite all the natural resources, the country, like all developing countries, is still
dependent on the developed world for the export of its primary products. The country is
also highly dependent on donor support and foreign companies, especially for
restructuring and poverty alleviation programmes, including expansion of the mining
sector.
According to the Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Survey (2008), Sierra Leone's
GDP grew by 6.4 percent in 2007. The economy has been unable to create jobs at a
rate to match the rising labour force demand.
Figure 6-4 shows Sierra Leone’s sector contribution to GDP for 2005. The largest
contributor was the agriculture sector followed by industry. Agricultural products include
rice, coffee, cocoa, palm kernels, palm oil, peanuts; poultry, cattle, sheep, pigs and fish.
Agriculture is also a very important occupation for people living in rural areas mainly as a
source of food. Industry consists largely of diamond mining, small-scale manufacturing,
petroleum refining and small commercial ship repair (CIA, World Fact Book, 2010).
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21%
Agriculture
49% Industry
Services
30%
Figure 6-4: Sierra Leones contributors to its GDP, 2005
Source: Central Intelligence Agency, World Fact Book (2011)
6.6.1.3 Health
Health care provision in Sierra Leone is predominantly the responsibility of government.
In April 2010, the government has instituted the Free Health Care Initiative which
commits to free services for pregnant and lactating women, and children under the age
of 5. This policy has been supported by increased aid from the United Kingdom and is
recognised as an initiative that other African countries may follow. The maternal death
rate is at 2,000 deaths per 100,000 live births (World Health Organisation, 2006). The
country suffers from epidemic outbreaks of diseases including yellow fever, cholera,
Lassa fever and meningitis. According to the Sierra Leone Demographic and Health
Survey (2008), acquired immune deficiency syndrome( AIDS) awareness is relatively
high among Sierra Leonean adults aged 15-49, with 69 percent of women and 83
percent of men saying that they have heard about AIDS.
The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the population is 1.5 percent among adults aged 15 to
49. This is higher than the world average of 1 percent but lower than the average of 6.1
percent in Sub-Saharan Africa (Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Survey 2008).
6.6.1.4 Education
According to the Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Survey (2008), Sierra Leone’s
education system has been unstable for more than 10 years as a result of the civil war;
however, restructuring of the infrastructure and educational programme is being
undertaken by the government. The war resulted in the destruction of 1,270 schools, and
in 2001 approximately 67 percent of all children were no longer attending school. The
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government of Sierra Leone has since adopted a policy of free primary education in all
government schools for all children. In addition, the government is also undertaking
renovation of infrastructure that was damaged during the war, and it is revising and
expanding programmes in the educational system.
Despite the restructuring of the educational system, it is still faced with a shortage of
schools and teachers. However, the situation has improved considerably since then with
primary school enrolment doubling between 2001 and 2005 and the reconstruction of
many schools since the end of the war. According to the UNESCO Institute for
Statistics, Sierra Leone has a low level of literacy among adults with only 39.8 percent of
adults being literate in 2008.
According to the Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Survey (2008) approximately 58
percent of women and 46 percent of men in Sierra Leone have no education. Only one
in four women (25 percent) and 28 percent of men have some primary education. A low
percentage of men and women (22 and 12 percent respectively) attended secondary
school.
6.6.1.5 Poverty
For many years, Sierra Leone has been ranked at the bottom of the Human
Development Index (HDI). The Sierra Leoneans HOI indicators, including illiteracy,
primary school enrolments, life expectancy, maternal deaths, malnutrition, and child
mortality rates, are about the worst in the world. The infant mortality rate (IMR) is about
165/1000, while life expectancy at birth is 40 and 37 years for females and males
respectively (World Health Organisation, 2006) compared to 46 years in Sub-Saharan
Africa (UNDP, 2004). The adult literacy rate is estimated at 30 percent, while
approximately 57 percent of the population has access to safe drinking water (World
Health Organisation, 2006). Approximately 70 percent of the population lives in absolute
poverty, with expenditures below 1 US$ a day.
Approximately 26 percent of the population is too poor to buy food on a daily basis and
rural villagers struggle to remain at subsistence levels [Poverty Reduction Strategy
Paper, (PRSP) 2005], Poor health indicators reflect the lack of access to basic services
specifically health, sanitation and safe drinking water. Sanitary conditions are poor as
sewage and refuse disposal systems do not exist or function effectively (PRSP, 2005).
The PRSP (2005) reported that poverty is highest in the rural sector with approximately
79 percent of those engaged in the subsistence agricultural sector being poor.
Households headed by farmers have the highest rate of poverty estimated at 83 percent
(PRSP, 2005).
Approximately 70 percent of the 4,9 million inhabitants of Sierra Leone are rural (PRSP,
2005). According to the Agriculture Sector Review Report, 2000, the major causes of
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poverty in the rural areas are lack of social services (such as health, education, safe
drinking water and sanitation, lack of agricultural inputs, market access and low incomes
from the sale of produce); weak infrastructure (e.g. bad road networks, lack of storage
facilities); lack of economic and employment opportunities; devastation by the war; and
social barriers (such as large family size within the rural communities).
The lack of sufficient food is concentrated mainly in rural areas. About 68 percent of the
population cannot afford enough food to eat. It is reported that about three out of four
people in rural areas outside Freetown do not attain the minimum daily calorie intake
(2700 calories). A poor and undernourished population is more susceptible to various
diseases. Rising maternal and child mortality rates, increasing illiteracy rates and rising
unemployment levels characterize the living conditions in many parts of Sierra Leone
(Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, March 2005).
6.6.2. Regional context
The Kono District is located in the North Eastern part of Sierra Leone. It covers an area
of approximately 5,641 km2 and is densely populated. The District’s capital is Koidu New
Sembehun City. The Kono District borders with the Republic of Guinea to the east and
Koinadugu, Tonkolili, Kenema and Kailahun Districts to the north, west, and south
respectively. The district comprises 14 Chiefdoms, 70 Sections, eight Parliamentarian
Constituencies, 29 Wards and 36 Townships (Digby Wells Focus Group Meeting with
Township Chiefs, 16 April 2011).
6.6.2.1 Environment: Natural and mineral resources
The main natural resources of the district comprise arable land base clay and sand
deposits. Sand and clay mining are carried out along streams sides and swamps, which
have led to the degradation of soil fertility (Kono District Development Plan. 2010 -
2012).
A large part of the district population depend on natural resources from forests and rivers
for the use of foodstuff, fuel (fuel wood and charcoal), construction materials, crafts,
medicinal plants and recreational materials (raffia, ornaments). The wildlife population
has. however, been significantly reduced during the civil war and through hunting
practices. Although fishing is not predominantly undertaken in the district, it is
undertaken at inland rivers in the country (Kono District Development Plan, 2010 -
2012).
According to the Kono District Development Plan (2010 - 2012). major threats to
biodiversity and the environment include subsistence agriculture, livestock farming,
forest exploitation, energy exploitation, mining, transportation, urbanization and waste
disposal.
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The main mineral resources found in the district are diamonds and gold. Mining activities
have also contributed to the degradation of the environment, causing air and water
pollution as well as food contamination.
6.6.2.2 Demographic aspects
Population
Kono has had one of the highest population displacements in the country as a result of
the civil war. According to the Sierra Leone Population and Housing Census (2004), the
population for the Kono District was 335, 401 in 2004. The census was however
affected by a large number of immigrant miners from northern Sierra Leone moving out
of the Kono District at the time when the census was undertaken in search of alternative
resource deposits in the country (Kono District Development Plan, 2010-2012).
The district has a low population density of approximately 30 persons per km2. The low
population density in the district can be attributed to the decrease in the availability of
mining resources and the damage to housing and community infrastructure as a result of
the civil war. The 2004 population and household census show that the average
household size for the district is 5.7. Family planning is not commonly practiced in the
district (Kono District Development Plan, 2010-2012).
Ethnicity
Ethnic affiliation in the district is largely homogeneous with the Konos constituting 55%
of the population. The other ethnic groups in the district are the Kissis. Kurankos,
Mandigos and Temne.
6.6.2.3 Health
According to the Kono District Development Plan (2010 - 2012) the main illnesses and
diseases affecting the residents in the district are: malaria, diarrhoea, skin diseases,
hypertension, pneumonia, anaemia, intestinal worms, rheumatism, ear infection and
onchocerciasis. The main causes of the above-mentioned diseases include the breeding
of mosquitoes in stagnant pools of water, poor sanitation facilities, improper refuse
disposal, the use of contaminated water, unhealthy dietary habits and the lack of
personal hygiene.
The Kono District Development Plan (2010 - 2012) also reported that teenage
pregnancy is a source of concern in the district. Most residents in the district showed
some knowledge and understanding (awareness) of HIV/AIDS. Recent statistics for the
levels of HIV/AiDS in the district is however difficult to be ascertained. This may be due
to the fact that people are shy to speak about having HIV/AIDS. A Voluntary
Confidential Counselling Team has been established at the district hospital for this
purpose.
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* •<}
According to the Kono District Development Plan (2010 - 2012), the district's healthcare
system has gone through three stages subsequent to the civil war:
* Stage 1 - a transitional period of emergency development during early 2004;
e Stage 2 - a period of health system reform with the decentralization of healthcare
delivery to the District Councils and the formation of the district health board; and
® Stage 3 - the termination of the operation of some international health service
organizations due to the lack of funding.
The district has also improved access to healthcare facilities. The district has 67 health
facilities including one hospital that is now fully operational with three doctors and a total
of 294 medical staff, including an anaesthetist, pharmacists and laboratory technicians.
The hospital has two ambulances, eight motorbikes and two vans to transport patients to
and from healthcare facilities.
In addition to the hospital, the district has 11 Community Health Centres, 25 Community
Health Posts and 33 Maternal Health Posts.
The district has trained 500 Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs) who have been provided
with “child birth kits" from UNICEF. Two collaborative centers for TBA/Leprosy
Management have been established at Jaiama Sewafe and the hospital. These centres
mainly provide maternal health care services to the population. These facilities
collectively provide healthcare services to approximately 60 percent of the district
population.
Health care in the district has been focussed on reducing maternal and infant mortality
and improving the general health status of the community. The healthcare system in the
district and the management thereof is however compromised by a lack of resources,
specifically personnel in the form of doctors and administrative staff.
Nutrition
The morbidity trends among children specifically are indicative of general poor and mal¬
nutrition in the community. A typical meal for the majority of the population in the district
comprises mainly rice, cassava and/or potatoes. Protein and vitamin intake is low even
though households in the district grow and produce citrus and vegetables. The
prevalence of certain diseases further suggests that the majority of the population live on
an unbalanced diet (Kono District Development Plan. 2010 - 2012 and Sierra Leone
Demographic and Health Survey. 2008}.
According to the Kono District Development Plan (2010 - 2012), the district Health
Management Team is aiming to alleviate this problem by providing iodized salt
supplements to the population and through nutrition surveillance programmes. These
programmes aim to strengthen and reinforce the regular growth monitoring at maternal
and child health clinics at Ihe sub district level. The district also provides supplementary
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feeding programmes at Periphery Health Units (PHUs). Vitamin A supplements are also
available to the population in all PHUs.
Immunisation
!n addition to undertaking feeding programmes, the district Health Management Team
has undertaken immunisation programmes among children in the Kono District. The
programme aims to enhance resistance in children against the main life-threatening
diseases in the district namely: measles, diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus.
6.6.2.4 Education
The District Directorate of the Ministry of Education Science and Technology is
responsible for managing and overseeing the education system in the district. This
includes formal, non-formal, public and private schools.
The population density in the chiefdoms has been a major determinant in the placement
of schools. The uneven distribution of schools and the low enrolment rates are major
concerns for the development of education in the district, The other major concern is the
number of children dropping out of schools at the primary level. The main reasons for
this, according to the Kono District Development Plan (2010 - 2012), are poverty and
accessibility to schools (travelling distances). Other factors contributing to poor
education in the district are: inadequate and insufficient leaching and learning material
for science and technology, ill-equipped laboratories, ill-equipped libraries, insufficient
furniture and lack of decent accommodation facilities for teachers.
6.6.2.5 Economic overview
The main economic activities in the district comprise mining (diamond and gold), and
agriculture (rice, oil palm and other crop plantations e.g. coffee and cocoa). Goods are
traded with people moving through the district from neighbouring towns.
The district is predominately rural, with most of its residents engaged in crop and
livestock agriculture. Most agricultural activities are undertaken at subsistence level and
commercial agriculture is not evident. According to the Kono District Development Plan
(2010 - 2012) the district has the potential to become an agricultural driven economy if
the relevant resources and mechanisms are implemented.
Mining2 is the other main economic activity undertaken by the people in the Kono District
and approximately 50 to 55 percent of the total population of the district total population
depends directly or indirectly on mining. Mining leases and surface rent paid to
' “Miiiinfi" in ihj ili'.lriut consists prciiunuiMnilv of.ini'.mill (illuvial mining
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government enables small scale mining undertakings by chiefdoms and the district at
large {Kono District Development Plan, 2010 - 2012).
Other economic activities in the district include owning/running bars, as well as petty
trading (selling of assorted items including cell phone products, clothing, food stuff)
(Kono District Development Plan, 2010 - 2012).
Taxes
Community members are obliged to pay monthly taxes to the Kono District Council.
According to the Kono District Development Plan (2010 - 2012), residents above the
age of 18 have to pay a monthly fee of Le 5000. The taxes are divided between the
District Council and Native Administration at 40 and 60 percent respectively.
The District Council utilises the money for various official expenditures including salaries
for staff, payments to government (including the Ministry of Health and Sanitation, the
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Ministry of Social Welfare and the Ministry of
Education) and community development projects.
6.6.2.6 Services and infrastructure
Roads and transport
The main form of transport in the Kono District is by land (road) and water (rivers and
canoes). The population of Kono rarely owns private vehicles and they predominantly
walk or rely on public transport (taxi vans and motorbikes) for transport (Kono District
Development Plan, 2010 - 2012).
The roads in the Kono District are not tamed and during the raining season, heavy rains
lead to soil erosion (Photo 1) resulting in poor and dangerous road conditions and
damage to vehicles.
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Photo 1: Motorbike taxi travelling on eroded gravel road
Source: flickr.com
Communication
The majority of the population of Kono communicate by using cell phones through the
Zain and Sierratel cell phone services providers (Kono District Development Plan, 2010
- 2012). Communication by land-line telephones is limited. Koidu Town has a post
office, which is not currently operational due to damage caused during the civil war.
Housing
The Kono District suffered 94% housing infrastructure loss as a result of the burning of
houses (Photo 2) during the war. Despite the efforts made by NGOs, most community
members still live in partially constructed/burnt houses with trampoline/plastic sheet
covers used for walls and roofs (Photo 3). Some houses have been re-constructed with
sandcrete and mud bricks (Photo 4) with corrugated iron roofs. The average number of
persons per household in the district is five and the average number of rooms per house
is two in the urban areas while the rural parts have houses that may have more than
three rooms.
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Photo 2: Burnt down house in the Kono District
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
Photo 3: Burnt house with partial room
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
Water and sanitation
People in the Kono District predominantly source water from wells (Photo 5), boreholes,
ponds and rivers. Infrastructure for piped-borne water has been installed in only 5 of the
24 wards in the district.
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Photo 4: House constructed with mud bricks
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
There are currently 397 standpipes in the district. According to the Kono District
Development Plan (2010 - 2012), the current water supply is not adequate to serve the
growing population. The majority of the rural communities does not have access to
potable water, and therefore are compelled to use water from streams or rivers which
are often contaminated.
Photo 5: Hand-dug well in the Kono District
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
People in the Kono District predominantly make use of pit latrines. Most households
have access to a toilet on their property or a neighbour's facility. The toilets are
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generally constructed out of plastic/corrugated iron sheets with no roof (Photo 6) or a
more permanent structure constructed with bricks and a corrugated iron roof (Photo 7).
The condition of sanitation facilities is generally poor.
Photo 6: Pit latrine constructed with plastic sheets
Source: Digby Wells Asset Suivey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
Photo 7: Pit latrine constructed with bricks
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
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Energy
There Is no regional electricity supply within the Kono District and the only form of
electricity generation is by utilising generators (Kono District Development Plan, 2010 -
2012). The rural population mostly get their energy from shops or individuals selling
wood and charcoal within the community, Other sources are filling stations (for
kerosene) and generators generated electricity.
Refuse disposal
There is no formal waste disposal system or landfill site in the Kono District. Solid waste
is mostly disposed of in the bush or at open public dumping sites or in the backyards of
individual households (Kono District Development Plan 2010 - 2012).
6.6.3. Local context
The Expansion Project is located within Koidu Town which is the capital of the Kono
District. Koidu Town Is governed by the Koidu New Sembehun City Council with Koidu
Town and New Sembehun Township forming the largest part of its geographical
administrative area. These two towns are also the headquarters of the Gbense and
Tankoro Chiefdoms respectively, covering approximately 80 percent of the total area of
the two Chiefdoms. The Koidu New Sembehun City Council is divided into three
electoral wards namely:
• Tankoro South - also known as Ward 62
® Tankoro North - also known as Ward 63
« Gbense - also known as Ward 64
The council borders Imikoro to the south-west and Kamara to the north-west and is
characterised by extensive wetland and swamp areas used for subsistence agriculture in
the rainy seasons. The area is also characterised by vast areas of “waste land" as a
result of extensive artisanal mining activities (Koidu New Sembehun City Council
Development Plan, 2011 - 2013).
6.6.3.1 Demographic aspects
Population
According to the Koidu New Sembehun City Council Development Plan (2001 - 2013).
Koidu Town has an estimated population of 80,025 (Figure 6-5) and approximately 95
persons per km2. The population is predominantly involved in trading, mining and
subsistence farming as their main economic activities.
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i
45000
40000 41002
35000
jg
| 30000
s
f 25000
o
- 20000 Male
a, / emale
15000
10000
5000
0
Tankoro North Tankoro South Gbense Total
Koidu New Sembehun City Council Wards
Figure 6-5: Population statistics for Koidu Town
Source: Koidu New Sembehun City Council Development Plan (2011 - 2012) taken from the Sierra Leone
Population and Housing Census (2004)
During key informant interviews undertaken by Digby Wells (April 2011) with the Tankoro
Youth Development Association, it was established that approximately 65 percent of the
population in Koidu consists of youth between the ages 15 to 35 years. The population
numbers in Tankoro has reportedly increased subsequent to the war, as children who
were born and people who were living in refugee camps in Guinea have moved back
into the area.
Household structure
Most households in the Tankoro Chiefdom are made up of extended family units
spanning a few generations. Household sizes can range from four to thirty people in one
household.
The main role of women is to take care of the household and to undertake agricultural
and petty trading activities to earn an income. Men who are employed will bring money
into the household whilst women mostly contribute to the maintenance of the household.
The women from the Tankoro Women's Organisation expressed a desire to be treated
equally to men when considered for formal employment. The main role of children,
when not attending school, is to fetch water and wood and run general errands for the
household (Digby Wells interviews, April 2011).
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Ethnicity and religion
Similar to the ethnic composition of the Kono District, the dominant ethnic group in local
area is the Kono. Other ethnic groups in the area include the Mende, Temne, Kissi and
Limba. The ethnic groups generally live together in harmony (Digby Wells interviews.
April 2011).
As in the larger Sierra Leone and the Kono District, the dominant religions within the
Tankoro Chiefdom area are Muslim and Christianity. Traditional religion is still practiced
by some community members in the area but is mostly conducted in a private manner.
6.6.3.2 Education
A survey undertaken by the Koidu New Sembehun City Council (2009/2010) has
established the number of education facilities and resources in Koidu. These figures
are presented in Table 6-1.
Table 6-1: Education facilities and enrolment for the Tankoro Chiefdom
Pre-Schools
Number of Schools 01
Number of male pupils 04
Number of female pupils 07
Total Number of Pupils 11
Government Assisted arid Community Primary Schools
Number of Schools 40
Number of male Pupils 6 438
Number of female Pupils 7 845
Total Number of Pupils 14 283
Junior Secondary Schools :
Number of Schools 10
Number of male pupils 3 435
Number of female pupils 1 626
Total Number of Pupils 5 061
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Senior Secondary Schools
Number of Schools 03
Number of male pupils 977
Number of female pupiis 298
Total Number of Pupiis 1 275
In addition to the educational facilities listed above, Kono also has one Technical
Training Institute which currently has an enrolment of 109 males and 269 females. The
inspector of schools for the Kono District explained during an interview with Digby Wells
(19 April 2011) that the education system in Koidu comprises the following:
The school year comprise of three terms: September to December. January to April: and
May to July. The subjects that are presented for the respective levels of education are
presented in Table 6-2.
Table 6-2: Subjects provided for different levels of education in Koidu
Level of Education length of level Subjects
of Education
Pre-primary (ages Three years Basic numeracy and literacy.
three - five)
Primary (from age Six years Maths, English, Social Studies. Integrated
six) Class one to six Science (Including Bjology), Social Studies
(Including History Civics, Georpaphy)
Physical Health Education, Some Schools
Home Economics.
Junior Secondary Three years Maths, English, Social Studies, Integrated
School Science (Including Biology), Social Studies
(Including History, Geography) Physical
Health Education, Some Schools Home
Economics.
Senior Secondary Three years Maths, English, Social Studies, Integrated
School Science (Including Biology), Social Studies
(Including History Civics, Geography)
Physical Health Education, Some Schools
Home Economics.
Source: Digby Wells Key Informant Interview - 19Apri!2011
The inspector explained that the Government approved teacher to pupil ratio is 1 to
40/45 students and in Koidu it currently stands at an average of 1 to 70-80 students. The
education system is compromised by a tack of infrastructure, qualified teachers and
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teaching materials. High school drop-out levels as a result of teenage pregnancies Is a
major concern. Levels of education are low in Koldu and there Is a need for education,
specifically adult-based education.
All primary education in Koidu is provided at no cost to pupils. Payment Is required for
boys from the “Junior Secondary Level" but not for girls. This is to encourage girls to
enrol for higher levels of education. The costs for the first three years for Junior
Secondary School and Senior Secondary School is Le 20 0003 and Le 75 000 per term
respectively.
Tertiary education is generally provided by private intuitions and too expensive for
general community members to afford. As a result, the approximate 50 percent of pupils
who write the West African Senior School Examination at the end of Senior Secondary
School do not proceed to get a tertiary education (Digby Wells Key Informant interview,
April 2011).
6.6.3.3 Health
During an interview with the Koidu Hospital on 18 April 2011, Digby Welts established
that there are six healthcare facilities within the Tankoro Chiefdom. The facilities and
associated resources are listed in Table 6-3.
Table 6-3: Health Care Facilities within Tankoro Chiefdom
Clinic Number of Beds Staff
Koaquine (CHC)“ 6 1 Lab Assistant
1 Vaccinator
2 MCHA's
1 CHO
Baiarta (MCHP)0 4 1 Vaccinator
1 MCHA
Woana (MCHP) 1 Vaccinator
1 MCHA
Swarray Town 1 Vaccinator
(MCHP) 2 MCHA
Tongoro (MCHP) 1 Vaccinator
1 MCHA
Kainsai (MCHP) 1 Vaccinator
1 MCHA
Kamiva (currently being constructed)
Koidu Government 130 2 Doctors
Hospital 1 Matron
1 Secretary
' Sierra Leonean Leones II SS SLL4,350(28 April. 2011)
4 Community Health Centre
' Maternal. Child and Health Posts
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1 Finance Officer
2 CHO’s
5 Mid Wives
2 Staff Nurse
17 Sechn
5 MCH Aide
40 Nursing Aide
4 Lab Technicians
4 Lab Assistance
3 Pharmacy Technicians
5 Orthopaedic
3 Drivers
1 Clerk
1 Cook
3 Security
_|_ | 40 Volunteer Nursing Aide_
Source: KHG - Digby Wells interview - 18 April 2011
Minor medical cases are admitted to community health centres, while serious and
emergency medical cases are admitted to government hospital. The Community Health
Centre (CHC) and Maternal and Child Health Posts (MCHPs) currently provide the
following health care to the Tankoro population:
e Immunisation
« Family planning
» Antenatal care
• Baby deliveries
• Postnatal services
• Outreach programs
Health care services are provided for free to children under the age of five, pregnant and
lactatlng women, while the rest of the community has a pay for health care and
medication.
The Koidu Government Hospital (KGH) representative noted that the services offered at
the medical facilities v/ithin Tankoro are often not adequate to provide comprehensive
services to everyone in the rural areas. The KGH representative listed the following
inadequacies in the health care facilities:
• Inadequate accommodation for medical staff {only two clinics has staff quarters);
• Lack of medical facilities and equipment;
• Transport constraints;
• Lack of medical supplies;
• Lack of water and electricity; and
• Poor access to information (e.g. internet)
The most common diseases in Tankoro, as obtained from the KGH medical records, are
presented in Table 6-4.
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Table &-4: Common diseases cases recorded for Tankoro 2010/2011 (to date)
Disease No. of Patients 2010 No. of Patients 2011 (year
to date)
Diarrhoea 956 71
AFP 3 2
Measles 55 35
Yellow Fever 2 1
Source KHG - Digby Wells interview -18 April 2011
Other diseases/medical conditions prevalent in the community are malaria, malnutrition,
respiratory diseases and bilharzia (KGH. April 2011).
The maternal death rates recorded for 2010 were 857/100.000 live births. The most
common cause of death in Koidu is malaria (KGH. April 2011). The average life
expectancy for people living in Koidu is 47 years.
The KGH noted that HIV and STD infection rates have stabilised in 2010 but that
accurate statistics could not be provided as people do not generally disclose their HIV
status. The KGH undertakes HIV/AIDS awareness campaigns in the community through
the National AIDS Secretariat, Community Based Organisations (CBO’s) and health
management teams. The campaigns promote the use of condoms and encourage
voluntary testing.
The KGH noted that there is high occurrence of teenage pregnancies in Koidu. This can
be attributed to poverty, unemployment and peer pressure. The occurrence of mental
and physical disabilities in Koidu is low, and the few cases that have been reported
resulted from the rebel war (KHG, April 2011).
6.6.3.4 Employment and unemployment
There are high levels of unemployment in the Koidu with approximately 80 percent of die
population being unemployed (Digby Wells Focus Group Meeting with Town Chief. 16
April 2011). Current staff strength on the Koidu Kimberlite Project is 648 permanent
employees and 115 casual labourers.
Despite its high agricultural, commercial and mining potential in Koidu. approximately 98
percent of the population live on less than US$1 per day. The poverty level has forced
many young girls into commercial sex. With the high level of unskilled youth members,
unemployment is common. The frustration has also coerced some youth members to
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indulge in drug-abuse and addiction resulting in a high incidence of crime in Koidu Town
(Koidu New Sembehun City Council Development Plan, 2011 - 2013).
6.6.3.5 Land use and ownership
The dominant land use in the Koidu area is agriculture. The community use extensive
areas in Koidu for the planting of economic trees such as cocoa, coffee and oil palm.
The main crops that are cultivated are rice, cassava and maize. The land is also used for
keeping livestock such as sheep, goats and chickens. Cattle are not generally kept in
urbanised areas. This is enforced through an informal law that was developed by the
town chiefs (Digby Wells Focus Group interview with Town Chiefs, 16 April 2011).
Officially, all land is owned by the Paramount Chief. Land within each settlement is
allocated by the relevant Town Chief through the endorsement of the paramount Chief.
New landowners pay for the land by giving a token to the Town Chief. The amount is
paid once off and the value is determined by the Town Chief. Land ownership is also
allocated through inheritance within families (Digby Wells Focus Group Interview with
Town Chiefs, 16 April 2011).
6.6.3.6 Services and infrastructure
Similarly to the larger Kono District, Koidu Town has experienced severe damage to
community infrastructure as a result of the rebel war. Between 2004 and 200, efforts
were made, through the Sierra Leonean Government, to rehabilitate and restore some of
the services and infrastructure but there is still a 55 percent backlog in terms of services
provision. Some individual households have reconstructed their own houses. The Sierra
Leone Road Agency (SLRA) also undertook basic road maintenance by reconstructing
drainage systems and culverts on main roads.
As in the larger Kono District, there is no formal electricity supply in Koidu and
community members use private generators for power generation. The Koidu New
Sembehun Council is however committed to supplying electricity to the larger town
provided that they have access to the relevant resources (Koidu New Sembehun City
Council Development Plan, 2011 -2013).
The Town Chiefs of Tankoro noted in an interview with Digby Wells on 16 April 2011 that
the most critical community needs in terms of services provision within Koidu are:
• Roads (to improve access to markets in larger cities such as Freetown);
• Water supply;
• Electricity supply;
• Health Services;
• Meeting places; and
• Credit facilities.
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6.6.4. Extended Affected Area (EAA)
This section contains information regarding the population that will be directly affected by
the proposed Expansion Project. Digby Wells gathered socio-economic information in
conjunction with a survey of all affected assets under the Expansion Project (Nov 2010 -
Jan 2011) and key-informant interviews undertaken with stakeholders in the community
(15 April 2011 to 22 April 2011).
The EAA is situated to the north of the existing mining lease area along the boundaries
of the KP1, KP2 KP3 KP4 and KP5 beacons. The size of the area is approximately 50
ha. The townships of Saquee Town, New Sembehun and Yormandu are located within
this area There are approximately 1.290 structures located within the Extended Affected
Area. This includes primary residential dwellings and outbuildings such as toilets,
shops/stores, kitchens, animal pens and recreational facilities.
New Sembehun
New Sembehun is located on the north-western boundary of the concession area partly
falls within the concession area, along the boundary of the KP1 to KP2 beacons. Three
streets of New Sembehun run through the current Koidu concession area, namely Turay
Street, Bayoh Lane and Bayoh Street. There are approximately 300 houses in New
Sembehun within the Extended Affected Area that will have to be resettled under the
Expansion Project...
Yormandu
The portion of the Yormandu Township lying within the concession area is bounded by
beacons KP3/4C to KP4 and KP4 to KP4/B and also by a tributary of the Woyie River. It
is located to the north of the concession area and falls within the the concession. The
section of the township that falls within the Extended Affected Area has approximately
99 houses.
Saauee Town
Saquee Town lies on the outskirts of the mining lease area and within the concession
area. In certain areas, it lies within the existing 250m blast zones of the K1 and K2
kimberlite pipes. There are 313 houses within Saquee Town that will need to be
resettled.
Digby Wells has identified that approximately 4,000 people in Saquee Town will be
affected by the Expansion Project.
6.6.4.1 Administrative framework in the EAA
The administrative structure in the broader project area is discussed in Section 6.1. The
primary native administration heads for the three settlements affected by the Project are
presented in Table 6-5.
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Table 6*5: Native administration of project affected settlements
Name'; ■■■■'■■ ■ Designation :
Chief P, Saquee Paramount Chief
Chief T. Gando Town Chief for Saquee Town
Chief S. Ndomaina Town Chief for New Sembehun
Chiefs. Fillie Town Chief for Yormandu
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
An important administrative structure in the project area is the Village Resettlement
Committee (VRC). The VRC was established in 2009, following the signing of
stakeholder agreements with regards to resettlement principles and standards. The
VRC is chaired by the Paramount Chief and consists of representatives of the project
affected area including:
• Affected Property Owners Association (APOA);
• Town chiefs of the affected settlements:
• National Government
• Cemmats Environmental Consultants;
» Koidu Holdings;
® Youth;
® Counciior(s);
» Koidu Deputy Mayor; and
e Department of Housing,
The VRC holds monthly meetings where issues pertaining to the current resettlement
process are discussed. The VRC is also responsible for resolving grievances and
disputes lodged by those affected by the resettlement6, including those within the
extended blasting buffer area. The VRC will be re-elected in 2011 to ensure fufl
representation by households and groups affected by the Project.
6.6.4.2 Population
According to the survey conducted in 2008 by the Cemmats Group, the total population
of the three project-affected settlements is estimated at 2,086 inhabitants (Table 6-6).
' This includes people dill Jivina within tits concesuinn area and people who have already been moved to die new resettlement host
MIC.
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Table 6-6: Population Estimates for Settlements within the larger Project Area
Settlement Population
Sokogbe 1,842
Saquee Town 1,393
Swarray Town 415
New Sembehun 387
Yormandu 1,026
Manjamadu (Resettlement host site) 740
Source: Cemmats: 2008
The asset and socio-economic survey for the Expansion Project (November 2011 to
January 2011) has estimated number of people living within the Extended Affected Area
on 8,218 (Figure 6-6). This is a significant increase when compared to the total
combined population of 2,806 in the three villages as recorded by Cemmats in 2008.
This increase may partly be as a result of the influx of people to the area seeking
employment opportunities associated with the Koidu Kimberlite Project. However, it is
likely that respondents in the 2011 survey included all occupants/tenants in the survey
questions on household size. This aspect will be investigated during the social studies
for the Project RAP. The number of people recorded in 2011 living in a household range
from 5 to 15 with an average of 6.9 people per household.
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
SaqueeTown NewSembehun Yormandu
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Figure 6-6: Number of people (male and female7) living within the Extended Affected Area
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
6.6.4.3 Economy
Digby Wells established during the asset survey (November 2010 - January 2011) that
people living within the project-affected area mostly partake in a combination of activities
to earn an income such as petty trading activities (Figure 6-7), including selling second¬
hand clothes, crops, fruit and other assorted items. Approximately 47 percent of the
people living in the affected area make money by selling fruit and crops and 12 percent
by selling their livestock such as goats, chickens and sheep. Although artisanal mining
may be a source of income in the larger area, it is not the main sources of income in the
Extended Affected Area.
7% 3.% I Sell Assorted Items
i Sell crops
I Artisinal Mining
Sell Fruit
Sell Fish
Sell Wood
l Sell Livestock
4%1%
Figure 6-7: Main sources of income within the Extended Affected Area
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
Although not all household heads were prepared to provide an indication of their income
during interviews it was established during the asset survey undertaken by Digby Wells
(November 2011-January 2011) that the majority of household heads in the Extended
Affected Area earn between Le5000 to Le35 000 (Sierra Leonean Leones) per week
which equates to approximately 1 USD to 8 USD per week. The average weekly income
for household heads in the three project-affected villages is shown in Figure6-8.
7 These figures include children
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300000.0
Ul
-o
■§ 250000.0
Z 200000.0
•o
? 150000.0
g 100000.0
o
-- 50000.0
BO
2
0.0
< Saquee Town New Sembehun Yormandu
Village
Figure 6-8: Average weekly income [Sierra Leonean Leones (SLL)] for household heads
within Extended Affected Area
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
Agricultural activities in the Extended Affected Area, includes vegetable farming and the
planting of fruit trees. Vegetables are mostly cultivated for subsistence purposes whilst
cacao and coffee and rice are grown for commercial purposes. The fruit from trees are
both sold for an income and used for subsistence (Digby Wells, Nov 2010 - Jan 2011).
Valley swamps are used for the cultivation of rice, the staple food of Sierra Leone. The
higher lands are used to cultivate crops such as cassava, beans, sweet potatoes,
groundnut, ginger, cocoyam, and maize during the wet season. Vegetables such as
pepper, egg plant, African spinach, onions, okra, tomatoes, sorrel, cucumber, cabbage
and pumpkin are also cultivated on the higher lands. Maize, groundnut and cassava are
cultivated in the dry season. Agricultural fields are prepared for planting in the wet
season by burning down grass and plants that grew during the dry season. Cultivation is
done using traditional tools such as hoes, shovels and cutlasses. Generally, fertilizers
are not widely used as it is too expensive for most farmers, and as a result yields are
generally low.
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Photo 8: Rice Field in Saquee Town
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
A wide variety of fruit trees are planted by people within the Extended Affected Area.
Fruit trees are mainly located within household compounds and include mango,
avocado, banana, kolanut, coconut, cacao, coffee, guava and oil palm trees (Asset
survey, November 2011 - January 2011). The most commonly planted trees within the
Extended Affected Area are bananas as shown in Figure 6-9. Although not commonly
planted, other trees such as Moringa, apple, plum and cottonwood trees were also
recorded in the Extended Affected Area.
Fruit and crops grown by the people in the Extended Affected Area provide both food
and income. The leaves of the cassava plant is finely chopped and then cooked with the
oil from the oil palm whereafter meat and/or fish is added to the dish. The dish (Photo 9)
is served with rice and Digby Wells noted that it is the most commonly consumed food in
the Extended Affected Area.
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Plantin
Pear
Sugar Cane
Coffee
Cocoa
Kolanut
Paw-Paw
Sweet Sharp
£ Tombi
o
oj Banana
a.
I? Coconut
Pineapple
Guava
Citrus
Avocado Pear
Oil Palm
Mango
Cashew Nut
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000
Number of Trees
Figure 6-9: Economic trees recorded in the Extended Affected Area
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
Photo 9: Example of Cassava sauce served with rice
Source: flickr.com
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Similar to crop farming, livestock production is an important part of the community’s
livelihoods. Goats, sheep and chickens are the most commonly kept livestock by
households as shown in Figure 6-10 Cattle are mostly found in the rural areas of the
Tankoro Chiefdom. No horses or donkeys were observed during the asset survey. The
livestock mainly provides a source of food but the selling of livestock also provides a
source of income to households.
Figure 6-10: Approximate number of livestock recorded for households within the
Extended Affected Area.
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
Artisanal diamond mining on easily accessible alluvial terraces is prevalent in the project
area and is mainly carried out by men (Key Informant Interviews, April 2011). This is
principally a subsistence activity in which Kimberlite deposits are not included. Valley
swamps and river terraces are mined by the use of shovels with which the soil is
excavated and then washed in a shaker/sieve in a stream. When terraces are
excavated, the soil is loaded into rice sacks and then carried to a stream, where it is
washed to extract the diamonds (Cemmats, 2010). No artisanal mining is permitted
within the Koidu mining lease area. Digby Wells established during key informant
interviews (April 2011) that artisanal mining in the area has become challenging as most
of the mining areas have been depleted.
6.6.4.4 Services and infrastructure
Approximately 88 percent of ail households within the Extended Affected Area use
firewood and charcoal as the main source of energy for cooking, as illustrated in Figure
6-11. There is no national electricity supply within the project area and the only form of
electricity generation is generators. These are used by both private households and for
commercial purposes. It was established during the asset survey that few households
are equipped with electrical infrastructure. Petrol and kerosene are also available within
the study area. Petrol is predominantly used as fuel for motorbikes whilst kerosene is
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used for generating light (kerosene lamps and lanterns) and for igniting firewood and
charcoal.
3.0% 1.5% 0.2%
0.4%
a Candles
36.2% Wood
Charcoal
u Parrafin
Electricity
None
Other
51.7%
Figure 6-11: Main sources of energy within the Extended Affected Area
Source: Digby Wells Asset Suivey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
Potable water and sanitation facilities within project-affected settlements were found to
be poor. Approximately 82% of households within the Extended Affected Area
predominantly obtain water for cooking and drinking from community, private or
neighbour’s wells (Figure 6-12). Wells are generally dug to a depth of 5 m, and are
usually located within the household compound (Photo 10). Laundry is commonly
washed in nearby streams or in plastic buckets at households. Koidu Holdings is
presently supplying the resettlement village with running potable water and every fourth
house has been fitted with a stand pipe.
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Figure 6-12: Main sources of water within the Extended Affected Area
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
Photo 10: Community members collecting water from well located within a household
compound
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
Sanitation facilities within the Extended Affected Area are of poor quality (Photo 11).
Approximately 58 percent of the households in the project affected area have pit latrine
facilities located within their household compound but some household use their
neighbour's facility, which is generally also a pit latrine (Figure 6-13).
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Photo 11: Typical pit latrine structure in villages
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
Neighbour Toilet
■ River
Flush Toilet Inside House
M Bush
Pit Latrine
Septic Tank
No System
Community Toilet
Other
Figure 6-13: Sanitation facilities utilised by households within the Extended Affected Area
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
In some instances, pit latrines are located uphill from water wells, possibly causing
bacteriological contamination. Koidu Holdings currently supply each residential unit
within the resettlement village with its own pit latrine.
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6.6.4.5 Health facilities
During the Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010 - Jan 2011) it was established that
there is no government hospital within the Extended Affected Area, while the closest
hospital is located in Koidu Town approximately 4.5 km away. The Dr. Korji Hospital
(Photo 12), located on Turay Street in New Sembehun is no longer operating as a
hospital. There are currently 20 families residing in the building. .
Photo 12: Former Dr. Korji Hospital
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
6.6.4.6 Education
The following educational facilities were recorded by Digby Wells during the Asset
Survey (Nov 2010 - Jan 2011):
• God Is Our Light Primary School (Photo 13) - with 426 pupils
• UMC Primary (Photo 14) - with 486 pupils and Secondary Schools ) - with 1150
pupils for girls which share the same compound;
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Seven Day’s Advantage (SDA) Primary (Photo 16) with 900 pupils and Secondary Schools (
• Photo 17Photo 17) with 118 pupils; and
• The Ansarul Islamic Boys School (Photo 18) with 2840 pupils.
Photo 13: God is our Light Primary School
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
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Photo 14: UMC Primary School for Girls
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
Photo 15: UMC Secondary School for Girls
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
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Photo 16: Seven Days Advantage Primary School
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
Photo 17: Seven Days Advantage Secondary School
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
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Photo 18: Ansarul Islamic School for Boys
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
Digby Wells established during the asset survey that the education levels of the head of
households within the Extended Affected Area is low with most having some level of a
secondary education or no education as shown in Figure 6-14. It was recorded that
approximately 1,112 family members in the Extended Affected Area have completed
secondary school. Approximately 51 percent of all head of households who were
interviewed has not attended school.
Figure 6-14: Level of education of heads of households within the Extended Affected Area
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
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6.6.4.7 Court houses, markets and community centres
Within the Extended Affected Area, only New Sembehun has a local court house which
was built by the Tankoro Native Administration.
New Sembehun also has a market place built by the city council, while a new market
place is under construction in Yormandu. Often, goods are sold from homes, or in small
stalls (Photo 19), at compounds or by people going from door to door. Koidu Holdings
has constructed a new market for the inhabitants of the resettlement village.
Photo 19: Petty trader selling assorted items in New Sembehun Township
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
6.6.4.8 Transport
During the asset survey it was observed that taxi buses and motorcycles are the main
source of transportation in the Extended Affected Area. The roads within the concession
area are small, community feeder roads about four meters wide which were constructed
for low traffic and with limited load-bearing capacity. Most of these roads have been
reduced to vehicle tracks lacking drainages and adequate camber due to continuous
erosion and lack of maintenance (Digby Wells Asset Survey, Nov 2010 - Jan 2011).
During an interview with the Motor Drivers and General Transport Workers Union by
Digby Wells on 19 April 2011, it was established that there are three types of vehicle
licences in Koidu:
• A: Light Vehicles;
• C: Vans; and
• D: Heavy Vehicles.
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The poor road conditions in the area discourage people from buying and driving private
cars, and therefore, the majority of the people make us of public transport. Members of
the Kono Bike Riders Association indicated in an interview with Digby Weils on 18 April
2011 that most bike riders rent the bikes from its owners and that the profits made from
transporting passengers are not enough to sustain them.
6.6.4.9 Communication
Communication mainly occurs through local radio stations, newspapers and television.
General community issues are taken to the Town Chiefs or elders for resolution (Digby
Wells Focus Group Interview with Town Chief, 16 April 2011).
The other form of communication in the Extended Affected Area is by celiular telephone.
The most commonly used mobile-phone service providers are Africell and Zain (Digby
Wells Asset Survey, Nov 2010-Jan 2011).
6.6.4.10 Religious and other sacred places
Mosques and churches are common throughout the Extended Affected Area and can
vary from formal structures to people who use their homes for worship and services.
The following religious institutions were recorded by Digby Wells during the asset survey
(Nov 2010-Jan 2011):
® United God is Our Light Church - New Sembehun (Photo 20)
• Mosque at Ansarul Islamic School for Boys (Photo 21)
• St Francis Catholic Church - New Sembehun (Photo 22)
• Free Gospel Church - Saquee Town (Photo 23)
• Mosque in Saquee Town (Photo 24)
Photo 20: United God is Our Light Church
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Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
Photo 21: Mosque at Ansarul Islamic School for Boys
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
Photo 22: St Francis Catholic Church
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
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Photo 23: Free Gospel Church
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
Photo 24: Mosque in Saquee Town
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
A number of shrines were also identified within the Extended Affected Area. Shrines
(Photo 25) can vary in form and range from piles of stones/artefacts to specific boulders
or trees/bushes.
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Photo 25: Shrine at household
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
In addition to these sites, it is a common practice for community members in the
Extended Affected Area to use the bush for burial of the deceased. During the war,
burials were done within the townships. Graves (Photo 26) are traditionally constructed
within the household compound behind residential dwellings with the permission of the
relevant town Chief (Digby Wells Asset Survey, Nov 2010 - Jan 2011).
Photo 26: Typical grave in the backyard of a household
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
6.6.4.11 Housing
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Houses within the Extended Affected Area are predominantly constructed with mud
blocks or sandcrete bricks, fyiost of the houses are suburb bungalows with walls of
about 3 m high, with timber doors and windows (Photo 27).
Photo 27: Typical house within the Extended Affected Area
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
The Chiefs have no formal building policy for the construction the structures built within
the Extended Affected Area and many of the houses do not have documentation as
required by government housing regulations. Permission to own or build a house within
the Extended Affected Area is granted by the relevant Town Chiefs.
As stated before, Koidu Holdings is currently in the process to resettle all the households
within its mining lease area to the new resettlement village where new houses are
provided to those affected (Photo 28).
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Photo 28: Koidu Resettlement Village
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
The replacement houses that are being constructed by Koidu Holdings (Photo 29) vary
in size, the smallest being a two bedroom house with a living area, to the largest being a
seven bedroom house with a living area. All the houses have a front and back door with
verandas at each entrance. Each house has an outside kitchen and VIP toilet (Photo
30). The toilet structure includes a bathing room. All structures are made from concrete
bricks and have corrugate iron roofs.
Photo 29: Example of a replacement house in the Koidu resettlement village
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
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Photo 30: Example of newly constructed VIP toilet in resettlement village
Source: Digby Wells Asset Survey (Nov 2010/Jan 2011)
6.6.4.12 Refuse disposal
There are no formal refuse disposal system and sites within the Extended Affected Area.
The bulk of the household refuse is disposed of behind dwellings, in the bush, in streams
or swamps.
The Koidu New Sembehun City Council (KNSCC) is responsible for refuse removal in
the Resettlement Village. Short term planning is geared toward establishing a waste bin
system in the village. Koidu Holdings have agreed to transport a number of two cum bin
(skips) from Freetown for placement in the resettlement village. Refuse will be deposited
in the skips by residents and the truck will move through the village on a schedule with
residents then responsible for transferring refuse from the skips to the truck. The refuse
will be dumped at the KNSCC waste dump at Gboroma outside of Koidu Town. The
KNSCC waste management system at Gboroma consists of burning the waste which is
not recyclable.
Although town refuse removal will remain the responsibility of the City Council, Koidu
Holdings has planned for the construction of an industrial incinerator within the mining
lease area in 2011/12, to facilitate the disposal of waste generated by the operation. The
resettlement village refuse disposal system will be further developed with a view to
incorporating incineration of resettlement household refuse into the operational refuse
disposal plan. It is envisaged that the KNSCC refuse truck will deposit refuse at the
incinerator plant according to a refuse disposal schedule.
6.6.4.13 Recreation and leisure
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Some recreational activities observed by Digby Wells during the asset survey, were
soccer and board games. Other recreational activities are mainly school based, and
organised as competitions between schools. These activities are generally held on
school premises.
No formal recreational infrastructure was observed by Digby Waifs (Nov 2010 - 2011).
The only entertainment centres are local palm wine bars which are makeshift sheds built
with natural materials such as bamboo or wood. Video and night clubs are only found in
Koidu Town. Leisure activities comprise the drinking of alcoholic beverages and palm
wine at home, and in make-shift bars (locally referred to as "Limba Corner"), watching
satellite television and vldeos/DVDs, dancing, going to night clubs, listening to the radio,
as well as traditional dancing.
6.7. Koidu Kimberlite Project’s non-mining related activities
6.7.1. Introduction
Since its inception in 2003, the Koidu Kimberlite Project has contributed time and
resources to the implementation of community development initiatives in both the
Tankoro Chiefdom and the Koidu New Sembehun City. Developmental activities were
carried out in line with internally developed annual community development action plans,
with additional activities implemented on an ad hoc basis. In keeping with the provisions
of the Mines and Minerals Act of 2009, the Project has recently initiated discussions with
lead stakeholders for the development of a formal Community Development Agreement
(CDA).
The following sections provide an overview of the Project’s current and past
contributions to local and community development and how this has contributed to the
current socio-economic baseline conditions in the broader project area:
6.7.1.1 Road Refurbishment Programme
The Project has been directly involved in the improvement of roads and infrastructure in
and around Koidu Town. It has graded iaterite roads that become severely potholed
during the rainy season, and has provided materials for road surfacing. In 2009, the
Project has rehabilitated 15 of the town's major roads and cleared all the garbage sites
across the town.
In 2007, the Project refurbished the abandoned Old Yengema Road following the
collapse of the Koaquima Bridge. In 2006 it refurbished the road linking the Kono and
Kenema districts (the Koidu-Tongo road), which has increased commercial activities
between the two districts and their environs. Most recently, the Project has partnered
with the Kono District Council to rehabilitate the Koidu-Gandorhun Road.
6.7.1.2 Infrastructure Programme
KH has contributed to various district infrastructure projects since 2003. These include
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e The rehabilitation of both the Tankoro and Motema Police Stations
• Materials for work concluded at the RSLAF 9bn headquarters
• Backfill material to the new Koidu market location and earth moving machinery to
conclude the earthworks
• Provision of aggregate tailings and mined granite to various local community
projects.
• The development of a metai recycling project in 2010. According to current planning
the proceeds will be contributed to the Tankoro Chiefdom Authority (TCA) for
development programmes. The first proceeds (in excess of US$ 20,000) have been
committed, in accordance with a proposal received from the TCA, to the
refurbishment of the Tankoro Native Administration (TNA) building. Work on the
refurbishment started in April 2011 and is currently in progress.
• The Project has provided earth moving machinery to conduct the bulk earth works for
the New Koidu Power Station site and committed a total of 18,000 blacks from its
brick factory to the building of infrastructure at the site.
6.7.1.3 Education
In the early stages of its operations, the Koidu Kimberlite Project has collaborated with
the Diamond Dealers Association to award scholarships to deserving Junior Secondary
(JSS) Students. The scholarships covered tuition fees and learning materials. 8etween
2004 and 2007, over 50 children have benefited from this initiative.
in March 2011, the Project has awarded scholarships to 25 university students. With
effect from 2010, it will allocate USD $100,000 annually for skills training and
scholarships to Kono indigenes. These funds will be managed by a Board of Trustees
including formed by various stakeholders from Kono District and central government.
The Board will be responsibility for establishing the criteria for eligibility and ensuring that
the awarding of scholarships is conducted in a fair and transparent manner.
From 2004 until 2007, Koidu Holdings had provided regular support to the Kono
Students' Union (KONSU) with facilitating holiday lessons for secondary school pupils
and undertaking other academic related activities in Koidu Town. The Project has also
assisted with the refurbishment of a number of learning institutions, such as the United
Methodist Church Girls Secondary School and the Ansarul Islamic Boys Secondary
School, both located in Koidu Town.
6.7.1.4 Feeding Scheme
Since 2003 the Project has supported polio victims through the Polio Victims Association
in Koidu. It assists them with their daily meals. The Project is currently reviewing a
request for an increase in their weekly subvention.
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6.7.1.5 Clean Water Supply
The Project has developed the necessary infrastructure to provide pipe borne water to
the resettlement site. The water, which is sourced from a borehole, was tested by the
Sierra Leone Water Company (SALWACO) and meets WHO standards. The water is
pumped from the borehole to a 120,000 litre reservoir facility and then further reticulated
to standing tap point in the resettlement village. A total of thirty eight tap points are
functional, providing running water to 152 resettled households. The reticulation
programme is part the on-going resettlement process, with one tap point allocated for
every four houses. Currently the resettlement village is the only settlement in Koidu with
pipe borne water supply.
6.7.1.6 Healthcare
Koidu Holdings has established a clinic, with a full-time medical doctor, an advanced life
support (ALS) paramedic and three nurses in the project site area. The clinic has the
capacity to accommodate 30- 40 patients per day and is equipped with an
electrocardiogram machine, defibrillator, laboratory and a fully equipped ambulance.
In October 2010, the Project has provided fuel to the District Health Management Team,
(Ministry of Health and Sanitation), in order to ensure the provision of free drugs and
health care to peripheral District Health Centres throughout the 14 District Chiefdoms.
6.7.1.7 Agricultural Pilot Project
In 2007, the Project launched its Agricultural Development Pilot Project. The aim of this
initiative is to assist resettled households to embark on small to medium scale
agricultural activities. Prior to the suspension of its operations in 2007. the Project was
ready to allocate 100 plots of 50 square meters each per household in the resettlement
village for cultivation of high quality vegetables. According to current planning the pilot
project will be re-launched in 2011 and will provide the initial capital outlay. Koidu
Holdings will also provide the farmers with seeds, fertflizers and pesticides. Once
production commences, the Company will help the farmers to market their produces.
To provide guidance to farmers, the Company has sent two of its employees, both of
whom are Kono indigenes, to the University of Bloemfontein in South Africa for a week's
training in vegetable cultivation and agricultural management. The Project has also set
aside 0.1% of its annual export revenue for agricultural development in Tankoro
Chiefdom.
6.7.1.8 Local Business Development
The Koidu Kimberlite Project has been constrained over the years by the unavailability of
qualified service providers relative to its operations. It has endeavoured to enhance the
growth of local businesses across the country by extending business opportunities to
petty traders, small scale, medium and large scale enterprises in especially Koidu and
Freetown. This work extends from Koidu, where the Project works with vegetable sellers,
charcoal sellers, the local market women, timber sellers, local supermarkets and banks.
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to Freetown where it works with companies such as CEMMATS, Total, Monoprix
Supermarket, Yazbeck Motors, etc.
The bulk of the resettlement project building materials are purchased in Sierra Leone,
with a large portion of this material being sourced in Koidu Town from local suppliers.
6.7.1.9 Sport Development Programme
Since 2007, the Project has supported the Kono District football team, the Diamond
Stars. This support started with a USD 10,000 annual sponsorship plus soccer kits,
boots, and footballs commitment. The sponsorship programme experienced some
difficulties, but the Project will increase its sponsorship in 2011 to USD 50,000 annually,
in addition to the provision of kits, boots, footballs, etc. Currently Koidu Holdings is the
official sponsor of the Diamond Stars Football Club. Support has also been extended to
the Gem Stars Football Club of Tongo, bringing the Project’s annual investment in the
development of sport in the Eastern region to USD 100,000.
6.7.1.10 Employee Development Scheme
From 2004, KH has made employee development an integral part of its operations in
Sierra Leone. The Company has committed to supporting its Sierra Leonean employees
through training programmes and skills transfer. The Company has established an
employee-training programme to provide hands-on training on safety precautions,
mining practices, production management and data capturing. It has also enrolled staff
in specialist training courses in Freetown and outside the country. Employees who
qualified for training have been sent for drilling and blasting training in Ghana, health and
safety and mining related training in South Africa, and computer training in Freetown. In
February 2011, the Company has sent three of its operators (Sierra Leoneans) to
Sweden for a two-week training programme at Volvo.
Koidu Holdings has recently hired the services of Prisma Mining Services, a South Africa
based company, to carry out specialised in-house operator training for its employees
and new recruits for a period of six months. The training modules are specifically tailored
to meet the training needs of the employees.
6.7.1.11 Employee Welfare
Koidu Holdings provides its employees with one cooked meal per day and provides
medical facilities to all its employees and two of their chosen dependants.
6.8. Development constraints and priorities
In its efforts to stimulate economic growth through wealth creation, the Sierra Leonean
Government has published a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (SL- PRSP) in 2005. In
terms of the PRSP, District Councils are required to draw up District Development Plans,
including a Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF), based on the PRSP thematic
areas of good governance, peace and security, pro-poor sustainable growth, and human
development. The relevant development plans are discussed in order to provide an
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overview of development constraints in the broader project area. This overview will
assist KH in identifying where best to focus its development support.
6.8.1. Kono District Development Plan
The Local Government Act of 2004 makes it obligatory for all district councils to prepare
a District Development Plan (DDP). The purpose of the 2010-2012 Kono District
Development Plan is to enhance sustainable growth focusing on poverty alleviation and
community development in foe Kono District.
The development needs for services provision in the Kono District that have been
identified in the Kono District Development Plan (2010 - 2012) is summarised in the
following section.
6.8.1.1 Education
The provision of quality education to foe population in foe Kono District is hindered by
foe following constraints:
• High dropout rate of pupils;
• Overcrowding in schools: High teacher/pupit ratio;
• Lack of technical professional training institutions;
» Lack of trained and qualified teachers;
» Inadequate school structures, lack of maintenance of school buildings.
• Low community participation;
• Low morale of teachers;
• Lack of funds for sufficient salaries for teachers;
• Lack of teacher accommodation;
» Lack of resources, i.e furniture teaching and learning material;
• Inability of parents to pay school fees; and
• Influence of traditional beliefs.
The District goal for education development is to reduce the illiteracy rate through the
provision of affordable education in both the formal and Informal education sectors. The
overall objectives for education in Kono are:
> To increase the efficiency of management and support to provide quality education;
« To ensure quality teaching and learning at the basic level;
« To introduce information communication and technology in schools;
» To encourage private sector involvement in the educational sector;
a To renovate 30 percent of all the primary schools in the District by the end of 2012
and provide the schools with conducive teaching materials;
a To improve the quality of text books;
a To improve the teacher/pupil ratio from 1:6 to 1:4 by 2012;
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® To renovate 60 percent of the Junior Secondary Schools and construct additional
classrooms by the end of 2012; and
• To reduce to drop out rate from 70 percent to 40 percent by the end of 2012.
The Kono District Council pians to achieve these objectives by:
• Allocating adequate resources to support the expansion of the education system;
• Provide training in other sectors like socio-economic and civil rights activities;
• Mobilising resource and funds to improve the standard and quality of science and
technology education in Senior Secondary Schools; and
• Reinforcing supervision and monitoring of the district inspectorate of the Ministry of
Education Science and Technology.
6.8.1.2 Health and nutrition
The Kono District Development Plan (2010 - 2012) noted that the services offered at the
medical facilities within Kono are often not adequate to provide comprehensive services
to everyone, particularly in rural areas. Inadequacies in the Health Care Facilities
identified in the Kono district are as follows:
• Inadequate health centers;
• Lack of funds for sufficient salaries for personnel;
o Inadequate drugs in health facilities;
• Lack of adequate treatment equipment;
• Lack of knowledge about HiV/AIOS; and
« Lack of trained and qualified personnel.
The overall objective for the development of the health sector in Kono as defined by the
Kono District Development Plan (2010-2012) is to provide affordable and appropriate
health care delivery services to the population of the Kono District. More specifically, the
objectives for improving the provision of health services are:
® To establish emergency response systems for epidemic outbreaks;
• To improve and extend reproductive health and family planning services;
e To improve and strengthen supervision, monitoring and coordination of health care;
• To improve sanitation and waste disposal services and facilities in the district;
e To provide trained supporting staff to doctors and nurses;
» To improve birth and death registration systems;
• To improve the general health of school going children;
« To ensure the effective distribution of medication;
• To increase the number of women and children (0- 59 months) sleeping under
repellent-pregnated nets from 60 percent to 80 percent to prevent malaria;
« The reduce acute respiratory infection from 90 percent to 60 percent by the end of
2012;and
® To encourage more pregnant women to attend antenatal care.
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The strategies to achieve these objectives are through:
• Strengthening and expanding healthcare facilities by employing adequately trained
nurses;
• Establishing cost recovery schemes in the district to deal with the rising cost of
health care;
« Giving priority to the improvement of preventive health care;
® Ensuring regular procurement and timely supply of essential and basic medication;
« The provision of sex education at all levels to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS in the
district;
• Streamlining maternal and child health care programmes and making the services
available to all.
6.8.1.3 Water and sanitation
According to the Kono District Development Plan (2010 - 2012) the main challenges for
the provision of water and sanitation services in the Kono District are:
• Insufficient drinking water;
• Limited access to safe drinking water, made difficult by uneven terrain;
• Poor maintenance of water collection points by the community;
• Water borne diseases especially in the dry season;
• Walking distances to water collection points:
® Inadequate family/community toilets;
» The use of the bush for defecation causing environmental and health hazards; and
• Inadequate hygiene awareness in the communities.
The overall objective for water and sanitation services provision in Kono is to improving
water and sanitation in the district through proper garbage collection and disposal,
additional installation of water collection points and the construction of additional and
adequate VIP toilets. More specifically the Kono District would like to:
» Provide access to safe and adequate drinking water in the 24 wards by the end of
2012 by constructing water collection points in dose proximity to the communities;
® Train 100 maintenance workers in the 24 wards by 2012;
® Provide / make use of alternative means to provide water e.g. gravity, boreholes by
2012;
" Provide individual family pit latrines to households in 12 of the 24 wards by 2012;
and
o Organize hygiene workshops for ward committees by end of 2012;
The Kono District Council aims to achieve these objectives through:
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e The construction of boreholes where feasible;
• Training maintenance personnel for the operation and maintenance of water and
sanitation facilities;
» The construction dams for storage of water;
• The construction of gravity feeding water systems; and
« The construction of individual household pit latrines.
6.8.1.4 Roads and transport
Roads were identified as a priority issue in the Kono District Development Plan (2010 -
2012). This is mainly due to the poor state of both the primary roads and the internal
circulation routes (especially in the rural areas) in Kono. The inadequate maintenance of
these roads can mainly be attributed to a lack of funds, human resources, capacity and
equipment and lack of appropriate road maintenance policies. The internal feeder roads
often experience problems due to the type of road surface (such as gravel) and the
resulting carrying capacity, coupled with the high volumes of traffic along these routes.
The specific objectives of the Kono District Council for the improvement of transport and
systems are:
• To promote access to adequate community infrastructural facilities;
• To promote access through developing formal road networks to economically viable
chiefdoms to enhance cohesion; and
<> To improve/ up-grade the existing feeder roads.
The Kono District Council proposed the following strategy to achieve these objectives:
» Improving the maintenance on existing roads including the construction of better
drainage systems to prevent erosion during the rainy season;
• The construction of additional linkage roads to connect ward sections; and
• The employment of road maintenance crews for the maintenance of roads.
6.8.1.5 Agriculture
The following challenges are prevalent in the agricultural sector of the Kono District
(Kono District Development Plan (2010 - 2012):
o Crop and livestock pests and diseases;
• Farmers' inability to expand due to financial and other resource constraints;
• Lack of adequate faring equipment;
• Farmers limited access to technical advice;
• Persistent use of traditional system of crop and livestock production and
• Marketing of farm produce.
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The main objective for advancing the agricultural sector in Kono is to increase and
diversify food production. More specifically the objectives are:
• To increase productivity per hectare for crops by 50 percent by the end of the year
2012;
• To reduce harvest losses for crops production by 30 percent by the end of 2012;
• To provide modem equipment to 25 percent of the small-scale farmers who are
currently using traditional farming methods; and
a To improve life stock farming in most wards of the district.
The Kono District Council intends to accomplish these objectives by:
« Identifying marketable crops and increasing their production;
a Expanding cash crop (Oil palm, Cocoa, Citrus and vegetables) farms;
• Focussing on inland valley swamp rice cultivation with new varieties of rice;
a Setting up small-scale local markets in villages;
• Designing functional, affordable and improved storage facilities based on traditional
concepts for all types of perishable crops;
• Improving the road network for the transport of agricultural products;
• Establishing agricultural processing units with improved appropriate technology; and
• Embark on institution building for the strengthening of existing marketing association
and the developments of marketing cooperatives.
6.8.1.6 Housing
The Kono District suffered severe housing infrastructural damage during the war.
Although efforts have been made by NGOs like Adventist Development and Relief
Agency (ADRA) to provide shelter to affected households, most community members
still live in dilapidated houses and the provision of housing remain a significant problem
for the Kono District Council (Kono District Development Plan. 2010 - 2012). The
objectives for housing development in Kono are:
• The construction of modem housing estates through housing schemes;
• Allocation of loans to households for replacing tarpauline (plastic sheets) roofs with
corrugated iron roofs;
• Encourage shared housing construction in some communities; and
• Construction of adequate drainage systems on and resurfacing of roads to prevent
water damage to houses.
According to the Kono District Development Plan (2010 --- 2012), the Kono District
Council mostly relies on donor support in order to address the housing problems in
Kono.
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6.8.1.7 Economy
Economic growth and development is an important aspect to employment and an
improvement in living standards. The economy and subsequent living standards of the
Kono population is dependent on local trade and commerce activities. In orcier to
develop the local economy in Kono, the Kono District Council identified the following
priorities (Kono District Development Ran, 2010 - 2012):
• Rehabilitation of existing markets centres and structures for periodic markets;
• Expansion of existing marketing facilities;
• Scheduling of proper timetable for market operations; and
• Maintenance of trunk roads linking the district and the capital to reduce transport
cost, which will eventually reduce prices of commodities.
The Kono District Council proposes to achieve this through:
« Improving productivity through improving trading and market infrastructure;
• Promoting the employment of youth;
° Establishing small-scale credit schemes in the community (to provide loans to
potential entrepreneurs);
« Encouraging community involvement in development planning and implementation;
• Providing tools and equipment to artisan workers (e.g fumilure, tailors etc).
6.8.2. Koidu-New Sembehun District Development Plan
The Local Government Act of 2004 makes it obligatory for all city councils to prepare a
City Development Plan (CDP). The Koidu New Sembehun City Council Development
Plan for 2011-2013 states that the goal of the Council shall be to create an enabling
environment for effective and efficient resource mobilization, management, utilization
and sustainable democratic community development within the micro and macro
economic framework.
A brief overview of the most critical developmental opportunities, constraints and
challenges in terms of services provision as identified in the Koidu Mew Sembehun City
Council development Plan (2011 - 2013) is provided below.
6.8.2.1 Roads and Transport
The road network is one of the main development problems in Koidu. It is characterized
by poor road conditions and inadequate feeder/connection roads between townships
and larger towns. The lack of development/maintenance of the roads can be attributed
to a lack of funds and resources. These constraints can be addressed through effective
collaboration with the Sierra Leone Roads Agency (SLRA) and the National Commission
for Social Action (NacSA). The challenges can be managed through intensive revenue
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mobilisation, creating linkages with relevant MDAs and donors, and developing relevant
project proposals.
6.8.2.2 Agriculture
Low levels of agricultural productivity are a concern for the population of Koidu. The low
levels of productivity can largely be attributed to a lack of resources and equipment and
unavailability of arable land for farmers. The Koidu New Sembehun City Council is of
the opinion that the problem can be alleviated through improving crop varieties and with
the assistance from commercial banks and other financial institutions and NGOs. The
challenges can be managed through capacity building and the provision of additional
and Improved market facilities.
6.8.2.3 Economy
Limited economic activities coupled with low levels of income are a critical development
problem in Koidu. Institutions like “Osusu” and micro credit schemes, the high business
potential of the Town, and assistance from “Finance Saione", could possibly assist with
the development of the local economy.
6.8.2.4 Health and sanitation
Inadequate health and sanitation services delivery poses as one of the development
problems in Koidu, The Koidu New Sembehun City Council Development Plan (2011 -
2013) noted that effective and integrated resource mobilization as well as proper co¬
ordination and collaboration between the Sierra Leonean Government, the World Bank.
UNICEF and community health and sanitation projects can mitigate the constraints and
challenges with regard to service delivery in this regard.
6.8.2.5 Education
As in the larger Kono District, the quality of education in Koidu has been identified as a
constraint in the Koidu New Sembehun City Council Development Plan (2011 --- 2013).
The poor quality of education can be attributed to a lack of resources and infrastructure.
The Koidu City Council proposes to address this problem by:
• Recruiting adequately trained and qualified teachers;
• Providing efficient teaching material to schools;
• Improving services provided to teachers; and
• Reducing school dropout rates.
This can be achieved with the assistance of local NGOs, the Sierra Leonean
Government and the Local Council Education Committee.
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7. ESIA LIMITATIONS
The following limitations of this ESIA have been identified:
7.1. Air Quality
The range of uncertainty of the model predictions could to be -50% to 200%. A model
represents the most likely outcome of an ensemble of experimental results. The total
uncertainty can be thought of as the sum of three components: the uncertainty due to
errors in the model physics; the uncertainty due to data errors; and the uncertainty due
to stochastic processes (turbulence) in the atmosphere.
7.2. Fauna and Flora
This assessment was based on information collected during a single site visit. The
survey was conducted in February 2011 during the dry season. In order to obtain a
comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of communities and the status of
endemic, rare or threatened species in any area, faunai assessments should consider
investigations at different time scales (across seasons/years) and through repetition.
Satellite images were supplied to assist in the identification of the more important
features such as homogenous vegetation units, hills, wetlands and human settlements.
Lastly sampling and trapping efforts were limited to due to fact that the site was easily
accessed by the public. Traps used during the survey such as pitfall trapping and
Sherman traps although well hidden could be tracked by the locals and taken. Locals
utilized the site for the poaching of animals, gathering of edible vegetation or that of
cultural importance and the collection of firewood. For this reason trapping was limited to
areas where the traps remained undiscovered instead of following a spatial distribution
plan, covering different vegetation communities.
7.3. Aquatic environment
Information pertaining to water resources for Sierra Leone in general is limited, with little
or no information available for the study area. In light of this, internationally recognised
methods were considered for the study.
The study area has been mined in excess of 70 years (documented) and this has had a
considerable impact on the wetlands for the area, due to these activities. This has
resulted in the topography of the area being altered, profiling implemented and the
integrity of the wetlands being considerably impacted upon. In light of this, selected
wetland areas have been "formed" due to these mining activities and recommendations
have taking this into consideration
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7.4. Heritage and Archaeology
Although this report has been written as comprehensively and inclusive as possible, it
should be noted that most archaeological sites are located below ground, or some areas
may have been disturbed to such an extent that any potential in situ deposit was
unnoticed. This report may therefore not give a full perspective of archaeological and
heritage sites found in the project area and consequently chance find procedures must
be implemented. This implies that an archaeologist or heritage specialist must
immediately be contacted should any archaeological or heritage features be uncovered
during the construction or operational phase. Chance find procedures may form part of
the environmental monitoring programme. Such archaeological and heritage features
and/or objects may not be disturbed or removed in any way until such time that the
specialist has been able to do an assessment of the site (or object).
The significance of these sites is uncertain and has preliminarily been rated, it was
recommended that archaeological mitigation should take place at all three sites. These
studies are currently being undertaken, after which the significance will be determined.
7.5. Blasting Assessment
The possible need for a blasting assessment has been identified. However, a blasting
assessment was not conducted as part of this ESIA, as blasting-related issues raised
during the Public Consultation and Disclosure Process (PCDP) indicated that concerns
stemmed from within the Extended Affected Area, and blasting is only to occur during
the first four years prior to open pit mining ceasing. As people residing within the
Extended Affected Area will be resettled, the immediate need for this study was not
identified.
However, as a result of the blasting-related issues raised, a blasting monitoring plan is
recommended and contained in the EMP. Grievances relating to blasting can be lodged
using the grievance mechanism which is contained in Volume 2 of this ESIA.
7.6. Social Environment
Biophysical assessments for this ESIA included the area provisionally earmarked for
resettlement due to the expansion of the Koidu Kimberlite Project. A detailed socio¬
economic assessment of this and other potential replacement land will be conducted
during the development of the RAP.
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8. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
8.1. Impact assessment methodology for biophysical and heritage impacts
In order to clarify the purpose and limitations of Hie impact assessment methodology, it
is necessary to address the issue of subjectivity in the assessment of the significance of
environmental impacts. Even though Digby Wells, and the majority of environmental
impact assessment practitioners, propose a numerical methodology for impact
assessment, one has to accept that the process of environmental significance
determination is inherently subjective. The weight assigned to the each factor of a
potential impact, and also the design of the rating process itself, is based on the values
and perception of risk of members of the assessment team, as well as that of the l&AP's
and authorities who provide input into the process. Whereas the determination of the
spatial scale and the duration of impacts are to some extent amenable to scientific
enquiry, the severity value assigned to impacts is highly dependent on the perceptions
and values of all involved.
It is for this reason that it is crucial that all ESIA's make reference to the environmental
and socio-economic context of the proposed activity in order to reach an acceptable
rating of the significance of impacts. Similarly, the perception of the probability of an
impact occurring is dependent on perceptions, aversion to risk and availability of
information.
It has to be stressed that the purpose of the ESIA process is not to provide an
incontrovertible rating of the significance of various aspects, but rather to provide a
structured, traceable and defendable methodology of rating the relative significance of
impacts in a specific context. The methodology employed for environmental impact
assessment is divided into two distinct phases, namely, impact identification and impact
assessment.
8.1.1. Impact identification
Impact identification is performed by use of an Input-Output model which serves to guide
the assessor in assessing all the potential instances of ecoiogical change, pollution and
resource consumption that may be associated with the activities required during the
construction, operational, closure and post-closure phases of the project. These
activities were listed in Table 8-1.
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Table 8-1: Activities identified during each different phase of the project
No Activity
Construction
1 Procurement of new earth moving fleet
2 Recruitment and training of empioyees
3 Mining and material dumping area preparation
4 Establishment of dewatering infrastructure
5 Site clearance
6 Sourcing of construction materials
7 Disturbances to natural water courses
Construction of new infrastructure and the diversion of the Koidu-Gandonhum
8 road
9 Access to resource
Operation
10 Open pit mining including blasting
11 Underground mining
12 Fuel and chemicals storage and use
13 Transport and roads
14 Domestic and hazardous waste handling
15 Management of waste rock, tailings and slimes
16 Water requirements and supply
Decommissionina
17 Retrenchment
18 Removal of infrastructure
19 Rehabilitation of void by means of passive natural flooding
20 Spreading of topsoil and sub-soils (where possible)
21 Rehabilitation of areas disturbed by infrastructure
22 Profiling and contouring to assist in drainage lines
23 Environmental monitoring of decommissioning activities
24 Post-closure monitoring and rehabilitation.
Outputs may generally be described as any changes to the biophysical and socio¬
economic environments, both positive and negative in nature, and also include the
product and waste produced by the activity. Negative impacts could include gases,
effluents, dust, noise, vibration, other pollution and changes to the bio-physical
environment such as damage to habitats or reduction in surface water quantity. Positive
impacts may include the removal of invasive vegetation, construction of infrastructure,
skills transfer or benefits to the socio-economic environment. During the determination of
outputs, the effect of outputs on the various components of the environment (e.g.
topography, water quality, etc.) is considered.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assess merit Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
8.1.2. Impact rating
The impact rating process is designed to provide a numerical rating of the various
environmental impacts identified by use of the Input-Output model. As discussed above,
it has to be stressed that the purpose of the ESIA process is not to provide an
incontrovertible rating of the significance of various aspects, but rather to provide a
structured, traceable and defendable methodology of rating the relative significance of
impacts In a specific context. This gives the project proponent a greater understanding of
the impacts of this project and the issues which need to be addressed by mitigation and
also give the regulators information on which to base their decisions.
The equations and calculations were derived using Aucamp (2009).
The significance rating process follows the established impact/risk assessment formula:
Significance = Consequence x Probability
Where Consequence = Severity + Spatial Scale + Duration
And Probability = Likelihood of an impact occurring
The matrix calculates the rating out of 147, whereby Severity, Spatial Scale, duration
and probability are each rated out of seven as indicated in Table 8-2. The weight
assigned to the various parameters for positive and negative impacts in the formula.
Table 8*2: Impact assessment parameter ratings
Severity Spatial
Rating Environmental Social, cultural scale Ouration Probability
and heritage
Very significant Irreparable International Permanent No Certain/
impact on the damage to Mitiaation Definite.
environment. highly valued The effect
Irreparable items of great will occur No mitigation The impact will
damage to cultural across measures of occur
highly valued significance or international natural process regardless of
7 species, habitat complete borders will reduce the fire
or eco system. breakdown of impact after implementation
Persistent social order. implementation. of any
severe damage. preventative or
corrective
actions.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for Hie Koidu Kimberlite Project
Severity Spatial
Rating Environmental Social, cultural scale Duration Probability
and heritage
Significant Irreparable National Permanent: Almost
impact on highly damage to WHI affect nertain/Hiohlv
valued species, highly valued Mitkiation Drobahle
habitat or items of cultural the entire Mitigation It is most likely
6 ecosystem. significance or country
breakdown of measures of that the impact
social order. natural process will occur.
will reduce the
impact.
Very serious, Very serious Province/ Project 1 ife Likelv
long-term widespread Reaion The impact wiH The impact may
environmental social impacts. Will affect
impairment of Irreparable cease after the occur.
5 ecosystem damage to the entire operational life
function that highly valued province or span of the
may take items region project.
several years to
rehabilitate
Serious medium On-going Municioal 1 ono term Probable
term serious social Area 6-15 years Has occurred
environmental issues. Will affect
4 effects. Significant here or
Environmental damage to the whole elsewhere and
damage can be structures / municipal could therefore
reversed in less Items of cultural area occur.
than a year significance
Moderate, short¬ On-going social Local Medium term IJnlikelv
term effects but issues. Local 1-5 years Has not
not affecting Damage to
ecosystem items of cultural extending happened yet
function. significance. only asf8r but could
Rehabilitation as the happen once in
3 requires development the lifetime of
intervention of site area the project,
external therefore there
specialists and is a possibility
can be done in that the impact
less than a will occur.
month,
Minor effects on Minor medium- Limited Short term Rare/
biological or term social Limited to Less than 1 imorobable
2 physical impacts on the site and year Conceivable,
environment. local
Environmental ooDulation. its but only in
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Environmantaf and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
Severity Spatial
Rating Environmental Social, cultural scale Duration Probability
and heritage
damage can be Mostly immediate extreme
rehabilitated repairable. surroundings circumstances
internally with/ Cultural and/ or has not
without help of functions and happened
external processes not during lifetime
consultants. affected. of the project
but has
happened
elsewhere. The
possibility of the
impact
materialising is
very low as a
result of design,
historic
experience or
implementation
of adequate
mitigation
measures
Limited damage Low-level Verv limited Immediate Hinhlv
to minimal area repairable Limited to Less than 1 unlikalv/None
of low damage to Expected never
significance, commonplace specific month
1 {e.g. ad hoc structures. isolated to happen.
spills within parts of the
plant area). Will site.
have no impact
on the
environment.
Impacts are rated prior to mitigation and again after consideration of the mitigation
measure proposed in the EMP. The significance of an impact is then determined and
categorised into one of four categories, as indicated in Table 8-3 which is extracted from
Figure 8-1. This methodology is used to accommodate social and heritage impacts.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project 4
Table 8-3: Significance threshold limits
Significance
High 108-147
Medium-High 73-107
Medium-Low 36-72
Low 0-35
A neutral impact implies that it causes the area to return to a pre-project state. This is
not regarded as positive, as there would be no need for this activity if the operation was
not carried out.
Significance
Consequence (severity + scale + duration)
1 3 5 7 9 11 15 18 21
1 1 3 5 7 9 11 15 18 21
- 2 14 30 36 42
2 6 10 18 22
~ o 3 3 9 15 21 27 33 45 54 63
J2 £ 4 4 36 44 72 84
re = H 12 20 28 60
Or* 5
30 42 54 90 108 | 126
6 6 18 66
7 7 21 35 49 63 77 105 | 126
Figure 8-1: Probabi ity Consequence Matrix
The full impact assessment matrix for the Koidu Kimberlite Project is in Appendix A.
Following the establishment of the significance of each activity on each aspect, a
weighting system is used to eliminate subjectivity. The weighting system is whereby all
aspects impacted on by the project are weighed from one to seven, one being the least
significant and seven the most significant. Surrounding land use, land capability,
cumulative impacts and overall aspect significance to the area is taken into
consideration.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
9. POTENCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
9.1. Significant impacts identified
A summary of the impacts which have been regarded as high and medium high are
summarised in the table below. Table 9-1 and Table 9-2 indicate that medium-high impacts
are expected during construction and operation due to noise and impacts on the fauna within
the lease area. After the appropriate mitigation measures are implemented, these impacts
will however, be of medium significance. The impact due to construction activities on the
aquatic environment may be of high significance but after mitigation will be of medium
significance. During decommissioning of the mine, natural habitat for fauna will be restored
and will be of medium positive significance (Table 9-3). Air quality impacts of medium
significance may occur during the decommissioning of mining infrastructure however, after
the recommended mitigation measures are implemented, the impacts will be of low
significance. A detailed evaluation of all the anticipated biophysical impacts can be found in
Appendix A.
9.1.1. Significant biophysical impacts
9.1.1.1 Biophysical impacts during construction
Table 9-1: Biophysical impacts rated as medium-high and high during construction.
Activity, Phase and Impact In Diet before mitigation Impact Ratine (after mitigation)
* s
Impacted 8 8
I I
I I
I I
! 8 £
E • e £ • £ I I £
Environment S 1 i & i i * 1 |
e * 1 8 8
8 a n
i I § e ? 2 s
Activity Summary of Impact Z
Mining & Matenal Noise erf machinery and vehicles may
Nose dumping area impact on noise receptors in the vicinity o: N 4 2 5 11 7 77 N 4 2 4 10 5 !’
preparation the project
Site clearance dunng the construction of N 4 6 5 15 7 105 N 3 5 12 7?
mining infrastructure may negative impact
Fauna Site clearance on the existing feu no within the mining N 3 6 4 13 L 78 N 2 3 4 0 6 46
lease area
--- _
9.1.1.2 Biophysical impacts during operation
Table 9-2: Biophysical impacts rated as medium-high and high during operation.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project 4
9.1.1.3 Biophysical impacts during decommissioning
Table 9-3: Biophysical impacts rated as medium-high and high during decommissioning
Activity, Phase and Impact Impact before mitigation Impact Rating (after mitigation)
Impacted Activity Summary of Impact 3 E | E E Significance (147) Nature of Impact Spatial Scale (7) Duration (7) fc. Consequence E Significance (147)
a I (positive /
E £ £
f 2 & s
i
Environment 0. S a.
) w
Rehabilitation of Rehabilitation of the final vod and
Fauna void and mining mining area may will lead to an p 3 4 5 12 7 84 No miligation for Positive
areas increase :n habitat forfajr.a species.
Decomm i s s i on i ng During decommissioning of mining
Air Quality of mining infrastructure, air quality .mpacts N 3 5 5 6 78 N 1 1 1 1 3 3
infrasf"!cfure (mainly dust) may negatively impact th 13
adjacent environment _
9.1.2. Significant impacts on heritage and archaeology
This section aims to assess the significance of the potential impacts (threats or sources of
risk) on archaeological and heritage resources in the proposed project area. The following
impact assessment was completed in compliance with the impact assessment criteria
implemented for the environmental impact assessment report, as well as in accordance with
significance ratings and archaeological impact assessment criteria established by the
Association of Southern African Professional Archaeologists (ASAPA) and applicable
international best practice guidelines.
Ail potential impacts will occur during the construction phase, thus, no additional impacts are
expected during the operational and decommissioning phases.
9.1.2.1 Archaeological impacts identified during construction
As indicated in Table 9-4, the significance of the impacts on archaeological resources are
rated as high prior to mitigation. However, after mitigation impacts will be of medium and low
importance. It has to be noted that Koidu Holdings is currently in the process to conduct the
mitigation measures recommended.
Table 9-4: Impacts on archaeological resources during construction
Sites identified Phase Impact Nature (Positve or Scale C ! Severity Consequence £ <0 Nature (Positve or Scale Duration Severity Consequence Probability Significance
Negative) Negative)
o
c
3 «
O
}3=
CL £
e>
)
Tailings facility may
RES967/001 C impact on site N 5 7 7 19 6 117 P 4 2 4 10 3 33
Tailings facility may
RES967/002 c impact on site N 5 7 7 19 6 117 P 4 2 4 10 3 33
New camp site may
RES967/003 c impact on site N 5 7 7 19 6 117 P 4 2 4 10 3 33
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9.2. All impacts identified during construction
A detailed description of each impact environment relating to the project activities is
described in the next section.
9.2.1. Topography
During construction there will be excavation for foundations of buildings and sites of
infrastructure which will result in excess overburden and rock which will be stockpiled,
creating new features on the landscape. Stripping of waste rock will lead to new rock
stockpiles and the enlargement of some existing ones. Waste rock will be crushed and used
for aggregate on the mine and in the local community. It is also proposed by mine
management that the aggregate will be supplied to the national roads authority in order to
maintain and repair road infrastructure throughout Sierra Leone.
In spite of the volume of material to be excavated, the overall impact on topography during
construction is of low significance as the topography is already disturbed due to historical
mining activities.
9.2.2. Air Quality
The project activities have been categorised into three project phases, nameiy the
construction, operational and decommissioning phases. As the open cast operational phase
has the highest potential to produce air quality impacts, this was used to produce a
conservative estimate of impacts.
9.2.3. Noise
The following activities during the construction phase are identified as possible noise
sources and may impact on the ambient noise level of the area:
• Site clearance; and
• Construction of new infrastructure.
The construction machinery will be a source of continuous noise throughout the construction
phase. The noise levels of the construction machinery, according to the predicted noise
levels, will measure above the IFC EHS guidelines for residential areas at the measured
locations but only during the night time. The impact is expected to be insignificant at most of
the locations because the predicted noise levels will be substantially lower than the existing
ambient noise levels in the area during the day and night time. The noise level from the
construction phase is expected to impact on location KN5 and KN6 during the night time.
9.2.4. Geology
During construction, the geology will be impacted on through mining activities. The impact to
geology will be moderate, but will be of a permanent nature.
Due to the nature of the rocks being excavated, namely granites and kimberlites, no acid
mine drainage (AMD) is expected.
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Environmental and Social impact Assessment Report for the Koldu Kimberlite Project m
9.2.5. Soils
9.2.5.1 Site Clearing
During the construction phase of the mining project, the work carried out will be mainly the
setting up of mine infrastructure, haul roads, conveyors, fuel storage, buildings, and
workshops. Heavy machinery will be used to clear vegetation and level out areas. This will
result in the disturbance of the topsoil and ultimately soil loss during this operation. The
topsoil recovered will be removed and stored in stockpiles for use later for rehabilitation.
9.2.5.2 Temporary Fuel Storage and Movement of Construction Vehicles
The contamination of the soil by fuel and oils due to general construction activities may take
place during construction activities. This impact could take place in areas where refuelling
and servicing take place, or during normal site activities. Once soil is contaminated, it has to
be removed and treated or declared as waste.
9.2.6. Fauna
9.2.6.1 Site clearing
The existing vegetation within the proposed area of development will be impacted on as the
existing vegetation will be removed to facilitate the construction of mining related
infrastructure. Activities will include the complete removal of vegetation and soil as the exact
footprints are developed. This activity is considered to be medium in duration as it will be
required for the construction and operating phases of the mine. The impact will be site
specific in extent with impacts likely to occur on site. The severity of the impact was
determined to be medium.
The partial degradation of natural vegetation and habitat for animal life has already taken
place within the surrounding environment due to current land use practices which include
artisanal mining and slash and burn farming practices. The destruction of the areas with
remaining natural wooded grassland and secondary forest areas will result in the permanent
reduction of natural habitat of reptiles, birds, frogs, insects and mammals present within the
areas. The secondary forest, wooded grassland and surrounding vegetation offers habitat to
certain birds, reptiles, frogs, insects and mammals that could be present. The impact will be
site specific in extent with impacts likely to occur on site. The severity of the impact was
determined to be moderate.
9.2.6.2 Construction of new infrastructure
The construction of the additional infrastructure will increase open areas which is favourable
habitat for alien invasive plant species to establish themselves. The area designated for
surface infrastructure will no longer allow for seepage of surface water into underground
aquifers due to the hardening of surfaces. The infiltration will increase the surface water run¬
off, which in turn will increase erosion that will lead to loss of topsoil, which is detrimental to
plant species. This activity is considered to be short in duration as well as local in extent.
The severity of the impact was determined to be moderate.
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9.2.7. Flora
9.2.7.1 Site clearance
Although site clearance is limited to certain parts of the concession area, the whole of the
ecological system will be impacted and changed. A reduction in the impact significance will
be noticeable from where the clearance is implemented (high significance) to the area
furthest from the clearance (low significance, only some change in the ecological system).
By clearing the site, all vegetation cover will be removed. Removal of all vegetation will
eliminate existing fauna habitat, possible habitat and food resources. For this reason fauna
species will be eliminated from the site, the biodiversity will be reduced and the total
ecological system changed.
9.2.7.2 Construction of infrastructure
Construction will produce a higher level of human activity, more waste and more noise, that
will result in the reduction of fauna activity and so negatively affecting ecological functioning.
9.2.8. Aquatic Environment
9.2.8.1 Tailings dump and slimes dam
The proposed placement of the tailings dump and slimes dam will result in the direct loss of
wetland areas. The proposed placement area consists predominantly of wetlands already
severely degraded by agriculture, historical commercial and artisanal mining activities, as
well as current illegal artisanal mining. Thus the resulting loss of wetland functioning will be
negligible owing to the poor and impacted state of the systems. The current services offered
by the wetland system may not be of a high importance due to the imposed impacts, but Hie
loss of these units would result in the increase of pressures on an already considerably
impacted system. A long term concern would be the potential impacts caused by the tailings
dump on the water quality of the catchment due to seepage. However, according to Ochieng
et al. (2009) the iong term environmental risks associated with acidity and leaching of heavy
metals is insignificant.
9.2.9. Hydrology
9.2.9.1 Impact of pollution of water resources
The absence of clean water diversion structures within the proposed mining lease area will
result in:
• Pits being flooded during storm events of a high magnitude;
• Erosion of the downstream rivers;
• The upstream clean water system nol being separated from the dirty water system.
resulting in downstream pollution of the stream running through the mine area; and
• Flooding of the plant area by the upstream cleanwater system.
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9.2.70. Visual
Certain activities which are to take place during the construction phase will impact on the
visual nature of the site. These activities include the removal of vegetation, construction of
new infrastructure, construction of the security wall and the creation of waste rock dumps,
tailings dump and slimes dam.
9.3. All impacts identified during operation
9.3.1. Topography
Stripping of waste rock will lead to new rock stockpiles and the enlargement of some existing
ones. Waste rock will be crushed and used for aggregate on the mine and in the local
community. It is also envisaged that aggregate be provided to the Sierra Leone roads
authority to be used in the maintenance, repair and creation of road infrastructure.
In spite of the volume of material to be excavated, the overall impact on topography during
construction is of low significance as the topography is already disturbed due to historical
mining activities.
9.3.2. Air Quality
Dispersion modelling was undertaken to determine highest daily and annual average
incremental ground level concentrations for each pollutant. These averaging periods were
selected to facilitate the comparison of predicted pollutant concentrations with relevant air
quality standards and dust-fall limits.
It should be noted that the ground level concentration isopleths depicted present interpolated
values from the concentrations predicted by the model for each of the receptor grid points
specified. Plots reflecting daily averaging periods contain only the 99,h percentile predicted
ground level concentrations, for those averaging periods, over the entire period for which
simulations were undertaken, it is therefore possible that even though a high daily average
concentration is predicted to occur at certain locations, that this may only be true for one day
of the year.
9.3.2.1 Predicted PMw Concentrations
The predicted concentrations were compared to annual and daily World Health Organisation
Air Quality PM10 guidelines of 20 pg/m3 and 50 pg/m3, respectively. Both daily and annual
concentrations resulting from the mining operations were below the WHO guidelines during
the current operations and proposed expansion conditions. Predicted ground level PM10
concentrations at selected sensitive receptors for both scenarios are presented in Table 9-5
below.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project . *1
Table 9-5: Predicted PM10 concentrations
Baseline Expansion
Receptor Highest daily Annual Highest dally Annual
PM10 (pg/m3) average PM« PM10(pg/m3) average PM10
(pg/m3) (pg/m3)
Koidu Kimberlite parameter 7.97 1.17 27.7 1.59
Resettlement Area 18.9 1.88 7.69 0.93
9.3.2.2 Predicted Dust-fall Levels
Predicted average daily dustfall levels as a result of operations at the proposed Koidu
Kimberlite Project and the town of Koidu are summarised in Table 9-6 below.
Accurate dust-fall predictions rely on accurate site specific particle size distributions. Particle
size distributions used in calculations were based on analyses of general particle sizes for
unpaved industrial roads. Furthermore a particle size distribution was selected from these
that would result in the highest fallout rates and was assumed to represent the most
conservative estimate.
Proposed open pit operations were predicted to result in lower levels than the international
limits. Dustfall levels predicted at the proposed resettlement area were below the respective
SANS Target and Residential Action levels of 300 and 600 mg/m2-day.
Table 9-6: Predicted dustfall levels
Baseline Expansion
Receptor Average Daily Maximum Average Daily Maximum
Dustfall Daily Dustfall Dustfall Daily Dustfall
(mg/m2-day) (mg/m’-day) (mg/m2-day) (mg/m2-day)
Koidu Kimberlite Fenceline 2.08 3.55 3.21 1.55
Resettlement Area 4.06 7.86 3.07 0.62
9.3.3. Noise
The following activities during the operational phase are identified as possible noise sources
and may impact on the ambient noise level of the area:
• Blasting for the first five years;
• Mining of kimberlite and
• Transport and roads.
The machinery in the mining of the kimberlite will be a source of continuous noise throughout
the operational phase. The blasting will cause the highest sound power levels but the activity
is intermittent of nature.
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The noise levels of the mining machinery, according to the predicted noise levels, will
measure above the IFC EHS guidelines for residential areas at all the measured locations
but only during the night time. The impact is expected to be insignificant at most of the
locations because the predicted noise levels will be substantially lower than the existing
ambient noise levels in the area during the day and night time. The noise level from the
operational phase is expected to impact on location N5 and N6 during the night time.
The blasting activities will impact on the ambient noise levels at N1, N2 and N5 during the
daytime at the time of the blasts. The overall significance of the noise impact of the blasting
activities will depend on the frequency of blasts.
9.3.4. Soils
9.3.4.1 Temporary Fuel Storage and Movement of Vehicles
The contamination of the soil by fuel and oils due to general operational activities may take
place. This impact could take place in areas where refuelling and servicing take place, or
during normal site activities. Once soil is contaminated, it has to be removed and treated or
declared as waste.
9.3.5. Geology
During operation, the geology will be impacted on through mining activities, The impact to
geology will be moderate, but will be of a permanent nature.
Due to the nature of the rocks being excavated, namely granites and kimberlites, no acid
rock drainage (ARD) is expected.
9.3.6. Fauna
9.3.6.1 Fuel and chemicals storage and use
Spillages from fuel and chemical storage areas may pollute soil and water resources.
9.3.6.2 Transport and roads
Transport areas are should be limited to demarcated areas and existing speed limits should
be adhered to prevent the generation of excess dust.
9.3.6.3 Management of waste rock, tailings and slimes
Management procedures should be strictly implemented, so that no waste or pollution
spread from the demarcated areas into the surrounding environment, reducing the ecological
integrity of the site.
9.3.7. Flora
9.3.7.1 Transport and roads
The vehicular activity will result in the creation of dust which will increase the deposits these
materials on plant leaves. Natural dust will be created from use of the haul road. This dust
will be created during transport by haul trucks. This will impact on the vegetation health and
availability as food items as well as inhibit the ability of the plants units to provide ecological
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project r Vf
services. This activity is considered to be long term in duration as it will be required for the
life of mine. The impact will be site specific in extent with impacts likely to occur on site. The
severity of the impact was determined to be moderate.
9.3.7.2 Management of waste rock, tailings and slimes
The removal of topsoil and overburden will result in stockpiling of the material which will
increase the potential of the stockpiles becoming eroded as a result of high winds moving
across the areas. As the vegetation present on Hie actual footprint is secondary forest and
wooded grassland, the removal of these plants will negatively affect soil binding, and surface
runoff. This activity is considered to be medium in duration as it will be required for the
construction and operational phases. The impact will be site specific in extent with impacts
likely to on site. The severity of the impact was determined to be low.
9.3.8. Aquatic Environment
9.3.8.1 Management of waste rock, tailings dump and slimes dam
The primary impact caused by these infrastructure units will be to the overall water quality of
the catchment due to seepage. A return water dam will be constructed to trap and store dirty
water which will then be treated prior to discharge. The slimes dam will be constructed from
suitable material and lined with geo-fabric to minimise seepage.
9.3.9. Hydrology
9.3.9.1 Impact of pollution water resources due to upstream clean water mixing with dirty
water
The impact of no deanwater diversion structures within the proposed mine will result in:
• Pits being flooded during storm events of a high magnitude;
• Erosion of the downstream rivers;
• The upstream clean water system not being separated from the dirty water system,
resulting in downstream pollution of the stream running through the mine area.
• Flooding of the plant area by the upstream deanwater system
• Flooding of the plant from water backing up against the TSF.
9.3.9.2 Impact of excess water discharged to environment
The mine will have excess water that cannot be used in the process. This water together
with surface water will be discharged to the environment if it cannot be used. The impact of
excess dirty water being discharged into the environment is:
• Pollution of nearby surface water courses
• Dirty water percolating into the groundwater store and polluting the available
groundwater.
9.3.9.3 Impact of scouring of water course
The upstream watercourse will be affected by erosion at the outlets of the clean water
diversion catchments. Presently the wetland acts as a sponge and once the sponge is
removed then higher peak discharge rates at the clean water diversion structures will result
in scouring of the water course at the outlet points. This is primarily due to high velocities of
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surface water captured in the clean water diversion structures. The extensive scouring will
result in higher sediment loads being transported and deposited downstream of the river,
9.3.10. Geohydrology
9.3.10.1 Mining and Pit Lake Infilling
Removal of groundwater from both passive inflow and active dewatering will lower
groundwater levels in the granite. The maximum extent is defined by the 3-m isopleth, a
value that takes into consideration reasonable uncertainty in spatial and seasonal variations
in the water levels and the precision of numerical models. The possibility exists that water
levels in boreholes may be impacted upon.
The groundwater flow model predicts that it will take about 30 years for each pit lake to fill to
pre-mining water levels if the only contributing water is groundwater and direct precipitation
the footprint of the pits. If runoff were allowed to enter the pits, the infilling would be much
quicker. These pit lakes will be able to provide water supply, potential for fish farming
depending on quality, and recreational possibilities.
9.3.10.2 Drawdown of Water Table
The 3-D model of the Koidu project area predicts that the 3- m drawdown isopleth will extend
about 1.3 km to the west of the K1 pit, about 1.6 km to the east of the K2 pit, about 2 km to
the south of both pits, and at least to the model boundary to the north. The latter includes an
area where there are presumably many shallow hand dug or drilled boreholes. This potential
impact, since predicted drawdown will exceed more than 10 m over much of this area, will
need to be confirmed and addressed. The impacts on Koidu's water supply wells for the
camp, office, and resettlement areas should also be evaluated.
9.3.11. Visual
Certain activities which are to take place during the operational phase will impact on the
visual nature of the site. These activities include the creation and operation of waste rock
dumps, tailings dump and slimes dam.
9.4. All impacts Identified during decommissioning
9.4.1. Air Quality
The project activities have been categorised into three project phases, namely the
construction, operational and decommissioning, closure and post-closure phases. As the
open cast operational phase has the highest potential to produce air quality impacts, this
was used to produce a conservative estimate of impacts.
9.4.2. Noise
The machinery in operation during the following activities throughout the decommissioning
phase is identified as sources of noise:
e Removal of all infrastructure; and
o Spreading of sub-soils and topsoil.
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The machinery responsible for the demolishing of infrastructure as well as rehabilitation
activities will be the source of noise during the decommissioning phase.
The noise levels of the machinery, according to the predicted noise levels, will measure
above the IFC EHS guidelines for residential areas at all the locations but only during the
night time. The significance of the impact will be low because of the duration of the
decommissioning phase.
9.4.3. Flora
9.4.3.1 Removal of Infrastructure
The demolition and removal of infrastructure may result in impacts to vegetation, as large
machinery is needed for removal of infrastructure. Of concern here is the destruction of
vegetation, creation of favourable habitat for fast growing invasive plants and ground
compaction. Also of concern are the possible spillages from infrastructure holding hazardous
material. These spillages and leaks may be considered for infrastructure such as sewerage
and waste facilities, toxicant, pollutant and fuel storage infrastructure and general vehicle
use. in the event that this infrastructure is not demolished properly and with caution,
resulting spillages and leaks would impact on vegetation and soil quality. The demolition of
infrastructure may require vehicles making use of non-designated areas, special care must
be taken not to destroy rehabilitated areas. This activity is considered to be short in duration
as welt as site specific in extent with impacts being on site. The severity of the impact was
determined to be minor.
9.4.3.2 Rehabilitation of areas disturbed by infrastructure
This may be considered to be a positive impact if implemented properly. The replacement of
overburden and topsoil throughout the life of mine as well as the final replacement during the
decommissioning phase may result in the restoration of the natural vegetation. Control of
invasive plant species will have be carried out in conjunction with rehabilitation.
This activity is considered to be medium in duration as it will be required for the
decommissioning phase. The extent will be site specific with effects being on site. The
severity of the impact was determined to be moderate.
9.4.4. Geohydrology
9.4.4.1 Impact of mine closure on groundwater levels
Aquifer groundwater levels will start to recover once mine dewatering stops. New
groundwater equilibrium will be reached which will differ from pre-mining conditions due to
the large differences between the rehabilitated mine and aquifer flow. Groundwater levels
and flow gradients in and close to mine workings will remain slightly altered from pre-mining
levels and gradients), however this residual impact will be site specific and will not impact
on groundwater users. No decanting of collecting water to the surface will occur.
9.4.5. Visual
Removal of infrastructure, rehabilitation of haul roads and mine area will be the primary
activities affecting the visual nature of the area during the Decommissioning and Closure
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Phases. Post closure will involve maintaining the rehabilitation programme and restoring the
visual environment It is unlikely the visual environment will be returned to that which is was
prior to mining, however with mitigation the visual impact can be improved to that which
blends into the surrounding environment.
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10. SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
10.1. Methodology
The primary goals of this assessment are (a) to identify and assess the extent and
significance of potential social impacts associated with the Koidu Kimberlite Project
according to defined assessment criteria; and (b) to develop measures required to avoid,
minimize, reduce or compensate for potential adverse effects, in this context, a positive
social Impact is defined as an improvement of the baseline conditions resulting in a positive
change or effect. Conversely, a negative impact represents a deterioration of the baseline
conditions resulting in undesirable change.
The methodology for the assessment and mitigation of social impacts as described in this
section differs from that used for the physical environment. This was done in order to
adequately address both positive and negative impacts associated with the Project.
Furthermore, the criteria used for assessing environmental impacts do not always apply to
social impacts. Due to the intrinsic nature of social processes, the application of numerical
values is often inappropriate or unrealistic. The methodology adopted for this assessment is
therefore informed by international best practice for the assessment of social impacts.
It is important to note that the current social assessment does not include a comprehensive
assessment of anticipated health impacts. Health Impact Assessment is a highly specialised
fieid which requires the implementation of control measures, analysis of the nutritional status
of affected parties and laboratory testing, to mention only a few requirements. Similarly, the
current assessment does not comprehensively address the Project's potential impact on the
national economy. This would require a separate specialist study in order to do justice to the
potential national, regional and local economic impacts.
10.1.1. Impact Assessment
Impacts are identified by considering the project activities or aspects that may influence daily
social processes and/or may affect existing socio-economic baseline conditions. The types
of impacts and the terminology used in this assessment are discussed in the table below:
Table 10*1: Types of impacts
Impact Type Description
Routine/Planned Impact Resulting from common or regular project activities
Non-routine/Unplanned Impact Resulting from exceptional events/emergency conditions
Direcl Impact Resulting from direct interaction between a planned
project activity and the receiving social environment
Indirect Impact Resulting from indirect activities that are encouraged to
happen as a consequence of the Project
Induced Impact Third level impacts caused by a change in the Project
environment (e.g. increased disposable income)
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Cumulative Impact Impacts that act together with other Impacts (including
those from concurrent or planned future third party
activities) to affect existing social processes and/or socio¬
economic conditions
impact Magnitude Description
Duration Temporary: Shortduration; intermittent or occasional
Short-term: Impact is predicted to last only for the
duration of the construction period.
Long-term: Impact will continue for the life of the Project,
but cease when the Project stops operating.
Permanent: Impacts that occur during the development
of the Project and cause a permanent change in the
affected receptor or resource.
Scale On-site or Local: Impacts that affect an area in a radius
of 20 km around the project site.
Regional: Impacts that affect regionally important
productive resources or are experienced at a regional
scale as determined by political-administrative borders.
National: Impacts that affect nationally important
productive resources or have macro-economic effects.
International/Trans-boundary. Impacts that affect
internationally important productive resources or
international protocol.
impact Likelihood description
Low Impact does not usually occur
Medium Impact occurs infrequently
High Impact occurs frequently or regularly
The criteria for assessing the significance of impacts are as follows:
♦ The magnitude (scale and duration) of the change to the socio-economic environment
(e.g. increase in employment opportunities). Magnitude also refers to the sensitivity of
the household, community or wider societal groups in terms of adaptability to changes.
• The likelihood (probability) that the impact will occur. This estimate is largely based upon
experience and/or evidence that such an outcome has previously occurred.
The definitions for impact significance are described in Table 10-2 below. Definitions refer to
both positive and negative impacts.
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Table 10-2: Definitions for impact significance
Negligible impact A negligible (or insignificant) impact is where people and/or their assets will
not be directly affected (either positively or negatively) by a particular
activity, or where the impact is indistinguishable from daily social processes.
Minor impact A minor impact is one where an effect will be experienced but the magnitude
of the impact is sufficiently small (with and without mitigation) in order not to
significantly affect socio-economic conditions either positively or negatively.
Moderate Impact A moderate positive impact has the potential to provide affected parties with
clearly distinguishable benefits. A moderate negative impact falls within
internationally accepted limits and standards with regard to reasonable living
conditions and basic human rights.
Major impact A major positive impact is where affected households and/or communities as
a whole will experience significant benefits and improved socio-economic
conditions as a direct or indirect result of project activities.
A major negative impact is one where internationally accepted limits and
standard are exceeded. For some aspects there may still be major negative
residual impacts after all practicable mitigation options have been
exhausted. It is then the function of regulators and stakeholders to carefully
weigh such residual negative factors against the positive ones such as
employment, in coming to a decision on the Project.
Impacts are rated prior to mitigation and again after consideration of the proposed mitigation
measures. It should be noted that impact matrices act as a guide to the assessor and there
may be situations and/or conditions where their rigid application is inappropriate and where
stakeholder perceptions and actions play a significant role. The following impact matrix has
been prepared to guide the assessment of project impacts:
Table 10-3: Overall significance criteria
Negative Social Impacts
Socio-Economic Severity Likelihood classification
Outcome
Magnitude Severity Low Medium High
classification
Duration Scale Ability to
Adapt
Inconvenience Short -term Individual/ Those Low Negligible Minor Minor
but with no long¬ (< 1 year) household affected will
term changes to Low level adapt easily
livelihoods, to changes
resources, quality frequency and maintain
of life, standard of pre-impact
living, living
infrastructure and conditions
services
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Negative Social Impacts
Socio-Economic Severity Likelihood classification
Outcome
Magnitude Severity Low Medium High
classification
Duration Scale Ability to
Adapt
Direct and indirect Medium term Small Those Medium Minor Moderate Moderat
impacts on (1-6 years) number of affected will
livelihoods, households only be able
quality of life, Medium or to adapt to
standard of living, intermittent changes in e
resources, frequency living
infrastructure and conditions
services with some
support
Widespread and Long-term (> Large part Those High
diverse, direct 6 years) or whole affected will
and indirect Irreversible settlement/ not be able to
impacts that will Constant community adapt without Moderate
be difficult to frequency substantial
reverse or support
compensate for.
Positive Social Impacts
Socio- Severity (Desirability) Likelihood classification
Economic
Outcome Magnitude Desirability Low Medium High
classification
Duration Scale Ability to
Adapt
Temporary Short -term (< 1 Individual/ Those Low
benefits to year) Low household affected will Negligibl
individuals or frequency level find it Minor Minor
households difficult to
gain from e
benefits
Direct and Medium term Small Those Medium Minor ---
indirect positive (1-6 years) number of affected will
impacts on household be able to
livelihoods, s or small gain from
quality of life, Medium or social project
standard of intermittent groups benefits with
living, frequency some
resources, support
infrastructure
and services
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Positive Social Impacts
Socio- Severity (Dec.lability) Likelihood classification
Economic
Outcome Magnitude Desirability Low Medium
classification
Duration Scale Ability to
Adapt
Widespread Long-term (> 6 Large part Those High
and diverse, years) or whole affected will
direct and Irreversible settlement/ gain from
indirect positive community project
impacts likely to Constant benefits and
provide benefits create
to nation and frequency permanent
whole beneficial
communities. changes
10.1.2. Mitigation
Mitigation measures are developed to avoid, minimize, reduce, remedy or compensate for
negative impacts identified, and to create and/or enhance socio-economic benefits. These
measures are often established through legal or best practice standards such as those of the
World Bank Group. Preferably, mitigation measures will prevent or minimize impacts through
project design and management rather than through rehabilitation and compensation.
Major negative impacts are considered to be unacceptable and require mitigation. In some
situations a major negative impact may be offset by a positive impact of similar magnitude.
The relative importance of these particular impacts must then be considered in assessing
their acceptability. For moderate negative impacts, the focus of specific mitigation measures
is to reduce these impacts to as low as reasonably practicable. Minor impacts are generally
controlled through the adoption of best practice management measures.
The mitigation of social impacts associated with the Project is aimed at meeting IFC
Performance Standards and international industry guidelines. The hierarchy of mitigation
measures for events and impacts is outlined below (avoidance of impact being the preferred
option):
• Avoid/reduce at source;
• Abate on site;
• Abate at receptor/recipient;
• Repair/remedy; and
® Compensate in cash or kind.
10.1.3. Residual impacts
A residual impact is the impact that is predicted to remain after mitigation measures have
been applied. In the case of the Project, mining activities are currently in progress directly
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adjacent to the Extended Affected Area. It is therefore not always possible to identify
residual impacts that are directly attributable to the Project. Identifiable residual impacts that
are expected to be of high significance/importance will be addressed in this SIA.
10.1.4. Uncertainties
Whilst this SIA reflects professional consideration of the potential impacts of the Project,
uncertainties about the significance of some impacts still remain. This is primarily due to the
fact that human responses to events and changes are not definite or predictable. Thus,
uncertainties stemming from the ongoing development of the Koidu Kimberlite Project will be
approached conservatively, following a precautionary approach.
10.2. Assessment of identified social impacts
10.2.1. Introduction
The assessment of the social impacts associated with the Project is discussed in this
section. Impacts have been assessed in terms of anticipated effects of the Project on the
receiving socio-economic environment, on the directly affected households and stakeholders
at the local, district, national and international level (where applicable). The assessment is
based on data collected during the socio-economic baseline studies carried out for the ESIA,
environmental specialist studies, the results of the asset survey for the Project, and the
findings of focus group interviews and community consultation meetings.
The Koidu Kimberlite Project has been in operation since 2003/2004. The Project has an
important impact on the national and local economies, mainly through the payment of
royalties, taxes and surface lease rent, local job creation, replacement and compensation of
affected assets, local capacity building, as well as infrastructure and service provision at the
resettlement site. Concurrently, it is likely that the Project has indirectly contributed towards
population influx into the broader project area (in particular Koidu Town) and an associated
increased pressure on local infrastructure and services.
The Project will involve the extension of, or increase in, activities in die existing mining and
surface lease areas. Against this background, it is likely that the Project will increase the
magnitude of impacts discussed above. However, it is anticipated that the Project will not
result in any significant new or additional socio-economic impacts (with the exception of
impacts associated with the fencing of the concession area). It is anticipated that the overall
project impacts will predominantly be of a cumulative nature. Consequently, the assessment
of impacts resulting from the Project is carried out within this context, i.e. taking into account
the combined impacts of the overall Koidu Kimberlite Project.
10.2.2. Stakeholder issues and concerns
The social impact assessment has taken into account the overall issues and concerns raised
by stakeholders during community consultation meetings and focus group interviews. The
most common issues and concerns are listed in the PCDP report (Volume 2).
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10.2.3. Physical and economic resettlement
10.2.3.1 Impact description
Construction Phase
International finance organisations generally recognise that involuntarily resettlement gives
rise to severe socio-economic problems. These may include dismantled production systems,
loss of productive assets and income sources, as well as weakened community structures,
social networks and traditional authority structures. Involuntary resettlement may therefore
cause long-term hardship, impoverishment, and social damage unless appropriate measures
are carefully planned and implemented.
The potential significance of resettlement impacts is considered in terms of the vulnerability
of many households in the Extended Affected Area. This vulnerability relates to marginal
living conditions, insecure livelihood strategies, income instability, food insecurity and
prevailing poverty. Many affected households are poor by international standards and
resettlement mitigation measures must therefore be designed to include poverty-related
issues.
The Extended Affected Area is approximately 50 ha in size. The project site shows a mixture
of commercial and residential plots and limited agriculture activities (vegetables) due to the
dense settlement pattern. As mentioned eariier, there are mainly three settlements expected
to be impacted by the proposed expansion, namely Saquee Town, Yormandu and New
Sembehun. Portions of these settlements fall within the extended 500 meter blasting
envelope. According to current information, the Project will require the physical resettlement
of 675 households (approximately 8,000 people), and 717 associated dwelling structures.
Six schools, three churches, two mosques, as well as a number of government buildings and
community facilities will have to be replaced. Access to graves and community shrines in the
project site area will also be lost A large number of economic trees and vegetable gardens
will have to be compensated. Provision has been made for replacement agricultural land, but
no agricultural projects are currently being implemented. Economic resettlement is therefore
likely to cause the disruption of the subsistence agricultural cycle for households who are
dependent on this activity for food. This could impact negatively on household food security.
Construction of the security perimeter around the mining lease area will require the diversion
of the Koidu-Gandorhun Road around the southern boundary of the mining lease area. This
road diversion will potentially impact on a small number of houses, economic trees and
artisanal mining sites along the route. However, it is expected that these impacts can be
avoided by re-aligning the road accordingly. Economic trees lost will be compensated while
affected artisanal miners will be allowed to continue activities until their mining licences
expire.
Current resettlement actions for the Koidu Kimberlite Project (under the 2003 RAP) is being
undertaken in line with stakeholder agreements initially developed in 2003 and amended in
2009. Stakeholder agreements currently in place are: Resettlement Action Plan; Agricultural
Compensation Agreement; and Construction Agreement. A comprehensive and revised RAP
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is being developed for the implementation of the Project resettlement In order to ensure
consistency and fair compensation measures, the same resettlement principles and
standards will be adopted for the resettlement of the households in the new extended
affected area.
The Project will involve extending the blasting zone for both kimberlite pipes to 500m. No
temporary relocation during blasting will therefore be necessary beyond this zone once
relocation has taken place. It is expected that resettled households will not be directly
exposed to safety hazards resulting from fly-rock, or structural damage to their houses as a
result of blasting.
While not underestimating the severity of the resettlement impacts discussed above, this
assessment takes into consideration the fact that the physical resettlement of households
under the 2003/2009 RAP has been in progress for many years. The social studies
undertaken for this ESIA have confirmed that residents of the Extended Affected Area are
generally aware of the existing mitigation measures and what to expect in terms of
replacement houses and compensation for economic trees.
The construction method and standards of replacement housing under the 2003 RAP are
specified in the relevant stakeholder construction agreement of 2009. This agreement, which
was concluded after extensive consultation with affected households and key stakeholders,
will be adopted for the Project resettlement. Resettlement houses and outbuildings are of a
high standard. Residents also have access to domestic water by means of community taps.
All community facilities affected by the Project will be moved to and/or replaced at the new
resettlement site. Compensation for economic trees will be in accordance with the 2009
stakeholder agricultural agreement, while households will have access to agricultural land in
support of the restoration of livelihoods.
Operation and decommissioning phases
According to current planning, physical and economic resettlement of households affected
by the Project will be completed during the construction phase.
10.2.3.2 Mitigation measures
e Wherever possible, avoid physical and economic resettlement of households and
assets.
o Determine in consultation with all affected parties the need for resettlement during the
project planning and design stages.
e Where resettlement cannot be avoided undertake an appropriate resettlement study in
order to meet KH policy, country-specific legislation and IFC Performance Standards
• Initiate a full resettlement and compensation process as per procedures and measures
contained within the Project RAP and associated stakeholder agreements.
» Ensure consistent application of the compensation procedures and mechanisms as well
as stakeholder agreements under the 2003/2009 RAP for the Koidu Kimberlite Project.
® Assist affected parties to acquire alternative agricultural land. Where possible, replace
land lost with land of a similar or better quality
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• Investigate the development of commercial agricultural programmes in consultation with
affected user groups.
Full details of the resettlement management and mitigation measures will be addressed in
the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP). In terms of the Project’s direct impact on households
and assets, the full implementation of the above mitigation measures could mitigate this
impact to moderate positive over the life of the mine and beyond.
10.2.3.3 Impact significance
Nature, type The resettlement of affected The resettlement of affected households
and households will be negative, routine post mitigation will be positive, routine,
grouping: and direct direct and indirect
Duration: The resettlement of affected The implementation of resettlement
households and assets is planned to mitigation measures will positively
take place during the construction contribute towards rebuilding and
phase. The duration of this impact will improving living conditions for affected
therefore be short-term households over the long-term
Scale: The impact would take place on a local Replacement houses will be constructed
scale on the project site locally at a resettlement village adjacent
to the project site
Magnitude: The magnitude rating is classified as The magnitude rating post mitigation will
medium given the fact that affected be high given that resettled households
households generally know what to will experience improved standards of
expect in terms of resettlement and living and opportunities for livelihood
compensation restoration
Likelihood: The likelihood of this impact occurring is The likelihood of this impact occurring is
high high
10.2.4. Increased government revenue
10.2.4.1 Impact description
Construction phase
Koidu Holdings is currently paying royalties and taxes to the Sierra Leonean government in
terms of the existing KPP. This is in addition to surface rent payments directly to the Tankoro
Chiefdom. Increased government revenue in this context refers to the royalties and taxes
that KH will pay once the Expansion Project is operational.
Operation phase
Against the background of total government expenditure in Sierra Leone, and in combination
with current royalties and taxes paid by Koidu Holdings, the Project will make a significant
added contribution towards government revenue. Since the newly agreed mining lease came
into effect, Koidu Holdings pays a 6.5% royalty to the government. The increased revenue to
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the government relates to higher revenues that will be generated from increased production
(i.e. expansion project), with an anticipated revenue increase of a factor of 5.
However, a portion of this revenue is redistributed to districts according to their planned
development needs. In addition, the Koidu Kimberlite Project (KKP) currently pays a surface
lease rent directly to the Tankoro Chiefdom.
However, a portion of this revenue is redistributed to districts according to their planned
development needs. In addition, the Koidu Kimberlite Project (KKP) currently pays a surface
lease rent directly to the Tankoro Chiefdom.
In addition to the above contributions, the overall KKP is expected to contribute
approximately US$8 million annually to the local economy in the form of community
contributions, salaries, and profit share in the Project (National pay roll will be ±$3M per
annum, anticipated profit share (10% of net to community) ±$4M/annum, local procurement
and community development programmes ±$1M / annum).
Decommissioning phase
The decommissioning and closure of the KKP will end KH’s payment of royalties and taxes
to the government, and will therefore potentially decrease government expenditure. This will
be a negative indirect impact, particularly if the government has come to rely on this
revenue. In terms of the current situation, government dependency on this income is high,
and this is likely to remain so in the long term.
There is little that the KKP can do to mitigate this impact. However, mine closure and
decommissioning will be a planned activity and the government could develop plans to deal
with the termination of project revenues. While KH is likely to have little impact on the
decisions of the Sierra Leonean Government, the residual impact associated with increased
government revenues will remain of positive significance.
10.2.4.2 Mitigation measures
• Koidu Holdings should make royalty and tax payments in a transparent, accurate and
timely manner.
• Koidu Holdings should ensure that sound financial principles and processes are in place
to achieve the above.
• Koidu Holdings should maintain regular communication with government regarding mine
decommissioning and closure to ensure that suitable plans are in place to address short
term shortfall in revenues.
10.2.4.3 impact significance
Nature, type The payment of royalties and taxes will The payment of royalties and taxes will
and be positive, routine, indirect and be positive, routine, indirect and
grouping: induced induced
Duration: The payment of royalties and taxes will The payment of royalties and taxes will
have a long term impact on the have a long term impact on the national
national economy. economy.
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Scale: The impact would take place on a The impact would take place on a
national scale through contributing to national scale through contributing to the
the national economy and macro- national economy and macro-economic
economic processes. processes
Magnitude: As a result, the magnitude rating is As a result, the magnitude rating is
classified as high. classified as high.
Likelihood: The likelihood of this impact occurring is The likelihood of this impact occurring is
high given that the payment of royalties high given that the payment of royalties
and taxes is a legal requirement and taxes is a legal requirement
10.2.5. Increased dependence of the national economy on mining
10.2.5.1 Impact description
Construction, operation and decommissioning phases
The Project (in combination with the overall KKP) is expected to indirectly increase Sierra
Leone’s dependence on revenues from the mining sector. This may inhibit diversification of
the national economy away from mining (in particular diamond mining). This impact may
therefore potentially be regarded as an induced negative impact associated with the Project,
particularly when considered within the national economy's overall dependence on the
mining sector.
10.2.5.2 Mitigation measures
The KKP should strive to ensure that sustainable economic development in the broader
project area takes place. There is little else that the Project can do to minimise this impact.
10.2.5.3 Impact significance
Nature, type Increased dependence on mining will Increased dependence on mining post
and be negative, unplanned, indirect and mitigation will remain negative,
grouping: induced unplanned, indirect and induced
Duration: Increased dependence on mining could Increased dependence on mining could
have a long term impact depending on have a long term impact depending on
government interventions to promote government interventions to promote
economic diversification economic diversification
Scale: The impact would largely take place on The impact would largely take place on a
a national scale and potentially on a national scale and potentially on a
regional scale if interventions aimed at regional scale if interventions aimed at
the diversification of the economy are the diversification of the economy are
insufficient insufficient
Magnitude: The magnitude rating is classified as The magnitude rating remains medium
medium as possible contributions by KH towards
economic diversification is likely take
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place at local level
Likelihood: The likelihood of this impact occurring The likelihood of this impact occurring is
is medium medium
IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE (PRE-MITIGATION): MINOR IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE (POST
NEGATIVE MITIGATION): MINOR NEGATIVE
10.2.6. Procurement of local goods and services
10.2.6.1 Impact description
Construction and operation phases
The construction and operation of the Project will require the purchase of sophisticated
equipment and will generate large contracts for specialised technical work. These will be
provided by specialist providers of goods and services. Since the KKP has been in operation
for approximately seven years, it is expected that the Project will largely make use of
established and trusted suppliers and service providers.
There may be opportunities for local businesses to become part of the existing supply chain.
Services that could possibly be provided include catering services, food supply, building
materials, maintenance of non-technicai aspects and facilities maintenance, general vehicle
maintenance, laundry and employee transport. However, locally owned businesses in the
broader project area are relatively unsophisticated and the procurement opportunities that
can be taken up by companies in the broader project area will be limited.
At a district and national level, opportunities may be less limited, and may be developed over
time. For those national companies that do get the opportunity to be part of the supply chain,
there will be lasting benefits through increased experience, capacity and training. The KKP is
currently contracting with both national and local suppliers to supply some of the above
services. It is anticipated that this will continue under the Project.
Decommissioning phase
It is likely that most contracts between the KKP and Sierra Leone based suppliers will be
terminated during the decommissioning phase. However, those contractors will have gained
considerable experience in procurement and supply chain management with large national
and international companies, in particular mining companies.
10.2.6.2 Mitigation measures
The KKP should strive to optimise local procurement opportunities to ensure that Sierra
Leonean companies who meet the Project requirements will have realistic opportunities to
secure business with the Project. In doing so, the Project should:
® Develop a management structure to be accountable for the dissemination of information
to potential bidders regarding procurement opportunities at the local and national level.
• Set and disseminate appropriate quality standards for provision of goods and services.
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i
® Where applicable, unbundle contracts to allow smaller companies/businesses to provide
goods and services.
• Invest in training and economic development to promote opportunities for companies to
enter into the supply chain.
® Support existing agencies and organisations responsible for business development in the
country.
10.2.6.3 Impact significance
Nature, type Opportunities for participating in the Opportunities for participating in the
and project supply chain will be positive, project supply chain post mitigation will
grouping: routine, direct, indirect and induced be positive, routine, direct, indirect
and induced
Duration: During operation, the impact will have During operation, the impact will have
medium to long term benefits for medium to long term benefits for
successful suppliers and service successful suppliers and service
providers providers
Scale: The impact will take place on a The impact will take place on a national
national and possibly regional scale and possibly regional scale. The
Opportunities at the local scale will be implementation of mitigation measures
extremely limited may increase opportunities at the local
level
Magnitude: The magnitude rating is classified as The magnitude rating post mitigation is
low. classified as medium low
Likelihood: The likelihood of this impact occurring is The likelihood of this impact occurring is
Sow considering that the expansion medium low as the implementation of
project will mainly use existing suppliers mitigation measures could lead to an
and/or service providers increase in procurement opportunities on
a wide scale
IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE (PRE-MITIGATION): MINOR
POSITIVE
10.2.7. Impact on local government capacity for infrastructure and service delivery
10.2.7.1 Impact description
:i ; ; > : : ' i ; : imissionir bases
In Sierra Leone, district and local authorities are mainly responsible for the delivery of basic
municipal services and facilities, with financial support from national government. Further
administrative decentralisation is facilitated through the Paramount Chief, chiefdom councils
and associated native administrations.
District and local government capacity for infrastructure and service delivery is very limited
and will remain so in the medium and possibly long term. It is likely that the development of
the Project will result in increased pressure on already limited resources, service delivery
and local government capacity. This will be mainly due to population influx (people seeking
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to benefit from the Project) and settlement in the broader project area, as well as local
government’s added responsibility with regard to service delivery in the resettlement villages.
While the Project will provide basic infrastructure (for example roads and domestic water
supply) to the new resettlement village, local government (the Koidu New Sembehun City
Council) will be responsible for delivery and maintenance of basic infrastructure and services
to these villages. As a result, lack of local government capacity and resources may impact
negatively on the sustainability of the resettlement villages.
Koidu Holding’s on-going support to local government with regard to maintenance and
development of public infrastructure may partly off-set the above negative impact.
10.2.7.2 Mitigation measures
The KKP should strive to ensure that government's ability to deliver on providing services
and utilities is not detrimentally affected as a result of the Project. It is emphasised, however,
that the Project will not take on government’s responsibility as service provider to
resettlement villages.
Hie Project could potentially contribute considerably to infrastructure and service delivery in
the broader project area. The folfowing measures will facilitate this process:
e investigate the establishment of capacity building and institutional strengthening
programme for both local and district government.
« Investigate, in collaboration with government departments, feasible options for public-
private partnerships in order to plan for anticipated increased demand (Section 6.8).
• Explore opportunities for collaboration with local police with regards safety and security
issues relating to mining activities in general and contractor movement in particular.
® Explore opportunities for collaboration with national organisations involved in capacity
building, training and the provision of specialised health and educational services.
<* Form partnerships with organised business to address the provision of bulk services and
infrastructure.
10.2.7.3 Impact significance
Nature, type impact on local government capacity Impact on local government capacity
and will be negative, unplanned, indirect post mitigation will be positive, planned,
grouping: and induced indirect and induced
Duration: During operation, increased pressure During operation, contributions by KH
on local government capacity will be towards Infrastructure delivery and
medium to long term as local capacity building of local government will
government will have difficulty to adapt result in medium to long term benefits
for local government and surrounding
communities
Scale: The impact will pnmarily take place on a The impact will primarily lake place on a
local scale (Koidu Town and local scale (Koidu Town and
resettlement sites) resettlement sites)
Magnitude: The magnitude rating is classified as The magnitude rating is classified as
medium given the potential long-term medium given the potential long-term
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affect on local government positive impact on iocal government and
communities
Likelihood: The likelihood of this impact occurring is The likelihood of KH providing support to
medium to high considering that local local government regarding infrastructure
government will be responsible for improvement is high
servicing and maintaining resettlement
sites
IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE (PRE-MITIGATION): MINOR IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE (POST
NEGATIVE MITIGATION): MINOR POSITIVE
10.2.8. Employment creation
10.2.8.1 Impact description
Construction and operation phases
At peak production Koidu Holdings will employ (directly) 1,118 nationals and 136 expatriates.
During construction / development these numbers would double.This excludes off-site jobs
in the supply chain (indirect employment); and jobs created in the country as a whole as
result of employee spending (induced employment). It also does not include foreign jobs
created in the supply chain or jobs created in other countries as a result of employee
spending.
The majority of local employment opportunities during this project phase will involve short¬
term unskilled labour and casual labour. Income earned from these positions will contribute
towards the quality of life of beneficiaries, but may also lead to dependence on this income.
Overall, employment on the Project could result in a more steady flow of income to those
employed. This impact will also be felt to a certain extent by those employed indirectly in the
project supply chain. Direct and indirect employment will also result in the enhancement and
upgrade of skills and experience.
Due to the highly technical nature of the Project, the level of skills required is very high, while
the economic baseline assessment shows that the levels of education, skills and experience
in the broader project area are very low. In the country as a whole it is anticipated that only a
limited number of nationals have the experience and high levels of skills required by the
KKP. It is therefore expected that only a limited number of Sierra Leoneans and an
extremely limited number of people from the broader project area would qualify for skilled
and semi-skilled positions during the operation of the Project. This is exacerbated by the fact
that project contractors are likely to bring in their own workers who have specific experience
in their commissioned tasks.
While perhaps limited in scope, employment positions filled by Sierra Leoneans will provide
valuable opportunities for skills development and training. The Project will provide on-the-
job, as well as formal training opportunities for employees. This could mean greater
opportunities for employment beyond the life of the mine, which would create the potential
for increased income stability on a more sustainable basis.
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It is expected that contract workers will be housed on site, where the majority of their daily
necessities in terms of food, health, hygiene and recreation will be provided. Therefore, the
demand for goods and services in the broader project area by construction workers is likely
to be limited.
Decommissioning phase
The Project wil! provide permanent benefits for those employed by the Project in terms of
skills development and experience. The decommissioning and closure of the Project will
terminate permanent and casual employment on the Project, but will create opportunities for
unskilled and semi-skilled positions for the implementation mine closure plan measures.
10.2.8.2 Mitigation measures
• The Project should encourage and invest in alternative livelihoods development so that
at decommissioning and closure phases, the local area is not reliant exclusively on the
Project for employment and economic opportunities.
• The Project should attempt to optimise recruitment of people from affected communities,
surrounding settlements and nationally, through its existing employment policy/strategy.
This should be done at the initial recruitment stage (prior to construction and operation),
as well as throughout construction and operation.
• The Project Human Resource office should develop/refine a project specific protocol for
the fair treatment and employment of Sierra Leonean citizens.
• Where possible, maximise labour intensive methods to increase local employment
opportunities.
• Carry out a skills audit in surrounding villages and maintain a detailed register for use by
the Project and its contractors.
• Liaise with national and local labour offices for continually updated lists of applicable
available skills.
• Create and maintain a register of casual employees from the surrounding villages for use
when casual labour is required by project contractors.
• Ensure that employment opportunities and skills requirements are advertised locally and
that recruitment centres (labour desks) are easily accessible to the local population.
10.2.8.3 Impact significance
Nature, type Employment creation by the project will Employment creation by the project will
and be positive, routine, direct, indirect be positive, routine, direct, indirect
grouping: and Induced and induced
Duration: During construction, the impact will Implementation of mitigation measures
have short term benefits for unskilled will result in the project having short to
workers at the local level. For those medium term benefits for semi-skilled
who are able to secure permanent and skilled workers at the local level. For
employment on the project, the impact those who have secured permanent
will be long-term {for the duration of employment on the project, the impact
the project) wilt be long-term
Scale: The impact will mainly take place at the Implementation of mitigation measures
local level, in addition to limited mav increase benefits on a local.
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opportunities at the national levei regional and national scale. However
this increase is likely to be limited.
Magnitude: Employment opportunities for skilled Employment opportunities for skilled and
and semi-skilled positions will be semi-skilled positions will remain limited
limited. The magnitude rating is but mitigation measures will contribute
therefore classified as low. towards skills development and the
development of alternative livelihood
strategies. The magnitude rating is
therefore classified as medium.
Likelihood: The likelihood of this impact occurring is The likelihood of this impact occurring is
low considering that the expansion medium low considering that the
project will mainly use existing suppliers expansion project will mainly use existing
and/or service providers suppliers and/or service providers
IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE (PRE-MITIGATION): MINOR T1 »/.T
j POSITIVE
10.2.9. Community anger and resistance
10.2.9.1 Impact description
Construction, operation and decommissioning phases
The KKP has experienced incidents of community resistance and anger in the past.
Incidents primarily related to dissatisfaction amongst members of the Affected Property
Owners Association (APOWA), with regard to the design and construction material used for
resettlement houses built between 2004 and 2007. This issue was resolved with the
implementation of the 2009 Stakeholder Agreements, which included an undertaking of KH
to refurbish all replacement houses built prior 2008 in line with the revised standards agreed
upon in 2009. However, a number of organisations (mainly students) attempted to exploit the
situation and demanded, amongst other, direct participation in project benefits.
The establishment of the VRC in 2008 significantly contributed towards improving relations
between the KKP and affected households. Nonetheless, at the time of writing this report a
group of students was involved in activities aimed at discrediting the KKP. The management
of KH was accused of not contributing to the development of the affected communities and
not honouring their commitments in terms of financial support to students. Respondents also
referred to KH’s alleged low level physical presence and visibility in the communities which
lead to mistrust and the spreading of rumours.
The actions of the abovementioned groups appear to be partly as a result of misinformation
and unrealistic expectations, although it is likely that there are other motives involved. The
above impact is therefore likely to be on-going, but at least for the duration of negotiations
around resettlement, compensation and community development projects. There is potential
for this impact to be felt at the national level, should interested and affected parties gain the
support of international NGOs to assist them in discrediting the Project and resisting project
activities.
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Many households in the broader project area will not be able to access the opportunities and
benefits made available as a result of the Project. Additionally, there will be expectations
around improved standards of living and economic development for affected communities
and if these are not met, there may be community resentment and unhappiness associated
with the KKP in general and the Project in particular.
While it is known that the Sierra Leonean government fully supports the KKP, this impact
remains highly significant in that strained relationships between KH and local communities
could impact negatively on KH’s social licence to operate in the broader project area and, in
fact, in Sierra Leone as a whole.
10.2.9.2 Mitigation measures
• Develop a proactive Stakeholder Engagement Programme that is founded on openness,
mutual trust and inclusiveness in terms of project activities. This will empower both
affected and surrounding communities to identify and address Issues of concern to them
and will facilitate solutions to the management of these concerns and possible claims
against the Project.
• Ensure that all affected villages receive equal access to opportunities in terms of local
recruitment, training, business development, procurement and community development
programmes.
• Appoint a Community Relations Manager at the project site to develop community
relations built on mutual trust, and to address grievances at a management level.
o Establish a local information office and appoint a permanent community liaison officer in
the resettlement village (this is in place but requires additional resources and support
from Management).
• Establish a site-based grievance office and associated procedure for addressing social,
environmental, technical and operational issues (this is in place but requires additional
resources and support from Management).
• Establish/develop on-going partnerships with relevant local organisations (e.g. NGOs) to
facilitate and manage community expectations.
• Promote inter-village sport and recreational competitions to foster a sense of community
within villages and healthy competition between villages.
10.2.9,3 Impact significance
Nature, type The impact of community anger and The impact of community anger and
and resistance will be negative, resistance post mitigation will remain
grouping: unplanned, indirect and Induced negative, unplanned, indirect and
induced
Duration: Incidents of community anger and Incidents of community anger and
resistance are anticipated to occur from resistance are anticipated to occur from
time to time and mav escalate durina time to time durina the life of the mine,
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the iife of the mine. The duration of this notwithstanding efforts by KH to mitigate
impact will therefore be long-term this impact. The duration of this impact
will thus remain long-term.
Scale: The impact would take place on a local Successful implementation of mitigation
and potentially regional and national measures will contribute towards a better
scale understanding of the project at all levels,
but negative responses towards the
project at the local level is likely to occur
sporadically.
Magnitude: The magnitude rating is classified as Successful implementation of mitigation
high given that this impact will put the measures will result in improved
project at risk community relations, which is likely to
reduce the frequency and impact of
negative community responses to
medium low
Likelihood: The likelihood of this impact occurring is The likelihood of this impact occurring is
high high
IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE (PRE-MITIGATION) MAJOR IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE (POST¬
MITIGATION): MINOR NEGATIVE
10.2.10. Access and mobility
10.2.10.1 Impact description
Co _. e
The construction and operation of the Project will impact on people’s mobility and access to
community facilities such as local markets, schools and churches. Access to graves and
community shrines will also be lost due to the periphery wall. Moreover, the wall will cut
through sections of Saquee Town and New Sembehun which will lead to the physical (and
possibly social) fragmentation of these settlements.
Under the current resettlement process affected households are not resettled along township
borders or in line with the respective town chief's area of jurisdiction. Resettlement under the
Project should attempt to honour these relationships and areas of jurisdiction.
Affected households may potentially have to travel longer distances to community facilities
(mainly schools). According to current planning, these facilities will be replaced with similar
facilities in the new resettlement village. This may lead to residents living outside the wall but
using facilities that will be moved, having to travel longer distances to the new facilities. This
aspect was repeatedly raised at community consultation meetings.
Construction of the Project is likely to lead to the short-term obstruction of existing access
routes, including the diversion of the Koidu-Gandorhun road which cuts across the project
site. However, this impact will only be temporary, while the Koidu-Gandorhun road diversion
will improve access between the resettlement village and Koidu Town.
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Operation and decommissioning phases:
The broader project area will benefit from improved transport routes on condition that these
roads are maintained by local government.
10.2.10.2 Mitigation measures
• Carefully plan and design the location of replacement land in order to minimise changes
to movement patterns and its related disruption of social networks.
• Upgrade main routes used by project vehicles in the project area.
• Implement an education and awareness programme for health and safety (that includes
a focus on traffic) in villages along transport routes.
• Ensure appropriate signage is placed around the project area such that local people can
easily understand and respond to changed traffic conditions
10.2.10.3 Impact significance
Nature, type Impact regarding access and mobility will Impact regarding access and mobility
and be negative, direct and indirect post mitigation will be positive, direct
grouping: and indirect
Duration: The impact will be short- to medium term Improved access will be medium to
long-term for the duration of the
project with the understanding that
local government will fulfil its
responsibilities with regards road
maintenance
Scale: The impact will primarily take place on a The impact will primarily take place on
local scale (Koidu Town and resettlement a local scale (Koidu Town and
sites) resettlement sites)
Magnitude: The magnitude rating is classified as The magnitude rating for improved
medium access is classified as medium low
Likelihood: The likelihood of this impact occurring is The likelihood of this impact occurring
high is medium high
IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE (PRE-MITIGATION): MINOR IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE (POST¬
NEGATIVE MITIGATION): MINOR POSITIVE
10.2.11. Community well being
10.2.11.1 Impact description
Construction phase
Project impacts regarding community wellbeing are discussed under the following headings:
social support systems, social pathologies and health and safety.
Social support systems
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Resettlement will negatively affect people's well-being as they struggle to establish a new
sense of place amidst social change. Social relations are important in that they provide a
sense of identity and belonging. Stakeholders that are likely to be most vulnerable include
the elderly, traditional leaders, and the unskilled. Stability for traditional authority structures
may be threatened as people are resettled without due concern for the areas of jurisdiction
of township chiefs.
The physical resettlement of affected households may result in households losing access to
existing social networks and support systems, and the material and emotional support that
they provide. In impoverished communities where income sources are limited, these social
support networks can be critical to survival. Physical resettlement could also result in the
dislocation from family, tribal and religious affiliations.
The ability to adapt to this soda! disruption would vary across those affected. Larger
households might be able to adapt more quickly to the change if resettlement happens as a
family group. However, individuals who are largely dependent on others for emotional and
material support may find adapting to the loss of social networks more difficult. It is however
expected that after the construction phase, social networks and support strategies will be re¬
established and people will adapt to the changing situation.
The Project could contribute to the restoration of sodal networks and support systems by
taking into consideration existing areas of jurisdiction for the different town chiefs.
Social pathologies
The presence of a large foreign workforce, combined with population influx of work seekers
(and often their families) may increase affected communities’ vulnerability and susceptibility
to social pathologies, including drug and alcohol abuse, and increased incidence of sex
workers, teenage pregnancies, crime and domestic violence. Those most vulnerable to drug
and alcohol abuse would indude the youth and unemployed, as well as the contract workers
who are isolated from family and familiar support structures, coupled with limited recreational
and social opportunities.
Aside from formal sex workers who could be drawn to the project area, it is single women
and female teenagers, who wouid be most vulnerable to the risks of commercial and casual
sex as they are less iikely to be financially secure and generally more likely to succumb to
peer pressure and sexuai experimentation respectively.
Abuse of alcohol and drugs often correlates with an increase in levels of criminal behaviour
and violence. Such behaviour will increase the number of people vulnerable to abuse. This
may contribute to destabilising local households and has the potential to result in domestic
violence, substance abuse and/or infidelity, further fuelling household tension and conflict.
It is emphasised that the above impacts are not new but will attribute cumulatively to current
conditions.
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Health and safety
The influx of contractors into the study area may increase the incidence of communicable
diseases, HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Communicable diseases can
also expose locals to previously unknown diseases (e.g. avian flu and yellow fever). Again,
the above impact is not new but will attribute cumulatively to current conditions.
The KKP has established a clinic in the project site area with a full-time medical doctor, an
advanced life support paramedic and three nurses. The clinic can accommodate 30 to 40
patients per day and is equipped with an electrocardiogram machine, defibrillator, and
laboratory. The company has also provided a fully equipped ambulance to service the clinic.
Operation and decommissioning phases
The above imparts will remain prevalent for the duration of the Project, and possibly beyond
but the implementation of the mitigation measures below, will reduce the negative impact on
community well being
10.2.11.2 Mitigation measures
• The resettlement of people should be done with sensitivity to die re-establishment of
social networks that have provided material and social security in the community. This
wiil support people’s ability to cope with project induced changes and will foster goodwill
towards the Project.
« The development of the Project RAP should take into account measures to mitigate the
loss of social networks. Vulnerable groups should be identified during the resettlement
process and measures should be identified to ensure the restoration of livelihoods, with
consideration for additional compensation measures that may be required.
• Provide access to appropriate information for the affected community well in advance of
project impacts occurring to limit levels of uncertainty that may add to insecurity and
vulnerability.
• Develop and implement induction programmes for new contract workers to increase
sensitivity to local norms and customs.
® Work closely with local health services in monitoring and addressing changes In levels of
community health and wellbeing.
® Implement a HIV/AIDS awareness programme addressing factual health Issues as well
as behaviour change. This should be implemented amongst contractors, employees and
local villagers.
® Support inter-village recreational competitions to foster increased healthy lifestyles
around sport and recreation.
10.2.11.3 Impact significance
Nature, type Impacts on community wellbeing will be Impacts on community wellbeing post
and negative, unplanned, indirect and mitigation will remain negative,
grouping: Induced unplanned, indirect and Induced
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Duration: The majority of impacts on community Impacts on community wellbeing is likely
well being will be long term and may to remain long term post mitigation
even be permanent as it will affect the
fabric of social life
Scale: These impact will primarily take place These impact will primarily take place on
on a local scale a local scale
Magnitude: The magnitude rating is classified as The magnitude rating is classified as
high given the potential long-term effect medium as conditions may stabilise
on the host communities. It is however during operation, following health
important to keep in mind that many of awareness and community outreach
the impacts described under community programmes
well being is not new to the project area
Likelihood: The likelihood of this impact occurring is
medium considering experience with
similar projects in Africa
IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE (PRE-MITIGATION): IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE (POST¬
MODERATE NEGATIVE MITIGATION): MINOR NEGATIVE
10.2.12. Local economic development
10.2.12.1 Impact description
Increased activity and population movement associated with the construction and operation
of the Project is likely to result in increased demand for goods and services in the area. This
is also likely to result in a flow of goods and service providers, both formal and informal, to
the broader project area, thus contributing to local economic development. On the other
hand, while construction activities may provide opportunities for economic and business
development other constraints such as access to finance; limited infrastructure and skills,
and limited private sector in the broader project area will constrain local economic
development.
Section 6 of this report provides an overview of socio-economic baseline conditions and
development needs at district and local levels. The overview shows very low levels of living
standards and quality of live in the broader project area. It is in this context where the Project
can make a significant contribution through the provision of infrastructure and services and
socio-economic investment at the district and local level.
Since 2004, the KKP has contributed to local and national development and it is anticipated
that the continued operations will support local economic development for a relatively long
period. Koidu Holdings has committed to providing continued assistance to district
infrastructure projects and to broadening its support for community development initiatives in
Tankoro Chiefdom and Koidu Town. Current initiatives include (also refer to Section 6.7):
« Road refurbishing programme
• Infrastructure programme
• Education
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« Water supply
• Health care
• Agriculture programme
• Local business development
• Sports development
e Capacity building
• Employee welfare, and
• Employee career development
10.2.12.2 Mitigation
Koidu Holdings should consider the following measures in order to promote socio-economic
development for affected communities and the broader project area,
■ Investment and promotion of sustainable projects, training and education to help
communities to develop alternative livelihoods and attempt to minimise economic
dependence cm the mine.
a Developing a Social Development Plan that will focus on the development of alternative
economic opportunities locally. These programmes should be identified and developed in
a participatory manner to increase their sustainability independently of the Project,
a Partner with government and relevant NGOs to support sustainable livelihood practices.
® Support and/or develop information and awareness programmes related to economic
entrepreneurialism and small business development. Work in partnership with existing
government and related organisations already well established to address these issues.
The above measures should be addressed through the development and implementation of
Social and Community Development Plans.
Decommissioning phase
Koidu Holding’s commitment to socio-economic development could have positive impacts far
beyond the life of the mine. The company should therefore facilitate and promote sustainable
development initiatives
10.2.12.3 Impact significance
Nature, type Company investment in socio-economic Company investment in socio-economic
and development will be positive, planned, development will be positive, planned,
grouping: indirect and Induced Indirect and induced
Duration: During operation development projects During operation development projects
will gain momentum over the medium will gain momentum over the medium to
to long term long term and in some Instances may
have a permanent positive impact on
local economic development
Scale: The impact will primarily take place on a The impact will take place on a local
local scale when considering existing scale but could extend to the regional
KPP activities with regards local level post mitigation, following the
economic development. expansion of economic relationships
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between communities
Magnitude: The magnitude rating is classified as The magnitude rating is classified as
medium given the potential long-term medium given the potential long-term
effect on local economic development effect on local government
Likelihood: The likelihood of this impact occurring is The likelihood of this impact occurring is
medium low medium high
IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE (PRE-MITIGATION): MINOR s-',r-T';rttimn
POSITIVE P7T11
Table 10-4 provides a summary of impacts assessed and significance status before and
after mitigation.
Tabie 10-4: Summary of impacts significance
Impact
Physical and economic resettlement
Increase in government revenue
Increased dependence of the national economy on
mining
Procurement of local goods and services
Impact on local government capacity for infrastructure
and service delivery
Employment creation
Community anger and resistance
Access and mobility
Community well being
Local economic development
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11. CUMULATIVE IMPACTS
The following cumulative impacts have been identified:
11.1. Noise
Cumulative impacts should be considered for the overall improvement of ambient noise
levels. The proposed Koidu Kimberlite Project is considered a relevant source of noise
pollution that will contribute to the increase of the ambient noise levels in the area.
The existing noise sources at Koidu Mine are limited to haul trucks travelling between the
pipes and the existing processing plant, the operation of the processing plant as well as light
duty mining vehicles driving between the mining offices. The significance of the Impacts of
the existing noise sources on the relevant receptors is of a low significance. The low
significance is due to the distance currently between the town of Koidu and the existing
mining activities if the proposed activities of the Koidu Kimberlite Project commences, the
cumulative impact will be more severe on the existing ambient noise levels. The significance
will increase to a moderate significance. Noise levels from the Koidu Project must therefore
be monitored to determine potential sources of noise, increases and decreases in noise
levels, and determine level of mitigation required.
Once open pit mining ceases (within 4 years) a significant reduction of noise will take place
as no surface blasting wiil occur.
When the kimberlite from the proposed project area has been mined, processed and
decommissioned, overall ambient levels will decrease to the pre-mining baseline and the
cumulative impacts in the area could improve.
11.2. Fauna and Flora
The socio-economic climate within the country of Sierra Leone has been very unstable in the
past few decades and this previous instability in the country has brought about a situation
where people have to provide for themselves through agriculture or mining of diamonds to
survive.
Through these circumstances the protection of the natural environment has not been of high
priority and systematic degradation with no re-generation has been taking place for a long
time. The local people have been burning the vegetation to create clearings for crop
production for many generations (slash and bum), long before Koidu mine was operational.
The mining boundary of Koidu does however enclose natural areas of conservation
potential, as recognised by Koidu Holdings. Currently the concession area is not enclosed
with limited access control whereby local people are able to practice illegal artisanal mining,
felling of the trees for fuel wood and building materia! and setting of traps, The natural
environment within the mine boundary is thus partially protected
With the construction of the new perimeter wall access control will be rigid, providing
protection to all natural resources within the concession.
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11.3. Aquatic Ecosystems
The natural resources of Sierra Leone in general are under threat due to the relevant land
and resource users (US AID, 2007) and the KKP is no exception. By the end of 2012 there
will be no further demands on these resources by the local users owing to the resettlement
initiative to move people from the project area and to prevent further access. The water
resources associated with the study area have been impacted on due to historical
commercial and artisanal mining operations as well as the current agricultural and artisanal
mining activities. These activities are characteristic of the Koidu region and evident both
within as well as beyond the project area.
The proposed expansion project will result in the loss of wetland areas already severely
impacted on by the current artisanal mining activities. The wetland areas considered for this
study were predominantly formed by commercial and artisanai mining activities spanning a
70 year mining period.
Thus, considering the history of mining in the region as well as the impact of the artisanal
mining and agricultural activities on these wetland systems, the severity of the expansion
project on the water resource is considered to be low. As a result of this, a rehabilitation
strategy has been proposed to compensate for the expected toss of additional wetland areas
due to the expansion project. This in turn will help to restore ecoiogicai functioning and
Integrity to the immediate catchment area. Thus, the proposed expansion may afford the
KKP an opportunity to improve on the overall status of the water resource for the area
should the recommended rehabilitation strategy be implemented.
11.4. Social environment
Cumulative impacts are defined as impacts that act together with other impacts (including
those from concurrent or planned future third party activities) to affect normal social
processes and/or socio-economic conditions.
Mining activities are currently in progress directly adjacent to the Extended Affected Area. It
is therefore not always possible to dearly define cumulative impacts that are directly
attributable to the Project. However, it is anticipated that the Project will not result in any
significant new or additional socio-economic impacts and it is likely that the overall project
impacts will predominantly be of a cumulative nature.
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12. CLOSURE AND FINANCIAL PROVISION
12.1. Mine Closure
Mine closure is an on-going programme designed to restore the physical, chemical and
biological quality or potential of air, land and water regimes disturbed by mining to a state
acceptable to the regulators and to post mining land users. The activities associated with
mine closure are designed to prevent or minimise adverse long term environmental and
social impacts, and to create a self-sustaining natural ecosystem or alternate land use based
on an agreed set of objectives. The objective of mine closure is to obtain legal (government)
and community agreement that the condition of the closed operation meets the requirements
of those entities, whereupon the company's legal liability is terminated.
Closure should be modified and adapted as the mining project continues and more
knowledge is generated about the mine environment and the impacts of the Project.
Adequate provision must also be made to mitigate the loss of employment opportunities as a
result of mine closure and to promote the sustainability of socio-economic development
programmes initiated by the Project. Consequently a detailed closure plan should be
developed as more information is available.
Irrespective of the rehabilitation outcome, the environmental authority must ensure that the
rehabilitation will endure expected climatic variations and that the land will be sustained for a
land use consistent with the surrounding area.
12.2. Objectives for Mine Closure
The overall objectives for the project are:
e To return the land, other than the open pits, to a land capability similar to that which
existed prior to mining;
o Flooding of pits to serve as water sources;
• To demolish all mine infrastructure, which cannot be utilised by subsequent land
users or any third party. Once demolition has occurred prompt topsoil application and
re-vegetation should take place. Where buildings can be used by a third party,
arrangements will need to be made to ensure their long term sustainable use;
• To clean up all spills on site;
• To ensure that all wetlands within the project site impacted on by the various
activities are rehabilitated;
• To annually assess the closure impacts thereby ensuring progressive and integrated
closure throughout the life of the project;
• To leave a safe and stable environment for both humans and animals and make their
condition sustainable;
e To maintain and monitor all rehabilitated areas following re-vegetation;
• To involve all relevant stakeholders, authorities and communities in the mine closure
process; and
» To allow for the mine to leave the surrounding community in a more economically
sustainable manner than prior to mining.
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12.3. Activities for Mine Closure
12.3.1. Processing plant
All infrastructure associated with the plant needs to be stripped and broken down to natural
ground level. Inert building material should be placed into the pits, be buried next to the plant
or be disposed of at a registered waste facility. This includes any conveyors, foundations
and any concrete between buildings. Any building material with the potential to pollute the
environment must either be treated or disposed of at a registered waste facility. Areas
disturbed by surface infrastructure and demolition activities need to be top-soiled (500 -
1000 mm of top-soil) and re-vegetated with indigenous species.
12.3.2. Steel and reinforced concrete structures and housing, facilities and services
All steel, brick and concrete structures not to be kept for community services need to be
demolished to 1 m below ground level, remaining inert rubble may be buried adjacent to the
building sites, may be placed Into the pits or be disposed of at a registered waste facility.
Any building material with the potential to pollute the environment must either be treated or
disposed of at a registered waste facility. Areas disturbed by surface infrastructure and
demolition activities need to be top-soiled (300mm of top-soil) and re-vegetated with
indigenous species.
12.3.3. Openpit rehabilitation
The purpose of open pit rehabilitation is to ensure the site becomes safe for humans and
animals. The upper pit slopes should be shaped to a gradient of 1:3 so that the risk of
humans and animals is minimised. In addition to stabilising the pit walls, all remaining waste
rock, overburden and / or non-hazardous waste must be placed into the final void. The pits
will then be allowed to fill with water to create artificial dams.
Berm walls will be constructed around the pit to limit access to the pits. These berm walls
must be constructed such that they create a 10 metre buffer from the pit edge and they must
allow surface water from precipitation to drain into the pits, thereby, filling the final void with
water and minimising risk to both humans and animals. Signage will be placed around the
pits, warning the public of the danger posed by them.
12.3.4. Other components
Overburden and spoils
Any remaining overburden and spoils with a low pollution potential, need to be shaped and
replaced with 500 - 1000 mm of soil and vegetated. All remaining waste rock must be
shaped to a 1:3 slope to ensure long-term sustainability and stability of the slopes.
12.4. General rehabilitation
General surface rehabilitation must involve the shaping of the surface topography to match
the surrounding landscape and 500 - 1000 mm of topsoil, where available, need to be
added to the site. During the process of shaping the landscape drainage lines must be
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properly reinstated into the topography. Any heaps of excess material also need to be
removed.
12.5. Maintenance and aftercare
Maintenance and aftercare must be planned for three years after the mining production has
ceased. Maintenance will specifically focus on vegetation, on rehabilitated areas and on the
tailings and slimes facilities , as well as any alien vegetation that needs to be controlled.
Furthermore, monitoring will have to take place for both surface and groundwater at the
slimes dam and at mining production areas. It has been recommended that slimes facilities
are monitored for five years after closure or until such time as a long-term acceptable trend
can be determined.
12.6. Financial Provision
The closure cost assessment involves the quantification of mining and infrastructure
components and applying rates to rehabilitate each component. The environmental liability is
described in monetary terms in order for a financial provision to be set aside in a dedicated
fund for closure and rehabilitation purposes. The costing must be reviewed on an annual
basis for the duration of the project, to ensure that the financial provision is sufficient for
effective rehabilitation of the site.
The approach followed during these calculations was to assume a “snapshot in time”
approach, i.e. costs have been calculated assuming that the mine would have to close
immediately. The closure cost for the current mine infrastructure, in accordance with
the above-mentioned activities proposed for closure, is $ 13,917,964.00 and is
summarised in Table 12-1 below. Table 12-2 summarises the Life of Mine closure costs,
which is $ 15, 278, 388.00, as planned at the end of its current mine plan. Both costings
seek to realise effective rehabilitation or remediation of relevant impacts on the environment
and the surrounding community. Savings are possible by the application of a number of
different methods of reducing environmental liability during operations or after closure.
Table 12-1: Summary of rehabilitation for Current Infrastructure
Koidu Diamond Mine
Summary of Current Infrastructure
Area 1: Mine Infrastructure
Demolition $ 746,164.45
Rehabilitation $ 321,877.93
Total $ 1.068,042.39
Area 2: Pits
Earthworks $ 9,185.99
Rehabilitation $ 3,207.81
Total S 12,393.80
Area 3: Waste Rock Dumps & Topsoil
Earthworks $10,630,587.90
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Table 12-2: Summary of rehabilitation for Life of Mine
Koidu Diamond Mine
Summary ?f Lifeof Mine Infrastructure
Area 1: Mine Infrastructure
Demolition $ 746,164.45
Rehabilitation S 321,877.93
Total $ 1,068,042.39
Area 2: Proposed Infrastructure
Demolition $ 646,825.77
Rehabilitation $ 71,400.52
Total $ 718,226.29
Area 3: Pits
Earthworks $ 9,185.99
Rehabilitation $ 3.207.81
Total $ 12,393.80
Area 4: Waste Rock Dumps & Topsoil
Earthworks $10,630,587.90
Rehabilitation $ 283,097.45
Total $10,913,685.35
Area 5: Tailings
Earthworks $ 300,482.46
' The monitoring costs of the tailings have been included under the heading of‘Monitoring Costs'
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Monitoring $9
Total $ 612,782.46
Total $13,012,830.29
Monitoring Costs $ 312,300.00
Signage $ 1,333.33
Project Management $ 650,641.51
Contingency $ 1,301,283.03
’ The monitoring costs of the tailings have been included under the heading of ‘Monitoring Costs'
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13. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
The role of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to assist the organisation in
achieving their environmental objectives and fulfilling their commitment to the environment
(Environmental Protection Agency, 1995). The EMP describes methods and plans used to
reduce environmental impacts, as well as identify indicators to assess the progress of the
EMP.
The EMP will be implemented from site preparation through to decommissioning and
closure. Furthermore, there Is a commitment to continuous and progressive rehabilitation as
the project advances, in this regard, it is anticipated that monitoring and assessment of the
ongoing rehabilitation will occur on a regular basis (variable depending on aspects to be
monitored).
The EMP serves as a framework for implementing the mitigation measures during each
phase of the project.
13.1. EMP framework
The EMP is a framework comprising a number of plans designed to ensure the
implementation of mitigation measures reduce the negative impacts and enhance the
positive impacts on the social, economic and physical environment. The following table
includes additional mitigation measures that will form part of the EMP for the Project.
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13.2. Summary EMP for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
The following tables summarise the management and monitoring for the identified impacts per project phase. Where Key Performance
Indicators (KPI) exist, they have been included in the table. Guidelines provided by the World Bank Group have been used (indicated as “WB").
In some cases a variety of KPI’s exist depending on the source, receptor, timing and environment.
The overall accountability for the implementation of this plan lies with Koidu Holdings. Various parties will remain responsible for certain
activities, however Koidu Holdings will remain accountable for ensuring the mitigation measures, monitoring and corrective action contained in
the EMP are implemented. For this reason the table below does nol include a column indicating who is accountable but rather who is
responsible for a particular aspect.
Table 13-1: EMP for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
Objectives Mitigation/Management measure Performance Target Responsible
Person
NOISE MANAGEMENT
Minimize noise impact • The blasting operations are generally intermittent and should be
limited to daylight hours when ambient noise levels are highest;
• Reduction of the powder factor, that is, use of less explosive per Environmental
cubic yard of overburden;
• Maintaining good public relations with the surrounding communities For every blast (open pit)
i.e warning the villagers in advance before blasts;
Manager
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Objectives Mitigation/Management measure Performance Target Responsible
Person
• Vehicles to be switched off when not in use; Vehicles to be serviced Environmental
• Regular maintenance on mining vehicfes to ensure silencing according to vehicle services Manager
equipment is still effective i.e. exhaust mufflers; and handbook;
• Fixed noise producing sources such as generators, pump stations
and crushers to be to be either housed in enclosures or barriers put
up around the noise source. The barriers should be installed
between the noise source and sensitive noise receptor, as close to
the noise source as possible. A basic rule of thumb for barrier
height is: Any noise barrier should be at least as tall as the line-of-
sight between the noise source and the receiver, plus 30%. So if the
line-of-sight is 10m high, then the barrier should be at least 13m tall
for best performance (Sound Fighter Systems, 2007).
• Noise monitoring programme Programme to be followed Environmental
according to section 10 in the Manager
environmental noise impact
assessment report
FAUNA & FLORA
To minimize clearance, o Sensitive areas need to be avoided were possible (Monkey Hill and Restriction or limitation of Environmental
surrounding wetland and forest).
loss and disturbance to • Avoid access in areas not earmarked for construction and/or development in sensitive Manager/
the natural environment, operation. appointed
in particular plants * Rehabilitation can include the establishment of habitat through areas. consultant
vegetation growth,
Avoid sensitive areas e Where possible disturbance to watercourses should be avoided. Rehabilitation of areas were Environmental
such as water courses, if » The aquatic systems that remain need to be protected to ensure possible through maintenance
not, disturbance should habitat and resources (vegetation) availability for fauna throughout of vegetation/habitat Manager
be minimized the lifetime of the project.
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Objectives Mitigation/Management measure Performance Target Responsible
Person
To minimize disturbance • Avoid areas not earmarked for construction and operation.
to the natural • Removal should only occur In demarcated areas and where possible Environmental
environment and to the natural environment should be rehabilitated to ensure ecological Ecological monitoring
maintain sensitive areas functioning.
and other habitat e Rehabilitation can include the establishment of habitat through Manager
possibilities vegetation growth.
To prevent leakages and e Storage facilities should be monitored, to ensure that no dangerous Environmental
accumulation of chemicals or pollutants escape Into the surrounding environment.
pollutants in the ® Hydrocarbon spill kits to be kept near storage areas and used on No spills unaddressed
environment spills (e.g. Supazorb or Eretechl) Manager
• Direct and indirect affects will be to plants and animals
To prevent loss of fauna « Vehicles need to remain within demarcated areas. Speed Reduction Environmental
« Roads need to be efficiently planned as to minimise disturbance to
and flora the natural environment. Vehicle restrictions in place Manager
• Speed limits need to be applied and adhered to.
To properly dispose of • Waste management is crucial and waste should be properly Successful risk management Environmental
waste. To avoid the disposed according to the type of waste.
establishment of alien • Pollution of the surrounding environment should be prevented by through monthly inspection of
constant monitoring. Manager
Invasive plant species. • Re-vegetation of these areas must be completed to minimise dust waste rock, tailings and slimes
and establishment of alien invasive plants.
To minimize disturbance • Removal of infrastructure will accumulate a lot of building rubble that Correct disposal methods of Environmental
to fauna and flora should be disposed of correctly. waste in place.
properly dispose of • To prevent pollution and the loss of ecological integrity. Limited disturbances in Manager
waste • Vehicles involved must be restricted to demarcated areas. demarcated areas
TOPOGRAPHY
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Objectives Mlligation/Management measure Performance Target Responsible
Person
To maintain the Integrity • All construction activities should be restricted to defined work areas
and draw up a post-mining topography plan during construction so No excessive erosion and Environmental
of the landscape and to that the end goals are established upfront;
minimise disturbance to # Be able to capture erosion from stockpiled materials;
the natural topography » Place waste rock in a location where it wilt not disturb drainage lines drainage lines avoided Manager
& where appropriate volume can be stored
VISUAL
To reduce the impact of • Retain as much existing vegetation to reduce the visual impact of Construction activities not Environmental
the proposed activities permanent structures, colours for roofing, walls, etc. should be of a
on the aesthetic integrity matt finish to reduce reflection. Impacting on the visual nature
of the area. • To reduce the visual impact of permanent structures, colours for of the site Manager
roofing, walls, etc. should be of a matt finish to reduce reflection.
AIR QUALITY
To reduce the negative • Introduce road spaying program based on rainfall, evaporation rate,
and traffic frequency to reduce dust being emitted from road Reduce emissions from Environmental
impacts of dust emitted transport
from material transport • Conduct dust analysis once the new plant is commissioned to
determine the appropriate mitigation measures, if required. unpaved roads Manager
and crushing. • Initiate dust fallout monitoring program to monitor efficiency of dust
management measures
SOIL
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Objectives Mitigation/Management measure Performance Target Responsible
Person
• Planning of clearing activities to minimize areas stripped {bush Only clearing essentia! areas
To minimise the loss of and maintaining soil structure Environmental
clearing); and fertility for U9e in
® Clearing activities to be carried out in dry conditions, In order to rehabilitation and finally mine
topsoli maintain soil structure; and stripping all available soli materials and closure. Manager
stockpiling appropriately.
To minimise the risk for Mine Safety officer,
spillage of fuel and oil on • Limit the movement of vehicles on site as much as Is practical; Less spills & Site Manager
site.
AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT
To minimise the loss of « The footprint slza of the tailings and slimes facilities should be kept to Once for the construction of
a minimum, A return water dam should be implemented to trap dirty Engineer and
wetland areas and water. This water could then be re-used for the operation or released the impermeable base
subsequent loss of back into the system should It be of a suitable quality. Weekly for toe monitoring of Environmental
• The quality of water in the return water dam should be monitored.
ecological services. Dirty water could be re-used for the operation, or alternatively it toe water quality in the return Manager
should be treated to comply with international drinking water water dam
standards and may be released back into the system.
HERITAGE AND ARCHAEOLOGY
To retrieve as much
viable archaeological • Archaeological mitigation of site that include test excavation,
information mom site Once-off. Archaeologist
before further damage
and/or destruction mapping, surface sampling and materials analyses
occurs.
GEOHYDROLOGY
Mining and Pit Lake Prevent impact on water levels Environmental
Infilling • Monitoring borehole levels
of boreholes Manager
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Objectives Mitigation/Management measure Performance Target Responsible
Person
Drawdown of Water • Monitoring of borehole levels Prevent the drawdown of Environmental
Table • The impacts on Koidu's water supply wells for the camp, office, and underground water levels Manager
resettlement areas should also be evaluated. Must do this!
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
• Wherever possible, avoid physical and economic resettlement of Develop and implement a Project Manager
households and assets. Resettlement Action Plan in Resettlement
• Determine in consultation with ail affected parties the need for accordance with IFC Manager
Tooptimise medium and resettlement during the project planning and design stages. requirements.
• Where resettlement cannot be avoided undertake an appropriate
resettlement study in order to meet KH policy, country-specific
legislation and IFC Performance Standards
long-term benefits • Initiate a full resettlement and compensation process as per
resulting from physical procedures and measures contained within the Expansion Project
and economic RAP and associated stakeholder agreements.
• Ensure consistent application of the compensation procedures and
mechanisms as well as stakeholder agreements under the
2003/2009 RAP for the Koldu Kimberlite Project.
resettlement ■ Assist affected parties to acquire alternative agricultural land. Where
possible, replace land lost with land of a similar or better quality
• Investigate the development of commercial agricultural programmes
In consultation with affected groups and surrounding villages.
To promote feasible • Ensure that payment of royalties and taxes takes place in a As per mitigation measures Project Manager
district and local socio¬ transparent, accurate and timely manner.
economic development • Ensure that sound financial principles and processes are in place to
based on increased achieve the above.
government revenue • Maintain regular communication with government regarding mine
decommissioning and closure to ensure that suitable plans are In
place to address short term shortfall in revenues.
To decrease • Strive to ensure that sustainable economic development In the Have sustainable non-mining Project
dependence of national broader project area takes place with a focus on diversifying the local in place before mine closure Management
economy on mining economy.
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Objectives Mitigation/Management measure Performance Target Responsible
Person
To optimise the a Develop a management structure to be accountable for the As per mitigation measures HR Manager
procurement of goods dissemination of information to potential bidders regarding Public Relations
and services by the Manager
project procurement opportunities at the local and national level.
a Set and disseminate appropriate quality standards for provision of
goods and services.
• Where applicable, unbundle contracts to allow smaller
companies/businesses to provide goods and services.
• invest in training and economic development to promote opportunities
for local companies to enter into the supply chain.
• Support existing agencies and organisations responsible for business
development in the country.
To enhance local • Investigate the establishment of capacity building and institutional As per mitigation measures Project Manager
government capacity for strengthening programme for both local and district government.
infrastructure and • Investigate, in collaboration with government departments, feasible
service delivery options for public-private partnerships in order to plan for anticipated
Increased demand.
• Explore opportunities for collaboration with local police with regard to
safety and security issues relating to mining activities in general and
contractor movement in particular.
a Explore opportunities for collaboration with national organisations
involved in capacity building, training and the provision of specialised
health and educational services.
« Form partnerships with organised business to address the provision of
bulk services and infrastructure.
To optimise employment Review procurement policy HR Manager
a Optimise recruitment of people from affected communities, the
creation by the project surrounding settlements and nationally. Community
« Develop a project specific protocol for the fair treatment and
employment of citizens. Relations Manager
a Optimise labour intensive methods to increase local employment
opportunities.
a Carry out a skills audit in surrounding villages and maintain a detailed
register for use by the Project and Its contractors.
* Liaise with national end local labour offices for continually updated
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Objectives Mitigation/Management measure Performance Target Responsible
Person
lists of applicable available skills.
• Create and maintain a register of casual employees from the
surrounding villages for use when casual labour is required by project
contractors.
• Ensure that employment opportunities and skills requirements are
advertised locally and that recruitment centres (labour desks) are
easily accessible to the local population. Retain current local
employees as far as possible.
To build relationships of • Implement a proactive Stakeholder Engagement Programme As per mitigation measures Project Manager
openness, mutual trust • Ensure that affected villages receive equal access to opportunities in Public Relations
and inclusiveness with
affected households and terms of local recruitment, training, business development, manager
host communities procurement and community development programmes. Community
® Appoints Community Relations Managers! the project (in-field) to Relations Manager
develop sound community relations and grievance redress at Community Liaison
management level. Officers)
• Establish a local information office and appoint a permanent
community liaison officer in the resettlement village. (This is in place
but require additional resources and management support.)
• Establish a site-based grievance office and associated procedure for
addressing social, environmental, technical and operational issues.
(This is in place but require additional resources and management
support.)
• Establish on-going partnerships with relevant local organisations (e.g.
NGOs) to facilitate and manage community expectations. Clearly
differentiate between the roles and responsibilities of partners,
specifically those of KH versus government
• Communicate KH's 'achievements’ as far as community development
is concerned to local, regional and national stakeholders.
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vi'fe
Objectives Mitigation/Management measure Performance Target Responsible
Person
• Support inter-village sport and recreational competitions
Improve road networks • Carefully plan and design the location of replacement land to minimise As per mitigation measures Appropriate
in the broader project changes to movement patterns infrastructure
area « Upgrade main routes used by project vehicles in the broader project development
departments
area. Community
• Implement education and awareness programme for health and safety Relations Manage
(with a focus on traffic) In villages along transport routes.
e Ensure appropriate placement of signage around the project area
» Construct the road diversion before (or as soon as possible) closing
the existing road.
Promote community ■ Ensure that resettlement is undertaken with sensitivity to the re¬ As per mitigation measures Project Manager
well being establishment of social networks that have provided material and and management plans, in Resettlement
social security in the community. Take into account measures to particular the RAP Manager
mitigate the loss of social networks and promote the restoration of
livelihoods. Community
• Provide access to appropriate information for the affected community
well in advance of project impacts occurring. Relations Manager
• Develop and implement induction programmes for new contract
workers to increase sensitivity to local norms and customs.
« Work closely with local health services in monitoring and addressing
changes in levels of community health and well being.
• Implement a HIV/AIDS awareness programme on health issues and
behavioural change amongst contractors, employees and villagers.
• Support Inter-village recreational competitions lo foster increased
healthy lifestyles around sport and recreation.
• Partner with local education NGO’s in the area and provide assistance
in developing education within the project area.
• Identify suitable local scholars and students and provide them with
bursary and internship opportunities,
• Partner with local schools and assist with education enhancement and
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Objectives Mitigation/Management measure Performance Target Responsible
Person
the provision of supplies and services wherever possible.
Socio-economic • Invest In and promote sustainable projects, training and education to Management measures will be Project Manager
development assist communities in developing alternative livelihoods and to addressed through the
minimise economic dependence on the project. development and
• Develop a Social Development Plan that will focus on the Implementation of Social and
development of alternative economic opportunities locally. Community Plans
• Develop a Community Development Plan that will focus on livelihood
restoration and agricultural development projects
• Partner with government and relevant NGOs to support sustainable
livelihood practices.
• Support and/or develop information and awareness programmes
related to economic entrepreneurialism and small business
development.
• Work in partnership with existing government and related
organisations already well-established to promote local economic
develooment (refer to Section 6.8)
SURFACE WATER
Impact of pollution of • A cieanwater diversion structure upstream of the plant, tailings dump,
open pits and waste rock dumps will be constructed. The separation of dean and Environmental
water resources due to • A detailed Plant Stormwater Management Plan is provided. This plan
upstream clean water details the construction of stormwater canals within the plant area,
mixing with dirty water and bunding around the Hydrocarbon storage facility. dirty water Manager
Impact of excess water • Identify what water will be available on Ihe mine;
Prevent excess water Environmental
• Understand the impacts of discharge from the various areas;
discharged to • Identity what water can be used In what process
environment • Develop a water management plan to identify what waters can be discharged to impact on the
discharged from the mine, what waters will need to be cleaned and Manager
what waters can be used in the process; environment
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Objectives Mitigatlori/Management measure Performance Target Responsible
Person
Impact of scouring of e Energy dissipaters at canal outlet points Prevent scouring of the water Environmental
water course o Grassed water ways and earth channels as recommended clean
water diversion structures source Manager
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13.3. Monitoring Plans
The following monitoring plans are proposed:
13.3.1. Climate
Climate monitoring should be carried out on site in order to detect changes in weather
patterns throughout the operation.
13.3.1.1 Methodology
The weather meter on site is to be read and maintained. The variables which should be
recorded are:
• Rainfall;
• Minimum and maximum temperatures; and
• Wind direction and velocity.
13.3.1.2 Monitoring locations
The monitoring station should be positioned on site preferably upwind of Monkey Hilt
(dominant wind direction).
13.3.1.3 Frequency of monitoring
Data should be down loaded monthly or bi-monthiy (depending on the device). The meter
should monitor at all times.
13.3.1.4 Monitoring data
Data from the meter should be downloaded and recorded on an excel spread sheet. These
values can then be compared between months and eventually between years of the
operation.
13.3.2. Fauna and flora monitoring plan
The monitoring of the flora environment is conducted by investigating the constituent
components specifically the herb, grass shrub and tree layers. A monitoring program needs
to evaluate the management actions of each of these components. The method of
monitoring is the Braun Blanquet method, which is a specialised method designed
specifically for vegetation survey/monitoring purposes.
• Monitoring must take place annually;
• Monitoring must be completed by qualified specialists;
• Adaptive management must applied;
• Monitoring during the wet season is essential; and
• Findings must be compared to previous years
Following construction, assessments should be conducted annually determining the level of
rehabilitation achieved and the current ecological state. Before the decommissioning phase
a final survey should be conducted to determine how the environment can be improved
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based on the monitoring done over the life of the mine and facilitate in the final closing
procedures, rehabilitation and management.
13.3.3. Wetland rehabilitation strategy
The wetland areas within the Project boundary are in a significantly modified state, largely
due to historical commercial and artisanal mining activities. In addition to this, the current
agricultural and illegal artisanal mining activities continue to degrade these systems,
resulting in the limited ability of the systems to provide important ecological services. In light
of the IFC performance standard (Performance Standard no. 6) which considers
“Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Natural Resource Management”, a wetland
rehabilitation strategy is proposed for the Project. The proposed expansion project will result
in the placement of infrastructure, most notably the tailings dump and slimes dam on wetland
created by artisanal mining and previous mining activities from the 1960s. In light of this, an
offset rehabilitation strategy is proposed for the project, the following recommendations have
been provided:
• Mine plan - The placement of tire tailings dump and slimes dam will be situated on
the wetland areas considered to be the most degraded for the project area, most
notably as a result of artisanal mining activities. The proposed design ensures that
the smallest possible footprint area is achieved and that only the most degraded
areas will be lost.
« Offset area - Wetland areas which have not been impacted on by artisanal mining
activities and agricultural practices should be considered for the offset strategy. This
is due to the severity of impacts imposed by the artisanal operations on the integrity
and functioning of these systems. The proposed offset areas are situated on the
lower slopes of Monkey Hill and could be incorporated into a conservation initiative
for the project.
The rehabilitation of the proposed wetland offset areas associated with Monkey Hill would
serve as some form of compensation for the expected loss of already degraded wetland
areas due to the placement of the tailings dump and slimes dam. This strategy would require
that wetland areas Impacted on by agricultural activities be rehabilitated to represent the
reference or close to natural conditions for the catchment area in order to restore ecological
functioning and integrity to the catchment. This would be in alignment with the aim of the
NBSAP which is to seek conservation measures that provide the solid framework for the
sustainable exploitation of Sierra Leone’s biodiversity for the benefit of present and future
generations. The proposed phases for the rehabilitation strategy are as follows:
Phase 1: Planning
Phase 2: Submission of Draft Rehabilitation Report
Phase 3: Development of Final Rehabilitation Plan
Phase 4: Implementation of Wetland Rehabilitation Plan
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13.3.4. Aquatic biomonitoring
Aquatic biomonitoring should be continued on the Meya River system adjacent to the mining
activities. Additional monitoring sites should be selected on the Woyie and Congo rivers
which should then be incorporated into the programme. The recommended monitoring sites
are presented in Figure 13-1. Reference and monitoring sites should be selected for all three
systems where possible. This will then allow for a comparative assessment of the monitoring
(downstream) sites with the natural or close to natural reference (upstream) conditions.
Methodologies developed for the Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for use in Streams and
Wadeable Rivers (USEPA, 2006) should be considered for the biomonitoring programme. In
addition to this, toxicant screening should also be implemented and where toxicants are
identified definitive analysis carried out. The frequency for such a monitoring programme
should be implemented annually in the wet season for the life of the Project.
Legend
A O’"’
I- + + + + + + 1 1 M - - . f •*« •
. ...... n
- nr
--- --- ViM
V + " ~ Land Use
+ +■ I \ + *: •
-
... _______ r i,»_. • **:■-•-*
*. s u
..-•f 11-
-+■ , + • +; + +
■* V*
.+
Figure 13-1: The recommended sampling sites for the project area
13.3.5. Wetland monitoring
Wetland areas which will not be impacted on by the proposed expansion should be
monitored during the proposed rehabilitation and establishment (post-rehabilitation) of these
systems. The monitoring of these areas will aim to assess the ability of the systems to
provide important ecological services, as well as describe the ecological state of these
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koldu Kimberlfte Project
areas. The integrity of the systems will be largely determined by assessing the systems
importance to the maintenance of ecological diversity and functioning on a local scale as
well as to the system's ability to resist disturbance and its capability to recover from
disturbance once they have occurred. The frequency of the proposed monitoring component
is as follows:
• Rehabilitation phase - the systems should be monitored on a monthly basis during
this phase of the programme. This wii! aim to ensure that rehabilitation is being
effectively and properly implemented.
a Post-rehabilitation phase - the systems should be monitored on a bi-annual basis for
the first two years post rehabilitation. Thereafter the systems should continue to be
monitored on an annual basis during the life of the operation.
13.3.6. Noise monitoring plan
Noise monitoring should be undertaken by a person or organisation possessing both the
qualifications and the experience appropriate to perform the required measurements and
reporting.
The noise from the open pit mining activities are predicted to impact in the area of N5 and
N6, therefore it is recommend that a monitoring plan be implemented to determine the
increases and decreases in noise levels, and determine level of mitigation required.
Components to be included in the proposed monitoring pian are discussed below.
Baseline noise monitoring is to be conducted on a bi-annual basis to determine the impact of
the noise levels on the ambient noise levels at the above mentioned locations as well as
determine tine level of mitigation. The noise measurements should be taken at location N5
and N6. A report must be compiled bi-annually, or depending on the intervals of the
monitoring programme then submitted to management to ascertain compliance with the
required standards. Mine management should be advised of any significant increase in the
ambient sound level as operations continue. The ambient noise level wii! be sampled in
terms of the following parameters:
• The A-weighted equivalent sound pressure level (LAeq) for duration not less than 30
minutes per monitoring point; and
• Measurements to be taken during both daytime (06:00 to 22:00) and the night time
(22:00 to 06:00).
13.3.7. Blasting
For the purposes of checking compliance with the airblast overpressure conditions and
ground vibration conditions and to ensure no structural damage is likely to occur, monitoring
must be undertaken. As a minimum the following descriptors, characteristics and conditions
should be determined:
® Maximum instantaneous charge (MIC) in kg;
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« Location of the blast within the mine (including which bench level);
• Airblast overpressure level, dB (linear) peak;
• Peak particle velocity (mm/s);
• Location, date and time of recording;
• Meteorological conditions (including temperature, relative humidity, temperature gradient.
cloud cover, wind speed and direction); and
• Distance/s from the blast site to noise-affected building/s, structure/s or the boundary of
any noise-sensitive place.
Where access to a noise-affecled property for monitoring purposes is not feasible, the
measurement may be undertaken at the appropriate property boundary and the results
extrapolated to reflect the impact at the receptor premises.
Noise from blasting shall be measured using noise measurement equipment with a lower
limiting frequency of 2Hz (- 3dB response point of the measurement system) and a detector
onset time of not greater than 100 microseconds.
13.3.7.1 Quality assurance - airblast overpressure and ground vibration
The measurement and reporting of airblast overpressure and ground vibration levels should
be undertaken by a person or organisation possessing both the qualifications and the
experience appropriate to perform the required measurements and reporting.
13.3.7.2 Recording
Details of the measurement instrumentation, measurement procedure, location, date and
time of recording and conditions prevailing during measurements should be recorded for
each assessment.
Records should be kept of the results of all airblast overpressure and ground vibration levels
and other information required to be recorded in conjunction with such monitoring for the
lifespan of the mine.
13.3.8. Vibration
In conjunction with the monitoring of blasting events, ground vibration measurements should
be undertaken. The vibration instrumentation must be capable of measurement over the
range 0.1 mms'1 to 300 mms'1 with accuracy within 5 % and have a frequency response flat
to within 5 % over the frequency range of 4.5Hz to 250Hz.
Records should be kept of the results of all vibration levels and other information required to
be recorded in conjunction with such monitoring for the lifespan of the mine.
13.3.9. Groundwater Monitoring Plan
Based on the results of predictive impact assessment, a groundwater monitoring plan is
proposed throughout the operation and closure phases of the project.
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The objectives of the monitoring programme include:
e To obtain water levels and samples from the sites identified for routine monitoring;
e To submit the samples for comprehensive analysis of the physical parameters, anions
and cations and heavy metals concentrations, and to compare these in an annual report
against the baseline qualities established during the pre-mining studies in 2003;
a To submit samples for biological and bacteriological analysis to understand the baseline
conditions and the impacts of the project;
® To report on the compliance of the analytical results against standards and guidelines in
order to identify problem areas and make recommendations for remedial actions;
• To identify areas and sources of pollution;
• To determine the extent of dewatering and impact on private groundwater users; and
• To determine the dynamics of groundwater contaminant plume movement
The aims of the monitoring is to assess whether any changes are occurring to the ambient
(baseline) water quality of local surface water and aquifers, either as a result of mining
operations, or as a result of any contamination by the surrounding activities, and to then
make recommendations for mitigation or remediation of any significant sources of
contamination, if identified.
13.3.10. Heritage and Archaeology Monitoring Plan
Ideally, site monitoring should be conducted by an experienced and qualified archaeologist
or heritage specialist. However, due to a number of constraints, this may not always be a
viable option and as a minimum, the following measures should be followed to ensure
adequate site monitoring is achieved by Environmental Offices and/or relevant employees.
• Induction training: Responsible staff identified by Koidu Holdings should
attend a short course on heritage management and identification of heritage
resources. It is assumed that this person/s will be the Environmental Officer/s
(EO); and
«■ Site monitoring and/or watching brief: as most heritage resources occur
subsurface, all earth moving activities musl be monitored to record any
resources accidentally exposed. The largest environmental impact on
heritage resources is the initial soil stripping or earthworks associated during
construction. The EO should monitor all such activities on a daily basis. In the
event that any heritage resources are found, all work should be immediately
suspended in that area. The EO must contact relevant authorities,
archaeologist/ heritage specialist and where possible, the local or national
museum. In the event of human remains being exposed, focal police
department must be informed.
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13.4. Air Quality
Based on the predicted impacts on the surrounding environment it is recommended that
ambient PM,o monitoring be done and a dust fallout monitoring network established on a
continuous basis. A dust fallout and PM,0 monitoring network can serve to meet various
objectives, such as:
• Compliance monitoring;
• Validate dispersion model results;
• Use as input for health risk assessment;
• Assist in source apportionment;
• Temporal trend analysis;
• Spatial trend analysis;
« Source quantification; and
• Tracking progress made by control measures.
13.4.1. Dust fallout monitoring network
It Is imperative that the dust fallout monitoring network be established before the start of
expanded activities in view of the uncertainty regarding predicted dust-fall impacts. This will
aid in the management of potential impacts as well as inform the relocation schedule
planned for the village units within the concession area.
It is recommended that a dust fallout network comprising of at least 4 single dust fallout
buckets be established. The proposed locations of the dust buckets are indicated in Figure
13-2 below.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
Figure 13-2: Proposed locations of the dust buckets
Dust deposition measurement should be carried out by method ASTM 1739- 98. This
involves exposure of a standard bucket for a month, with weighing (and chemical analysis, if
necessary) of the dust collected. The changing of the bucket can be done by on-site
personnel while the weighing can be carried out at a suitable off-site or on-site laboratory.
The single bucket dust monitors are deployed following the American Society for Testing and
Materials standard method for collection and analysis of dust-fall (ASTM D1739). The bucket
stand comprises a ring that is raised above the rim of the bucket to prevent contamination
from perching birds. The bucket holder is connected to a 2.1 m galvanized steel pole, which
is either directly attached to a fence post or can be attached to a galvanized steel base plate,
which is buried to a depth of 500 mm. This allows for a variety of placement options for the
fallout samplers. The bucket contains about 500 ml of deionised water with copper sulphate
as algaecide. Analysis of the contents of the bucket involves rinsing with deionised water to
remove residue from the sides of the bucket, and the bucket contents filtered through a
coarse (>1 mm) filter to remove insects and other course organic detritus. The sample is
then filtered through a pre-weighed paper filter to remove the insoluble fraction, or dust
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
fallout. This residue and filter are dried, and gravimetrically analysed to determine the
insoluble fraction (dust fallout).
13.4.1.1 PM,o monitoring
Based on predicted impacts and considering the prevalent wind direction recorded in the
area it Is recommended that the PM)0 ambient monitoring be done at five locations around
the proposed mine. It is essential that the PM10 monitoring station also record basic hourly
average meteorological parameters namely wind speed, wind direction, temperature and
rainfall. It is however recommended that relative humidity, pressure and solar radiation also
be measured at one of the two proposed locations.
A discussion of various methods for measuring ambient PMi0 concentrations is given in
Appendix A. The most suitable sampler type depends on the specific objectives of
monitoring. Pertinent monitoring objectives in the case of the proposed mining operation are
expected to include: on-going compliance evaluation, on-going estimation of contribution to
airborne particulate concentrations, and evaluation of the effectiveness of dust control
measures implemented at the mine.
Given the above objectives, it is recommended that the mine invest in the purchase of the
filter-based, on-line monitor (e.g. TEOM, BAM). Real-time, continuous transfer of the
measured concentrations (via telemetry, satellite, etc.) would contribute significantly to the
use of such measurements to trigger rapid responses to pollution episodes.
Should the TEOM or BAM be considered too costly, investment in one of the non-filter based
automatic monitors (e.g. DustTrak, DustScan, Topas) These instruments provide an
indication of the range of particulate concentrations and despite possibly not being the
preferred method for compliance monitoring, would provide the mine with a means of
tracking progress made through emission reduction measure implementation.
13.5. Surface water
The surface water management plan including monitoring should be implemented to prevent
(and through mitigation reduce) negative impacts on the surface water resources. The plan
should be reviewed regularly as the operation progresses in order to address any deviations
arising from the project description.
The objectives of the surface water monitoring programme are to monitor the surface water
related impacts of the operations through the continuous analyses of water quality and
quantity (where possible).
13.5.1. Methodology
13.5.1.1 Microbiological water samples
The following measures must be followed:
« Only sterilised sample bottles must be used;
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project • ra
• The sterilised sample bottle must remain closed and in a clean condition up to the point
where it has to be filled with the water to be sampled:
• The sampling bottle must not be rinsed with any water prior to sampling;
• The sampler should wear gloves or wash his/her hands thoroughly before taking each
sample. Hand contact with the neck of the bottle must be avoided;
• Once samples have been collected they must be placed in a cool place with a
temperature of 5°C or less, the sample however must not freeze;
• Samples must be submitted to the fab within 24 hours.
13.5.1.2 Chemical water samples.
The following measures must be followed;
• The sample bottle must be kept closed and in a clean condition up to the point where it
has to be filled with water to be analysed.
• The sample bottles (empty or filled with the water sample) must never be left unprotected
in the sun.
• The bottle should be rinsed with the water to be sampled before filling.
• As little air as possible should be included in the bottle with the sample. This is achieved
by making the sample bottle as full as possible.
• After the sample has been collected the sample bottle should be placed directly in a cool
container.
Samples should be filtered in the field using a membrane filter system fitted with 0.45pm
filters to remove all suspended materials. Water samples are to be kept cool before they are
transferred to the laboratory. These samples should be preserved with nitric acid (HNOj) for
transport to an accredited laboratory. Unfiltered samples should also be taken and sent to
the laboratory.
13.5.2. Frequency of monitoring
Sampling should be carried out monthly.
13.5.3. Monitoring data
Samples will be submitted to a reputable laboratory for water quality analysis. Water quality
analyses should include the parameters listed in Table 13-2.
Table 13-2: Chemical constituents to be analysed
Chemical Constituent
Iron as Fe Mercury as Hg
Manganese as Mn Molybdenum as Mo
Aluminum as Al Suspended Solids
Cadmium as Cd Chlorides as Cl
Total Chromium as Cr Total Alkalinity as CaCOj
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Chemical Constituent
Hexavalent Chromium as Cr** Fluoride as F
Copper as Cu Sulphate as S04
Nickel as Ni Calcium as Ca
Lead as Pb Magnesium as Mg
Selenium as Se Sodium as Na
Boron as B Potassium as K
Zinc as Zn Conductivity in mS/m
Cobalt as Co pH-Vaiue at 25 & C
Arsenic as As Conductivity
The following field measurements should also be taken for Hie following constituents,
simultaneously with the above sampling:
e pH
® Dissolved Oxygen;
• Turbidity;
• Total Dissolved Salts; and
e Conductivity.
Results must be captured in an excel spread sheet (or similar database) as they become
available. Surface water quality trends for each monitoring point can then be maintained and
assessed regulariy. A full analysis report on the quality of the water will be compiled and filed
on an annual basis.
13.6. Social monitoring and evatuation
Social monitoring will take place through the pre-construction, construction and operation
phases of the Project. A detailed monitoring programme should be Included in the
Stakeholder Engagement Plan and Social Development Plan. Mechanisms for internal and
external monitoring should be included in the RAP for the Project.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project •'3
14. CONCLUSION
The Koidu Kimberlite Project is being undertaken with due consideration of biophysical,
social and economic factors, as well as the relevant legislative requirements. The economic
benefits of such a development are numerous, however, as in any mining project of this
nature there also negative impacts which will require planning, monitoring and mitigation
during construction, operation, decommissioning and post-closure. While none of these
negative impacts are considered to be fata! flaws, the resettlement of households and
community structures in particular constitutes a major impact which will require an integrated
resettlement and development approach.
The Koidu Mine is essentially the most advanced operating mine in the country of Sierra
Leone which has a focussed, technically skilled and committed management team and
which contributes to the national fiscus in a meaningful way. One of the unintended
consequences of the successful implementation of the project will be the fact that the social
environment will become disjointed as a result of the creation of a prosperous area in an
economically challenged region historically scarred by unemployment, civil strife, conflict and
massive environmental damage created during the civil war. Koidu Holdings cannot employ
everybody or create individual benefits for the entire population of Sierra Leone, and the very
success of the project and the local people it employs may attract negative interventions and
pressures from persons and institutions with own interest at heart.
National and regional leaders in the country, security services, as well as NGOs and the
international community, must interact with management to protect the Project from
unnecessary and unwanted negative interventions which may have as their sole purpose the
creation of economic advantage for individuals to whom none is due or owing.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
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© Digby Wells & Associates (Pty) Ltd 256
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
APPENDIX A: IMPACT MATRIX
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Activity, Phase and Impact Impact before mitigation Im sact Ratine (after mitigation)
Impacted Activity Summary of Impact Nature of Impact (positive / Spatial Scale (7) Duration (7) Severity (7) Consequence Iprobabillty (7) Significance (147) Nature of Impact (positive i Spatial Scale (7) Duration (7) Severity (7) Consequence Probability (7) Significance (147)
Environment Negative Negative
Mining & Material Excavating, stockpiling and construction N 2 4 3 9 5 45 N 2 4 2 8 5 40
dumpinq area
! Topography Site Clearance activities will impact on the existing N 2 4 3 9 5 45 N 2 4 2 8 5 40
Constuction of new topography of the area N 2 4 3 9 5 45 N 2 4 2 8 5 40
infrastructure
Mining & Material Stockpiling, removal of vegetation and
dumping area N 3 6 2 11 6 66 N 2 6 2 10 6 60
Visual preparation construction of infrastructure will impact on
Site Clearance N 3 6 2 11 6 66 N 2 6 2 10 6 60
Constuction of new visual receptors N 3 6 2 11 6 66 N 2 6 2 10 6 60
infrastructure
Mining & Material Noise of machinery and vehicles may impact
dumping area N 4 2 5 11 7 77 N 4 2 4 10 5 50
Noise preparation on noise receptors in the vicinity of the
Site clearance N 3 2 2 7 4 28 N 3 2 2 7 3 21
Construction of new project N 2 2 2 6 4 24 N 1 2 2 5 3 15
infrastructure
Mining & Material
Geology dumping area Mining activities will impact on the geology N 1 7 2 10 6 60 No mitigation
preparation
t I I I 1 I \ I \ I I 1 I I ( I I
t I >(111)
Mining & Material Excavating, stockpiling and construction
dumping area N 3 2 3 8 4 32 N 2 2 3 7 4 28
Soils preparation activities will impact on the soils of the
Site clearance project area N 3 6 2 11 6 66 N 3 6 2 11 4 44
Construction of new N 3 2 3 8 4 32 N 2 2 3 7 4 28
Site clearance during the construction of N 4 6 5 15 7 105 N 3 5 4 12 6 72
Fauna Site clearance mining infrastructure may negative impact on N 3 6 4 13 6 78 N 2 3 4 9 5 45
the existing fauna within the mining lease
area
Constuction of new Site clearance and the disturbance of water N 2 2 4 8 5 40 N 2 2 3 7 4 28
infrastructure courses during the construction of mining
Flora Site clearance N 2 5 3 10 7 70 N 2 5 2 9 6 54
Constuction of new infrastructure may negative impact on the N 2 5 3 10 7 70 N 2 5 2 9 6 54
infrastructure existing flora within the mining lease area
The construction of tailings and slimes dams
Construction of tailings
Aquatics may impact negatively on the aquatic N 3 5 2 10 7 70 N 3 5 2 10 4 40
and slimes dams environments in the vicinity of where these
infrastructure are to be placed
Impact on air quality
Air Quality (dust) in adjacent Construction activities may create dust, N 1 4 2 2 9 18 N 1 4 2 2 3 6
residential areas impacting on adjacent area
OPERATIONAL PHAS
Activity, Phase and Impact Impact before mitigation pact Ratine (after mitigition)
impacted Activity Summary of Impact Nature of Impact Spatial Scale (7) Duration (7) Severity (7) Consequence Probability (7) Significance Nature of Impact Spatial Scale (7) Duration (7) Severity (7) Consequence Probability (7) Significance
(positive / (147) (positive / ............ .. (147)
Negative
Environment
Open pit mininq Excavating, stripping of rock N 2 4 3 9 5 45 N 2 4 2 8 5 40
Topography Underground mining and stockpiling will impact on N 2 4 3 9 5 45 N 2 4 2 8 5 40
Management of waste rock, the topography during operation N 2 4 3 9 5 45 N 2 4 2 8 5 40
tailings and slimes
Management of waste rock, Creation, operation of waste
Visual rock dumps, tailings and slimes N 3 6 2 11 6 66 N 2 6 2 10 6 60
tailings and slimes dams will have visual impacts
in the area
Open pit mining Noise from blasting, vehicles N 4 3 5 12 7 84 N 4 3 4 11 5 55
Noise Underground mining and mining activities will impact N 4 5 4 13 6 78 N 3 5 3 11 4 44
on senstitive receptors in the
Transport and roads area N 3 3 3 9 4 36 N 3 5 3 11 4 44
Geology Open pit mining Mining activities will impact on N 1 7 2 10 6 60 No mitigation measures
Underground mining the geology N 1 7 2 10 6 60
Fuel and chemicals storage and Materials handling, transport N 3 2 3 8 4 32 N 2 2 3 7 4 28
use and the use and storage of
Soils Transport and roads chemicals may lead to soil N 3 2 3 8 4 32 N 2 2 3 7 4 28
Domestic and hazardous waste pollution N 3 2 3 8 4 32 N 2 2 3 7 4 28
handling
Mining activities and water Mixing of clean and dirty water
may lead to erosion and
pollution of downstream water N 3 5 4 12 3 36 N 2 5 2 9 2 18
management sources, flooding of the plant,
tailings facility and pits
11(1111111111111
1
Hydrology Discharge of excess water into Discharge of excess water may
cause pollution of nearby water N 2 5 3 10 3 30 N 2 5 2 9 2 18
the environment sources
Removal of wetlands may lead
to souring of the water course N 3 6 3 12 4 48 N 2 5 2 9 4 36
at outlet points and
Scourinq of the water course downstream sedimentation
Mining activities Mining activities may lead to N 3 5 3 11 4 44
drawdown of the water table
Geohydrology Once open pit mining ceases, No mitigation
Mining activities water levels will recover and P 1 5 3 9 4 36
iead to the formation jf pit
Fuel and chemicals storage and Materials handling, transport N 3 4 4 11 5 55 N 1 2 3 6 3 18
use and the use of tailings and
Fauna Transport and roads slimes facilities may impact on N 3 5 2 10 5 50 N 1 3 1 5 3 15
Management of waste rock, fauna within the mining lease N 3 4 5 12 5 60 N 2 3 3 8 3 24
tailings and slimes area
Transport and roads Maiunaib iiaiiuimy, uanspon--- N 3 5 2 10 5 50 N 2 3 1 6 4 24
Management of waste rock, and the use of tailings and
Flora slimes facilities may impact on N 2 6 1 9 7 63 N 2 6 1 9 3 27
tailings and slimes fauna within the mining lease
Management of waste rock, Management and operation of
Aquatics waste rock dumps, tailings and N 3 5 2 10 7 70 N 3 5 2 10 3 30
tailings and slimes slimes facilities may negatively
impact on the aquatic
Impact on air quality (dust) in Blasting, materials handling
Air Quality adjacent residential areas and mining activities will N 2 4 2 3 11 33 N 2 4 1 3 3 9
increase dust levels
DECOMMISSIONING PHASE
Activity, Phase and Impact Impact before mitigation Im pact Ratine (after mitigation)
Impacted Activity Summary of Impact Nature of Impact Spatial Scale (7) Duration (7) Severity (7) Consequence Probability (7) Significance Nature of Impact Spatial Scale (7) Duration (7) Severity (7) Consequence Probability (7) Significance
Environment (positive / (147) (positive / (147)
Negative
Removal of all P 2 2 3 7 4 28
Visual infrastructure Removal of mining infrastructure and No mitigation for Positive
Spreading of sub¬ topsoil rehabilitation will have a posivtive P 2 2 3 7 4 28
soils and topsoil impact on the visual environment
Noise Removal of all Removal of mining infrastructure and N 2 2 3 7 4 28 N 2 2 3 7 4 28
infrastructure vehicular movement durina the
Removal of all Removal of mining infrastructure may
infrastructure have a negative impact on the fauna in N 2 5 2 9 4 36 N 1 1 1 3 2 6
Fauna the oroject area
Rehabilitation of Rehabilitation of the final void and mining
void and mining area may will lead to an increase in P 3 4 5 12 7 84 No mitigation for Positive
areas habitat for fauna species.
Removal of all Removal of mining infrastructure may
infrastructure have a negative impact on the flora in the P 1 2 1 4 7 28
Flora project area No mitigation for Positive
Rehabi itation of Rehabilitation of the final void and mining
void area may will lead to an increase in P 2 1 5 8 7 56
habitat for flora species.
Decommissioning During decommissioning of mining
Air Quality of mining infrastructure, air quality impacts (mainly N 3 5 5 6 13 78 N 1 1 1 1 3 3
infrastructure dust) may negatively impact the adjacent
environment
\ \ I 1 I I I I I
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project
APPENDIX ENCLOSURE COSTING SHEET
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for toe Kotdu Kimberlite Project
I I.K1M I
Ko du Hold’fijs S A. Crmnnnv Dole 2011 '04*02 \ '
Trust Fund Assign Tent, Closure Cost Assessment
.Bug mess Deta'ed Breakdown .............
Ur*
Kr rl., f.Sne
1
Class Item CIs Std Quantity Unit Rate Comment Source Plan No. Dcm Cost
Mine Infrastructure
S'fijle story tr.ck tuning 14 tn.no $ Rate includes cerrcvd1 cf fa undo’., on and Iranspcrt cf 2 Km S 31 861.80
JP1_ OVE 2.2 it* 21.51
Doub'e s’orey brick Curding S Rate includes rersva: c* foundation and transport o'2km
102 OI.'E 2 2 m* 34.01
Triple Story BfiCk Bu'd ng S Rate includes rerrc.'u: cf foundation and transport o' 2km
100 DVE 2 2 rr* 45.11
Bu ‘dings With largo Fcuodaktos J
104
Car Port $ Derrc^h
>05 T4 1804
Coal Boy s
106 m* 11.51
Urn -Re "forced Concrete 28.17 $ Rale included removal and transport 2 km • assumed th cknees of 0 2 rr S 1 83778
107 DWE 2.2 m* 84 64
Re:n#c'cec5 Concrete (.c.v level} S Rale incudes removal and Irjrvjport 2krr. • jsturned thickness of 0 *> m
10B DVE 2.2 m‘ 80.50
Renfo'oed Co n ere1 a (high icveli S Rate inc'jdes removal and transport 2km - assumed thickness cf 0 2 m
100 DVE 2.2 mJ 161 01
$ Rate .nc'jdes removal and transport Jkm
110 i .^ro** DVE 2 2 ml 176.23
S
111_ Dam m' 1 89 Wafer dams - Flatten toe earth wa!ia ---
$
112 Ro«tf*i Reams rr.* 28 3? Demci sh
s
H3 Dam rr,J 0 28 Remove Prjslm i. ni*r
S
114 Dam rrs 3.60 Rerrcvo Sludae * men tor
Dams -Enin $ Rate includes Litten.ng and spread ng ea»to
115 IT' 1 07
Van hole % 1 it Deep
116 item 75 9?
$
117 Manhn'n :tom 111. w 2m Decs
Paved A'eJS 297 00 S R3le .neVdeo remove and transport 2km $ 206.12
118 DVE 2 2 'T* 0 69
P'pe!;nes $ 1
119 _ Krr 588 00
P-'j'} Shaft $
1?0 m4 902.20 Plun too shaft. Assume the shaft bjekft edwith rubble
Plug Shan $ 4
121 T1s 164.00 Plun to<» shaft. Assume the shaft net backfeed with rubh>
Prefab By I'd ng 36=12 81 $ Rate ,nc odes removal cf fc ardat cn jnd transport cf 2km $ 35 751.2)
122 IV.IP 7 7 iTi* R 33
$ 18
123 Ru'lo 3G Kd Km 044 00 36 Kn fij.ls iPer ivno e mill
5 18
174 «a-:i 22mi Km 044 00 22 K’i rails rPe* o:n ;'e r.n')
s
125 Rehab: tdlon m5 8 33 P.rx i.o Sc l S'irre
s
120 Rehab. i/U’Cn ho 277.60 Grade an Area
127 Rehab:' tat on nt4 s General Clean Up
1 I I 1 1 I i 5 I I 1 ! I I t
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Kotdu Kimberlite Project
0.37
ReftCv'i.tatc" $ RuO&lfi • load and Cart Away -
123 ms 4.72 --- . .....
Ret-aOi talon £ Rep'ace So.'ana Spread 150rrm Thch
129 ft* 0 09
Rehab:5 latcn 190002.40 s £ 263 634.37
130 rr.J 1.39 Rentar* nor nnd ncre.-d 300 mm th'Ck
Rehab’.taton 10 01 $ 3 Revugetate area and place lapse.' v.nere necessary % 58 043 56
131 hu MW. GO
Rehatj.'Wton $ Bulidore Material • 50m
132 m* 0.97
Tarred Ro:d 142552.00 j $ 248 317.03
133 m1 1 74
Gravel Rood 11200 CO £ £ 16 011.97
;3d m1 1.43
Shaft Headgear-Steel £ D.smantte steel and transport
135 DME 2 2 I 1ffi»
Shaft Headgear • Concrete s Rsito incudes removal and transport 2km
13ft OWE 2 2 m* 101 M
S-rg'e Storey Steel Bo.'d ng 10376.90 $ Roto no1 odes remove cf found at on and transport cf 2km £ 331 863 79
137 DME 2 2 m* 23 32
Dcut'o Stc-ey Steel Bu Id.nj 710 00 $ Rale includes removal cf found at on end transpod cf*km $ 25 619.53
133 DVF 2 ? mJ 245 37
If:p!e Storey Steel Bu'id.ngu s Rate irc'udec removal cf foundat’on and transport cf2krr
139 □ ME 2? fT*.4 49.27
Conveyer Steelwork i below 20rr} $ O smontio steal and transport 2km
140 D'.'E 2 2 1 167.62
Conveyor Steelwork (above 20m) $ D.smontfe steel and t'onsport2km
141 nt.'F 2.2 t 109 57
SubsUH’on I Rate includes removal cf foundat.on and transport of 2km
147 DME ? 2 rr,* 30 03
Tank (steel i 533.00 $ Rate incudes renteva! and transport 2km £ 4 G62.29
143 DME 2 2 m* 7*5
Tank (concrete) $ Rat© includes removal and transport 2krr
144 DMr ? 2 m’ 7 05
£ 1
145 T> ! r"p- r^fpr-. ha 405 77 Tinr.s • rnntfnrr.t anrt vneetete contour wa's - leach for 10 months llabour onlv no water cctte c eluded)
$ 2
140 7n' non dunes lM ?lfl 02 Trns - V*nfinite area between contour wo'ts -Orvland
$ 12
147 Ts'” nnc rliimr^ ha 003 40 Sirt#w*.. vPLfifltate and inanh for 18 months labour orV no water costs .r. eluded!
$
14ft T* ! n-i«. Humrr hn Aft? fin ft'Hrve vpn*t:>»'-m rruvnlenan.-A'an mm for 3 ve.im
Vent Shaft (Choi c3rTt) S 25 Fill wih ruCb'eand cover w.tft lapse, 1
149 OWE 2.5 Sum 37 0 76
Went Shaft (tens OMt) $ 53 Fill wrth rubb’e and cover with topsoil
150 DME 2.5 Sum 70R no
Precast • 2l) High Wall $
151 rr 6.94
Brick - 1m High • 1 Br>ck Th ck IVa'l s
152 rr. S.SR
Fet-ctvj 1059.60 $ $ 1 134.45
153 rr 1 04
Vertwl Shut Opening $ 55 F,:i w.'.h rubble and cover w;th fcpso4
154 DME 2 5 0 520.CO
Inclined S>-4flOpeen-j $ 86 F4I w,!h rut trie and cover wth tcpac-i
155 DME 2 5 0 056.00
Corn pact Cp.'ar Shaft Opening £
150 DME 2.5 0
157 Ncn
S y. S
150 OWE 2.2 0
£
169 Rehati'I.Sa'm T* 22.90 Remove Cv hard • flart 7km
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koldu Kimberlite Project ■
273.94 $ $ 4 258.61
160 Conveyor m2 15.55
$
161 Explosive Bay m2 11.80
Shallow Aquifer Impact
Radiation
Total - Mina Infrastructure $ '068 042 39
Proposed Infrastructure
Single story brick building 22155.00 $ Rate includes removal of foundation and transport of 2km $ 476 642.67
101 OME 2.2 m2 21.51
Double storey brick building S Rate includes removal of foundation and transport of 2km
102 DME 2.2 m2 34.01
Triple Story Brick Building $ Rate includes removal of foundation and transport of 2km
103 DME 2.2 m2 45.11
Buildings With Large Foundations $
104 m2 34.98
Car Port $ Demolish
105 m2 18.04
Coal Bay $
106 m2 11.51
Un -Reinforced Concrete $ Rate includes removal and transport 2km - assumed thickness of 0.2 m
107 DME 2.2 m3 64.54
Reinforced Concrete (low level) S Rate includes removal and transport 2km - assumed thickness of 0.5 m
108 DME 2.2 mJ 80.50
Reinforced Concrete (high level) s Rate includes removal and transport 2km - assumed thickness of 0.2 m
109 DME 2.2 m3 161.01
$ Rate includes removal and transport 2km
110 Larqe bases DME 2.2 m3 176.28
$
111 Dam m1 1.88 Water dams - Flatten the earth walls
$
112 Hostel Rooms m2 28.32 Demolish
$
113 Dam m2 0.28 Remove Plastic Liner.
$
114 Dam m3 3.60 Remove Sludge - monitor
Dams-Earth $ Rate includes flattening and spreading earth
115 mJ 1.07
Manhole S 1 m Deep
116 item 75.92
%
117 Manhole item 111.04 2m Deep
Paved Areas $ Rate includes removal and transport 2km
118 DME 2.2 m2 0.69
Pipelines $ 1
119 Km 388.00
Plug Shaft $
120 m2 902.20 Plug the shaft. Assume the shaft backfilled with rubble
Plug Shaft $ 4
121 m2 164.CO Plug the shaft. Assume the shaft not backfilled with rubble
Prefab Building $ Rate includes removal of foundation and transport of 2km
122 DME 2.2 m2 8.33
$ 18
123 Rails 36 Kq Km 044.CO 36 Kg rails (Per single rail)
$ 18
124 Rails 22kq Km 044.00 22 Kg rails (Per single rail)
$
125 Rehabilitation m3 8.33 Pick up Spilt Slime
$
126 Rehabilitation ha 277.60 Grade an Area
8-3
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koldti Kimberlite Prsjeet
Rehnbi.iatcn $ General C'ean up
12? m2 0.87
Rehab i.tntan 3COCO 00 $ Rubbtn * Lead and Ca»t Av/ay • ikm $ 141576 00
128 m' 4 7?
Rehabilitation $ Replace So) and Sp*eod 150mm Thick
i?d m* non
Roha6.!:ta!cn 421 £5.00 $ $ 68 526.02
rto rr; 1.39 RRr'.r-e e-H n-iri snwvl 300 rrTi thmh
Rohab ;.ta!nn 4.22 $ 3 Rovegetato area and f'ace l:pdc‘ whe'e necessary $ 12 87550
131 ha 053.80
Rohab.! tsten $ Bu;ldoze Maler-ai - 50m
m’ 0 97
Tarred Road $
153 m* 1 74
Gravel Rood 20010.00 $ $ 28 607 10
134 m* 1.43
S*aft Headgee' * Steel $ O’srnantie ctept and irjrspc'i 2k m
11e fWF > 7 t 158 29
Sh.>fU teas gear - Concrete $ Rate includes rerreva' ond turscroi 2km
120 DME 2.2 m1 101 54
S-.nij’e Sloroy Steel Bu-idJig $ Rale includes rem ova) cf foundal'on and transport cf 2km
137 D'.'E 2 2 m* 23 32
Dout/e Storey Steel Bu Id.ng $ Rate includes removal cf foundation and transport of 2krn
130 OWE ? ? rr,2 ’fi 37
Tr.ple Storey Steel 8u.Icings $ Rote includes removal d foundaVcn and transport of 2km
139 DME 2 2 m' 4927
Con wyor Step; work (belev. 20m) s Dismantle steel and transport 2*m
140 OWE 2 2 l 187 57
Convey o’ Steelwork (above 20*n) $ Dismantle steel and transport 2km
141 dmf ? 7 ! l
Substation s Rate includes removal cf found at on and transporter 2km
142 OWE ? 2 m‘ 38 5S
Tank (&!eeij 5 Rate includes removal and transport 2km
i«n DVE 2 2 m* 7.55
Tank (concrete^ $ Rate inciodes removal and transport 2km
144 DME 2.2 m* 7 55
$ i
146 Tail,nos tisms ha 403 27 Tons • Cm sin id and ve aetata contour wails - ieocii for ifl morthr. (labour c-’iv no wnter costs included i
$ 2
146 Tnilmm flnmc hn 218.02 Tnor, - Vmotnm arnj between cor.toursvd'lo -drv'and
$ 12
147 Tnt ms rirms hj 903 40 'v*pn - vnontain and 'each for 10 months tlabour cn!v no wate' costs mc'aded)
$
148 Tyii n.m rl;-*ns hit 81? fO R-rten ve.ve'nhn.n ma.nlr*nnnnnrann;;T for 3 vea-j
Vent Shaft (i^ort dnn) $ 25 h'J w.ih rubble and cover w Ih tcpsc'l
149 DME 2.5 Sum 379.20
Vent Shaft (long flr»f!) $ 58 F:'! wdh rubble and cover v, Ih top sc.!
150 OME 2.5 fvim 796.00
Precb!.t-2ni H.gh Wai $
>61 m 6.94
Br.ck • tm -+gh - 1 Br.ck Th'ck Wa1! $
152 m 5 65
Fenc.-*g $
153 m 1.04
Venial Shaft Open rig $ 55 F:’i with rubble and cover vvlh >opso;!
154 DME 2 5 0 520 on
led tied Shaft Open ng $ es F:'J wdh rubble end cover w.'.h tops?t
165 DME 2.5 0 056 00
155 Compact Ca"ar Shaft Open n9 DME 2 G 0 s --- ...--------
157 NGn-comp^ctCol nr Opening DVE 2 5 0 %
159 Sian CIM- 2 2 0 s
1.69 Rtfhdb.* Uatuon m* $ Rpmnvp hv hand - Cart 2km
B-4
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koldu Kimberlite Project m
22.90
$
160 Conveyor m2 15.55
$
161 Explosive Bay m2 11.80
Shallow Aquifer Impact
Radiation
I Total - Proposed Infrastructure
Pits
Single story Brick building $ Rate includes removal of foundation and transport of 2km
101 DME 2.2 m2 21.51
Double storey brick building s Rate includes removal of foundation and transport of 2km
102 DME 2.2 m2 34.01
Triple Story Brick Building $ Rate includes removal of foundation and transport of 2km
103 DME 2.2 m2 45.11
Buildings With Large Foundations $
104 m2 34.98
Car Port $ Demolish
105 m2 18.04
Coal 8ay $
106 m2 11.51
Un -Reinforced Concrete $ Rate includes removal and transport 2km - assumed thickness of 0.2 m
107 DME 2.2 m* 64.54
Reinforced Concrete (low level) S Rate includes removal and transport 2km - assumed thickness of 0.5 m
108 DME 2.2 m* 30.50
Reinforced Concrete (high level) $ Rate includes removal and transport 2km - assumed thickness of 0.2 m
109 DME 2.2 m3 161.01
$ Rate includes removal and transport 2km
110 Large bases DME 2.2 nr’ 176.28
$
111 Dam mJ 1.88 Water dams - Flatten the earth walls
$
112 Hostel Rooms m2 28.32 Demolish
$
113 Dam m2 0.28 Remove Plastic Liner.
$
114 Dam m* 3.60 Remove Sludge - monitor
Dams - Earth $ Rate includes flattening and spreading earth
115 mJ 1.07
Manhole r$ 1m Deep
116 item 75.92
Hj
117 Manhole item 111.04 2m Deep
Paved Areas $ Rate includes removal and transport 2km
118 DME 2.2 m2 0.69
Pipelines $ 1
119 Km 388.00
Plug Shaft $
120 m2 902.20 Pluq the shaft. Assume the shaft backfilled with lubble
Plug Shaft $ 4
121 m2 164.00 Plug the shaft. Assume the shaft not backfilled with rubble
Prefab Building $ Rate includes removal of foundation and transport of 2km
122 DME 2.2 m2 8.33
$ 18
123 Rails 36 Kq Km 044.00 36 Kq rails (Per smqle rail)
$ 18
124 Rails 22kq Km 044.00 22 Kq rails IPer smqle rail)
$
125 Rehabilitation mJ 8.33 Pick up Spilt Slime
126 Rehabilitation ha $ Grade an Area
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Environmental and SosJel Impact A&«o«$ment Report for Vi* Koldu Kimberlite Prcjoct re 3 o-' o
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report tor the Koidu Kimberlite Project
$
159 Rehabilitation m’ 22.90 Remove by hand - Cart 2km
$
160 Conveyor m2 15.55
$
161 Explosive Bay m2 11.80
Shallow Aquifer Impact
Radiation
Total-Pit* t -2 39).a;
Waste Rock Dump & Topsoil
Single story brick building $ Rate includes removal of foundation and transport of 2km
101 DME 2.2 m2 21.51
Double storey brick building $ Rate includes removal of foundation and transport of 2km
102 DME 2.2 m2 34.01
Triple Story Brick Building $ Rate includes removal of foundation and Iransport of 2km
103 DME 2.2 m2 45.11
Buildings With Large Foundations $
104 m2 34.98
Car Port $ Demolish
105 m2 18.04
Coal Bay $
106 m2 11.51
Un -Reinforced Concrete $ Rate includes removal and transport 2km - assumed thickness of 0.2 m
107 DME 2.2 m1 64.54
Reinforced Concrete (low level) $ Rale includes removal and Iransport 2km - assumed thickness of 0.5 m
108 DME 2.2 m* 80.60
Reinforced Concrete (high level) $ Rate includes removal and transport 2km - assumed thickness of 0.2 m
109 DME 2.2 ma 161.01
$ Rate includes removal and transport 2km
110 Large bases DME 2.2 m3 176.28
S
111 Dam m3 1.88 Wafer dams - Flatten the earth walls
$
112 Hostel Rooms m2 28.32 Demolish
S
113 Dam m2 0.28 Remove Plastic Liner.
$
114 Dam m3 3.60 Remove Sludge - monitor
Dams - Earth $ Rate includes flattening and spreading earth
115 m* 1.07
Manhole $ 1 m Deep
116 item 75.92
$
117 Manhole item 111.04 2m Deep
Paved Areas $ Rate includes removal and transport 2km
118 DME 2.2 m2 0.69
Pipelines $ 1
119 Km 388.00
Plug Shaft $
120 m2 902.20 Plug the shaft. Assume the shaft backfilled with rubble
Plug Shaft $ 4
121 m2 164.00 Plug the shaft. Assume the shafi not backfilled with rubble
Prefab Building $ Rate includes removal of foundation and transport of 2km
122 DME 2.2 m2 8.33
$ 18
123 Rails 36 Kq Km 044.00 36 Kq rails tPer single rail)
$ 18
124 Rails 22kq Km 044.00 22 Kq rails fPersmqle rail)
$
125 Rehabilitation m3 8.33 Pick up Spilt Slime
B-7
' I I 1 1 I l I I I 1 I I I I I t
1 ) i i i i i ( I r i
EnvJronmenl&l aad Social Impact Assessment Report for the Kclflu KtmbBrtfe Projoet 1
$
126 Rnhnh: la ten ha 277.60 GMde an Area
Re hat* V.atdfi % General Clean Up
127 rr1 0 07
Re’tab Mats n 2252625.50 S Rued it? • load and Cart Away • 1km $ -0639587.50
126 rr.a A 77.
Rehat-iJtalcn s Rec'ace Sol and Spread 150mm Truck
120 m' Of.9
Re^atlitalan 163091.00 s % 227 469 71
135 m* 1 31 Per.Vre rn;! a^cl snrnnrt ftfift mm thick
ReKab!.tavsi 1021 $ 3 Rovcgotato area and place tepse I where neces50Ty $ 55 610.74
131 hn 053.60
Rehab !: talon $ Bu'dozo Male-jjl • 50 m
132 m’ 0.97
Tarred Road $
133 m* 1.71
G'avei Read %
134 t 43
Shaft Headgea' • Steet 5 0;5ir;a.3|is steel ita Ironspsrt 2Km
135 DM6 2.2 1 156.20
Shaft Ht*jt'gea» • Concrete s Rate includes removal and transport 2km
136 DMF 2 2 m’ 191.64
SXij'o S!s:ey Steel Bu:l5.ng S Rate includes removal cf foundation and transport of 2km
137 DME ? 2 irJ
Double S’crey Steoi Bu.id ng s Rate rrcludec removal cf foundation and Iren sport cf 2 km
138 □ MS 2.2 m* 38.37
Tr.ple Storey Steel Swings $ Rate includes removal cf foundation and transport cf 2km
135 DME 2 2 rr® 49.27
Conveyor Steelwork (Lelcw 20*n) S Oif>murt:e steel and transport ?».m
140 OV.f ? 7 t 107 6?
Conve/C? Steelwork (above 20r) s 0'"»mant!e stftel and transport 2km
141 DME ? 2 t 190.57
Sytr.lat.cn % Rate mc'udes removal of fcundal'cn and transport cf 2km
142 DME 2.2 IT.1 38 63
lanv, Islcej S Rate includes removal and transport 2km
143 DM5 ? 2 rr.' 7.55
Tank (concrete! $ Rate includes removal and transport 2km
144 DME 2 2 n:' 7 63
$ 1
115 "avron d«**ns ha 403.27 Tnn* . Cnn^riTt anrl vnoelafn con’cjr wald • ieach for 16 norths l labour ervv no v.vter costs ircl-dedt
i 2
146 7n ’rr. naT.«i ha 218.02 Tnns • Venetiite area between contour wa'Is -drv'z.no
$ 12
117 Ta 1 nnr, rt.vns ha 903.10 Sirius. venetate and teach f;v 16 rrnnthn Honour on!v m wale* costs ’ickdedi
S
140 T> nasrtn.TiSi ha 832.60 Buies vewLihcn md.ntennnce'annum for3veare
VeM. Shift (Start dr.Ft) i 26 Fill wrth rubble ar-d rover •A'rth topso-'
14ft DVE 2.5 Sum 379 26
Vue! Shaft (tang dr.«) $ M Fill with rubble and cover with tec sc1
150 DVE 2.5 Sum nn
Precast - 2m H gh ',7a!: $
151 m 6.94
Brck - 1m High -1 Br.ck Tlrck Wall s
152 m 5.55
Fencing S
153 m 1 04
Ve»t'Ra: Shaft 0 pen ,'V) S 55 Fi'l wrth luCD^e and rover w.tn tepsc.i
154 DMF 2 5 0 520 CO
l-cli-ed Shaft Openmg $ 66 Fi'i win rub bio and rove* w.tfc tcpso'l
155 DME ? 5 0 (156 no --- --- .....- ----
Compact Co"ar Shaft Ope^ng 3
1£6 DVE 2.5 0
157 N5r
160 Sas DME 2 2 0 s
B-£t
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koidu Kimberlite Project ta
$
159 Rehabilitation m1 22.90 Remove by hand - Cart 2km
$
160 Conveyor m2 15.55
$
161 Explosive Bay m2 11.80
Shallow Aquifer Impact
Radiation
1 Total - Waste Rock Dump & Topsoil $ 10 913 685 35
Tailings
Single story brick building rl Rate includes removal of foundation and transport of 2km
101 DME 2.2 m* 21.51
Double storey brick building $ Rate includes removal of foundation and transport of 2km
102 DME 2.2 mJ 34.01
Triple Story Brick Building $ Rate includes removal of foundation and transport of 2km
103 DME 2.2 m2 46.11
Buildings With Large Foundations $
104 m2 34.98
Car Port $ Demolish
105 m2 18.04
Coal Bay $
106 m2 11.51
Un -Reinforced Concrete $ Rate includes removal and transport 2km - assumed thickness of 0.2 m
107 DME 2.2 m3 64.54
Reinforced Concrete (low level) $ Rate includes removal and transport 2km - assumed thickness of 0.5 m
108 DME 2.2 m3 80.50
Reinforced Concrete (high level) $ Rate includes removal and transport 2km - assumed thickness of 0.2 m
109 DME 2.2 m3 161.01
$ Rate includes removal and transport 2km
110 Larqe bases DME 2.2 m3 176.28
$
111 Dam m3 1.88 Water dams - Flatten the earth walls
$
112 Hostel Rooms m2 28.32 Demolish
$
113 Dam m2 0.28 Remove Plastic Liner.
S
114 Dam m’ 3.60 Remove Sludge - moniior
Dams - Earth $ Rate includes flattening and spreading earth
115 m‘ 1.07
Manhole $ 1 m Deep
116 item 75.92
$
117 Manhole item 111.04 2m Deep
Paved Areas $ Rale includes removal and transport 2km
118 DME 2.2 m2 0.69
Pipelines $ 1
119 Km 388.00
Plug Shaft $
120 m2 902.20 Plug the shaft. Assume the shaft backfilled with rubble
Plug Shaft $ 4
121 m2 164.00 Plug the shaft. Assume the shaft not backfilled with rubble
Prefab Building $ Rate includes removal of foundation and transport of 2km
122 DME 2.2 m2 8.33
$ 18
123 Rails 36 Kq Km 044.00 36 Kg rails (Per single rail)
S 18
124 Rails 22kq Km 044.00 22 Kq rails (Per sinqle rail)
125 Rehabilitation m3 $ Pick up Spilt Slime
B-9
»' I I 1. I I l I I 1 i I I I t
I I I I I i I i I I
Environmental and Seclol Impact Assessment Report for tt\e Ko>uu Kimberlite Project
8 33
5
126 Rehab.; i.itoh 277.60 G'adft an Area
Rohab.. letch s Gere'al C'ean vt
127 .T* 0.87
Rehab t-utcs S Rubble • Lead and Cad Av.ay * ikm
I?* m’ 4 72
Rehab? *j*-oa S Rep'aco Sc: an;j Sp'ead t5C/.mrr Tn c*.
129 m* 0G9
Rehab-My 1-0* $
130 m** 1.39 Replace t>oi! and sc*e
Rehab italic'’ 77 32 $ 3 Revegclale area and place icpoo i whore necessary $ 236 033 30
igl hu 053 60
Rfh.iblict.cn $ Bc"doze Mateiij! * 50rr«
132 rr‘ 0 97
Tarred Read $
133 m* 1 74
Grave! Read %
124 rr.r 1 43
Shu4! Headgear • Sleet s Dismantle steel and Ro-spcit2km
135 DMF. 2.2 \ 156.79
Shs»*l Headgear - Concrete % Rale includes removal and tramped 2l>m
126 DME 2 2 rr1 191.54
S -g e Storey Steel Bulling $ Rale rc'udes remsvai cf feundat-on orra iranspert cf 2 km
137 OWE 2 2 rv* 23.3?
Double Stcrey Steel Sui.d.rg t Rale includes removal cf foundaMcn and transport ;-f 2 km
138 OWE ? 2 m* 36 3 7
Tr.^ie Storey Sloe! Bu.ifl ngc $ Rale tnc'udeo removal c* *cund3to.H and transport of 2km.
139 DME 2 2 T* 49 27 ---
Conveyor Stoe'.vo'k ibe'ow 20mf 5 D^m.mtv steel a’d tM’H.pcl ?krn
149 DMP 2 ? \ 167.5?
Convnyc’Stee;wcrk labdve 20m) s Dismantle sleel and t'«mpc*t ?km
141 DME 2 2 , 190.57
5 u Delation s Rate .needed removal c‘four dai.on and Iran sport of 2 km
M? DME ? 2 m* 36 53
Tank (siee1? $ Rate includes removal a'd I'd ns port 2vn
143 DME 2 2 m* 7 55
Tank iconc'ctej $ Rate inches removal and Ira no pod 2 km
144 DME 2.2 m4 7.65
$ 1
145 Ta,‘ rcu dzms ha 403.27 Teas • Construct .inO veseuie eonbar wuln . teach for 18 n-onttvi [ictraur only no v.atpr ecu's ."c’ubtrOI
$ 2
146 Ta ’ ran driers h;j 718 0? Tops • Veaetat© area pH ween coTtou' walls -dryland
$ 12
147 T.i: ms drvms Me 90S 40 Srdes • veoelate and lunch for 18 months (labouroniv no wa.ler coels included'
77 32 $ $ 64 309.10
Ufl T.t' no* damn ha 832.60 Sides veaeiaMon ma nlenarcc'annom for 3 vearo
Veil Shall (5hbrt0r.fl) $ 25 Fill wth rubbs© artd cover win to poo-!
149 DME 2 5 Sum 379.26
Vent Shaft (long dr
150 OWE 2.5 Sum 296 CO
Precast - 2ti H.gh Wail %
151 m 6.94
Brick • 1rr H*gh • t Bnck Tit cs \‘Ja'l 5
152 m 5.55 ---
Fencing s
153 m 1.04
Vertical Shaft Open.ng $ 55 Fill vv.lfi rubb'e and ccve' with topsoil
154 DME 2.5 0 520 fin
he'.red Shsfl Opemng $ 60 Fi'i w'fh rubb'e and cover w th icp*.c i
155 DME 2.6 0 056 GO
15G Compact Ccl.jr Shn*t Opening DME 2 5 0 s
157 Non-cot pad Co'lar Open ng DME 2 5 0 $
B-tn
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Koldu Kimberlite Project
158 Silos DME 2.2 0 $
$
159 Rehabilitation m’ 22.90 Remove by hand - Cart 2km
$
160 Conveyor nr 15.55
$
161 Explosive Bay m2 11.80
Shallow Aquifer Impact
Radiation
I Total - Tailings
Total $ 13 012 830.29
Monitoring Costs* 'Monitoring based on 5 boreholes including the cost to sink boreholes $ 312 300.00
'Monitoring on a quarterly basis over a five year period
Signage" "Costs of signage placed around pits $ 1 333.33
Project Management (5%) $ 650 641.51
Contingency (10%) $ 1 301 283.03
GRAND TOTAL S 15 278 388.16